1
|
Shu P, Li Y, Sheng J, Shen L. Recent Advances in Dissecting the Function of Ethylene in Interaction between Host and Pathogen. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:4552-4563. [PMID: 38379128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Pathogens influence the growth and development of plants, resulting in detrimental damage to their yields and quality. Ethylene, a gaseous phytohormone, serves a pivotal function in modulating diverse physiological processes in plants, including defense mechanisms against pathogen invasion. Ethylene biosynthesis is involved in both plants and pathogens. Recent empirical research elucidates the intricate interactions and regulatory mechanisms between ethylene and pathogens across various plant species. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest findings concerning ethylene's role and its regulatory networks in host-pathogen interactions. Additionally, we explore the crosstalk between ethylene and other phytohormones. Points regarding ethylene emission and its modulation by pathogens are also emphasized. Moreover, we also discuss potential unresolved issues in the field that warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yujing Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jiping Sheng
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Lin Shen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang Z, Zhang H, Gao S, Zhai H, He S, Zhao N, Liu Q. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Sucrose Synthase Gene Family in Sweet Potato and Its Two Diploid Relatives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12493. [PMID: 37569874 PMCID: PMC10420203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sucrose synthases (SUS; EC 2.4.1.13) encoded by a small multigene family are the central system of sucrose metabolism and have important implications for carbon allocation and energy conservation in nonphotosynthetic cells of plants. Though the SUS family genes (SUSs) have been identified in several plants, they have not been explored in sweet potato. In this research, nine, seven and seven SUSs were identified in the cultivated sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas, 2n = 6x = 90) as well as its two diploid wild relatives I. trifida (2n = 2x = 30) and I. triloba (2n = 2x = 30), respectively, and divided into three subgroups according to their phylogenetic relationships. Their protein physicochemical properties, chromosomal localization, phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, promoter cis-elements, protein interaction network and expression patterns were systematically analyzed. The results indicated that the SUS gene family underwent segmental and tandem duplications during its evolution. The SUSs were highly expressed in sink organs. The IbSUSs especially IbSUS2, IbSUS5 and IbSUS7 might play vital roles in storage root development and starch biosynthesis. The SUSs could also respond to drought and salt stress responses and take part in hormone crosstalk. This work provides new insights for further understanding the functions of SUSs and candidate genes for improving yield, starch content, and abiotic stress tolerance in sweet potatoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingchang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.J.); (H.Z.); (S.G.); (H.Z.); (S.H.); (N.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Wang Z, Xiang Y, Tong X, Wojtyla Ł, Wang Y. Editorial: Molecular basis of seed germination and dormancy. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1242428. [PMID: 37492776 PMCID: PMC10364627 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1242428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhoufei Wang
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Xiang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Łukasz Wojtyla
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rai GK, Kumar P, Choudhary SM, Singh H, Adab K, Kosser R, Magotra I, Kumar RR, Singh M, Sharma R, Corrado G, Rouphael Y. Antioxidant Potential of Glutathione and Crosstalk with Phytohormones in Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1133. [PMID: 36903992 PMCID: PMC10005112 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an abundant tripeptide that can enhance plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. Its main role is to counter free radicals and detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in cells under unfavorable conditions. Moreover, along with other second messengers (such as ROS, calcium, nitric oxide, cyclic nucleotides, etc.), GSH also acts as a cellular signal involved in stress signal pathways in plants, directly or along with the glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems. While associated biochemical activities and roles in cellular stress response have been widely presented, the relationship between phytohormones and GSH has received comparatively less attention. This review, after presenting glutathione as part of plants' feedback to main abiotic stress factors, focuses on the interaction between GSH and phytohormones, and their roles in the modulation of the acclimatation and tolerance to abiotic stress in crops plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyanendra Kumar Rai
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180009, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Integrated Farming System, ICAR—Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342003, India
| | - Sadiya M. Choudhary
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180009, India
| | - Hira Singh
- Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Komal Adab
- Department of Biotechnology, BGSB University, Rajouri 185131, India
| | - Rafia Kosser
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180009, India
| | - Isha Magotra
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180009, India
| | - Ranjeet Ranjan Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Monika Singh
- GLBajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida 201306, India
| | - Rajni Sharma
- Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Giandomenico Corrado
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim CY, Song H, Lee YH. Ambivalent response in pathogen defense: A double-edged sword? Plant Commun 2022; 3:100415. [PMID: 35918895 PMCID: PMC9700132 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess effective immune systems that defend against most microbial attackers. Recent plant immunity research has focused on the classic binary defense model involving the pivotal role of small-molecule hormones in regulating the plant defense signaling network. Although most of our current understanding comes from studies that relied on information derived from a limited number of pathosystems, newer studies concerning the incredibly diverse interactions between plants and microbes are providing additional insights into other novel mechanisms. Here, we review the roles of both classical and more recently identified components of defense signaling pathways and stress hormones in regulating the ambivalence effect during responses to diverse pathogens. Because of their different lifestyles, effective defense against biotrophic pathogens normally leads to increased susceptibility to necrotrophs, and vice versa. Given these opposing forces, the plant potentially faces a trade-off when it mounts resistance to a specific pathogen, a phenomenon referred to here as the ambivalence effect. We also highlight a novel mechanism by which translational control of the proteins involved in the ambivalence effect can be used to engineer durable and broad-spectrum disease resistance, regardless of the lifestyle of the invading pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yeol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li G, Wang Y, Wu J, Hu H, Datla R, Bu Q, Moncaleán P, Li J, Zhang J. Editorial: Roles and regulatory mechanisms of ABA in plant development. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1039265. [PMID: 36340366 PMCID: PMC9632727 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1039265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Li
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Qingyun Bu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Paloma Moncaleán
- Department of Forestry Sciences, NEIKER-BRTA, Centro de Arkaute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jiaxu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Wang X, Lv H, Cao M, Li Y, Yuan X, Zhang X, Guo YD, Zhang N. Anabolism and signaling pathways of phytomelatonin. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:5801-5817. [PMID: 35430630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytomelatonin is a small multifunctional molecule found ubiquitously in plants, which plays an important role in plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. The classical biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of phytomelatonin have been elucidated, and uncovering alternative pathways has deepened our understanding of phytomelatonin synthesis. Phytomelatonin functions mainly via two pathways. In the direct pathway, phytomelatonin mediates the stress-induced reactive oxygen species burst through its strong antioxidant capacity. In the indirect pathway, phytomelatonin acts as a signal to activate signaling cascades and crosstalk with other plant hormones. The phytomelatonin receptor PMTR1/CAND2 was discovered in 2018, which enhanced our understanding of phytomelatonin function. This review summarizes the classical and potential pathways involved in phytomelatonin synthesis and metabolism. To elucidate the functions of phytomelatonin, we focus on the crosstalk between phytomelatonin and other phytohormones. We propose two models to explain how PMTR1 transmits the phytomelatonin signal through the G protein and MAPK cascade. This review will facilitate the identification of additional signaling molecules that function downstream of the phytomelatonin signaling pathway, thus improving our understanding of phytomelatonin signal transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Lv
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meng Cao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongchong Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaowei Yuan
- Huasheng Agriculture Co. Ltd, Qingzhou, Shandong, 262500, China
| | - Xichun Zhang
- School of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yang-Dong Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572000, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) not only is a well-known signal molecule mediating plant immunity, but also is involved in plant growth regulation. However, while its role in plant immunity has been well elucidated, its action on plant growth has not been clearly described to date. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that SA plays crucial roles in regulating cell division and cell expansion, the key processes that determines the final stature of plant. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the action and molecular mechanisms through which SA regulates plant growth via multiple pathways. It is here highlighted that SA mediates growth regulation by affecting cell division and expansion. In addition, the interactions of SA with other hormones and their role in plant growth determination were also discussed. Further understanding of the mechanism underlying SA-mediated growth will be instrumental for future crop improvement.
