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Alday PH, Nilsen A, Doggett JS. Structure-activity relationships of Toxoplasma gondii cytochrome bc1 inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:997-1011. [PMID: 35772172 PMCID: PMC9561756 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2096588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxoplasma gondii is a prolific apicomplexan parasite that infects human and nonhuman animals worldwide and can cause severe brain and eye disease. Safer, more effective therapies for toxoplasmosis are needed. Cytochrome bc1 inhibitors are remarkably effective against toxoplasmosis and other apicomplexan-caused diseases. AREAS COVERED This work reviews T. gondii cytochrome bc1 inhibitors. Emphasis is placed on the structure-activity relationships of these inhibitors with regard to efficacy, pharmacokinetics, selectivity of T. gondii cytochrome bc1 over host, safety, and potential therapeutic strategies. EXPERT OPINION Cytochrome bc1 inhibitors are highly promising compounds for toxoplasmosis that have been effective in clinical and preclinical studies. Clinical experience with atovaquone previously validated cytochrome bc1 as a tractable drug target and, over the past decade, optimization of cytochrome bc1 inhibitors has resulted in improved bioavailability, metabolic stability, potency, blood-brain barrier penetration, and selectivity for the T. gondii cytochrome bc1 over the mammalian bc1. Recent studies have demonstrated preclinical safety, identified novel therapeutic strategies for toxoplasmosis using synergistic combinations or long-acting administration and provided insight into their role in chronic infection. This research has identified drug candidates that are more effective than clinically used drugs in preclinical measures of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Holland Alday
- Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aaron Nilsen
- Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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2
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Demidoff FC, de Carvalho LL, Rodrigues Filho EJP, de Souza ALF, Netto CD. Cross-Coupling Reactions with 2-Amino-/Acetylamino-Substituted 3-Iodo-1,4-naphthoquinones: Convenient Synthesis of Novel Alkenyl- and Alkynylnaphthoquinones and Derivatives. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1610781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFunctionalized 1,4-naphthoquinones have been employed as versatile synthons in organic synthesis, in addition to presenting a large array of biological activities. Herein, the applications of 2-amino-/ acetylamino-substituted 3-iodo-1,4-naphthoquinones in cross-coupling reactions are described to successfully afford sixteen novel 3-styryl-1,4-naphthoquinones (amino-stilbene-quinone hybrids) and four 3-alkynyl-1,4-naphthoquinone in overall good yields. Interestingly, the alkynylated derivatives could be obtained from ligand- and Pd-free CuI-mediated cross-coupling reactions, after extensive investigations to exclude Pd as a co-catalyst. Lastly, the desilanized terminal alkyne was subjected to click chemistry reactions to give two novel triazole-1,4-naphthoquinone hybrids.
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Synthesis and Antiparasitic Activity of New Conjugates—Organic Drugs Tethered to Trithiolato-Bridged Dinuclear Ruthenium(II)–Arene Complexes. INORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics9080059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tethering known drugs to a metalorganic moiety is an efficient approach for modulating the anticancer, antibacterial, and antiparasitic activity of organometallic complexes. This study focused on the synthesis and evaluation of new dinuclear ruthenium(II)–arene compounds linked to several antimicrobial compounds such as dapsone, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfadoxine, triclosan, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, as well as menadione (a 1,4-naphtoquinone derivative). In a primary screen, 30 compounds (17 hybrid molecules, diruthenium intermediates, and antimicrobials) were assessed for in vitro activity against transgenic T. gondii tachyzoites constitutively expressing β-galactosidase (T. gondii β-gal) at 0.1 and 1 µM. In parallel, the cytotoxicity in noninfected host cells (human foreskin fibroblasts, HFF) was determined by an alamarBlue assay. When assessed at 1 µM, five compounds strongly impaired parasite proliferation by >90%, and HFF viability was retained at 50% or more, and they were further subjected to T. gondii β-gal dose-response studies. Two compounds, notably 11 and 13, amide and ester conjugates with sulfadoxine and metronidazole, exhibited low IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values 0.063 and 0.152 µM, and low or intermediate impairment of HFF viability at 2.5 µM (83 and 64%). The nature of the anchored drug as well as that of the linking unit impacted the biological activity.
