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Ahanger MA, Hashem A, Abd-Allah EF, Ahmad P. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Crop Improvement under Environmental Stress. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF CROP STRESS TOLERANCE 2014:69-95. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800875-1.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Gómez MR, Villate AR. Señales de reconocimiento entre plantas y hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.21930/rcta.vol11_num1_art:195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
La asociación entre Hongo formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HFMA) y las plantas ha permitido la adaptación de éstas a ecosistemas terrestres, presentándose en más del 80% de las plantas. El hospedero suministra carbohidratos al hongo y éste transporta los nutrientes que la planta requiere. El establecimiento de la simbiosis requiere procesos armónicos a nivel espacio-temporal, que dependen de señales específicas, para reconocimiento, colonización e intercambio de nutrientes. Las plantas presentan respuestas de defensa frente a la posible invasión de microorganismos, sin embargo, en la simbiosis éstas son débiles, localizadas y no impiden la colonización del hongo. Estas señales se observan en todas las etapas de la simbiosis, siendo la primera señal enviada por la planta en exudados de la raíz, especialmente en condiciones de bajo fósforo. Posteriormente los HFMA activan la expresión de genes que favorecen cambios a nivel celular para la formación del apresorio, del aparato de pre-penetración y en células de la corteza, del arbúsculo y la membrana periarbuscular, para el intercambio de nutrientes. Un aspecto de interés está relacionado con los mecanismos de atenuación de las respuestas de defensa de la planta. Se han planteado diversas hipótesis para entender este fenómeno y aunque el control de la simbiosis está regulado principalmente por la planta, aún se desconoce si los HFMA generan señales que facilitan el debilitamiento de las respuestas de defensa del hospedero. Este documento está orientado a hacer una revisión de las señales de reconocimiento HFMA - plantas para cada fase de la simbiosis, así como de algunos mecanismos de regulación de las respuestas de defensa de la planta para el establecimiento de la simbiosis.
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Falahian F, Ardebili ZO, Fahimi F, Khavarinejad R. Effect of mycorrhizal fungi on some defense enzymes against Gaeumannomyces gaminis in wheat. Pak J Biol Sci 2009; 10:2418-22. [PMID: 19070167 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.2418.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
At this research, the effect of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus etunicatum) On Pero Xidase (POX) and Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) activities and isozymatic pattern against Gaeumannomyces graminis were studied in wheat plants. Seeds were planted in inoculated soils in 4 treatment groups including Control (C), Mycorrhiza (M), Pathogen (P) and Pathogen- Mycorrhiza (PM). Plants were harvested 17 days after inoculation. POX activities in PM group were significantly greater than control group. Significant differences were not observed between P and C groups. POX activities significantly decreased in M group. PAL activities in M group were significantly greater than other groups. PAL activities in P and PM groups were significantly greater than C group. The appearance of new isozyme was induced in PM group. It is highly probable that induced POX isozymic activity and/or appearance of new isozymes may be responsible for elevated POX activity. Present results showed that the isozymatic patterns of POX were changed by inoculation ofmycorrhiza and/or pathogen. The obtained results from this research is agreement with other researches about the enhancing effect of mycorrhizal fungi on PAL activity. The obtained results from the present research, confirm this opinion that defense related proteins is not induced in compatible interactions or is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Falahian
- Science and Research Campus, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Jeun YC, Lee YJ, Kim KW, Kim SJ, Lee SW. Ultrastructures of Colletotrichum orbiculare in the Leaves of Cucumber Plants Expressing Induced Systemic Resistance Mediated by Glomus intraradices BEG110. MYCOBIOLOGY 2008; 36:236-41. [PMID: 23997633 PMCID: PMC3755202 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2008.36.4.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The colonization of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices BEG110 in the soil caused a decrease in disease severity in cucumber plants after fungal inoculation with Colletotrichum orbiculare. In order to illustrate the resistance mechanism mediated by G. intraradices BEG110, infection patterns caused by C. orbiculare in the leaves of cucumber plants and the host cellular responses were characterized. These properties were characterized using transmission electron microscopy on the leaves of cucumber plants grown in soil colonized with G. intraradices BEG110. In the untreated plants, inter- and intra-cellular fungal hyphae were observed throughout the leaf tissues during both the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases of infection. The cytoplasm of fungal hyphae appeared intact during the biotrophic phase, suggesting no defense response against the fungus. However, several typical resistance responses were observed in the plants when treated with G. intraradices BEG110 including the formation of sheaths around the intracellular hyphae or a thickening of host cell walls. These observations suggest that the resistance mediated by G. intraradices BEG110 most often occurs in the symplast of the host cells rather than in the apoplast. In addition, this resistance is similar to those mediated by biotic inducers such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chull Jeun
