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Fuster HA, Wang X, Wang X, Bukusoglu E, Spagnolie SE, Abbott NL. Programming van der Waals interactions with complex symmetries into microparticles using liquid crystallinity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb1327. [PMID: 32596470 PMCID: PMC7304970 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric interactions such as entropic (e.g., encoded by nonspherical shapes) or surface forces (e.g., encoded by patterned surface chemistry or DNA hybridization) provide access to functional states of colloidal matter, but versatile approaches for engineering asymmetric van der Waals interactions have the potential to expand further the palette of materials that can be assembled through such bottom-up processes. We show that polymerization of liquid crystal (LC) emulsions leads to compositionally homogeneous and spherical microparticles that encode van der Waals interactions with complex symmetries (e.g., quadrupolar and dipolar) that reflect the internal organization of the LC. Experiments performed using kinetically controlled probe colloid adsorption and complementary calculations support our conclusion that LC ordering can program van der Waals interactions by ~20 k B T across the surfaces of microparticles. Because diverse LC configurations can be engineered by confinement, these results provide fresh ideas for programming van der Waals interactions for assembly of soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Fuster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - E. Bukusoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S. E. Spagnolie
- Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - N. L. Abbott
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Pieranski P, Godinho MH. Electro-osmosis and flexo-electricity in the dowser texture. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:69. [PMID: 31147854 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to its low symmetry, the long-lived pseudo-planar texture, dubbed "the dowser texture", has a flexo-electric spontaneous polarisation [Formula: see text]. Being degenerated, the dowser texture is easily aligned by the electric torque [Formula: see text] acting on [Formula: see text]. The dowser texture can also be aligned by Poiseuille flows driven by electro-osmosis. The hydrodynamic torques due to the electro-osmotic flows are linear in [Formula: see text] like the electrical one. It is shown that in 5CB the electro-osmotic flows can alter measurements of the flexo-electric polarisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Pieranski
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 510, 91405, Orsay, France.
| | - Maria Helena Godinho
- CENIMAT, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829 - 516, Caparica, Portugal
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Vitoriano C, Sátiro C. Consequences of director-density coupling theory for flexoelectricity in nematic liquid crystals. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:022702. [PMID: 26986383 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.022702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically study how the measurements of the flexoelectric coefficients in nematic liquid crystals are affected by the inclusion of the director-density coupling energy. It is shown that this investigation is quite relevant for interpreting the data of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlindo Vitoriano
- Unidade Acadêmica do Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco BR 101 Sul, 5225, Ponte dos Carvalhos, Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Caio Sátiro
- Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Avenue Bom Pastor S/N, 55296-901, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Lee DJ, Shim GY, Choi JC, Park JS, Lee JH, Baek JH, Choi HC, Ha YM, Ranjkesh A, Kim HR. Transient flickering behavior in fringe-field switching liquid crystal mode analyzed by positional asymmetric flexoelectric dynamics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:34055-34070. [PMID: 26832062 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.034055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed a transient blinking phenomenon in a fringe-field switching liquid crystal (LC) mode that occurred at the moment of frame change even in the optimized DC offset condition for minimum image flicker. Based on the positional dynamic behaviors of LCs by using a high-speed camera, we found that the transient blink is highly related to the asymmetric responses of the splay-bend transitions caused by the flexoelectric (FE) effect. To remove the transient blink, the elastic property adjustment of LCs was an effective solution because the FE switching dynamics between the splay-enhanced and bend-enhanced deformations are highly dependent on the elastic constants of LCs, which is the cause of momentary brightness drop.
