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van der Wal S, Haug JT. Shape of attachment structures in parasitic isopodan crustaceans: the influence of attachment site and ontogeny. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9181. [PMID: 32596034 PMCID: PMC7306222 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Many fields of modern systematic biology are adult-centred. This is unfortunately also the case for Cymothoidae, an ingroup of parasitic forms of Isopoda, with fishes as hosts. Different ingroups of Cymothoidae have specialised appendages that enable their fish associated lifestyles, attaching to different sites on the body of the host. The extent to which these structures vary among species and in relation different sites of attachment, and between different ontogenetic stages, is explored here. This study presents the detailed descriptions, illustrations, comparisons, and analysis of a variety of attachment structures of 13 adult and immature specimens representing three major groups Ceratothoa, Elthusa and Anilocra, along with full focus, detailed photographs of all the examined life stages. The three groups exhibit different strategies attaching to mouth, gill and externally, respectively. A statistical representation of the morphology of the dactyli, used for attaching to the host, was performed. This included a critical comparison of 10 additional species documented in literature. This is the first comprehensive description and photographs of specialised appendage morphology of immatures of Ceratothoa, as well as the first detailed micrographs of embryonic stages of Cymothoidae, and the first lateral and ventral views of immature stages of the examined species. Immature specimens possess morphological characters that can be used to distinguish between different species, but cannot be accurately identified based on diagnostic characters of adults. Quantitative analysis indicates that ontogeny plays a major role in the shape of the attachment structures (e.g. dactyli).
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Affiliation(s)
- Serita van der Wal
- Zoomorphology Group, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Joachim T. Haug
- Zoomorphology Group, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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Mladineo I, Hrabar J, Vidjak O, Bočina I, Čolak S, Katharios P, Cascarano MC, Keklikoglou K, Volpatti D, Beraldo P. Host-Parasite Interaction between Parasitic Cymothoid Ceratothoa oestroides and Its Host, Farmed European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030230. [PMID: 32244948 PMCID: PMC7157214 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic isopod Ceratothoa oestroides (Cymothoidea, Isopoda) is a common and generalist buccal cavity-dweller in marine fish, recognised for its detrimental effect in fingerling and juvenile farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Although distributed throughout the Mediterranean, the isopod provokes acute outbreaks mainly limited to particular endemic areas in Croatia (Adriatic Sea) and Greece (Aegean Sea). While numerous studies have previously evidenced its gross effect on farmed fish (i.e. decreased condition index, slower growth rate, lethargy and mortality), details on the host-parasite interaction are still lacking. Therefore, using a multimethodological approach, we closely examined the structure and appearance of isopod body parts acting in the attachment and feeding (stereomicroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy), and the extent of host tissues damage (histology, immunohistochemistry, micro-computational tomography) induced by parasitation. Interestingly, while hematophagous nature of the parasite has been previously postulated we found no unambiguous data to support this; we observed host tissues fragmentation and extensive hyperplasia at the parasitation site, and no structures indicative of heme detoxifying mechanisms in the parasite gut, or other traces of a blood meal. The bacterial biofilm covering C. oestroides mouthparts and pereopods suggests that the isopod may play a role in conveying secondary pathogens to the infected host, or alternatively, it serves the parasite in normal interaction with its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Mladineo
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia; (J.H.); (O.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-21-408-047
| | - Jerko Hrabar
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia; (J.H.); (O.V.)
| | - Olja Vidjak
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia; (J.H.); (O.V.)
| | - Ivana Bočina
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | | | - Pantelis Katharios
- Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, 712 01 Crete, Greece; (P.K.); (M.C.C.); (K.K.)
| | - Maria Chiara Cascarano
- Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, 712 01 Crete, Greece; (P.K.); (M.C.C.); (K.K.)
| | - Kleoniki Keklikoglou
- Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, 712 01 Crete, Greece; (P.K.); (M.C.C.); (K.K.)
| | - Donatella Volpatti
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (D.V.); (P.B.)
| | - Paola Beraldo
- Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (D.V.); (P.B.)
