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Pajares-Murgó M, Garrido JL, Perea AJ, López-García Á, Bastida JM, Prieto-Rubio J, Lendínez S, Azcón-Aguilar C, Alcántara JM. Intransitivity in plant-soil feedbacks is rare but is associated with multispecies coexistence. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14408. [PMID: 38504459 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Although plant-soil feedback (PSF) is being recognized as an important driver of plant recruitment, our understanding of its role in species coexistence in natural communities remains limited by the scarcity of experimental studies on multispecies assemblages. Here, we experimentally estimated PSFs affecting seedling recruitment in 10 co-occurring Mediterranean woody species. We estimated weak but significant species-specific feedback. Pairwise PSFs impose similarly strong fitness differences and stabilizing-destabilizing forces, most often impeding species coexistence. Moreover, a model of community dynamics driven exclusively by PSFs suggests that few species would coexist stably, the largest assemblage with no more than six species. Thus, PSFs alone do not suffice to explain coexistence in the studied community. A topological analysis of all subcommunities in the interaction network shows that full intransitivity (with all species involved in an intransitive loop) would be rare but it would lead to species coexistence through either stable or cyclic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Pajares-Murgó
- Department of Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaen, Spain
- Institute Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (IISTA), Granada, Spain
| | - José L Garrido
- Department of Microbiología del Suelo y la Planta, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Granada, Spain
- Department of Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio J Perea
- Department of Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaen, Spain
- Institute Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (IISTA), Granada, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-García
- Department of Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaen, Spain
- Institute Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (IISTA), Granada, Spain
- Department of Microbiología del Suelo y la Planta, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús M Bastida
- Department of Microbiología del Suelo y la Planta, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Prieto-Rubio
- Department of Microbiología del Suelo y la Planta, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Sandra Lendínez
- Department of Microbiología del Suelo y la Planta, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Department of Microbiología del Suelo y la Planta, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Julio M Alcántara
- Department of Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaen, Spain
- Institute Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (IISTA), Granada, Spain
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2
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Aguilera P, Becerra N, Alvear M, Ortiz N, Turrini A, Azcón-Aguilar C, López-Gómez M, Romero JK, Massri M, Seguel A, Mora MDLL, Borie F. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from acidic soils favors production of tomatoes and lycopene concentration. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:2352-2358. [PMID: 34636032 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato is widely consumed throughout the world for its flavor and nutritional value. This functional food largely depends on the implementation of new strategies to maintain the nutraceutical value, e.g. lycopene concentration, and overcome the challenges of sustainable production and food security. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-based biostimulants represents one of the most promising tools for sustainable management of agricultural soils, being fundamental for organic food production, reducing fertilizers and pesticides use, and decreasing environmental damage. This study aimed at elucidating whether native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could positively affect tomato yield and lycopene concentration. RESULTS Native AMF inoculum consisted of two inoculum types: the single species Claroideoglomus claroideum, and a mix of Scutellospora calospora, Acaulospora laevis, Claroideoglomus claroideum, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum. At the end of the study up to 78% of the root system was colonized by single inoculum. Tomato diameters in single and mix mycorrhizal plants showed increases of 80% and 35% respectively. Fresh weights were 84% and 38% higher with single and mix inocula compared with the controls, respectively. The lycopene concentration in tomato fruits of plants with single and mix inoculum was higher than controls. The lycopene concentration was 124.5% and 113.9% greater in single and mix than non-inoculated plants. CONCLUSION Tomato diameters, fresh weight and lycopene concentration was significantly higher in plants colonized by AMF compared with uninoculated plants. Results suggest that the role of single species Claroideoglomus claroideum could generate better plant performance due to its high production of extraradical mycelium. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Aguilera
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ninozhka Becerra
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Marysol Alvear
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Nancy Ortiz
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Alessandra Turrini
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología del suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Gómez
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan K Romero
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mariajosé Massri
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Alex Seguel
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - María de La Luz Mora
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Fernando Borie
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
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Säle V, Palenzuela J, Azcón-Aguilar C, Sánchez-Castro I, da Silva GA, Seitz B, Sieverding E, van der Heijden MGA, Oehl F. Ancient lineages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide little plant benefit. Mycorrhiza 2021; 31:559-576. [PMID: 34327560 PMCID: PMC8484173 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Almost all land plants form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Individual plants usually are colonized by a wide range of phylogenetically diverse AMF species. The impact that different AMF taxa have on plant growth is only partly understood. We screened 44 AMF isolates for their effect on growth promotion and nutrient uptake of leek plants (Allium porrum), including isolates that have not been tested previously. In particular, we aimed to test weather AMF lineages with an ancient evolutionary age differ from relatively recent lineages in their effects on leek plants. The AMF isolates that were tested covered 18 species from all five AMF orders, eight families, and 13 genera. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. A soil-sand mixture was used as substrate for the leek plants. Plant growth response to inoculation with AMF varied from - 19 to 232% and depended on isolate, species, and family identity. Species from the ancient families Archaeosporaceae and Paraglomeraceae tended to be less beneficial, in terms of stimulation plant growth and nutrient uptake, than species of Glomeraceae, Entrophosporaceae, and Diversisporaceae, which are considered phylogenetically more recent than those ancient families. Root colonization levels also depended on AMF family. This study indicates that plant benefit in the symbiosis between plants and AMF is linked to fungal identity and phylogeny and it shows that there are large differences in effectiveness of different AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Säle
- Plant-Soil-Interactions, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Vegetable-Production Extension, Agroscope, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Javier Palenzuela
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo Y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo Y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Iván Sánchez-Castro
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Gladstone Alves da Silva
- Departamento de Micologia, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-600, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Seitz
- Plant-Soil-Interactions, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ewald Sieverding
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg Institute), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 13, 70599, Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany
| | - Marcel G A van der Heijden
- Plant-Soil-Interactions, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fritz Oehl
- Ecotoxicology, Agroscope, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Pozo de la Hoz J, Rivero J, Azcón-Aguilar C, Urrestarazu M, Pozo MJ. Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance against Foliar Pathogens Is Uncoupled of Nutritional Effects under Different Light Intensities. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:402. [PMID: 34063889 PMCID: PMC8224078 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of microbial inoculants, particularly arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, has great potential for sustainable crop management, which aims to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. However, one of the major challenges of their use in agriculture is the variability of the inoculation effects in the field, partly because of the varying environmental conditions. Light intensity and quality affect plant growth and defense, but little is known about their impacts on the benefits of mycorrhizal symbioses. We tested the effects of five different light intensities on plant nutrition and resistance to the necrotrophic foliar pathogen Botrytis cinerea in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal lettuce plants. Our results evidence that mycorrhiza establishment is strongly influenced by light intensity, both regarding the extension of root colonization and the abundance of fungal vesicles within the roots. Light intensity also had significant effects on plant growth, nutrient content, and resistance to the pathogen. The effect of the mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant growth and nutrient content depended on the light intensity, and mycorrhiza efficiently reduced disease incidence and severity under all light intensities. Thus, mycorrhiza-induced resistance can be uncoupled from mycorrhizal effects on plant nutrition. Therefore, mycorrhizal symbioses can be beneficial by providing biotic stress protection even in the absence of nutritional or growth benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Pozo de la Hoz
- Department of Agronomy, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.P.d.l.H.); (M.U.)
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (J.R.); (C.A.-A.)
| | - Javier Rivero
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (J.R.); (C.A.-A.)
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (J.R.); (C.A.-A.)
| | - Miguel Urrestarazu
- Department of Agronomy, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.P.d.l.H.); (M.U.)
| | - María J. Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (J.R.); (C.A.-A.)