Collapse
|
9
|
Iqbal MA, Miyamoto K, Yumoto E, Parveen S, Mutanda I, Inafuku M, Oku H. Plant hormone profile and control over isoprene biosynthesis in a tropical tree Ficus septica. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2022; 24:492-501. [PMID: 35050526 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormone signalling and the circadian clock have been implicated in the transcriptional control of isoprene biosynthesis. To gain more insight into the hormonal control of isoprene biosynthesis, the present study measured plant hormone concentrations in jasmonic acid (JA)-treated leaves of our previous model study, examined their relationship with gene expression of isoprene synthase (IspS) and hormone signalling transcription factors. Of the plant hormones, IAA and JA-Ile and their related transcription factors (MYC2 and SAUR21) were significantly correlated with IspS gene expression. Concentrations of cytokinins, isopentenyladenine (iP), trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) and cis-zeatin riboside (cZR), were similarly significantly correlated with IspS expression. However, there was no significant correlation between their related transcription factor (ARR-B) and IspS expression. The circadian clock-related gene PRR7, but not the transcription factor LHY, was highly correlated with IspS expression. These results suggest that the hormonal balance between JA-Ile and IAA plays a central role in transcriptional regulation of IspS through the transcription factors MYC2 and SAUR21, the early auxin responsive genes. The putative cis-acting elements for SAUR on the IspS promoter (TGTCNN and CATATG), in addition to the G-box for MYC2, support the above proposal. These results provide insightful information on the core components of plant hormone-related regulation of IspS under coordination with the circadian clock genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md A Iqbal
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - K Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - E Yumoto
- Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Teikyo University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - S Parveen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - I Mutanda
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - M Inafuku
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - H Oku
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cardoso H, Peixe A, Bellini C, Porfírio S, Druege U. Editorial: Advances on the Biological Mechanisms Involved in Adventitious Root Formation: From Signaling to Morphogenesis. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:867651. [PMID: 35295629 PMCID: PMC8918941 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.867651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélia Cardoso
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Augusto Peixe
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Department of Plant Science, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Umeå Plant Sciences Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Sara Porfírio
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Uwe Druege
- Erfurt Research Centre for Horticultural Crops, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen H, Bullock DA, Alonso JM, Stepanova AN. To Fight or to Grow: The Balancing Role of Ethylene in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses. Plants (Basel) 2021; 11:plants11010033. [PMID: 35009037 PMCID: PMC8747122 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants often live in adverse environmental conditions and are exposed to various stresses, such as heat, cold, heavy metals, salt, radiation, poor lighting, nutrient deficiency, drought, or flooding. To adapt to unfavorable environments, plants have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms that serve to balance the trade-off between abiotic stress responses and growth. These mechanisms enable plants to continue to develop and reproduce even under adverse conditions. Ethylene, as a key growth regulator, is leveraged by plants to mitigate the negative effects of some of these stresses on plant development and growth. By cooperating with other hormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), brassinosteroids (BR), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), and cytokinin (CK), ethylene triggers defense and survival mechanisms thereby coordinating plant growth and development in response to abiotic stresses. This review describes the crosstalk between ethylene and other plant hormones in tipping the balance between plant growth and abiotic stress responses.
Collapse
|
12
|
Brookbank BP, Patel J, Gazzarrini S, Nambara E. Role of Basal ABA in Plant Growth and Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121936. [PMID: 34946886 PMCID: PMC8700873 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates various aspects of plant physiology, including promoting seed dormancy and adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In addition, ABA plays an im-portant role in growth and development under non-stressed conditions. This review summarizes phenotypes of ABA biosynthesis and signaling mutants to clarify the roles of basal ABA in growth and development. The promotive and inhibitive actions of ABA in growth are characterized by stunted and enhanced growth of ABA-deficient and insensitive mutants, respectively. Growth regulation by ABA is both promotive and inhibitive, depending on the context, such as concentrations, tissues, and environmental conditions. Basal ABA regulates local growth including hyponastic growth, skotomorphogenesis and lateral root growth. At the cellular level, basal ABA is essential for proper chloroplast biogenesis, central metabolism, and expression of cell-cycle genes. Basal ABA also regulates epidermis development in the shoot, by inhibiting stomatal development, and deposition of hydrophobic polymers like a cuticular wax layer covering the leaf surface. In the root, basal ABA is involved in xylem differentiation and suberization of the endodermis. Hormone crosstalk plays key roles in growth and developmental processes regulated by ABA. Phenotypes of ABA-deficient and insensitive mutants indicate prominent functions of basal ABA in plant growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Brookbank
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Jasmin Patel
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sonia Gazzarrini
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (E.N.)
| | - Eiji Nambara
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (E.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sirko A, Wawrzyńska A, Brzywczy J, Sieńko M. Control of ABA Signaling and Crosstalk with Other Hormones by the Selective Degradation of Pathway Components. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4638. [PMID: 33924944 PMCID: PMC8125534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and appropriate genetic and metabolic acclimation, which is crucial for plants' survival in a changing environment, is maintained due to the coordinated action of plant hormones and cellular degradation mechanisms influencing proteostasis. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) rapidly accumulates in plants in response to environmental stress and plays a pivotal role in the reaction to various stimuli. Increasing evidence demonstrates a significant role of autophagy in controlling ABA signaling. This field has been extensively investigated and new discoveries are constantly being provided. We present updated information on the components of the ABA signaling pathway, particularly on transcription factors modified by different E3 ligases. Then, we focus on the role of selective autophagy in ABA pathway control and review novel evidence on the involvement of autophagy in different parts of the ABA signaling pathway that are important for crosstalk with other hormones, particularly cytokinins and brassinosteroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sirko
- Laboratory of Plant Protein Homeostasis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Wawrzyńska
- Laboratory of Plant Protein Homeostasis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (M.S.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kour J, Kohli SK, Khanna K, Bakshi P, Sharma P, Singh AD, Ibrahim M, Devi K, Sharma N, Ohri P, Skalicky M, Brestic M, Bhardwaj R, Landi M, Sharma A. Brassinosteroid Signaling, Crosstalk and, Physiological Functions in Plants Under Heavy Metal Stress. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:608061. [PMID: 33841453 PMCID: PMC8024700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.608061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are group of plant steroidal hormones that modulate developmental processes and also have pivotal role in stress management. Biosynthesis of BRs takes place through established early C-6 and late C-6 oxidation pathways and the C-22 hydroxylation pathway triggered by activation of the DWF4 gene that acts on multiple intermediates. BRs are recognized at the cell surface by the receptor kinases, BRI1 and BAK1, which relay signals to the nucleus through a phosphorylation cascade involving phosphorylation of BSU1 protein and proteasomal degradation of BIN2 proteins. Inactivation of BIN2 allows BES1/BZR1 to enter the nucleus and regulate the expression of target genes. In the whole cascade of signal recognition, transduction and regulation of target genes, BRs crosstalk with other phytohormones that play significant roles. In the current era, plants are continuously exposed to abiotic stresses and heavy metal stress is one of the major stresses. The present study reveals the mechanism of these events from biosynthesis, transport and crosstalk through receptor kinases and transcriptional networks under heavy metal stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kour