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Xiang Y, Zhou MJ, Xu MY, Salamon P, Éber N, Buka Á. Unusual polarity-dependent patterns in a bent-core nematic liquid crystal under low-frequency ac field. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:042501. [PMID: 25974510 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.042501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electric-field-induced patterns of diverse morphology have been observed over a wide frequency range in a recently synthesized bent-core nematic (BCN) liquid crystal. At low frequencies (up to ∼25 Hz), the BCN exhibited unusual polarity-dependent patterns. When the amplitude of the ac field was enhanced, these two time-asymmetrical patterns turned into time-symmetrical prewavylike stripes. At ac frequencies in the middle-frequency range (∼50-3000 Hz), zigzag patterns were detected whose obliqueness varied with the frequency. Finally, if the frequency was increased above 3 kHz, the zigzag pattern was replaced by another, prewavylike pattern, whose threshold voltage depended on the frequency; however, the wave vector did not. For a more complete characterization, material parameters such as elastic constants, dielectric permittivities, and the anisotropy of the diamagnetic susceptibility were also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiang
- School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-jie Zhou
- School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ya Xu
- School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Péter Salamon
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
| | - Nándor Éber
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Buka
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
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Lange A, Müller R, Behn U. Oblique rolls in nematic liquid crystals driven by stochastic fields: one-dimensional theory including the flexoeffect and three-dimensional theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s002570050150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sathyanarayana P, Dhara S. Antagonistic flexoelectric response in liquid crystal mixtures of bent-core and rodlike molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:012506. [PMID: 23410348 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.012506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the measurements of the temperature variations of the flexoelastic coefficient (e(*)/K) of a host calamitic liquid crystal (RO) and its mixture with two guest bent-core (BC-120 and BC-60) liquid crystals. The bent-core (BC) molecules have different core structures and bend angles; namely, θ=/~120° and =/~60°, respectively. We find that e(*)/K is independent of temperature and decreases rapidly with increasing concentration of BC-120 molecules and changes sign from positive to negative. In mixtures with BC-60, e(*)/K is always positive and its concentration-dependent variation is not unique. At 7M% it is significantly large (three times) near the nematic-isotropic transition and decreases strongly with reducing temperature. Dielectric measurement suggests antagonistic orientation of the dipole axes (arrow axes) of the two BC molecules in the host liquid crystal, and based on this, the opposite sign of e(*)/K is explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sathyanarayana
- School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
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Marinov YG, Hinov HP. On the threshold characteristics of the flexoelectric domains arising in a homogeneous electric field: The case of anisotropic elasticity. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2010; 31:179-189. [PMID: 20195685 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2010-10560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Precise solutions for the threshold voltage U(c) and wave number q(c) that feature the appearance of longitudinal flexoelectric domains of Vistin'-Pikin-Bobylev at strong anchoring have been derived. Based on the formulated expressions, we present and analyze computer calculations for a planar nematic layer with anisotropic elasticity and both negative and positive dielectric anisotropy under the action of a homogeneous flexoelectrically deforming d.c. electric field. The obtained relations allow a selection of particular values of physical parameters, in order to improve the performance of devices exploiting flexoelectrcity in nematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Marinov
- Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., BG-1784, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Abstract
The interaction between an external action and the order parameter, via a dependence described by a so-called Lifshitz invariant, is very important to determine the final configuration of liquid crystal cells. The external action can be an electric field applied to the bulk or the confinement due to free surfaces or cell walls. The Lifshitz invariant includes the order parameter in the form of an elastic strain. This coupling between elastic strains and fields, inserted in a Landau-Ginzburg formalism, is well known and gives rise to striction effects causing undulations in the director configuration. We want to discuss here the role of Lifshitz coupling terms, following an approach similar to that introduced by Dzyaloshinskii for magnetic materials. Case studies on nematics in planar and cylindrical cells are also proposed.
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Chambers M, Verduzco R, Gleeson JT, Sprunt S, Jákli A. Flexoelectricity of a calamitic liquid crystal elastomer swollen with a bent-core liquid crystal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b911652d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tarasov OS, Krekhov AP, Kramer L. Dynamics of cholesteric structures in an electric field. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 68:031708. [PMID: 14524789 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.68.031708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by Lehmann-like rotation phenomena in cholesteric drops we study the transverse drift of two types of cholesteric fingers, which form rotating spirals in thin layers of cholesteric liquid crystal in an ac or dc electric field. We show that electrohydrodynamic effects induced by Carr-Helfrich charge separation or flexoelectric charge generation can describe the drift of cholesteric fingers. We argue that the observed Lehmann-like phenomena can be understood on the same basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Tarasov
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Brown CV, Mottram NJ. Influence of flexoelectricity above the nematic Fréedericksz transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 68:031702. [PMID: 14524783 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.68.031702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Continuum theory is used to demonstrate that the presence of flexoelectricity significantly alters the response to an applied voltage of a homogeneous nematic liquid crystal cell above the ac Fréedericksz threshold voltage. In such a system there is a fitting degeneracy: we obtain very good fits between theory and experimental permittivity data using any value of the sum of flexoelectric coefficients, e(11)+e(33), between 0.0 C/m and 1.5 x 10(-11) C/m. The corresponding values of the nematic bend elastic constant show an inverse parabolic relationship with e(11)+e(33), with K33 being reduced down to 90% of its value when flexoelectricity is neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Brown