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Molina AS, Lugo MA, Pérez Chaca MV, Vargas-Gil S, Zirulnik F, Leporati J, Ferrol N, Azcón-Aguilar C. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization on Cadmium-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Glycine max (L.) Merr. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E108. [PMID: 31952215 PMCID: PMC7020179 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a heavy metal (HM) that inhibits plant growth and leads to death, causing great losses in yields, especially in Cd hyperaccumulator crops such as Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean), a worldwide economically important legume. Furthermore, Cd incorporation into the food chain is a health hazard. Oxidative stress (OS) is a plant response to abiotic and biotic stresses with an intracellular burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that causes damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) association is a plant strategy to cope with HM and to alleviate OS. Our aim was to evaluate the mitigation effects of mycorrhization with AMF Rhizophagus intraradices on soybean growth, nutrients, Cd accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and the activity of different antioxidant agents under Cd (0.7-1.2 mg kg-1 bioavailable Cd) induced OS. Our results suggest that glutathione may act as a signal molecule in a defense response to Cd-induced OS, and mycorrhization may avoid Cd-induced growth inhibition and reduce Cd accumulation in roots. It is discussed that R. intraradices mycorrhization would act as a signal, promoting the generation of a soybean cross tolerance response to Cd pollution, therefore evidencing the potential of this AMF association for bioremediation and encouragement of crop development, particularly because it is an interaction between a worldwide cultivated Cd hyperaccumulator plant and an AMF-HM-accumulator commonly present in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia S. Molina
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia (FQByF), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Área Química Biológica, Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque I, 1er Piso, San Luis, Argentina; (M.V.P.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Mónica A. Lugo
- IMIBIO-CONICET-FQByF-UNSL, Área Ecología, Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque I, 2do Piso, Box 4 San Luis, Argentina
| | - María V. Pérez Chaca
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia (FQByF), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Área Química Biológica, Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque I, 1er Piso, San Luis, Argentina; (M.V.P.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Silvina Vargas-Gil
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE, CIAP-INTA), CONICET, Camino 60 Cuadras Km. 5,5, C.P. 5119 Córdoba, Argentina;
| | - Fanny Zirulnik
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia (FQByF), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Área Química Biológica, Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque I, 1er Piso, San Luis, Argentina; (M.V.P.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Jorge Leporati
- Facultas de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agropecuarias (FICA)-UNSL, Área Matemática, Campus Universitario, Ruta 148 Ext. Norte, 2do Piso Ala Este, Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina;
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (N.F.); (C.A.-A.)
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (N.F.); (C.A.-A.)
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Ferrol N, Azcón-Aguilar C, Pérez-Tienda J. Review: Arbuscular mycorrhizas as key players in sustainable plant phosphorus acquisition: An overview on the mechanisms involved. Plant Sci 2019; 280:441-447. [PMID: 30824024 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a poorly available macronutrient essential for plant growth and development and consequently for successful crop yield and ecosystem productivity. To cope with P limitations plants have evolved strategies for enhancing P uptake and/or improving P efficiency use. The universal 450-million-yr-old arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) (fungus-root) symbioses are one of the most successful and widespread strategies to maximize access of plants to available P. AM fungi biotrophically colonize the root cortex of most plant species and develop an extraradical mycelium which overgrows the nutrient depletion zone of the soil surrounding plant roots. This hyphal network is specialized in the acquisition of low mobility nutrients from soil, particularly P. During the last years, molecular biology techniques coupled to novel physiological approaches have provided fascinating contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms of symbiotic P transport. Mycorrhiza-specific plant phosphate transporters, which are required not only for symbiotic P transfer but also for maintenance of the symbiosis, have been identified. The present review provides an overview of the contribution of AM fungi to plant P acquisition and an update of recent findings on the physiological, molecular and regulatory mechanisms of P transport in the AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Jacob Pérez-Tienda
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Rivero J, Álvarez D, Flors V, Azcón-Aguilar C, Pozo MJ. Root metabolic plasticity underlies functional diversity in mycorrhiza-enhanced stress tolerance in tomato. New Phytol 2018; 220:1322-1336. [PMID: 29982997 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses can improve plant tolerance to multiple stresses. We compared three AM fungi (AMF) from different genera, one of them isolated from a dry and saline environment, in terms of their ability to increase tomato tolerance to moderate or severe drought or salt stress. Plant physiological parameters and metabolic profiles were compared in order to find the molecular mechanisms underlying plant protection against stress. Mycorrhizal growth response was determined, and ultrahigh-performance LC-MS was used to compare the metabolic profile of plants under the different treatments. All AMF increased plant tolerance to stress, and the positive effects of the symbiosis were correlated with the severity of the stress. The AMF isolated from the stressful environment was the most effective in improving plant tolerance to salt stress. Differentially accumulated compounds were identified and the antistress properties of some of them were confirmed. We demonstrate that AM symbioses increase plant metabolic plasticity to cope with stress. Some responses were common to all AMF tested, while others were specifically related to particular isolates. Important metabolism reprograming was evidenced upon salt stress, and we identified metabolic pathways and compounds differentially accumulated in mycorrhizas that may underlie their enhanced tolerance to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rivero
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Domingo Álvarez
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, CSIC Associated Unit, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Campus del Riu Sec, Castellón de la Plana 12071, Spain
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
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8
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Bago B, Azcón-Aguilar C, Piché Y. Architecture and developmental dynamics of the external mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungusGlomus intraradicesgrown under monoxenic conditions. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1998.12026878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Berta Bago
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Pavillon C.-E.-Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 Canada
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Yves Piché
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Pavillon C.-E.-Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 Canada
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López-García Á, Varela-Cervero S, Vasar M, Öpik M, Barea JM, Azcón-Aguilar C. Plant traits determine the phylogenetic structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6948-6959. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro López-García
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; CSIC; Granada Spain
| | - Sara Varela-Cervero
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; CSIC; Granada Spain
| | - Martti Vasar
- Department of Botany; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - José M. Barea
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; CSIC; Granada Spain
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; CSIC; Granada Spain
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10
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Bago B, Cano C, Azcón-Aguilar C, Samson J, Coughlan AP, Piché Y. Differential morphogenesis of the extraradical mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus grown monoxenically on spatially heterogeneous culture media. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bert Bago
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CSIC/ UV/GV), Camí de la Marjal s/n, 46470 Albal (Valencia), Spain
| | | | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), calle Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Yves Piché
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière (CRBF), Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 Canada
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Palenzuela J, Ferrol N, Boller T, Azcón-Aguilar C, Oehl F. Otospora bareai, a new fungal species in the Glomeromycetes from a dolomitic shrub land in Sierra de Baza National Park (Granada, Spain). Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2008.11832484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Fritz Oehl
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Merlos MA, Zitka O, Vojtech A, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis differentially regulates the copper response of two maize cultivars differing in copper tolerance. Plant Sci 2016; 253:68-76. [PMID: 27968998 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza can increase plant tolerance to heavy metals. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza on plant metal tolerance vary depending on the fungal and plant species involved. Here, we report the effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis on the physiological and biochemical responses to Cu of two maize genotypes differing in Cu tolerance, the Cu-sensitive cv. Orense and the Cu-tolerant cv. Oropesa. Development of the symbiosis confers an increased Cu tolerance to cv. Orense. Root and shoot Cu concentrations were lower in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants of both cultivars. Shoot lipid peroxidation increased with soil Cu content only in non-mycorrhizal plants of the Cu-sensitive cultivar. Root lipid peroxidation increased with soil Cu content, except in mycorrhizal plants grown at 250mg Cu kg-1soil. In shoots of mycorrhizal plants of both cultivars, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities were not affected by soil Cu content. In Cu-supplemented soils, total phytochelatin content increased in shoots of mycorrhizal cv. Orense but decreased in cv. Oropesa. Overall, these data suggest that the increased Cu tolerance of mycorrhizal plants of cv. Orense could be due to an increased induction of shoot phytochelatin biosynthesis by the symbiosis in this cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Merlos