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Kanika Khanna
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Palak Bakshi
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Arun Dev Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Mohd Ibrahim
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Kamini Devi
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Neerja Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aerts N, Pereira Mendes M, Van Wees SCM. Multiple levels of crosstalk in hormone networks regulating plant defense. Plant J 2021; 105:489-504. [PMID: 33617121 PMCID: PMC7898868 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones are essential for regulating the interactions between plants and their complex biotic and abiotic environments. Each hormone initiates a specific molecular pathway and these different hormone pathways are integrated in a complex network of synergistic, antagonistic and additive interactions. This inter-pathway communication is called hormone crosstalk. By influencing the immune network topology, hormone crosstalk is essential for tailoring plant responses to diverse microbes and insects in diverse environmental and internal contexts. Crosstalk provides robustness to the immune system but also drives specificity of induced defense responses against the plethora of biotic interactors. Recent advances in dry-lab and wet-lab techniques have greatly enhanced our understanding of the broad-scale effects of hormone crosstalk on immune network functioning and have revealed underlying principles of crosstalk mechanisms. Molecular studies have demonstrated that hormone crosstalk is modulated at multiple levels of regulation, such as by affecting protein stability, gene transcription and hormone homeostasis. These new insights into hormone crosstalk regulation of plant defense are reviewed here, with a focus on crosstalk acting on the jasmonic acid pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana, highlighting the transcription factors MYC2 and ORA59 as major targets for modulation by other hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Aerts
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyScience4LifeUtrecht UniversityP.O. Box 800.56Utrecht3408 TBThe Netherlands
| | - Marciel Pereira Mendes
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyScience4LifeUtrecht UniversityP.O. Box 800.56Utrecht3408 TBThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia C. M. Van Wees
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyScience4LifeUtrecht UniversityP.O. Box 800.56Utrecht3408 TBThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao H, Yin CC, Ma B, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Ethylene signaling in rice and Arabidopsis: New regulators and mechanisms. J Integr Plant Biol 2021; 63:102-125. [PMID: 33095478 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone which plays important roles in both plant growth and development and stress responses. Based on studies in the dicot model plant species Arabidopsis, a linear ethylene signaling pathway has been established, according to which ethylene is perceived by ethylene receptors and transduced through CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE 1 (CTR1) and ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2) to activate transcriptional reprogramming. In addition to this canonical signaling pathway, an alternative ethylene receptor-mediated phosphor-relay pathway has also been proposed to participate in ethylene signaling. In contrast to Arabidopsis, rice, a monocot, grows in semiaquatic environments and has a distinct plant structure. Several novel regulators and/or mechanisms of the rice ethylene signaling pathway have recently been identified, indicating that the ethylene signaling pathway in rice has its own unique features. In this review, we summarize the latest progress and compare the conserved and divergent aspects of the ethylene signaling pathway between Arabidopsis and rice. The crosstalk between ethylene and other plant hormones is also reviewed. Finally, we discuss how ethylene regulates plant growth, stress responses and agronomic traits. These analyses should help expand our knowledge of the ethylene signaling mechanism and could further be applied for agricultural purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Cui-Cui Yin
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100024, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li SW. Molecular Bases for the Regulation of Adventitious Root Generation in Plants. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:614072. [PMID: 33584771 PMCID: PMC7876083 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.614072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of adventitious roots (ARs) is an ecologically and economically important developmental process in plants. The evolution of AR systems is an important way for plants to cope with various environmental stresses. This review focuses on identified genes that have known to regulate the induction and initiation of ARs and offers an analysis of this process at the molecular level. The critical genes involved in adventitious rooting are the auxin signaling-responsive genes, including the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) and the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN (LOB) gene families, and genes associated with auxin transport and homeostasis, the quiescent center (QC) maintenance, and the root apical meristem (RAM) initiation. Several genes involved in cell wall modulation are also known to be involved in the regulation of adventitious rooting. Furthermore, the molecular processes that play roles in the ethylene, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid signaling pathways and their crosstalk modulate the generation of ARs. The crosstalk and interaction among many molecular processes generates complex networks that regulate AR generation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mhimdi M, Pérez-Pérez JM. Understanding of Adventitious Root Formation: What Can We Learn From Comparative Genetics? Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:582020. [PMID: 33123185 PMCID: PMC7573222 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.582020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious root (AR) formation is a complex developmental process controlled by a plethora of endogenous and environmental factors. Based on fossil evidence and genomic phylogeny, AR formation might be considered the default state of plant roots, which likely evolved independently several times. The application of next-generation sequencing techniques and bioinformatics analyses to non-model plants provide novel approaches to identify genes putatively involved in AR formation in multiple species. Recent results uncovered that the regulation of shoot-borne AR formation in monocots is an adaptive response to nutrient and water deficiency that enhances topsoil foraging and improves plant performance. A hierarchy of transcription factors required for AR initiation has been identified from genetic studies, and recent results highlighted the key involvement of additional regulation through microRNAs. Here, we discuss our current understanding of AR formation in response to specific environmental stresses, such as nutrient deficiency, drought or waterlogging, aimed at providing evidence for the integration of the hormone crosstalk required for the activation of root competent cells within adult tissues from which the ARs develop.
Collapse
|
19
|
Marzec M, Daszkowska-Golec A, Collin A, Melzer M, Eggert K, Szarejko I. Barley strigolactone signalling mutant hvd14.d reveals the role of strigolactones in abscisic acid-dependent response to drought. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:2239-2253. [PMID: 32501539 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are a group of plant hormones involved in many aspects of plant development and stress adaptation. Here, we investigated the drought response of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutant carrying a missense mutation in the gene encoding the SL-specific receptor HvD14. Our results clearly showed that hvd14.d mutant is hyper-sensitive to drought stress. This was illustrated by a lower leaf relative water content (RWC), impaired photosynthesis, disorganization of chloroplast structure, altered stomatal density and slower closure of stomata in response to drought in the mutant compared to the wild type parent cultivar Sebastian. Although the content of abscisic acid (ABA) and its derivatives remained unchanged in the mutant, significant differences in expression of genes related to ABA biosynthesis were observed. Moreover, hvd14.d was insensitive to ABA during seed germination. Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana mutant atd14-1 also demonstrated that mutation in the SL receptor resulted in increased sensitivity to drought. Our results indicate that the drought-sensitive phenotype of barley SL mutant might be caused by a disturbed ABA metabolism and/or signalling pathways. These results together uncovered a link between SL signalling and ABA-dependent drought stress response in barley.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Marzec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Daszkowska-Golec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Collin
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michael Melzer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Kai Eggert
