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Brookes VJ, Henning CE, Worthing KA, Degeling C. Eliminate all risks: A call to reexamine the link between canine scabies and rheumatic heart disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012115. [PMID: 38696362 PMCID: PMC11065235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and acute rheumatic fever (ARF) disproportionately affect individuals in low-resource settings. ARF is attributed to an immune response to Group A Streptococcus (GAS) following GAS pharyngitis and potentially GAS impetigo in which infection can be initiated by scabies infestation. The burden of ARF and RHD in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia is among the highest globally. Following recent calls to include dog management programs in ARF and RHD prevention programs, we believe it is timely to assess the evidence for this, particularly since previous recommendations excluded resources to prevent zoonotic canine scabies. While phylogenetic analyses have suggested that the Sarcoptes mite is host specific, they have differed in interpretation of the strength of their findings regarding species cross-over and the need for canine scabies control to prevent human itch. Given that there is also indication from case reports that canine scabies leads to human itch, we propose that further investigation of the potential burden of zoonotic canine scabies and intervention trials of canine scabies prevention on the incidence of impetigo are warranted. Considering the devastating impacts of ARF and RHD, evidence is required to support policy to eliminate all risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caitlin E. Henning
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate A. Worthing
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Degeling
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and the Humanities, University of Wollongong, Keiraville, New South Wales, Australia
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Sharaf MS, Othman AA, Abd El Ghaffar AE, Ali DM, Eid MM. Evaluation of the scabicidal effect of a single dose of fluralaner in a rabbit model of crusted scabies. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2477-2490. [PMID: 37656230 PMCID: PMC10567865 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07945-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, scabies was included in the WHO roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030. Till now, ivermectin is the only available oral drug that is currently approved for treating crusted scabies in humans. Concerns regarding its efficacy and safety have prompted research efforts to find new alternatives. Our study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of a single dose of fluralaner in cases of crusted scabies in comparison with that of repeated weekly high doses of ivermectin. For the in vitro study, twenty adult female mites were exposed to 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml ivermectin and fluralaner to evaluate their effects on mites' survival. For the in vivo study, thirty-five male crossbreed rabbits were divided into 4 groups: group I (non-infected, non-treated), group II (infected, non-treated), group III (infected and treated with ivermectin in a weekly oral dose of 0.4 mg/kg body weight/rabbit for 4 weeks, starting 8 weeks post-infection), and group IV (infected and treated with fluralaner given as a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg body weight/rabbit, starting 8 weeks post-infection). Clinical, parasitological, histopathological, and biochemical assessments were done. Clinical and parasitological assays were accomplished to all infected groups starting from day 0, then on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 post-treatment, while histopathological and biochemical assessments were done at the end of the 8th week post-treatment (day 56). Our results showed that fluralaner exhibited a higher acaricidal effect on adult Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi when compared with ivermectin applied in the same concentration (50 μg/ml or 100 μg/ml). Concerning the in vivo study, both clinical cure and parasitological cure were noted in both treated groups, evidenced by complete absence of all clinical signs of infestation and absence of mites in all skin scrapings. However, the ivermectin-treated group showed incomplete histopathological and biochemical resolution. Interestingly, both clinical cure and negative skin scrapings were noticed earlier in the fluralaner-treated group, with no apparent side effects. Also, no significant differences were noticed in the skin sections and serum biochemical parameters when compared with those of the negative control group. We concluded that fluralaner is a promising scabicidal agent that is recommended to be studied for possible human use, especially in control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S Sharaf
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Elgeish Street, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Ahmad A Othman
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Elgeish Street, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amira E Abd El Ghaffar
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Elgeish Street, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Dareen M Ali
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Eid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Elgeish Street, Tanta, Egypt
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Dumitrache MO, Cadiergues MC. The most effective systemic treatment in dogs with sarcoptic mange: a critically appraised topic. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:189. [PMID: 37798627 PMCID: PMC10552383 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoptic mange is a common, pruritic parasitic skin disease of dogs. Due to its highly contagious character, it represents a potential veterinary and public health risk. Because of clinical similarity with other diseases, cross-antigenicity, and low sensitivity of available diagnostic methods, therapeutical trial is frequently used to confirm the disease. Considering the variety of available acaricidal molecules as well as the need to use the most effective treatment, the present paper reviews evidence comparing different types of systemic treatment of canine scabies. RESULTS Analysis of the results showed that afoxolaner, fluralaner and sarolaner as well as several macrocyclic lactones such as selamectin, moxidectin and milbemycin oxime can lead to parasitological and clinical cure. CONCLUSION The similarity in the clinical and parasitological efficacy of these substances enhances the need for comparative studies, which could allow the identification of the most efficacious product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirabela O Dumitrache
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Christine Cadiergues
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31076, Toulouse, France.