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Vojtech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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13
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Varela-Cervero S, López-García Á, Barea JM, Azcón-Aguilar C. Differences in the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities promoted by different propagule forms from a Mediterranean shrubland. Mycorrhiza 2016; 26:489-496. [PMID: 26883142 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As it is well known, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization can be initiated from the following three types of fungal propagules: spores, extraradical mycelium (ERM), and mycorrhizal root fragments harboring intraradical fungal structures. It has been shown that biomass allocation of AM fungi (AMF) among these three propagule types varies between fungal taxa, as also differs the ability of the different AMF propagule fractions to initiate new colonizations. In this study, the composition of the AMF community in the roots of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L., a characteristic Mediterranean shrub), inoculated with the three different propagule types, was analyzed. Accordingly, cuttings from this species were inoculated with either AMF spores, ERM, or colonized roots extracted from a natural soil. The AMF diversity within the rosemary roots was characterized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the small subunit (SSU) rDNA region. The AMF community established in the rosemary plants was significantly different according to the type of propagule used as inoculum. AMF taxa differed in their ability to initiate new colonizations from each propagule type. Results suggest different colonization strategies for the different AMF families involved, Glomeraceae and Claroideoglomeraceae colonizing mainly from colonized roots whereas Pacisporaceae and Diversisporaceae from spores and ERM. This supports that AMF taxa show contrasting life-history strategies in terms of their ability to initiate new colonizations from the different propagule types. Further research to fully understand the colonization and dispersal abilities of AMF is essential for their rational use in ecosystem restoration programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Varela-Cervero
- Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems Department, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
| | - Álvaro López-García
- Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems Department, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José Miguel Barea
- Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems Department, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems Department, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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14
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Varela-Cervero S, Vasar M, Davison J, Barea JM, Öpik M, Azcón-Aguilar C. The composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities differs among the roots, spores and extraradical mycelia associated with five Mediterranean plant species. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2882-95. [PMID: 25677957 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are essential constituents of most terrestrial ecosystems. AMF species differ in terms of propagation strategies and the major propagules they form. This study compared the AMF community composition of different propagule fractions - colonized roots, spores and extraradical mycelium (ERM) - associated with five Mediterranean plant species in Sierra de Baza Natural Park (Granada, Spain). AMF were identified using 454 pyrosequencing of the SSU rRNA gene. A total of 96 AMF phylogroups [virtual taxa (VT)] were detected in the study site, including 31 novel VT. After per-sample sequencing depth standardization, 71 VT were recorded from plant roots, and 47 from each of the spore and ERM fractions. AMF communities differed significantly among the propagule fractions, and the root-colonizing fraction differed among host plant species. Indicator VT were detected for the root (13 Glomus VT), spore (Paraglomus VT281, VT336, Pacispora VT284) and ERM (Diversispora VT62) fractions. This study provides detailed evidence from a natural system that AMF taxa are differentially allocated among soil mycelium, soil spores and colonized root propagules. This has important implications for interpreting AMF diversity surveys and designing applications of AMF in vegetation restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Varela-Cervero
- Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems Department, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Martti Vasar
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - John Davison
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - José Miguel Barea
- Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems Department, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems Department, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
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15
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Pozo MJ, López-Ráez JA, Azcón-Aguilar C, García-Garrido JM. Phytohormones as integrators of environmental signals in the regulation of mycorrhizal symbioses. New Phytol 2015; 205:1431-1436. [PMID: 25580981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For survival, plants have to efficiently adjust their phenotype to environmental challenges, finely coordinating their responses to balance growth and defence. Such phenotypic plasticity can be modulated by their associated microbiota. The widespread mycorrhizal symbioses modify plant responses to external stimuli, generally improving the resilience of the symbiotic system to environmental stresses. Phytohormones, central regulators of plant development and immunity, are instrumental in orchestrating plant responses to the fluctuating environment, but also in the regulation of mycorrhizal symbioses. Exciting advances in the molecular regulation of phytohormone signalling are providing mechanistic insights into how plants coordinate their responses to environmental cues and mycorrhizal functioning. Here, we summarize how these mechanisms permit the fine-tuning of the symbiosis according to the ever-changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A López-Ráez
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - José M García-Garrido
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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16
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López-García Á, Azcón-Aguilar C, Barea JM. The interactions between plant life form and fungal traits of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi determine the symbiotic community. Oecologia 2014; 176:1075-86. [PMID: 25255855 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have traditionally been considered generalist symbionts. However, an increasing number of studies are pointing out the selectivity potential of plant hosts. Plant life form, determined by plant life history traits, seems to drive the AM fungal community composition. The AM fungi also exhibit a wide diversity of functional traits known to be responsible for their distribution in natural ecosystems. However, little is known about the role of plant and fungal traits driving the resultant symbiotic assemblages. With the aim of testing the feedback relationship between plant and fungal traits on the resulting AM fungal community, we inoculated three different plant life forms, i.e. annual herbs, perennial herbs and perennial semi-woody plants, with AM fungal communities sampled in different seasons. We hypothesized that the annual climate variation will induce changes in the mean traits of the AM fungal communities present in the soil throughout the year. Furthermore, the association of plants with different life forms with AM fungi with contrasting life history traits will show certain preferences according to reciprocal traits of the plants and fungi. We found changes in the AM fungal community throughout the year, which were differentially disrupted by disturbance and altered by plant growth form and plant biomass. Both plant and fungal traits clearly contributed to the resultant AM fungal communities. The revealed process can have implications for the functioning of ecosystems since changes in dominant plant life forms or climatic variables could influence the traits of AM fungal communities in soil and hence ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro López-García
- Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems Department, CSIC-Estación Experimental del Zaidín, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain,
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17
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Pérez-Tienda J, Corrêa A, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. Transcriptional regulation of host NH₄⁺ transporters and GS/GOGAT pathway in arbuscular mycorrhizal rice roots. Plant Physiol Biochem 2014; 75:1-8. [PMID: 24361504 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play a key role in the nutrition of many land plants. AM roots have two pathways for nutrient uptake, directly through the root epidermis and root hairs and via AM fungal hyphae into root cortical cells, where arbuscules or hyphal coils provide symbiotic interfaces. Recent studies demonstrated that the AM symbiosis modifies the expression of plant transporter genes and that NH₄⁺ is the main form of N transported in the symbiosis. The aim of the present work was to get insights into the mycorrhizal N uptake pathway in Oryza sativa by analysing the expression of genes encoding ammonium transporters (AMTs), glutamine synthase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) in roots colonized by the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and grown under two N regimes. We found that the AM symbiosis down-regulated OsAMT1;1 and OsAMT1;3 expression at low-N, but not at high-N conditions, and induced, independently of the N status of the plant, a strong up-regulation of OsAMT3;1 expression. The AM-inducible NH₄⁺ transporter OsAMT3;1 belongs to the family 2 of plant AMTs and is phylogenetically related to the AM-inducible AMTs of other plant species. Moreover, for the first time we provide evidence of the specific induction of a GOGAT gene upon colonization with an AM fungus. These data suggest that OsAMT3;1 is likely involved in the mycorrhizal N uptake pathway in rice roots and that OsGOGAT2 plays a role in the assimilation of the NH₄⁺ supplied via the OsAMT3;1 AM-inducible transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pérez-Tienda