- Faculty of Bioscience and Industry, College of Applied Life Sciences, the Research Institute for Subtropical Agriculture and Biotechnology, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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Li HY, Yang GD, Shu HR, Yang YT, Ye BX, Nishida I, Zheng CC. Colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme induces a defense response against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in the grapevine (Vitis amurensis Rupr.), which includes transcriptional activation of the class III chitinase gene VCH3. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 47:154-63. [PMID: 16326755 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inoculation of the grapevine (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus versiforme significantly increased resistance against the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. Studies using relative quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RQRT-PCR) analysis of grapevine root inoculation with the AM fungus revealed an up-regulation of VCH3 transcripts. This increase was greater than that observed following infection with RKN. However, inoculation of the mycorrhizal grapevine roots with RKN was able to enhance VCH3 transcript expression further. Moreover, the increase in VCH3 transcripts appeared to result in a higher level of resistance against subsequent RKN infection. Constitutive expression of VCH3 cDNA in transgenic tobacco under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter also conferred resistance against RKN, but had no significant effect on the growth of the AM fungus. We analyzed beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity directed by a 1,216 bp VCH3 promoter in transgenic tobacco following inoculation with both the AM fungus and RKN. GUS activity was negligible in the root tissues before inoculation, and was more effectively induced after inoculation with the AM fungus than with RKN. Moreover, GUS staining in the mycorrhizal transgenic tobacco roots was enhanced by subsequent RKN infection, and was found ubiquitously throughout the whole root tissue. Together, these results suggest that AM fungus induced a defense response against RKN in the mycorrhizal grapevine roots, which appeared to involve transcriptional control of VCH3 expression throughout the whole root tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, PR China
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Whipps JM. Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas in biocontrol of root pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/b04-082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
More than 80 disease biocontrol products are on the market worldwide, but none of these contain mycor rhizal fungi. This is despite ample evidence that both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi can control a number of plant diseases. A procedure for successful development of disease biocontrol agents in general is used as a background to examine the potential for achieving commercial mycorrhizal biocontrol agents. This includes (i) selection and screening; (ii) characterization involving identification, studies of modes of action and ecophysiology, as well as inoculum production, formulation, application and shelf life; (iii) registration. The last stage is problematic for mycorrhizal fungi, as currently they can be sold as plant growth promoters without any form of costly registration, even though in some instances they may actually function to some extent through biocontrol activity. The significance of this approach is discussed, and some possible ways of enhancing biocontrol by mycorrhizas are considered.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizas, ectomycorrhizas, biological disease control, soilborne pathogens, modes of action, ecology.
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Harrier LA, Watson CA. The potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the bioprotection of plants against soil-borne pathogens in organic and/or other sustainable farming systems. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2004; 60:149-57. [PMID: 14971681 DOI: 10.1002/ps.820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable farming systems strive to minimise the use of synthetic pesticides and to optimise the use of alternative management strategies to control soil-borne pathogens. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ubiquitous in nature and constitute an integral component of terrestrial ecosystems, forming symbiotic associations with plant root systems of over 80% of all terrestrial plant species, including many agronomically important species. AM fungi are particularly important in organic and/or sustainable farming systems that rely on biological processes rather than agrochemicals to control plant diseases. Of particular importance is the bioprotection conferred to plants against many soil-borne pathogens such as species of Aphanomyces, Cylindrocladium, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinium, Verticillium and Thielaviopsis and various nematodes by AM fungal colonisation of the plant root. However, the exact mechanisms by which AM fungal colonisation confers the protective effect are not completely understood, but a greater understanding of these beneficial interactions is necessary for the exploitation of AM fungi within organic and/or sustainable farming systems. In this review, we aim to discuss the potential mechanisms by which AM fungi may contribute to bioprotection against plant soil-borne pathogens. Bioprotection within AM fungal-colonised plants is the outcome of complex interactions between plants, pathogens and AM fungi. The use of molecular tools in the study of these multifaceted interactions may aid the optimisation of the bioprotective responses and their utility within sustainable farming systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Harrier