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Konstantinovic N, Guegan H, Stäjner T, Belaz S, Robert-Gangneux F. Treatment of toxoplasmosis: Current options and future perspectives. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 15:e00036. [PMID: 32095610 PMCID: PMC7033996 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide parasitic disease infecting about one third of humans, with possible severe outcomes in neonates and immunocompromised patients. Despite continuous and successful efforts to improve diagnosis, therapeutic schemes have barely evolved since many years. This article aims at reviewing the main clinical trials and current treatment practices, and at addressing future perspectives in the light of ongoing researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Konstantinovic
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Hélène Guegan
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Tijana Stäjner
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sorya Belaz
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Montazeri M, Mehrzadi S, Sharif M, Sarvi S, Shahdin S, Daryani A. Activities of anti-Toxoplasma drugs and compounds against tissue cysts in the last three decades (1987 to 2017), a systematic review. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3045-3057. [PMID: 30088074 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is no approved therapy that can eradicate Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts, which are responsible for chronic infection. This systematic review was performed to assess drugs or compounds that can be used as anti-T. gondii tissue cysts in vitro and in vivo. English electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) were systematically searched for articles published up to 2017. A total of 55 papers published from 1987 to 2017 were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. Among the drugs, atovaquone and azithromycin were found effective after long-term inoculation into mice; however, clinical cases of resistance to these drugs have been reported. Also, FR235222, QUI-11, tanshinone IIA, and hydroxyzine were shown to be effective against Toxoplasma cysts, but their effectiveness in vivo remains unknown. Additionally, compound 32, endochin-like quinolones, miltefosine, and guanabenz can be used as effective antiparasitic with the unique ability to reduce brain tissue cysts in chronically infected mice. Importantly, these antimicrobial agents are significant criteria for drug candidates. Future studies should focus on the biology and drug susceptibility of the cyst form of T. gondii in chronic toxoplasmosis patients to find more effective strategies that have sterilizing activity for eliminating T. gondii tissue cysts from the host, preventing disease relapse and potentially shortening the required duration of drug administration. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobeh Montazeri
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharif
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Sari Branch, Islamic AZAD University, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, PC 48168-95475, Iran
| | - Shayesteh Shahdin
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, PC 48168-95475, Iran.
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Futuro DO, Ferreira PG, Nicoletti CD, Borba-Santos LP, Silva FCDA, Rozental S, Ferreira VF. The Antifungal Activity of Naphthoquinones: An Integrative Review. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:1187-1214. [PMID: 29873671 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Naphthoquinones are the most commonly occurring type of quinones in nature. They are a diverse family of secondary metabolites that occur naturally in plants, lichens and various microorganisms. This subgroup is constantly being expanded through the discovery of new natural products and by the synthesis of new compounds via innovative techniques. Interest in quinones and the search for new biological activities within the members of this class have intensified in recent years, as evidenced by the evaluation of the potential antimicrobial activities of quinones. Among fungi of medical interest, yeasts of the genus Candida are of extreme importance due to their high frequency of colonization and infection in humans. The objective of this review is to describe the development of naphthoquinones as antifungals for the treatment of Candida species and to note the most promising compounds. By using certain criteria for selection of publications, 68 reports involving both synthetic and natural naphthoquinones are discussed. The activities of a large number of substances were evaluated against Candida albicans as well as against 7 other species of the genus Candida. The results discussed in this review allowed the identification of 30 naphthoquinones with higher antifungal activities than those of the currently used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora O Futuro
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia G Ferreira
- PPGCAPS, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caroline D Nicoletti
- PPGCAPS, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana P Borba-Santos
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando C DA Silva
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sonia Rozental
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vitor Francisco Ferreira
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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FUTURO DÉBORAO, FERREIRA PATRICIAG, NICOLETTI CAROLINED, BORBA-SANTOS LUANAP, SILVA FERNANDOCDA, ROZENTAL SONIA, FERREIRA VITORFRANCISCO. The Antifungal Activity of Naphthoquinones: An Integrative Review. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170815 pmid: 29873671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Azeredo NF, Souza FP, Demidoff FC, Netto CD, Resende JA, Franco RW, Colepicolo P, Ferreira AM, Fernandes C. New strategies for the synthesis of naphthoquinones employing Cu(II) complexes: Crystal structures and cytotoxicity. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Synthesis, SAR, and Docking Studies Disclose 2-Arylfuran-1,4-naphthoquinones as In Vitro Antiplasmodial Hits. J Trop Med 2017; 2017:7496934. [PMID: 29225629 PMCID: PMC5684547 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7496934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 28 lapachol-related naphthoquinones with four different scaffolds were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was assayed against the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 strain by the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) method. Cytotoxicity against Hep G2A16 cell was determined by the MTT assay. All compounds disclosed higher in vitro antiplasmodial activity than lapachol. Ortho- and para-naphthoquinones with a furan ring fused to the quinonoid moiety were more potent than 2-hydroxy-3-(1′-alkenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinones, while ortho-furanonaphthoquinones were more cytotoxic. Molecular docking to Plasmodium targets Pfcyt bc1 complex and PfDHOD enzyme showed that five out of the 28 naphthoquinones disclosed favorable binding energies. Furanonaphthoquinones endowed with an aryl moiety linked to the furan ring are highlighted as new in vitro antiplasmodial lead compounds and warrant further investigation.