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Corrêa
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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18
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Tamayo E, Gómez-Gallego T, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. Genome-wide analysis of copper, iron and zinc transporters in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Front Plant Sci 2014; 5:547. [PMID: 25352857 PMCID: PMC4196481 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), belonging to the Glomeromycota, are soil microorganisms that establish mutualistic symbioses with the majority of higher plants. The efficient uptake of low mobility mineral nutrients by the fungal symbiont and their further transfer to the plant is a major feature of this symbiosis. Besides improving plant mineral nutrition, AMF can alleviate heavy metal toxicity to their host plants and are able to tolerate high metal concentrations in the soil. Nevertheless, we are far from understanding the key molecular determinants of metal homeostasis in these organisms. To get some insights into these mechanisms, a genome-wide analysis of Cu, Fe and Zn transporters was undertaken, making use of the recently published whole genome of the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis. This in silico analysis allowed identification of 30 open reading frames in the R. irregularis genome, which potentially encode metal transporters. Phylogenetic comparisons with the genomes of a set of reference fungi showed an expansion of some metal transporter families. Analysis of the published transcriptomic profiles of R. irregularis revealed that a set of genes were up-regulated in mycorrhizal roots compared to germinated spores and extraradical mycelium, which suggests that metals are important for plant colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nuria Ferrol
- *Correspondence: Nuria Ferrol, Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Profesor Albareda 1, Granada 18008, Spain e-mail:
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19
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Palenzuela J, Azcón-Aguilar C, Barea JM, da Silva GA, Oehl F. Septoglomus altomontanum, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus from mountainous and alpine areas in Andalucía (southern Spain). IMA Fungus 2013; 4:243-9. [PMID: 24563836 PMCID: PMC3905942 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.02.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A new arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus was found in Sierra Nevada National Park of Andalucía (Southern Spain). It forms intraradical hyphae, vesicles and arbuscles, typical characteristics of Glomeromycetes. The spores are dark reddish brown to dark reddish black, 132-205 μm diam, and are formed on pigmented subtending hyphae whose pores are regularly closed by a thick septum at the spore base but without support of introverted wall thickening. Phylogenetic analyses on concatenate sequences of the partial SSU, ITS region and the partial LSU of the rDNA confirm the new species, described here as Septoglomus altomontanum, in a monophyletic clade next to S. africanum. An identification key to all Septoglomus species described is given. The new fungus can unequivocally be distinguished from all other Septoglomus species by the combination of spore size, colour and spore wall structure, and especially by the shape and colour of the subtending hyphae. Septoglomus altomontanum has so far been found only in soils with pH 5.9-6.7, located in mountainous and alpine altitudes (1800-3100 m asl) of Sierra Nevada which is well known for a high degree of plant endemism. While it is a frequent fungus in this area, it has so far not been found in lower altitudes in Andalucía.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Palenzuela
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - José-Miguel Barea
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Gladstone Alves da Silva
- Departamento de Micologia, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da engenharia s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-600, Recife, PE, Brazill
| | - Fritz Oehl
- Federal Research Institute Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, Organic Farming Systems, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Tisserant E, Kohler A, Dozolme-Seddas P, Balestrini R, Benabdellah K, Colard A, Croll D, Da Silva C, Gomez SK, Koul R, Ferrol N, Fiorilli V, Formey D, Franken P, Helber N, Hijri M, Lanfranco L, Lindquist E, Liu Y, Malbreil M, Morin E, Poulain J, Shapiro H, van Tuinen D, Waschke A, Azcón-Aguilar C, Bécard G, Bonfante P, Harrison MJ, Küster H, Lammers P, Paszkowski U, Requena N, Rensing SA, Roux C, Sanders IR, Shachar-Hill Y, Tuskan G, Young JPW, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Martin F. The transcriptome of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices (DAOM 197198) reveals functional tradeoffs in an obligate symbiont. New Phytol 2012; 193:755-769. [PMID: 22092242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
• The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is arguably the most ecologically important eukaryotic symbiosis, yet it is poorly understood at the molecular level. To provide novel insights into the molecular basis of symbiosis-associated traits, we report the first genome-wide analysis of the transcriptome from Glomus intraradices DAOM 197198. • We generated a set of 25,906 nonredundant virtual transcripts (NRVTs) transcribed in germinated spores, extraradical mycelium and symbiotic roots using Sanger and 454 sequencing. NRVTs were used to construct an oligoarray for investigating gene expression. • We identified transcripts coding for the meiotic recombination machinery, as well as meiosis-specific proteins, suggesting that the lack of a known sexual cycle in G. intraradices is not a result of major deletions of genes essential for sexual reproduction and meiosis. Induced expression of genes encoding membrane transporters and small secreted proteins in intraradical mycelium, together with the lack of expression of hydrolytic enzymes acting on plant cell wall polysaccharides, are all features of G. intraradices that are shared with ectomycorrhizal symbionts and obligate biotrophic pathogens. • Our results illuminate the genetic basis of symbiosis-related traits of the most ancient lineage of plant biotrophs, advancing future research on these agriculturally and ecologically important symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tisserant
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1136 INRA/University Henri Poincaré, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Centre de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - A Kohler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1136 INRA/University Henri Poincaré, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Centre de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - P Dozolme-Seddas
- UMR 1088 INRA/5184 CNRS/Burgundy University Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon, France
| | - R Balestrini
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante del CNR, sez. di Torino and Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Universita` degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - K Benabdellah
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - A Colard
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Plant Pathology, Universitätsstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D Croll
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Plant Pathology, Universitätsstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C Da Silva
- CEA, IG, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux CP5702, F-91057 Evry, France
| | - S K Gomez
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801, USA
| | - R Koul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Department 3MLS, PO Box 3001, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USA
| | - N Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - V Fiorilli
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante del CNR, sez. di Torino and Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Universita` degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - D Formey
- Université de Toulouse & CNRS, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ph Franken
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Department of Plant Nutrition, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, D-14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - N Helber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute, Plant-Microbial Interaction, Hertzstrasse 16, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Hijri
- Institut de la Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Que., Canada H1X 2B2
| | - L Lanfranco
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante del CNR, sez. di Torino and Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Universita` degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Lindquist
- Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Y Liu
- UMR 1088 INRA/5184 CNRS/Burgundy University Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon, France
| | - M Malbreil
- Université de Toulouse & CNRS, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - E Morin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1136 INRA/University Henri Poincaré, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Centre de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - J Poulain
- CEA, IG, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux CP5702, F-91057 Evry, France
| | - H Shapiro
- Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - D van Tuinen
- UMR 1088 INRA/5184 CNRS/Burgundy University Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon, France
| | - A Waschke
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Department of Plant Nutrition, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, D-14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - C Azcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - G Bécard
- Université de Toulouse & CNRS, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - P Bonfante
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante del CNR, sez. di Torino and Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Universita` degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - M J Harrison
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801, USA
| | - H Küster
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - P Lammers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Department 3MLS, PO Box 3001, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USA
| | - U Paszkowski
- Department de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale, Université de Lausanne, Biophore, 4419, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Requena
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Botanical Institute, Plant-Microbial Interaction, Hertzstrasse 16, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S A Rensing