- Research Division, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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The Old Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in the Light of the Molecular Era. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18819-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Beneficial Influences of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi on the Micropropagation of Woody and Fruit Trees. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0125-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Pozo MJ, Cordier C, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gianinazzi S, Barea JM, Azcón-Aguilar C. Localized versus systemic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on defence responses to Phytophthora infection in tomato plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2002; 53:525-34. [PMID: 11847251 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/53.368.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Development of biological control for plant diseases is accepted as a durable and environmentally friendly alternative for agrochemicals. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which form symbiotic associations with root systems of most agricultural, horticultural and hardwood crop species, have been suggested as widespread potential bioprotective agents. In the present study the ability of two AMF (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) to induce local or systemic resistance to Phytophthora parasitica in tomato roots have been compared using a split root experimental system. Glomus mosseae was effective in reducing disease symptoms produced by P. parasitica infection, and evidence points to a combination of local and systemic mechanisms being responsible for this bioprotector effect. The biochemical analysis of different plant defence-related enzymes showed a local induction of mycorrhiza-related new isoforms of the hydrolytic enzymes chitinase, chitosanase and beta-1,3-glucanase, as well as superoxide dismutase, an enzyme which is involved in cell protection against oxidative stress. Systemic alterations of the activity of some of the constitutive isoforms were also observed in non-mycorrhizal roots of mycorrhizal plants. Studies on the lytic activity against Phytophthora cell wall of root protein extracts also corroborated a systemic effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis on tomato resistance to Phytophthora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Pozo
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, C.S.I.C., 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Guillon C, St-Arnaud M, Hamel C, Jabaji-Hare SH. Differential and systemic alteration of defence-related gene transcript levels in mycorrhizal bean plants infected with Rhizoctonia solani. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/b02-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in response of plants to soilborne root pathogens is unclear. A time course study was conducted to monitor disease development and expression of mRNA for the defence-related genes phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein in bean (Phasoelus vulgaris L.) plants colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith and postinfected with the soilborne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kühn. Precolonization of bean plants by G. intraradices did not significantly reduce the severity of rot symptoms. RNA blot analysis of the defence-related genes revealed a systemic increase in the four defence genes in response to R. solani infections. On the other hand, precolonization of bean plants with G. intraradices elicited no change in phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, and chalcone isomerase transcripts. A differential and systemic alteration in the expression of all four defence genes was observed in all tissues only during the pathogenic interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal beans. Depending on the time after infection with R. solani and the tissue examined, varying responses from stimulation to suppression to no change in transcript levels were detected.Key words: induced resistance, defence-related genes, RNA analysis, Rhizoctonia solani, Glomus intraradices.
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. WMH, . ALFM. Interaction Between Vasicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Antagonistic Biocontrol Micro-organisms on Controlling Root-rot Disease Incidence of Geranium Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2001.1147.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sporulation of Phytophthora fragariae shows greater stimulation by exudates of non-mycorrhizal than by mycorrhizal strawberry roots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756299002191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Slezack S, Dumas-Gaudot E, Paynot M, Gianinazzi S. Is a fully established arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis required for a bioprotection of Pisum sativum roots against Aphanomyces euteiches? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2000; 13:238-41. [PMID: 10659715 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.2.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioprotection of pea roots against Aphanomyces euteiches by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus G. mosseae was demonstrated to depend on a fully established symbiosis. This was related with induction of mycorrrhiza-related chitinolytic enzymes. Possible mechanisms implicated in bioprotection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Slezack
- Laboratoire de Phytoparasitologie INRA/CNRS, CMSE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dijon, France
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Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations formed between a wide range of plant species including angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, and some bryophytes, and a limited range of fungi belonging to a single order, the Glomales. The symbiosis develops in the plant roots where the fungus colonizes the apoplast and cells of the cortex to access carbon supplied by the plant. The fungal contribution to the symbiosis is complex, but a major aspect includes the transfer of mineral nutrients, particularly phosphate from the soil to the plant. Development of this highly compatible association requires the coordinate molecular and cellular differentiation of both symbionts to form specialized interfaces over which bi-directional nutrient transfer occurs. Recent insights into the molecular events underlying these aspects of the symbiosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Harrison
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402; e-mail:
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Recorbet G, Bestel-Corre G, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gianinazzi S, Alabouvette C. Differential accumulation of ß-1,3- lucanase and chitinase isoforms in tomato roots in response to colonization by either pathogenic or non-pathogenic strains of Fusarium oxysporum. Microbiol Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0944-5013(98)80009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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