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of steroid hormones, essentially important for plant development and growth. BR signaling functions to promote cell expansion and cell division, and plays a role in etiolation and reproduction. As the phytohormone originally identified in the pollen grains of Brassica napus, BR promotes the elongation of stigma. Recent studies have revealed that BR is also critical for floral transition, inflorescence stem architecture formation and other aspects of plant reproductive processes. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of BRs in plant reproduction, the spatial and temporal control of BR signaling, and the downstream molecular mechanisms in both the model plant Arabidopsis and crops. The crosstalk of BR with environmental factors and other hormones in reproduction will also be discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Plants are under relentless challenge by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes, for whom they provide a resource of living space and nutrients. Upon detection of pathogens, plants carry out multiple layers of defense response, orchestrated by a tightly organized network of hormones. In this review, we provide an overview of the phytohormones involved in immunity and the ways pathogens manipulate their biosynthesis and signaling pathways. We highlight recent developments, including the discovery of a defense signaling molecule, new insights into hormone biosynthesis, and the increasing importance of signaling hubs at which hormone pathways intersect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bürger
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Joanne Chory
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Michniewicz M, Ho CH, Enders TA, Floro E, Damodaran S, Gunther LK, Powers SK, Frick EM, Topp CN, Frommer WB, Strader LC. TRANSPORTER OF IBA1 Links Auxin and Cytokinin to Influence Root Architecture. Dev Cell 2019; 50:599-609.e4. [PMID: 31327740 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Developmental processes that control root system architecture are critical for soil exploration by plants, allowing for uptake of water and nutrients. Conversion of the auxin precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to active auxin (indole-3-acetic acid; IAA) modulates lateral root formation. However, mechanisms governing IBA-to-IAA conversion have yet to be elucidated. We identified TRANSPORTER OF IBA1 (TOB1) as a vacuolar IBA transporter that limits lateral root formation. Moreover, TOB1, which is transcriptionally regulated by the phytohormone cytokinin, is necessary for the ability of cytokinin to exert inhibitory effects on lateral root production. The increased production of lateral roots in tob1 mutants, TOB1 transport of IBA into the vacuole, and cytokinin-regulated TOB1 expression provide a mechanism linking cytokinin signaling and IBA contribution to the auxin pool to tune root system architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Michniewicz
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsun Ho
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Institute for Biotransformative Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tara A Enders
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Eric Floro
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Suresh Damodaran
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lauren K Gunther
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Samantha K Powers
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Frick
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Institute for Biotransformative Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Science & Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Contents Summary 1230 I. Introduction 1230 II. Apical hook development is a spatio-temporally dynamic process orchestrated by a complex signaling network 1231 III. Central players of apical hook development: auxin and HOOKLESS1 1232 IV. Towards a cellular-based understanding of hormonal regulation of apical hook development with cutting-edge toolboxes 1232 V. Conclusions 1233 Acknowledgements 1233 References 1233 SUMMARY: To deal with the ever-changing environment, sessile plants adapt diverse and plastic organ structures during postembryonic development. Among these, the apical hook forms shortly after seed germination of most dicots, and protects the delicate shoot meristem from mechanical damage during soil emergence. For decades, this structure has been taken as an excellent model for the investigation of the mechanisms underlying the differential growth of plant tissues. Here, we summarize recent advances in the investigation of the hormonal regulation of apical hook development, focusing on the convergence to auxin and a central regulator HOOKLESS1 (HLS1). We propose the revisitation of hook curvature kinematics at suborgan and single-cell resolution, and further pursuance of the mechanistics of apical hook development through combinatorial approaches of automated imaging and multidimensional modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Wang
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens that need a plant host and an insect vector for their spread and survival. In plants, the physiological responses that phytoplasmas trigger result in symptom development through effects on hormonal, nutritional, and stress signaling pathways, and the interactions between these. In this review, recent advances on the involvement of plant hormones together with their known and deduced roles in plants infected with phytoplasmas are discussed. Several studies have directly, or in many cases indirectly, addressed plant hormone systems in phytoplasma-infected plants. These have provided accumulating evidence that phytoplasmas extensively affect plant hormone pathways. Phytoplasmas thus, with disturbing complex plant hormone networks, suppress plant immunity and modify plant structure, while optimizing their nutrient acquisition and facilitating their colonization of the plants, and their dissemination among plants by their insect vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dermastia
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Proietti S, Caarls L, Coolen S, Van Pelt JA, Van Wees SC, Pieterse CM. Genome-wide association study reveals novel players in defense hormone crosstalk in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Environ 2018; 41:2342-2356. [PMID: 29852537 PMCID: PMC6175328 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) regulates plant defenses against necrotrophic pathogens and insect herbivores. Salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) can antagonize JA-regulated defenses, thereby modulating pathogen or insect resistance. We performed a genome-wide association (GWA) study on natural genetic variation in Arabidopsis thaliana for the effect of SA and ABA on the JA pathway. We treated 349 Arabidopsis accessions with methyl JA (MeJA), or a combination of MeJA and either SA or ABA, after which expression of the JA-responsive marker gene PLANT DEFENSIN1.2 (PDF1.2) was quantified as a readout for GWA analysis. Both hormones antagonized MeJA-induced PDF1.2 in the majority of the accessions but with a large variation in magnitude. GWA mapping of the SA- and ABA-affected PDF1.2 expression data revealed loci associated with crosstalk. GLYI4 (encoding a glyoxalase) and ARR11 (encoding an Arabidopsis response regulator involved in cytokinin signalling) were confirmed by T-DNA insertion mutant analysis to affect SA-JA crosstalk and resistance against the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea. In addition, At1g16310 (encoding a cation efflux family protein) was confirmed to affect ABA-JA crosstalk and susceptibility to Mamestra brassicae herbivory. Collectively, this GWA study identified novel players in JA hormone crosstalk with potential roles in the regulation of pathogen or insect resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Proietti
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Lotte Caarls
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Silvia Coolen
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Johan A. Van Pelt
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia C.M. Van Wees
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Corné M.J. Pieterse
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lian C, Yao K, Duan H, Li Q, Liu C, Yin W, Xia X. Exploration of ABA Responsive miRNAs Reveals a New Hormone Signaling Crosstalk Pathway Regulating Root Growth of Populus euphratica. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1481. [PMID: 29772702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in the regulation of plant adaptation, seed germination, and root development in plants. However, the mechanism of ABA regulation of root development is still poorly understood, especially through the miRNA-mediated pathway. Here, small RNA (sRNA)-seq and degradome-seq were used to analyze the miRNAs’ responsive to ABA in the stems and roots of P. euphratica, a model tree species for abiotic stress-resistance research. In total, 255 unique mature sequences, containing 154 known miRNAs and 101 novel miRNAs were identified, among which 33 miRNAs and 54 miRNAs were responsive to ABA in the roots and stems, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of these miRNAs and their targets revealed a new hormone signaling crosstalk model of ABA regulation of root growth through miRNA-mediated pathways, such as peu-miR-n68 mediation of the crosstalk between ABA and the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway and peu-miR477b mediation of the crosstalk between ABA and Gibberellic acid (GA) signaling. Taken together, our genome-wide analysis of the miRNAs provides a new insight into the mechanism of ABA regulation of root growth in Populus.