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg Initiative for Systems Biology and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Roux
- Université de Toulouse & CNRS, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - I R Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Y Shachar-Hill
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA
| | - G Tuskan
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, BioSciences, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - J P W Young
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - V Gianinazzi-Pearson
- UMR 1088 INRA/5184 CNRS/Burgundy University Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon, France
| | - F Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1136 INRA/University Henri Poincaré, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Centre de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
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Pérez-Tienda J, Testillano PS, Balestrini R, Fiorilli V, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. GintAMT2, a new member of the ammonium transporter family in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:1044-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Palenzuela J, Barea JM, Ferrol N, Azcón-Aguilar C, Oehl F. Entrophospora nevadensis, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus from Sierra Nevada National Park (southeastern Spain). Mycologia 2010; 102:624-32. [PMID: 20524595 DOI: 10.3852/09-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new fungal species in the arbuscular mycorrhiza-forming Glomeromycetes, Entrophospora nevadensis, was isolated from soil near the roots of several endemic and endangered plant species (e.g. Plantago nivalis and Alchemilla fontqueri) growing in Sierra Nevada National Park (Granada, Andalucia, Spain). The fungus was propagated in trap cultures on Plantago nivalis and Sorbus hybrida and in pure cultures on Trifolium pratense and Sorghum vulgare. Spores are yellow brown to brown, 90-115 .m diam and form singly in soil, in the neck of adherent sporiferous saccules that form either terminally or intercalary on mycelial hyphae. Spores have two three-layered walls and conspicuous, 6-12 microm long, spiny, thorn-like projections on the outer wall consisting of hyaline to subhyaline, evanescent tips and yellow brown to brown, persistent bases. In aging spores these projections are usually shorter (1-2.8 microm) and dome-shaped or rounded, sometimes with a central pit on top where the evanescent tip has sloughed off. Molecular analysis with partial sequences of the 18S ribosomal gene places the fungus within the Diversisporales. The new fungus was found in soil near plants with different living strategies but growing in high altitude soils with acidic pH, high soil moisture and organic carbon content, and close to streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Palenzuela
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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López-Ráez JA, Verhage A, Fernández I, García JM, Azcón-Aguilar C, Flors V, Pozo MJ. Hormonal and transcriptional profiles highlight common and differential host responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the regulation of the oxylipin pathway. J Exp Bot 2010; 61:2589-601. [PMID: 20378666 PMCID: PMC2882257 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses are mutualistic associations between soil fungi and most vascular plants. The symbiosis significantly affects the host physiology in terms of nutrition and stress resistance. Despite the lack of host range specificity of the interaction, functional diversity between AM fungal species exists. The interaction is finely regulated according to plant and fungal characters, and plant hormones are believed to orchestrate the modifications in the host plant. Using tomato as a model, an integrative analysis of the host response to different mycorrhizal fungi was performed combining multiple hormone determination and transcriptional profiling. Analysis of ethylene-, abscisic acid-, salicylic acid-, and jasmonate-related compounds evidenced common and divergent responses of tomato roots to Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, two fungi differing in their colonization abilities and impact on the host. Both hormonal and transcriptional analyses revealed, among others, regulation of the oxylipin pathway during the AM symbiosis and point to a key regulatory role for jasmonates. In addition, the results suggest that specific responses to particular fungi underlie the differential impact of individual AM fungi on plant physiology, and particularly on its ability to cope with biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. López-Ráez
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Adriaan Verhage
- Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iván Fernández
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Juan M. García
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Victor Flors
- Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - María J. Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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González-Guerrero M, Benabdellah K, Valderas A, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. GintABC1 encodes a putative ABC transporter of the MRP subfamily induced by Cu, Cd, and oxidative stress in Glomus intraradices. Mycorrhiza 2010; 20:137-46. [PMID: 19711106 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-009-0273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA sequence putatively encoding an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter (GintABC1) was isolated from the extraradical mycelia of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Bioinformatic analysis of the sequence indicated that GintABC1 encodes a 1513 amino acid polypeptide, containing two six-transmembrane clusters (TMD) intercalated with sequences characteristics of the nucleotide binding domains (NBD) and an extra N-terminus extension (TMD0). GintABC1 presents a predicted TMD0-(TMD-NBD)(2) topology, typical of the multidrug resistance-associated protein subfamily of ABC transporters. Gene expression analyses revealed no difference in the expression levels of GintABC1 in the extra- vs the intraradical mycelia. GintABC1 was up-regulated by Cd and Cu, but not by Zn, suggesting that this transporter might be involved in Cu and Cd detoxification. Paraquat, an oxidative agent, also induced the transcription of GintABC1. These data suggest that redox changes may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of GintABC1 by Cd and Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González-Guerrero
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Benabdellah K, Azcón-Aguilar C, Valderas A, Speziga D, Fitzpatrick TB, Ferrol N. GintPDX1 encodes a protein involved in vitamin B6 biosynthesis that is up-regulated by oxidative stress in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. New Phytol 2009; 184:682-693. [PMID: 19674326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is an essential metabolite that has recently been implicated in defense against cellular oxidative stress. In fungi, the de novo biosynthetic pathway of vitamin B6 involves two genes, PDX1 and PDX2. Here, we report a component of the PDX1/PDX2 vitamin B6 biosynthetic pathway in an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. Using rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we isolated the full-length cDNA of a PDX-like gene, GintPDX1, from Glomus intraradices. GintPDX1 expression was analysed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). GintPDX1 activity and function were investigated by heterologous complementation of the yeast strainDeltasnz1, which is deficient in vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Sequence data revealed that GintPDX1 is highly homologous to other identified PDX1 proteins. GintPDX1 restores prototrophy to the vitamin B6 auxotrophic yeast mutant and reverts its superoxide sensitivity. GintPDX1 is expressed throughout the fungal life cycle, with the highest transcription levels found in the intraradical fungal structures. GintPDX1 expression was induced in response to hydrogen peroxide, paraquat and copper. The results demonstrate that AM fungi possess at least one component of the machinery necessary for vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Transcriptional regulation of GintPDX1 suggests a role for vitamin B6 as an antioxidant and modulator of reactive oxygen species in G. intraradices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Benabdellah
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada 18008, Spain
| | | | - Ascensión Valderas
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada 18008, Spain
| | - Davide Speziga
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nuria Ferrol
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada 18008, Spain
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Palenzuela J, Ferrol N, Boller T, Azcón-Aguilar C, Oehl F. Otospora bareai, a new fungal species in the Glomeromycetes from a dolomitic shrub land in Sierra de Baza National Park (Granada, Spain). Mycologia 2008; 100:296-305. [PMID: 18592903 DOI: 10.3852/mycologia.100.2.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new fungal species of the Glomeromycetes was isolated from the rhizosphere of Pterocephalus spathulatus and Thymus granatensis, two rare endemic plants growing on dolomite in the Sierra de Baza (Granada, southern Spain). The fungus was propagated in pot cultures of Sorghum vulgare and Trifolium pratense for 4 y and it is described here on the basis of the spores found in nature and formed in pot cultures. Its brown spores (140-210 microm diam) form laterally on a persistent, brown stalk (=neck) of a sporiferous saccule. They have two walls without ornamentation: a brown, three- to four-layered outer wall and a hyaline two- to three-layered inner wall. The unique combination of spore formation and spore wall structure does not fit with any of the known fungal genera. Spore formation is similar to that of Acaulospora spp. and Archaeospora trappei, but Acaulospora spp. has three spore walls with a characteristic "beaded" wall, and the outer wall of Ar. trappei is simple, thin, hyaline and only bilayered. Spore wall structure of the new fungus is similar to that of Entrophospora infrequens, however this fungus forms its spores internally, inside the hyphal stalk of the sporiferous saccule. Molecular analyses of the small subunit of the ribosomal gene phylogenetically place the new fungus next to Diversispora spurca, which forms one-walled glomoid spores (i.e. terminally on hyphae). Based on these analyses we place the new fungus into a new genus in the family Diversisporaceae under the epithet Otospora bareai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Palenzuela