- Physics and Mathematical Sciences, The Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
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Link DR, Nakata M, Takanishi Y, Ishikawa K, Takezoe H. Flexoelectric polarization in hybrid nematic films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 65:010701. [PMID: 11800666 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.65.010701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid films of the nematic liquid crystal penthylcyanobiphenyl (5CB) on the surface of glycerol were studied in the presence of an in-plane electric field. In this geometry there is a macroscopic flexoelectric polarization P(f) with a component in the film plane that couples linearly to the field. Here we report the electric field and film thickness dependence of the width of the 2pi reorientations (2pi walls) in the c director that are trapped by the field and interpret these observations based on continuum elastic theory. We find the difference between the flexoelectric coefficients to be e(1)-e(3)=+11 pC/m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Link
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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Mazzulla A, Ciuchi F, Sambles JR. Optical determination of flexoelectric coefficients and surface polarization in a hybrid aligned nematic cell. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 64:021708. [PMID: 11497609 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.021708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present an optical study of the influence of both the flexoelectric effect and surface polarization on a hybrid-aligned nematic cell using the half-leaky guided mode technique. Tilt angle profiles, obtained from fits of experimental data (reflectivity curves) taken under applied voltages, are compared with the ones derived by a complete theoretical model. Measurements with an applied alternating voltage allow the evaluation of the anchoring energy by solving the torque balance equation at the planar surface. From measurements with static fields, the sum of flexoelectric coefficients and the surface polarization are determined by numerical solution of Euler-Lagrange equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mazzulla
- Unità INFM di Cosenza, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy.
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Blinov LM, Barnik MI, Ozaki M, Shtykov NM, Yoshino K. Surface and flexoelectric polarization in a nematic liquid crystal directly measured by a pyroelectric technique. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 62:8091-8099. [PMID: 11138094 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.8091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An alternative, pyroelectric effect based technique was developed for the direct measurement of the surface polarization in homogeneously and homeotropically oriented nematic cells as well as for the measurement of the flexoelectric polarization in hybrid aligned nematic cells. The pyroelectric response was measured with a modulated beam of a diode laser, absorbed by a dye incorporated in a standard liquid crystal 4-pentyl- 4(')-cyanobiphenyl. The dye provided a gradient of the temperature increment along the cell normal, which allowed for the separation of pyroelectric contributions from both the opposite surfaces and the bulk. The signs and absolute magnitude of the polarizations mentioned have been found over the entire temperature range of the nematic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- LM Blinov
- Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117333 Leninsky prospekt 59, Moscow, Russia
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Mottram NJ, Elston SJ. Theoretical investigation into the effects of polar anchoring in antiferroelectric liquid crystal cells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 62:6787-6794. [PMID: 11102031 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.6787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/1999] [Revised: 05/23/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical investigation into the effects of polar anchoring, which induces ferroelectric ordering close to the cell surfaces, in a liquid crystal cell containing an antiferroelectric liquid crystalline material. Our model includes effects due to finite polar and nonpolar anchoring, quadrupolar ordering and polarization self interaction. By minimizing the free energy of the system, we find parameter domains in which multiple zero-voltage solutions are stable. We find that these solutions may undergo thresholdless or hysteretic switching depending on the parameter values. In two instances, the presence of quadrupolar ordering or weak anchoring means that the cell must first be primed into the thresholdless state through a discontinuous transition from an initial antiferroelectric state.
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Affiliation(s)
- NJ Mottram
- Department of Mathematics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, United Kingdom
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Flexoelectric effects in liquid crystals formed by pear-shaped molecules. A computer simulation study. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)01262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Evangelista LR, Barbero G. Walls of orientation induced in nematic-liquid-crystal samples by inhomogeneous surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 50:2120-2133. [PMID: 9962216 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.50.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Alexe-Ionescu AL. One- and two-dimensional deformations in nematic liquid crystals: Influence of the flexoelectric polarization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02451941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zhong-can OY, Yu-zhang X. Theory of second-harmonic generation in nematic liquid crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1985; 32:1189-1200. [PMID: 9896177 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.32.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Madhusudana N, Durand G. Linear flexo-electro-optic effect in a hybrid aligned nematic liquid crystal cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1051/jphyslet:01985004605019500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Barbero G, Strigazzi A. Influence of the surface-like volume elasticity on the critical thickness of a hybrid aligned nematic cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1051/jphyslet:019840045017085700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Dozov I, Martinot-Lagarde P, Durand G. Conformational flexoelectricity in nematic liquid crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1051/jphyslet:019830044019081700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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