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu S, Ziegler J, Zeier J, Birkenbihl RP, Somssich IE. Botrytis cinerea B05.10 promotes disease development in Arabidopsis by suppressing WRKY33-mediated host immunity. Plant Cell Environ 2017; 40:2189-2206. [PMID: 28708934 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The large WRKY transcription factor family is mainly involved in regulating plant immune responses. Arabidopsis WRKY33 is a key transcriptional regulator of hormonal and metabolic processes towards Botrytis cinerea strain 2100 infection and is essential for resistance. In contrast to B. cinerea strain 2100, the strain B05.10 is virulent on wild-type (WT) Col-0 Arabidopsis plants highlighting the genetic diversity within this pathogen species. We analysed how early WRKY33-dependent responses are affected upon infection with strain B05.10 and found that most of these responses were strongly dampened during this interaction. Ectopic expression of WRKY33 resulted in complete resistance towards this strain indicating that virulence of B05.10, at least partly, depends on suppressing WRKY33 expression/protein accumulation. As a consequence, the expression levels of direct WRKY33 target genes, including those involved in the biosynthesis of camalexin, were also reduced upon infection. Concomitantly, elevated levels of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) were observed. Molecular and genetic studies revealed that ABA negatively influences defence to B05.10 and effects jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET) and salicylic acid (SA) levels. Susceptibility/resistance was determined by the antagonistic effect of ABA on JA, and this crosstalk required suppressing WRKY33 functions at early infection stages. This indicates that B. cinerea B05.10 promotes disease by suppressing WRKY33-mediated host defences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouan Liu
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Jörg Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiolgy of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer P Birkenbihl
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Imre E Somssich
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Thompson M, Gamage D, Hirotsu N, Martin A, Seneweera S. Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on Photosynthesis and Carbon Partitioning: A Perspective on Root Sugar Sensing and Hormonal Crosstalk. Front Physiol 2017; 8:578. [PMID: 28848452 PMCID: PMC5550704 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide will be of great concern in the future, as carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]) are predicted to continue to rise. Elevated [CO2] causes increased photosynthesis in plants, which leads to greater production of carbohydrates and biomass. Which organ the extra carbohydrates are allocated to varies between species, but also within species. These carbohydrates are a major energy source for plant growth, but they also act as signaling molecules and have a range of uses beyond being a source of carbon and energy. Currently, there is a lack of information on how the sugar sensing and signaling pathways of plants are affected by the higher content of carbohydrates produced under elevated [CO2]. Particularly, the sugar signaling pathways of roots are not well understood, along with how they are affected by elevated [CO2]. At elevated [CO2], some plants allocate greater amounts of sugars to roots where they are likely to act on gene regulation and therefore modify nutrient uptake and transport. Glucose and sucrose also promote root growth, an effect similar to what occurs under elevated [CO2]. Sugars also crosstalk with hormones to regulate root growth, but also affect hormone biosynthesis. This review provides an update on the role of sugars as signaling molecules in plant roots and thus explores the currently known functions that may be affected by elevated [CO2].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thompson
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern QueenslandToowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Dananjali Gamage
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern QueenslandToowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Naoki Hirotsu
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern QueenslandToowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo UniversityItakura-machi, Japan
| | - Anke Martin
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern QueenslandToowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern QueenslandToowoomba, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang L, Teixeira PJPL, Biswas S, Finkel OM, He Y, Salas-Gonzalez I, English ME, Epple P, Mieczkowski P, Dangl JL. Pseudomonas syringae Type III Effector HopBB1 Promotes Host Transcriptional Repressor Degradation to Regulate Phytohormone Responses and Virulence. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:156-168. [PMID: 28132837 PMCID: PMC5314207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Independently evolved pathogen effectors from three branches of life (ascomycete, eubacteria, and oomycete) converge onto the Arabidopsis TCP14 transcription factor to manipulate host defense. However, the mechanistic basis for defense control via TCP14 regulation is unknown. We demonstrate that TCP14 regulates the plant immune system by transcriptionally repressing a subset of the jasmonic acid (JA) hormone signaling outputs. A previously unstudied Pseudomonas syringae (Psy) type III effector, HopBB1, interacts with TCP14 and targets it to the SCFCOI1 degradation complex by connecting it to the JA signaling repressor JAZ3. Consequently, HopBB1 de-represses the TCP14-regulated subset of JA response genes and promotes pathogen virulence. Thus, HopBB1 fine-tunes host phytohormone crosstalk by precisely manipulating part of the JA regulon to avoid pleiotropic host responses while promoting pathogen proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Surojit Biswas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Omri M Finkel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yijian He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Isai Salas-Gonzalez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marie E English
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Petra Epple
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Davière JM, Achard P. A Pivotal Role of DELLAs in Regulating Multiple Hormone Signals. Mol Plant 2016; 9:10-20. [PMID: 26415696 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenotypic plasticity is controlled by diverse hormone pathways, which integrate and convey information from multiple developmental and environmental signals. Moreover, in plants many processes such as growth, development, and defense are regulated in similar ways by multiple hormones. Among them, gibberellins (GAs) are phytohormones with pleiotropic actions, regulating various growth processes throughout the plant life cycle. Previous work has revealed extensive interplay between GAs and other hormones, but the molecular mechanism became apparent only recently. Molecular and physiological studies have demonstrated that DELLA proteins, considered as master negative regulators of GA signaling, integrate multiple hormone signaling pathways through physical interactions with transcription factors or regulatory proteins from different families. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in GA signaling and its direct crosstalk with the main phytohormone signaling, emphasizing the multifaceted role of DELLA proteins with key components of major hormone signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Davière
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357, associé avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
| | - Patrick Achard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357, associé avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu Z, Zhang S, Sun N, Liu H, Zhao Y, Liang Y, Zhang L, Han Y. Functional diversity of jasmonates in rice. Rice (N Y) 2015; 8:42. [PMID: 26054241 PMCID: PMC4773313 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-015-0042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone jasmonates (JA) play essential roles in plants, such as regulating development and growth, responding to environmental changes, and resisting abiotic and biotic stresses. During signaling, JA interacts, either synergistically or antagonistically, with other hormones, such as salicylic acid (SA), gibberellin (GA), ethylene (ET), auxin, brassinosteroid (BR), and abscisic acid (ABA), to regulate gene expression in regulatory networks, conferring physiological and metabolic adjustments in plants. As an important staple crop, rice is a major nutritional source for human beings and feeds one third of the world's population. Recent years have seen significant progress in the understanding of the JA pathway in rice. In this review, we summarize the diverse functions of JA, and discuss the JA interplay with other hormones, as well as light, in this economically important crop. We believe that a better understanding of the JA pathway will lead to practical biotechnological applications in rice breeding and cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- />College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- />College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ning Sun
- />The Affiliated School of Hebei Baoding Normal, Baoding, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- />College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- />College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuling Liang
- />College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- />College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- />School of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong, China