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Hadfield KA, Bruce NL, Smit NJ. Redescription of poorly known species of Ceratothoa Dana, 1852 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cymothoidae), based on original type material. Zookeys 2016:39-91. [PMID: 27408544 PMCID: PMC4926636 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.592.8098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the difficulty in accurately identifying cymothoids, these parasitic isopods are often incorrectly named or confused with other species. Within the genus Ceratothoa, a number of recent studies have aimed at clarifying some of the problematic species; however, several of the less studied species still require revision. This paper redescribes, from type material, several poorly known Ceratothoa species including Ceratothoaangulata, Ceratothoacapri, Ceratothoacarinata, Ceratothoacollaris, Ceratothoagilberti, Ceratothoagobii, Ceratothoaguttata, Ceratothoaitalica, Ceratothoaoestroides, and Ceratothoaverrucosa, further resolving taxonomic uncertainties within the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Hadfield
- Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Niel L Bruce
- Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum; 70-102 Flinders Street, Townsville, Australia 4810
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Hadfield KA, Bruce NL, Smit NJ. Review of the fish parasitic genus Ceratothoa Dana, 1852 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cymothoidae) from South Africa, including the description of two new species. Zookeys 2014; 400:1-42. [PMID: 24843254 PMCID: PMC4023241 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.400.6878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Ceratothoa Dana, 1852 is revised for South African waters and re-diagnosed. Ceratothoa retusa (Schioedte & Meinert, 1883) is recorded from the eastern coast, and Ceratothoa africanae sp. n. and C. famosa sp. n. are described; C. imbricata (Fabricius, 1775) and C. trigonocephala (Leach, 1818), are redescribed, revised and excluded from the South African fauna. Ceratothoa africanae sp. n. can be distinguished by the stout body shape of the female; triangular cephalon with a pointed rostrum; short uropods which do not extend past the pleotelson; large carinae on the pereopod basis; a broad pleon; and large medial lobes on female pleopods. Ceratothoa famosa sp. n. is characterised by the long rectangular body shape; pereonite 1 with a raised medial protrusion; narrow antenna with antennule article 1 expanded; uropods which reach the posterior margin of the pleotelson; narrow rami on uropods; and no appendix masculina on pleopod 2 of the male specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A. Hadfield
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa
- Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Niel L. Bruce
- Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University; 70–102 Flinders Street, Townsville, Australia 4810
- Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Nico J. Smit
- Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Fogelman RM, Kuris AM, Grutter AS. Parasitic castration of a vertebrate: Effect of the cymothoid isopod, Anilocra apogonae, on the five-lined cardinalfish, Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:577-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Adlard RD, Lester RJ. Dynamics of the interaction between the parasitic isopod, Anilocra pomacentri, and the coral reef fish, Chromis nitida. Parasitology 1994; 109 ( Pt 3):311-24. [PMID: 7970888 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000078343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Field and laboratory investigations into the effect of the parasitic isopod Anilocra pomacentri (Cymothoidae) on the population dynamics of the reef fish Chromis nitida (Pomacentridae) were carried out at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fish carried a single adult parasite just posterior and dorsal to the eye either to the right or to the left of the midline. The adult parasite was overdispersed among fish on patch reefs (dispersion factor, k = 0.69). Sequential field observations on a single cohort of fish showed that parasites significantly depressed growth, reproduction, and survivorship. The von Bertalanffy growth coefficients (a measure of somatic growth) were 0.10 for parasitized fish compared with 0.17 for non-parasitized fish. Female fish carrying the parasite produced only 12% of the number of eggs produced by non-parasitized fish of the same size. In the field, the mortality of infected juvenile C. nitida (LCF 15-30 mm) was estimated to be at least 88% in the first 70 days after recruitment of the fish. The mortality of uninfected recruits over the same period was 66%. In laboratory trials, the mortality associated with the infection of juvenile fish by larval parasites ranged from 78% for small fish (mean LCF 15.0 mm) to 28% for larger fish (mean LCF 24.9 mm) within 4 days of experimental infection. This is one of the few studies that evaluates the effect of a parasite on a population of fish in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Adlard
- Department of Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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