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Review of Experimental Compounds Demonstrating Anti-Toxoplasma Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:7017-7034. [PMID: 27600037 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01176-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous apicomplexan parasite capable of infecting humans and other animals. Current treatment options for T. gondii infection are limited and most have drawbacks, including high toxicity and low tolerability. Additionally, no FDA-approved treatments are available for pregnant women, a high-risk population due to transplacental infection. Therefore, the development of novel treatment options is needed. To aid this effort, this review highlights experimental compounds that, at a minimum, demonstrate inhibition of in vitro growth of T. gondii When available, host cell toxicity and in vivo data are also discussed. The purpose of this review is to facilitate additional development of anti-Toxoplasma compounds and potentially to extend our knowledge of the parasite.
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Cardoso MFDC, Forezi LDSM, da Silva FDC, Pinto ÂC, Neves MGPMS, Ferreira VF, Cavaleiro JAS. Synthetic methodologies leading to porphyrin-quinone conjugates. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616300093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on synthetic strategies that have been established for the preparation of porphyrin-quinone conjugates of potential biological significance and as donor–acceptor compounds for electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F. do C. Cardoso
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Valonguinho, 24020-150 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana da S. M. Forezi
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Valonguinho, 24020-150 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando de C. da Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Valonguinho, 24020-150 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Ângelo C. Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Ilha da Cidade, Universitária, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor F. Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Valonguinho, 24020-150 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Ferreira RA, Oliveira AB, Ribeiro MFB, Tafuri WL, Vitor RWA. Toxoplasma gondii: in vitro and in vivo activities of the hydroxynaphthoquinone 2-hydroxy-3-(1'-propen-3-phenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone alone or combined with sulfadiazine. Exp Parasitol 2006; 113:125-9. [PMID: 16458300 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The compound 2-hydroxy-3-(1'-propen-3-phenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (PHNQ6) was evaluated for activity against Toxoplasma gondii, alone or combined with sulfadiazine. Treatment with PHNQ6 combined with sulfadiazine protected at least 70 and 90% of mice infected with RH and EGS strains, respectively. Mice were treated with PHNQ6 (50 mg/kg/day) alone or combined with sulfadiazine (40 mg/L) 30 days after infection with P strain. The number of brain cysts was lower in mice treated with PHNQ6 alone or combined with sulfadiazine compared to that in control mice. Degenerated bradyzoites were observed in animals treated with PHNQ6. Infectivity of bradyzoites treated with PHNQ6 alone or combined with sulfadiazine was inhibited after in vitro incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronize A Ferreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Lima NMF, Correia CS, Leon LL, Machado GMC, Madeira MDF, Santana AEG, Goulart MOF. Antileishmanial activity of lapachol analogues. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 99:757-61. [PMID: 15654435 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000700017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The antileishmanial activity of lapachol, isolapachol, and dihydrolapachol, along with soluble derivatives (potassium salt) and acetate was obtained. All the compounds were assayed against metacyclic promastigotes of two different species of Leishmania associated to tegumentar leishmaniasis: L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis. All compounds presented significant activity, being isolapachol acetate the most active against promastigotes, with IC50/24h = 1.6 +/- 0.0 microg/ml and 3.4 +/- 0.5 microg/ml for, respectively, L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis. This compound was also assayed in vivo against L. amazonensis and showed to be active. Its toxicity in vitro was also established, and at concentration similar to the IC50, no toxicity was evidenced. In all experiments, pentamidine isethionate was used as a reference drug. The present results reinforce the potential use of substituted hydroxyquinones and derivatives as promising antileishmanial drugs and suggest a continuing study within this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja M F Lima
- Departamento de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-970 Maceió, AL, Brazil
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