- />Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement on Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Caarls L, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. How salicylic acid takes transcriptional control over jasmonic acid signaling. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:170. [PMID: 25859250 PMCID: PMC4373269 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is a central process in plant immunity. The induction or repression of defense genes is orchestrated by signaling networks that are directed by plant hormones of which salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are the major players. Extensive cross-communication between the hormone signaling pathways allows for fine tuning of transcriptional programs, determining resistance to invaders and trade-offs with plant development. Here, we give an overview of how SA can control transcriptional reprogramming of JA-induced genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. SA can influence activity and/or localization of transcriptional regulators by post-translational modifications of transcription factors and co-regulators. SA-induced redox changes, mediated by thioredoxins and glutaredoxins, modify transcriptional regulators that are involved in suppression of JA-dependent genes, such as NPR1 and TGA transcription factors, which affects their localization or DNA binding activity. Furthermore, SA can mediate sequestering of JA-responsive transcription factors away from their target genes by stalling them in the cytosol or in complexes with repressor proteins in the nucleus. SA also affects JA-induced transcription by inducing degradation of transcription factors with an activating role in JA signaling, as was shown for the ERF transcription factor ORA59. Additionally, SA can induce negative regulators, among which WRKY transcription factors, that can directly or indirectly inhibit JA-responsive gene expression. Finally, at the DNA level, modification of histones by SA-dependent factors can result in repression of JA-responsive genes. These diverse and complex regulatory mechanisms affect important signaling hubs in the integration of hormone signaling networks. Some pathogens have evolved effectors that highjack hormone crosstalk mechanisms for their own good, which are described in this review as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saskia C. M. Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pozo MJ, López-Ráez JA, Azcón-Aguilar C, García-Garrido JM. Phytohormones as integrators of environmental signals in the regulation of mycorrhizal symbioses. New Phytol 2015; 205:1431-1436. [PMID: 25580981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For survival, plants have to efficiently adjust their phenotype to environmental challenges, finely coordinating their responses to balance growth and defence. Such phenotypic plasticity can be modulated by their associated microbiota. The widespread mycorrhizal symbioses modify plant responses to external stimuli, generally improving the resilience of the symbiotic system to environmental stresses. Phytohormones, central regulators of plant development and immunity, are instrumental in orchestrating plant responses to the fluctuating environment, but also in the regulation of mycorrhizal symbioses. Exciting advances in the molecular regulation of phytohormone signalling are providing mechanistic insights into how plants coordinate their responses to environmental cues and mycorrhizal functioning. Here, we summarize how these mechanisms permit the fine-tuning of the symbiosis according to the ever-changing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A López-Ráez
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - José M García-Garrido
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Geng X, Jin L, Shimada M, Kim MG, Mackey D. The phytotoxin coronatine is a multifunctional component of the virulence armament of Pseudomonas syringae. Planta 2014; 240:1149-65. [PMID: 25156488 PMCID: PMC4228168 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens deploy an array of virulence factors to suppress host defense and promote pathogenicity. Numerous strains of Pseudomonas syringae produce the phytotoxin coronatine (COR). A major aspect of COR function is its ability to mimic a bioactive jasmonic acid (JA) conjugate and thus target the JA-receptor COR-insensitive 1 (COI1). Biological activities of COR include stimulation of JA-signaling and consequent suppression of SA-dependent defense through antagonistic crosstalk, antagonism of stomatal closure to allow bacterial entry into the interior of plant leaves, contribution to chlorotic symptoms in infected plants, and suppression of plant cell wall defense through perturbation of secondary metabolism. Here, we review the virulence function of COR, including updates on these established activities as well as more recent findings revealing COI1-independent activity of COR and shedding light on cooperative or redundant defense suppression between COR and type III effector proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Geng
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Mikiko Shimada
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Min Gab Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, PMBBRC Gyeongsang National University, Jinju daero, Jinju, 660-751 Republic of Korea
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fonseca S, Rosado A, Vaughan-Hirsch J, Bishopp A, Chini A. Molecular locks and keys: the role of small molecules in phytohormone research. Front Plant Sci 2014; 5:709. [PMID: 25566283 PMCID: PMC4269113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant adaptation, growth and development rely on the integration of many environmental and endogenous signals that collectively determine the overall plant phenotypic plasticity. Plant signaling molecules, also known as phytohormones, are fundamental to this process. These molecules act at low concentrations and regulate multiple aspects of plant fitness and development via complex signaling networks. By its nature, phytohormone research lies at the interface between chemistry and biology. Classically, the scientific community has always used synthetic phytohormones and analogs to study hormone functions and responses. However, recent advances in synthetic and combinational chemistry, have allowed a new field, plant chemical biology, to emerge and this has provided a powerful tool with which to study phytohormone function. Plant chemical biology is helping to address some of the most enduring questions in phytohormone research such as: Are there still undiscovered plant hormones? How can we identify novel signaling molecules? How can plants activate specific hormone responses in a tissue-specific manner? How can we modulate hormone responses in one developmental context without inducing detrimental effects on other processes? The chemical genomics approaches rely on the identification of small molecules modulating different biological processes and have recently identified active forms of plant hormones and molecules regulating many aspects of hormone synthesis, transport and response. We envision that the field of chemical genomics will continue to provide novel molecules able to elucidate specific aspects of hormone-mediated mechanisms. In addition, compounds blocking specific responses could uncover how complex biological responses are regulated. As we gain information about such compounds we can design small alterations to the chemical structure to further alter specificity, enhance affinity or modulate the activity of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fonseca
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Abel Rosado
- The Botany Department, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Vaughan-Hirsch
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Andrea Chini
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Andrea Chini, Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, C/ Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxin is a versatile plant hormone with important roles in many essential physiological processes. In recent years, significant progress has been made towards understanding the roles of this hormone in plant growth and development. Recent evidence also points to a less well-known but equally important role for auxin as a mediator of environmental adaptation in plants. SCOPE This review briefly discusses recent findings on how plants utilize auxin signalling and transport to modify their root system architecture when responding to diverse biotic and abiotic rhizosphere signals, including macro- and micro-nutrient starvation, cold and water stress, soil acidity, pathogenic and beneficial microbes, nematodes and neighbouring plants. Stress-responsive transcription factors and microRNAs that modulate auxin- and environment-mediated root development are also briefly highlighted. CONCLUSIONS The auxin pathway constitutes an essential component of the plant's biotic and abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms. Further understanding of the specific roles that auxin plays in environmental adaptation can ultimately lead to the development of crops better adapted to stressful environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct (QBP), Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nibau C, Tao L, Levasseur K, Wu HM, Cheung AY. The Arabidopsis small GTPase AtRAC7/ROP9 is a modulator of auxin and abscisic acid signalling. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:3425-37. [PMID: 23918972 PMCID: PMC3733156 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rac-like GTPases or Rho-related GTPases from plants (RAC/ROPs) are important components of hormone signalling pathways in plants. Based on phylogeny, several groups can be distinguished, and the underlying premise is that members of different groups perform distinct functions in the plant. AtRAC7/ROP9 is phylogenetically unique among 11 Arabidopsis RAC/ROPs, and here it was shown that it functions as a modulator of auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) signalling, a dual role not previously assigned to these small GTPases. Plants with reduced levels of AtRAC7/ROP9 had increased sensitivity to auxin and were less sensitive to ABA. On the other hand, overexpressing AtRAC7/ROP9 activated ABA-induced gene expression but repressed auxin-induced gene expression. In addition, both hormones regulated the activity of the AtRAC7/ROP9 promoter, suggesting a feedback mechanism to modulate the signalling output from the AtRAC7/ROP9-controlled molecular switch. High levels of AtRAC7/ROP9 were detected specifically in embryos and lateral roots, underscoring the important role of this protein during embryo development and lateral root formation. These results place AtRAC7/ROP9 as an important signal transducer in recently described pathways that integrate auxin and ABA signalling in the plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candida Nibau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- * Present address: Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Lizhen Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Present address: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Kathryn Levasseur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Present address: Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hen-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alice Y. Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Golenberg EM, West NW. Hormonal interactions and gene regulation can link monoecy and environmental plasticity to the evolution of dioecy in plants. Am J Bot 2013; 100:1022-37. [PMID: 23538873 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most models for dioecy in flowering plants assume that dioecy arises directly from hermaphroditism through a series of independent feminizing and masculinizing mutations that become chromosomally linked. However, dioecy appears to evolve most frequently through monoecious grades. The major genetic models do not explain the evolution of unisexual flowers in monoecious and submonoecious populations, nor do they account for environmentally induced sexual plasticity. In this review, we explore the roles of environmental stress and hormones on sex determination, and propose a model that can explain the evolution of dioecy through monoecy, and the mechanisms of environmental sex determination. Environmental stresses elicit hormones that allow plants to mediate the negative effects of the stresses. Many of these same hormones are involved in the regulation of floral developmental genes. Recent studies have elucidated the mechanisms whereby these hormones interact and can act as switchpoints in regulatory pathways. Consequently, differential concentrations of plant hormones can regulate whole developmental pathways, providing a mechanism for differential development within isogenic individuals such as seen in monoecious plants. Sex-determining genes in such systems will evolve to generate clusters of coexpressed suites. Coexpression rather than coinheritance of gender-specific genes will define the sexual developmental fate. Therefore, selection for gender type will drive evolution of the regulatory sequences of such genes rather than their synteny. Subsequent mutations to hyper- or hyposensitive alleles within the hormone response pathway can result in segregating dioecious populations. Simultaneously, such developmental systems will remain sensitive to external stimuli that modify hormone responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Golenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Denancé N, Sánchez-Vallet A, Goffner D, Molina A. Disease resistance or growth: the role of plant hormones in balancing immune responses and fitness costs. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:155. [PMID: 23745126 PMCID: PMC3662895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and response to environmental cues are largely governed by phytohormones. The plant hormones ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid (SA) play a central role in the regulation of plant immune responses. In addition, other plant hormones, such as auxins, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids, that have been thoroughly described to regulate plant development and growth, have recently emerged as key regulators of plant immunity. Plant hormones interact in complex networks to balance the response to developmental and environmental cues and thus limiting defense-associated fitness costs. The molecular mechanisms that govern these hormonal networks are largely unknown. Moreover, hormone signaling pathways are targeted by pathogens to disturb and evade plant defense responses. In this review, we address novel insights on the regulatory roles of the ABA, SA, and auxin in plant resistance to pathogens and we describe the complex interactions among their signal transduction pathways. The strategies developed by pathogens to evade hormone-mediated defensive responses are also described. Based on these data we discuss how hormone signaling could be manipulated to improve the resistance of crops to pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Denancé
- UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de ToulouseCastanet-Tolosan, France
- UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridPozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Deborah Goffner
- UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de ToulouseCastanet-Tolosan, France
- UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridPozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Roldan M, Dinh P, Leung S, McManus MT. Ethylene and the responses of plants to phosphate deficiency. AoB Plants 2013; 5:plt013. [PMCID: PMC4104654 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plt013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review considers the evidence that ethylene biosynthesis is up-regulated by locally-generated signals in response to a change in external P supply, where the hormone then mediates, with auxin, changes in root system architecture. Subsequent changes in endogenous P evoke systemic responses whereby ethylene again is important in inducing some of the key signature changes observed in P-deprived tissues (eg. phosphate transporter and acid phosphatase up-regulation). The consideration as to how plants uptake and transport phosphorus (P) is of significant agronomic and economic importance, in part driven by finite reserves of rock phosphate. Our understanding of these mechanisms has been greatly advanced, particularly with respect to the responses of plants to P deficiency and the genetic dissection of the signalling involved. Further, the realization that there are two tiers of transcriptional responses, the local, in which inorganic P (Pi) acts as an external signal independent of the endogenous P level, and the systemic involving root–shoot signalling, has now added a dimension of both clarity and complexity. Notwithstanding, it is now clear that the hormone ethylene plays a key role in mediating both levels of responses. This review, therefore, covers the role of ethylene in terms of mediating responses to P deficiency. The evidence that Pi supply regulates ethylene biosynthesis and sensitivity, and that this, in turn, regulates changes in root system architecture and in Pi-deprivation responses is examined here. While ethylene is the focus, the key interactions with auxin are also assessed, but interactions with the other hormone groups, which have recently been reviewed, are not covered. The emerging view that ethylene is a multi-faceted hormone in terms of mediating responses to P deficiency invites the dissection of the transcriptional cues that mediate changes in ethylene biosynthesis and/or sensitivity. Knowledge of the nature of such cues will subsequently reveal more of the underpinning interactions that govern P responses and provide avenues for the production of germplasm with an improved phosphate use efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Roldan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Present address: AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Phuong Dinh
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Susanna Leung
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Michael T. McManus
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Scala A, Mirabella R, Mugo C, Matsui K, Haring MA, Schuurink RC. E-2-hexenal promotes susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae by activating jasmonic acid pathways in Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:74. [PMID: 23630530 PMCID: PMC3624080 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are C6-molecules - alcohols, aldehydes, and esters - produced by plants upon herbivory or during pathogen infection. Exposure to this blend of volatiles induces defense-related responses in neighboring undamaged plants, thus assigning a role to GLVs in regulating plant defenses. Here we compared Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Landsberg erecta (Ler) with a hydroperoxide lyase line, hpl1, unable to synthesize GLVs, for susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (DC3000). We found that the growth of DC3000 was significantly reduced in the hpl1 mutant. This phenomenon correlated with lower jasmonic acid (JA) levels and higher salicylic acid levels in the hpl1 mutant. Furthermore, upon infection, the JA-responsive genes VSP2 and LEC were only slightly or not induced, respectively, in hpl1. This suggests that the reduced growth of DC3000 in hpl1 plants is due to the constraint of JA-dependent responses. Treatment of hpl1 plants with E-2-hexenal, one of the more reactive GLVs, prior to infection with DC3000, resulted in increased growth of DC3000 in hpl1, thus complementing this mutant. Interestingly, the growth of DC3000 also increased in Ler plants treated with E-2-hexenal. This stronger growth was not dependent on the JA-signaling component MYC2, but on ORA59, an integrator of JA and ethylene signaling pathways, and on the production of coronatine by DC3000. GLVs may have multiple effects on plant-pathogen interactions, in this case reducing resistance to Pseudomonas syringae via JA and ORA59.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Scala
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rossana Mirabella
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Mugo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityYamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityYamaguchi, Japan
| | - Michel A. Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Robert C. Schuurink, Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands. e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cheng X, Ruyter-Spira C, Bouwmeester H. The interaction between strigolactones and other plant hormones in the regulation of plant development. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:199. [PMID: 23785379 PMCID: PMC3683633 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones are small molecules derived from various metabolic pathways and are important regulators of plant development. The most recently discovered phytohormone class comprises the carotenoid-derived strigolactones (SLs). For a long time these compounds were only known to be secreted into the rhizosphere where they act as signaling compounds, but now we know they are also active as endogenous plant hormones and they have been in the spotlight ever since. The initial discovery that SLs are involved in the inhibition of axillary bud outgrowth, initiated a multitude of other studies showing that SLs also play a role in defining root architecture, secondary growth, hypocotyl elongation, and seed germination, mostly in interaction with other hormones. Their coordinated action enables the plant to respond in an appropriate manner to environmental factors such as temperature, shading, day length, and nutrient availability. Here, we will review the current knowledge on the crosstalk between SLs and other plant hormones-such as auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), and gibberellins (GA)-during different physiological processes. We will furthermore take a bird's eye view of how this hormonal crosstalk enables plants to respond to their ever changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harro Bouwmeester