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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González-Guerrero M, Melville LH, Ferrol N, Lott JNA, Azcón-Aguilar C, Peterson RL. Ultrastructural localization of heavy metals in the extraradical mycelium and spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:103-10. [PMID: 18388979 DOI: 10.1139/w07-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, obligate symbionts of most plant species, are able to accumulate heavy metals, thereby, protecting plants from metal toxicity. In this study, the ultrastructural localization of Zn, Cu, and Cd in the extraradical mycelium and spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices grown in monoxenic cultures was investigated. Zinc, Cu, or Cd was applied to the extraradical mycelium to final concentrations of 7.5, 5.0, or 0.45 mmol/L, respectively. Samples were collected at time 0, 8 h, and 7 days after metal application and were prepared for rapid freezing and freeze substitution. Metal content in different subcellular locations (wall, cytoplasm, and vacuoles), both in hyphae and spores, was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In all treatments and fungal structures analysed, heavy metals accumulated mainly in the fungal cell wall and in the vacuoles, while minor changes in metal concentrations were detected in the cytoplasm. Incorporation of Zn into the fungus occurred during the first 8 h after metal addition with no subsequent accumulation. On the other hand, Cu steadily accumulated in the spore vacuoles over time, whereas Cd steadily accumulated in the hyphal vacuoles. These results suggest that binding of metals to the cell walls and compartmentalization in vacuoles may be essential mechanisms for metal detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González-Guerrero
- Departamento de Microbiologia del Suelo y Sistemas Simbioticos, Estacion Experimental del Zaidin, Consejo Supertableior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Pozo MJ, Azcón-Aguilar C. Unraveling mycorrhiza-induced resistance. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2007; 10:393-8. [PMID: 17658291 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses have a significant impact on plant interactions with other organisms. Increased resistance to soil-borne pathogens has been widely described in mycorrhizal plants. By contrast, effects on shoot diseases largely rely on the lifestyle and challenge strategy of the attacker. Among the potential mechanisms involved in the resistance of mycorrhizal systems, the induction of plant defenses is the most controversial. During mycorrhiza formation, modulation of plant defense responses occurs, potentially through cross-talk between salicylic acid and jasmonate dependent signaling pathways. This modulation may impact plant responses to potential enemies by priming the tissues for a more efficient activation of defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Prof. Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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González-Guerrero M, Cano C, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. GintMT1 encodes a functional metallothionein in Glomus intraradices that responds to oxidative stress. Mycorrhiza 2007; 17:327-335. [PMID: 17277942 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-007-0108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A full-length metallothionein (MT) gene (GintMT1) was isolated from Glomus intraradices extraradical mycelium. This is the first MT gene reported in the genus Glomus, third in the Glomeromycota. Functional analysis of GintMT1 in a MT-defective Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain indicates that it encodes a functional MT. Gene expression analyses revealed that the transcript levels of GintMT1 were elevated in mycelia treated with 5 mM Cu or paraquat but inhibited in mycelia treated with 50 microM Cu or 450 microM Cd. The elevated expression of GintMT1 in the 5 mM Cu-treated mycelia together with the ability of GintMT1 to provide tolerance to a Cu-sensitive yeast suggests that GintMT1 might afford protection against Cu. Induction of GintMT1 expression by paraquat and 5 mM Cu, treatments that also produced an oxidative damage to the fungal membranes, suggests that GintMT1 may play a role in the regulation of the redox status of the extraradical mycelium of G. intraradices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M González-Guerrero
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - C Cano
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - C Azcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - N Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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López-Pedrosa A, González-Guerrero M, Valderas A, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. GintAMT1 encodes a functional high-affinity ammonium transporter that is expressed in the extraradical mycelium of Glomus intraradices. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 43:102-10. [PMID: 16386437 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning and characterization of the first NH(4)(+) transporter gene (GintAMT1) in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. GintAMT1 encodes a polypeptide of 479 amino acids sharing high sequence similarity with previously characterized NH(4)(+) transporters from other fungi. Heterologous expression of GintAMT1 in the yeast triple mep mutant complemented the defect of this strain to grow in the presence of less than 1mM NH(4)(+). As revealed by [(14)C]methylammonium uptake experiments carried out in yeast, GintAMT1 encodes a high-affinity NH(4)(+) transporter. In mycelia developed in the presence of 0.9 m M NO(3)(-), GintAMT1 transcription was increased after the addition of 30 microM NH(4)(+) but decreased after the addition of 3 mM NH(4)(+). However, in mycelia grown in the presence of higher N concentrations, GintAMT1 transcripts decreased after the addition of NH(4)(+), irrespective of the concentration used. These data suggest that GintAMT1 is involved in NH(4)(+) uptake by the extraradical mycelia from the surrounding media when it is present at micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín López-Pedrosa
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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García-Rodríguez S, Pozo MJ, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. Expression of a tomato sugar transporter is increased in leaves of mycorrhizal or Phytophthora parasitica-infected plants. Mycorrhiza 2005; 15:489-496. [PMID: 15772814 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-005-0354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA clone (LeST3), encoding a putative tomato sugar transporter, was isolated from mycorrhizal roots by using a PCR-based approach. Based on sequence similarity, conserved motifs and predicted membrane topology, LeST3 was classified as a putative monosaccharide transporter of the sugar transporter subgroup of the major facilitator superfamily. Southern blot analysis showed that LeST3 represents a single-copy gene in tomato. To investigate its function, LeST3 was expressed in a hexose transport-deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although LeST3 was correctly transcribed in yeast, it did not restore growth on hexoses of the S. cerevisiae mutant. LeST3 gene expression was increased in the leaves of plants colonised by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus mosseae or Glomus intraradices and in those of plants infected with the root pathogen Phytophthora parasitica. These data suggest that LeST3 plays a role in the transport of sugars into the sink tissues and responds to the increased demand for carbohydrates exerted by two AM fungi and by a root pathogen to cope with the increased metabolic activity of the colonised/infected tissues or to supply carbohydrates to the AM fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S García-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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Gavito ME, Olsson PA, Rouhier H, Medina-Peñafiel A, Jakobsen I, Bago A, Azcón-Aguilar C. Temperature constraints on the growth and functioning of root organ cultures with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 2005; 168:179-88. [PMID: 16159332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effects of temperature on fungal growth and tested whether the differences in fungal growth were related to the effects of temperature on carbon movement to, or within, the fungus. Growth curves and C uptake-transfer-translocation measurements were obtained for three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolates cultured within a 6-30 degrees C temperature range. A series of experiments with a model fungal isolate, Glomus intraradices, was used to examine the effects of temperature on lipid body and 33P movement, and to investigate the role of acclimation and incubation time. Temperature effects on AMF growth were both direct and indirect because, despite clear independent root and AMF growth responses in some cases, the uptake and translocation of 13C was also affected within the temperature range tested. Root C uptake and, to a lesser extent, C translocation in the fungus, were reduced by low temperatures (< 18 degrees C). Uptake and translocation of 33P by fungal hyphae were, by contrast, similar between 10 and 25 degrees C. We conclude that temperature, between 6 and 18 degrees C, reduces AMF growth, and that C movement to the fungus is involved in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra E Gavito
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain.
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Abstract
Soil microbial populations are immersed in a framework of interactions known to affect plant fitness and soil quality. They are involved in fundamental activities that ensure the stability and productivity of both agricultural systems and natural ecosystems. Strategic and applied research has demonstrated that certain co-operative microbial activities can be exploited, as a low-input biotechnology, to help sustainable, environmentally-friendly, agro-technological practices. Much research is addressed at improving understanding of the diversity, dynamics, and significance of rhizosphere microbial populations and their co-operative activities. An analysis of the co-operative microbial activities known to affect plant development is the general aim of this review. In particular, this article summarizes and discusses significant aspects of this general topic, including (i) the analysis of the key activities carried out by the diverse trophic and functional groups of micro-organisms involved in co-operative rhizosphere interactions; (ii) a critical discussion of the direct microbe-microbe interactions which results in processes benefiting sustainable agro-ecosystem development; and (iii) beneficial microbial interactions involving arbuscular mycorrhiza, the omnipresent fungus-plant beneficial symbiosis. The trends of this thematic area will be outlined, from molecular biology and ecophysiological issues to the biotechnological developments for integrated management, to indicate where research is needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Miguel Barea
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Professor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain.
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Cornejo P, Azcón-Aguilar C, Barea JM, Ferrol N. Temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) as a tool for the characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 241:265-70. [PMID: 15598542 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis (TTGE) of PCR-amplified 18S rDNA fragments of different Glomus species for their detection and characterization. Screening of Glomus clarum, Glomus constrictum, Glomus coronatum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae and Glomus viscosum by PCR-TGGE revealed that the NS31-AM1 region of the 18S rRNA gene contained insufficient variation to discriminate between them. In contrast, TTGE analysis of the NS31-Glo1 region, which was obtained by nested PCR of the NS31-AM1 amplicon, showed that each species was characterized by a specific TTGE fingerprint. However, isolates of the same species could not be distinguished. The nested PCR-TTGE approach developed allowed identification of the Glomus species colonising the roots of different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cornejo
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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González-Guerrero M, Azcón-Aguilar C, Mooney M, Valderas A, MacDiarmid CW, Eide DJ, Ferrol N. Characterization of a Glomus intraradices gene encoding a putative Zn transporter of the cation diffusion facilitator family. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42:130-40. [PMID: 15670711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Revised: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA (GintZnT1) encoding a putative Zn transporter was isolated from the extraradical mycelium of Glomus intraradices. Based on its sequence analysis, GintZnT1 was classified as a member of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family of heavy metal transporters. Functional analysis of GintZnT1 was performed by heterologous expression in yeast mutants defective in different CDFs. Although Zn sensitivity of the mutants was not reverted, an effect of GintZnT1 on the labile regulatory Zn pool was detected by using a Zn-regulated beta-galactosidase reporter gene. GintZnT1 expression was studied in the extraradical mycelium obtained from a symbiotic root organ culture. Gin +/- ZnT1 was up-regulated in the extraradical mycelium of G. intraradices upon short-time exposure to Zn and when the mycelia were developed in 75 microM Zn supplemented plates. These data suggest a role of GintZnT1 in Zn compartmentalization and in the protection of G. intraradices against Zn stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González-Guerrero
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Bago B, Cano C, Azcón-Aguilar C, Samson J, Coughlan AP, Piché Y. Differential morphogenesis of the extraradical mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus grown monoxenically on spatially heterogeneous culture media. Mycologia 2004; 96:452-462. [PMID: 21148868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new in vitro experimental system was developed to study the morphogenesis of discrete regions of a single extraradical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices, growing simultaneously in six different agar-based media. The media were (i) unamended water agar (WA), (ii) WA+PO(4)(3-) (PO(4)(3-)), (iii) WA+NO(3)(-) (NO(3)(-)), (iv) WA+NH(4)(+) (NH(4)(+)), (v) WA+NH(4)(+)+MES (NH(4)(+)+MES) and (vi) minimal medium (M, complete nutrients). Each medium was amended with the pH indicator bromocresol purple. The extraradical mycelium of the fungus showed between-treatment differences in morphogenesis, architecture, formation of branched absorbing structures (BAS) and sporulation. Extraradical hyphae that developed in WA or PO(4)(3-) compartments exhibited an economic development pattern, in which runner hyphae radially extended the external colony. Extraradical hyphal growth in the NO(3)(-) compartments was characterized by increased formation of runner hyphae, BAS and spores and an alkalinization of the medium. In the two NH(4)(+)-amended media (NH(4)(+), NH(4)(+)+MES), sporulation was suppressed and considerable morphological changes were noted. These results show the plasticity of G. intraradices that lets it efficiently exploit an heterogeneous substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Bago
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CSIC/ UV/GV), Camí de la Marjal s/n, 46470 Albal (Valencia), Spain
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Ferrol N, Azcón-Aguilar C, Bago B, Franken P, Gollotte A, González-Guerrero M, Harrier LA, Lanfranco L, van Tuinen D, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Genomics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Fungal Genomics 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(04)80019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Caravaca F, Figueroa D, Roldán A, Azcón-Aguilar C. Alteration in rhizosphere soil properties of afforested Rhamnus lycioides seedlings in short-term response to mycorrhizal inoculation with Glomus intraradices and organic amendment. Environ Manage 2003; 31:412-420. [PMID: 12592456 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-002-2879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The reestablishment of autochthonous plant species is an essential strategy for recovering degraded areas under semiarid conditions. A field experiment was carried out to assess the short-term effect of two reafforestation methods involving mycorrhizal inoculation and compost addition on soil quality parameters and Rhamnus lycioides seedling growth. The nutrient content (NPK) and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, urease, protease-BAA, acid phosphatase and beta-glucosidase) increased and bulk density decreased in the rhizosphere soil with the organic amendment. Biomass C of rhizosphere soil increased by at least 240% with respect to the control soil after mycorrhizal inoculation and the combination of compost addition + mycorrhizal inoculation. Both mycorrhizal inoculation and composted organic residue addition increased R. lycioides seedling growth in the same proportion. In the short term, we conclude that the application of both reafforestation methods not only enhances the establishment of R. lycioides seedlings, but also improves soil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuensanta Caravaca
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, P.O. Box 4195, Campus de Espinardo 30100-Murcia, Spain.
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Abstract
Arbuscular mycoruhizal fungi are key components of soil microbiota and obviously interact with other microorganisms in the rhizosphere, i.e. the zone of influence of plant roots on microbial populations and other soil constituents. Mycorrhiza formation changes several aspects of plant physiology and some nutritional and physical properties of the rhizospheric soil. These effects modify the colonization patterns of the root or mycovrhizas (mycorrhizosphere) by soil microorganisms. The rhizosphere of mycorrhizal plants, in practice a mycorrhizosphere, harbors a great array of microbial activities responsible for several key ecosystem processes. This paper summarizes the main conceptual principles and accepted statements on the microbial interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and other members of rhizosphere microbiota and discusses current developments and future trends concerning the following topics: (i) effect of soil microorganisms on mycorrhiza formation; (ii) mycorrhizosphere establishment; (iii) interactions involved in nutrient cycling and plant growth; (iv) interactions involved in the biological control of plant pathogens; and (v) interactions to improve soil quality. The main conclusion is that microbial interactions in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal plants improve plant fitness and soil quality, critical issues for a sustainable agricultural development and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Miguel Barea
- Departamento de Microbilogía del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidin, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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Ferrol N, Pozo MJ, Antelo M, Azcón-Aguilar C. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis regulates plasma membrane H+-ATPase gene expression in tomato plants. J Exp Bot 2002; 53:1683-7. [PMID: 12096108 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erf014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Regulation by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis of three tomato plasma membrane H+-ATPase genes (LHA1, LHA2 and LHA4) has been analysed in wild-type and mycorrhiza-defective tomato plants. Expression of these genes was differentially regulated in leaves and roots of both tomato phenotypes after inoculation with Glomus mosseae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Pozo MJ, Cordier C, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gianinazzi S, Barea JM, Azcón-Aguilar C. Localized versus systemic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on defence responses to Phytophthora infection in tomato plants. J Exp Bot 2002; 53:525-34. [PMID: 11847251 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/53.368.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Development of biological control for plant diseases is accepted as a durable and environmentally friendly alternative for agrochemicals. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which form symbiotic associations with root systems of most agricultural, horticultural and hardwood crop species, have been suggested as widespread potential bioprotective agents. In the present study the ability of two AMF (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) to induce local or systemic resistance to Phytophthora parasitica in tomato roots have been compared using a split root experimental system. Glomus mosseae was effective in reducing disease symptoms produced by P. parasitica infection, and evidence points to a combination of local and systemic mechanisms being responsible for this bioprotector effect. The biochemical analysis of different plant defence-related enzymes showed a local induction of mycorrhiza-related new isoforms of the hydrolytic enzymes chitinase, chitosanase and beta-1,3-glucanase, as well as superoxide dismutase, an enzyme which is involved in cell protection against oxidative stress. Systemic alterations of the activity of some of the constitutive isoforms were also observed in non-mycorrhizal roots of mycorrhizal plants. Studies on the lytic activity against Phytophthora cell wall of root protein extracts also corroborated a systemic effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis on tomato resistance to Phytophthora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Pozo
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, C.S.I.C., 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Requena N, Perez-Solis E, Azcón-Aguilar C, Jeffries P, Barea JM. Management of indigenous plant-microbe symbioses aids restoration of desertified ecosystems. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:495-8. [PMID: 11157208 PMCID: PMC92612 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.2.495-498.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2000] [Accepted: 11/13/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of natural plant communities is the first visible indication of a desertification process, but damage to physical, chemical, and biological soil properties is known to occur simultaneously. Such soil degradation limits reestablishment of the natural plant cover. In particular, desertification causes disturbance of plant-microbe symbioses which are a critical ecological factor in helping further plant growth in degraded ecosystems. Here we demonstrate, in two long-term experiments in a desertified Mediterranean ecosystem, that inoculation with indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and with rhizobial nitrogen-fixing bacteria not only enhanced the establishment of key plant species but also increased soil fertility and quality. The dual symbiosis increased the soil nitrogen (N) content, organic matter, and hydrostable soil aggregates and enhanced N transfer from N-fixing to nonfixing species associated within the natural succession. We conclude that the introduction of target indigenous species of plants associated with a managed community of microbial symbionts is a successful biotechnological tool to aid the recovery of desertified ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Requena
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Benabdellah K, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. Alterations in the plasma membrane polypeptide pattern of tomato roots (Lycopersicon esculentum) during the development of arbuscular mycorrhiza. J Exp Bot 2000; 51:747-754. [PMID: 10938867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Changes induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) formation in the plasma membrane polypeptide pattern of tomato roots have been assessed by 2D-PAGE analysis. Plasma membrane fractions were isolated by aqueous two-phase partitioning from control and mycorrhizal tomato root microsomes. Analysis of 2D-PAGE gels revealed that AM colonization induces at the plasma membrane level two major changes in protein synthesis: down-regulation of some constitutive polypeptides and synthesis of new polypeptides or endomycorrhizins. A comparison of changes induced by two different levels of AM colonization showed that 16 polypeptides were differentially displayed at both AM colonization stages, while some others were transiently regulated. Five of the differentially displayed plasma membrane polypeptides at both AM colonization stages were selected for N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Reliable sequences were obtained for two of the selected spots. Sequence alignment search indicated that one of the sequenced polypeptides showed 75% identity to the N-terminal sequence of the 69 kDa catalytic subunit of the vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase of several plants. The possible significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the functioning of the AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Benabdellah
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Abstract
To identify genes that encode plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae two sets of degenerate primers matching highly conserved motifs present in all plant and fungal ATPases were designed. Nested PCR-amplification of G. mosseae genomic DNA using the designed degenerate primers was carried out. Sequence analysis of the cloned PCR products identified five different clones (GmHA1, GmHA2, GmHA3, GmHA4 and GmHA5) encoding putative plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases. Comparison of the deduced amino-acid sequences of GmHA1-GmHA5 indicate that GmHA1, GmHA3 and GmHA4 are highly identical, while GmHA2 and GmHA5 are more divergent. The evolutionary and functional significance of the divergence found among the different members of the H(+)-ATPase gene family in G. mosseae is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain.