- *Correspondence: Harro Bouwmeester, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Denancé N, Sánchez-Vallet A, Goffner D, Molina A. Disease resistance or growth: the role of plant hormones in balancing immune responses and fitness costs. Front Plant Sci 2013. [PMID: 23745126 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00155/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and response to environmental cues are largely governed by phytohormones. The plant hormones ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid (SA) play a central role in the regulation of plant immune responses. In addition, other plant hormones, such as auxins, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids, that have been thoroughly described to regulate plant development and growth, have recently emerged as key regulators of plant immunity. Plant hormones interact in complex networks to balance the response to developmental and environmental cues and thus limiting defense-associated fitness costs. The molecular mechanisms that govern these hormonal networks are largely unknown. Moreover, hormone signaling pathways are targeted by pathogens to disturb and evade plant defense responses. In this review, we address novel insights on the regulatory roles of the ABA, SA, and auxin in plant resistance to pathogens and we describe the complex interactions among their signal transduction pathways. The strategies developed by pathogens to evade hormone-mediated defensive responses are also described. Based on these data we discuss how hormone signaling could be manipulated to improve the resistance of crops to pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Denancé
- UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse Castanet-Tolosan, France ; UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nahirñak V, Almasia NI, Hopp HE, Vazquez-Rovere C. Snakin/GASA proteins: involvement in hormone crosstalk and redox homeostasis. Plant Signal Behav 2012; 7:1004-8. [PMID: 22836500 PMCID: PMC3474668 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Snakin/GASA proteins are widely distributed among plant species. They are expressed in different plant organs with high tissue and temporal specificity, and their subcellular localization varies among the different members. Interestingly, all of them maintain 12 cysteines of the C-terminus in highly conserved positions of the aminoacid sequences that are essential for their biochemical activity and probably responsible for their protein structure. Despite their common features, their functions are not completely elucidated and little is known about their mode of action. This review focuses on the current knowledge about this intriguing family of peptides and advances comprising gene regulation analyses, expression pattern studies and phenotypic characterization of mutants and transgenic plants. Furthermore, we discuss the roles of Snakin/GASA proteins in several aspects of plant development, plant responses to biotic or abiotic stress and their participation in hormone crosstalk and redox homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Nahirñak
- Instituto de Biotecnología; CICVyA; CNIA; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); Repetto y De Los Reseros s/n; CP 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Inés Almasia
- Instituto de Biotecnología; CICVyA; CNIA; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); Repetto y De Los Reseros s/n; CP 1686; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Esteban Hopp
- Instituto de Biotecnología; CICVyA; CNIA; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); Repetto y De Los Reseros s/n; CP 1686; Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Vazquez-Rovere
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biotecnología; CICVyA; CNIA; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); Repetto y De Los Reseros s/n; CP 1686; Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Correspondence to: Cecilia Vazquez-Rovere,
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Verhage A, Vlaardingerbroek I, Raaymakers C, Van Dam NM, Dicke M, Van Wees SCM, Pieterse CMJ. Rewiring of the Jasmonate Signaling Pathway in Arabidopsis during Insect Herbivory. Front Plant Sci 2011; 2:47. [PMID: 22645537 PMCID: PMC3355780 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant defenses against insect herbivores and necrotrophic pathogens are differentially regulated by different branches of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. In Arabidopsis, the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor (TF) MYC2 and the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) domain TF ORA59 antagonistically control these distinct branches of the JA pathway. Feeding by larvae of the specialist insect herbivore Pieris rapae activated MYC2 transcription and stimulated expression of the MYC2-branch marker gene VSP2, while it suppressed transcription of ORA59 and the ERF-branch marker gene PDF1.2. Mutant jin1 and jar1-1 plants, which are impaired in the MYC2-branch of the JA pathway, displayed a strongly enhanced expression of both ORA59 and PDF1.2 upon herbivory, indicating that in wild-type plants the MYC2-branch is prioritized over the ERF-branch during insect feeding. Weight gain of P. rapae larvae in a no-choice setup was not significantly affected, but in a two-choice setup the larvae consistently preferred jin1 and jar1-1 plants, in which the ERF-branch was activated, over wild-type Col-0 plants, in which the MYC2-branch was induced. In MYC2- and ORA59-impaired jin1-1/RNAi-ORA59 plants this preference was lost, while in ORA59-overexpressing 35S:ORA59 plants it was gained, suggesting that the herbivores were stimulated to feed from plants that expressed the ERF-branch rather than that they were deterred by plants that expressed the MYC2-branch. The feeding preference of the P. rapae larvae could not be linked to changes in glucosinolate levels. Interestingly, application of larval oral secretion into wounded leaf tissue stimulated the ERF-branch of the JA pathway, suggesting that compounds in the oral secretion have the potential to manipulate the plant response toward the caterpillar-preferred ERF-regulated branch of the JA response. Our results suggest that by activating the MYC2-branch of the JA pathway, plants prevent stimulation of the ERF-branch by the herbivore, thereby becoming less attractive to the attacker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan Verhage
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ido Vlaardingerbroek
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ciska Raaymakers
- Multitrophic Interactions, Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. Van Dam
- Multitrophic Interactions, Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningen, Netherlands
- Ecogenomics, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Saskia C. M. Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Corné M. J. Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems GenomicsWageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Corné M. J. Pieterse, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 800.56, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands. e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Root morphogenesis is controlled by the regulation of cell division and expansion. We isolated an allele of the eto1 ethylene overproducer as a suppressor of the auxin-resistant mutant ibr5, prompting an examination of crosstalk between the phytohormones auxin and ethylene in control of root epidermal cell elongation and root hair elongation. We examined the interaction of eto1 with mutants that have reduced auxin response or transport and found that ethylene overproduction partially restored auxin responsiveness to these mutants. In addition, we found that the effects of endogenous ethylene on root cell expansion in eto1 seedlings were partially impeded by dampening auxin signaling, and were fully suppressed by blocking auxin influx. These data provide insight into the interaction between these two key plant hormones, and suggest that endogenous ethylene directs auxin to control root cell expansion.
Collapse
|
48
|
Leon-Reyes A, Van der Does D, De Lange ES, Delker C, Wasternack C, Van Wees SCM, Ritsema T, Pieterse CMJ. Salicylate-mediated suppression of jasmonate-responsive gene expression in Arabidopsis is targeted downstream of the jasmonate biosynthesis pathway. Planta 2010; 232:1423-32. [PMID: 20839007 PMCID: PMC2957573 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) and salicylic acid (SA) are plant hormones that play pivotal roles in the regulation of induced defenses against microbial pathogens and insect herbivores. Their signaling pathways cross-communicate providing the plant with a regulatory potential to finely tune its defense response to the attacker(s) encountered. In Arabidopsis thaliana, SA strongly antagonizes the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, resulting in the downregulation of a large set of JA-responsive genes, including the marker genes PDF1.2 and VSP2. Induction of JA-responsive marker gene expression by different JA derivatives was equally sensitive to SA-mediated suppression. Activation of genes encoding key enzymes in the JA biosynthesis pathway, such as LOX2, AOS, AOC2, and OPR3 was also repressed by SA, suggesting that the JA biosynthesis pathway may be a target for SA-mediated antagonism. To test this, we made use of the mutant aos/dde2, which is completely blocked in its ability to produce JAs because of a mutation in the ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE gene. Mutant aos/dde2 plants did not express the JA-responsive marker genes PDF1.2 or VSP2 in response to infection with the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola or the herbivorous insect Pieris rapae. Bypassing JA biosynthesis by exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) rescued this JA-responsive phenotype in aos/dde2. Application of SA suppressed MeJA-induced PDF1.2 expression to the same level in the aos/dde2 mutant as in wild-type Col-0 plants, indicating that SA-mediated suppression of JA-responsive gene expression is targeted at a position downstream of the JA biosynthesis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Leon-Reyes
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80056, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica (Cumbaya), P.O. Box 17-1200-841, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Dieuwertje Van der Does
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80056, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elvira S. De Lange
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80056, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolin Delker
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Weinberg 3, Germany
| | - Claus Wasternack
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Weinberg 3, Germany
| | - Saskia C. M. Van Wees
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80056, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tita Ritsema
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80056, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Amsterdam Molecular Therapeutics, Meibergdreef 61, 1100 DA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M. J. Pieterse
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80056, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|