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Abstract
High concentrations of heavy metals have been shown to adversely affect the size, diversity, and activity of microbial populations in soil. The aim of this work was to determine how the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is affected by the addition of sewage-amended sludge containing heavy metals in a long-term experiment. Due to the reduced number of indigenous AM fungal (AMF) propagules in the experimental soils, several host plants with different life cycles were used to multiply indigenous fungi. Six AMF ecotypes were found in the experimental soils, showing consistent differences with regard to their tolerance to the presence of heavy metals. AMF ecotypes ranged from very sensitive to the presence of metals to relatively tolerant to high rates of heavy metals in soil. Total AMF spore numbers decreased with increasing amounts of heavy metals in the soil. However, species richness and diversity as measured by the Shannon-Wiener index increased in soils receiving intermediate rates of sludge contamination but decreased in soils receiving the highest rate of heavy-metal-contaminated sludge. Relative densities of most AMF species were also significantly influenced by soil treatments. Host plant species exerted a selective influence on AMF population size and diversity. We conclude based on the results of this study that size and diversity of AMF populations were modified in metal-polluted soils, even in those with metal concentrations that were below the upper limits accepted by the European Union for agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Del Val
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Bago B, Azcón-Aguilar C. Changes in the rhizospheric pH induced by arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in onion (Allium cepa L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jpln.19971600231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bago B, Vierheilig H, Piché Y, Azcón-Aguilar C. Nitrate depletion and pH changes induced by the extraradical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices grown in monoxenic culture. New Phytol 1996; 133:273-280. [PMID: 29681069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the extraradical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices Smith & Schenck on nitrate uptake and on the pH of the medium was studied in a monoxenic culture with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. Vendor) roots obtained from root organ culture. The symbiosis was established in compartmented Petri dishes containing agar media amended with the pH indicator bromocresol purple. A pattern of pH changes was revealed as the symbiosis progressed in the media of the Petri dish compartments containing the dual, arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi/root, culture as well as in the media of the hyphae, root-free compartments, in which the extraradical hyphae developed extensively, coming from the compartment containing the symbiosis. The colour changes in the media were measured spectrophotometrically, whilst maintaining the monoxenic conditions. The extraradical hyphae of G. intraradices strongly increased the pH of nutrient-free medium when supplied with nitrate, whereas the pH decreased m the absence of this N source. The hyphae developing from germinated spores and growing in axenic, nitrate-amended media did not induce any increase in pH. Nitrogen analysis revealed that a depletion of nitrate in the media accompanied increased pH. These results point towards an active uptake of nitrate by the extraradical mycelium of G. intraradices, probably coupled to a H+ -symport mechanism. The pH changes induced by AM fungal hyphae and the possible influence of the establishment of a functional symbiosis on these pH changes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bago
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Pavilion C.-E. Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 CanadaDepartamento de Microbiologia del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos Estación Experimental del Zaidin (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - H Vierheilig
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Pavilion C.-E. Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 CanadaDepartamento de Microbiologia del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos Estación Experimental del Zaidin (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Y Piché
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Pavilion C.-E. Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 CanadaDepartamento de Microbiologia del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos Estación Experimental del Zaidin (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - C Azcón-Aguilar
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Pavilion C.-E. Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 CanadaDepartamento de Microbiologia del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos Estación Experimental del Zaidin (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Bago B, Vierheilig H, Piché Y, Azcón-Aguilar C. Nitrate depletion and pH changes induced by the extraradical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices grown in monoxenic culture. New Phytol 1996; 133:273-280. [PMID: 29681069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the extraradical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices Smith & Schenck on nitrate uptake and on the pH of the medium was studied in a monoxenic culture with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. Vendor) roots obtained from root organ culture. The symbiosis was established in compartmented Petri dishes containing agar media amended with the pH indicator bromocresol purple. A pattern of pH changes was revealed as the symbiosis progressed in the media of the Petri dish compartments containing the dual, arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi/root, culture as well as in the media of the hyphae, root-free compartments, in which the extraradical hyphae developed extensively, coming from the compartment containing the symbiosis. The colour changes in the media were measured spectrophotometrically, whilst maintaining the monoxenic conditions. The extraradical hyphae of G. intraradices strongly increased the pH of nutrient-free medium when supplied with nitrate, whereas the pH decreased m the absence of this N source. The hyphae developing from germinated spores and growing in axenic, nitrate-amended media did not induce any increase in pH. Nitrogen analysis revealed that a depletion of nitrate in the media accompanied increased pH. These results point towards an active uptake of nitrate by the extraradical mycelium of G. intraradices, probably coupled to a H+ -symport mechanism. The pH changes induced by AM fungal hyphae and the possible influence of the establishment of a functional symbiosis on these pH changes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bago
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Pavilion C.-E. Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 CanadaDepartamento de Microbiologia del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos Estación Experimental del Zaidin (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - H Vierheilig
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Pavilion C.-E. Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 CanadaDepartamento de Microbiologia del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos Estación Experimental del Zaidin (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Y Piché
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Pavilion C.-E. Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 CanadaDepartamento de Microbiologia del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos Estación Experimental del Zaidin (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - C Azcón-Aguilar
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Forestière, Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Pavilion C.-E. Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 CanadaDepartamento de Microbiologia del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos Estación Experimental del Zaidin (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Pozo MJ, Dumas-Gaudot E, Slezack S, Cordier C, Asselin A, Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Azcón-Aguilar C, Barea JM. Induction of new chitinase isoforms in tomato roots during interactions with Glomus mosseae and/or Phytophthora nicotianae var parasitica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1051/agro:19961014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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