- INFINITy, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS, 31059, Toulouse, France.
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Emre Yanar K, Kucukler S, Eren E, Sertaç Eroglu M, Ilgun M, Gur C, Kandemir FM, Aktas MS. Oxidative stress parameters in dogs naturally infected with sarcoptic mange. REV COLOMB CIENC PEC 2023. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v36n4a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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Alfonso Mendoza-Roldan J, Napoli E, Perles L, Marino M, Spadola F, Berny P, España B, Brianti E, Beugnet F, Otranto D. Afoxolaner (NexGard®) in pet snakes for the treatment and control of Ophionyssus natricis (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae). Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:6. [PMID: 36609309 PMCID: PMC9825044 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ophionyssus natricis is the main species of mite that infests captive reptiles. High infestations may result in the host experiencing general discomfort and deleterious effects, even death. Moreover, O. natricis is an important vector of reptile vector-borne diseases and is considered to be the putative vector of the Reptarenavirus, the causal agent of the inclusion body disease. Despite the cosmopolitan distribution of O. natricis in captive reptiles, treatment options are limited. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of afoxolaner (NexGard®; Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany) in heavily infested, privately owned snakes, evaluate the prevalence of mites and drug availability in the plasma of treated snakes (pharmacokinetics) and perform a clinical examination of animals. METHODS The study was conducted in two snake breeding facilities, where many snakes were infested with mites. Each animal was clinically examined and weighed, and mite infestations were assessed on the animals and in their enclosures (environment). Animals were treated with a dose of 2.5 mg afoxolaner per kilogram body weight (2.5 mg/kg) administered orally. All animals were examined pre-treatment (T0) and at various time points post-treatment (T1, 6 h; T2, 24 h; T3, 14 days; T4, 28 days). The collected mites were morphologically identified at the species level and the species identity also confirmed molecularly. RESULTS Overall, 81 snakes from the two participating facilities (i.e. 70 from site 1 and 11 from site 2) were screened, and 31 (38.3%) snakes were found to have at least one mite. All mites were identified morphologically and molecularly as O. natricis. Lampropeltis was the genus of snakes with highest number of infested individuals. Mites were found to be alive on snakes at T1, but at T2 only dead mites were observed, and at T3 and T4 mites were no longer present on the animals or in their environment. No side effects were observed in the treated snakes. CONCLUSIONS A single oral administration of afoxolaner at 2.5 mg/kg was a safe treatment for snakes and 100% effective for the eradication of natural O. natricis infestation without the need to treat the environment of the snake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ettore Napoli
- grid.10438.3e0000 0001 2178 8421Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Livia Perles
- grid.7644.10000 0001 0120 3326Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Marino
- grid.10438.3e0000 0001 2178 8421Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Filippo Spadola
- grid.10438.3e0000 0001 2178 8421Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Philippe Berny
- grid.434200.10000 0001 2153 9484Toxicology Lab, Vetagro Sup., 1 Av Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy L’étoile, France
| | - Bernadette España
- grid.434200.10000 0001 2153 9484Toxicology Lab, Vetagro Sup., 1 Av Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy L’étoile, France
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- grid.10438.3e0000 0001 2178 8421Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Frederic Beugnet
- grid.484445.d0000 0004 0544 6220Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Lyon, France
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy. .,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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Defalque VE. Isoxazolines for treating canine demodicosis, sarcoptic mange (scabies), and lice infestation. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2022; 63:1159-1162. [PMID: 36325416 PMCID: PMC9558591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Mihalca AD, Deak G, Panait LC, Rabei Ș, Beugnet F. Efficacy of afoxolaner (NexGard®) against natural infestations with Trichodectes canis in dogs under field conditions. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:317. [PMID: 36071527 PMCID: PMC9450229 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichodectes canis is a small chewing louse found globally that primarily infests dogs. Limited information is available on the efficacy of isoxazolines against infestation with the chewing louse. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of afoxolaner, an isoxazoline class compound, in naturally infested domestic dogs. Methods The field study was carried out in Romania. Between September 2021 and December 2021, 43 dogs with confirmed T. canis infestation were included in the study. On the day of the inclusion (day 0), each animal was clinically examined and randomly treated with a control product labeled for use against lice [fipronil-(S)-methoprene combination (Frontline Combo®; Boehringer Ingelheim)] or with the investigational product [chewable tablets containing afoxolaner (NexGard®; isoxazoline)]. Each animal was evaluated for the presence of lice at 15 and 30 days post-inclusion. Results Of the 48 dogs initially included in the study, 43 completed the treatment period [18 in the control group (CG) and 25 in the investigational group (IG)]. At day 14, no living T. canis lice were detected on the dogs in either group. At day 14, dead lice were detected in four dogs in the IG, while eggs were present in two dogs in the IG and in one dog in the CG. At day 30, no lice were detected in either group, while eggs were still present in one dog in the CG. Conclusion These results suggest that afoxolaner is a feasible treatment option against chewing lice in dogs, providing 100% curative efficacy. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05428-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Parasitology Consultancy Group SRL, Strada Principală 145B, 407056, Corușu, Romania
| | - Georgiana Deak
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,Parasitology Consultancy Group SRL, Strada Principală 145B, 407056, Corușu, Romania.
| | - Luciana Cătălina Panait
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ștefan Rabei
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Frederic Beugnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Av. Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
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Moroni B, Rossi L, Bernigaud C, Guillot J. Zoonotic Episodes of Scabies: A Global Overview. Pathogens 2022; 11:213. [PMID: 35215156 PMCID: PMC8877739 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic scabies (ZS), also referred to as "pseudoscabies", is considered a self-limiting disease with a short incubation period and transient clinical skin signs. It is commonly thought that Sarcoptes scabiei mites from animals are unable to successfully reproduce and persist on human skin; however, several ZS case reports have mentioned the persistence of symptoms and occasionally mites for weeks. The aim of this review was to collect and organize the sparse literature explicitly referring to S. scabiei zoonotic transmission, focusing on the source of the outbreak, the circumstances leading to the transmission of the parasite, the diagnosis including the identification of the Sarcoptes "strain" involved, and the applied treatments. A total of 46 articles, one conference abstract and a book were collected describing ZS cases associated with twenty animal hosts in five continents. Dogs were by far the most common source among pet owners, while diverse livestock and wildlife contributed to the caseload as an occupational disease. Genetic epidemiological studies of ZS outbreaks are still limited in number, but tools are available to fill this knowledge gap in the near future. Further research is also needed to understand the apparent heterogeneity in the morbidity, disease severity and timing of the response to treatment among people infected with different animal-derived strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Moroni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Luca Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Charlotte Bernigaud
- Research Group Dynamic, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, USC Anses, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.B.); (J.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Faculté de Santé, UPEC, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Research Group Dynamic, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, USC Anses, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.B.); (J.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, Parasitology and Mycology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France
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Artchayasawat A, Boueroy P, Boonmars T, Pumhirunroj B, Sriraj P, Aukkanimart R, Boonjaraspinyo S, Pitaksakulrat O, Ratanasuwan P, Suwannatrai A, Eamudomkarn C, Laummaunwai P, Zhiliang W. Efficacy of Dipterocarpus alatus oil combination with Rhinacanthus nasutus leaf and Garcinia mangostana pericarps against canine demodicosis. Vet World 2021; 14:2919-2928. [PMID: 35017839 PMCID: PMC8743773 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2919-2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Canine demodicosis is a skin disease that is a major global health problem in dogs. Ivermectin is a drug of choice for treatment, but it may cause toxicity in dogs carrying multidrug resistance mutation-1 gene mutations. Hence, alternative herbal medicines are used instead of the drug, such as Dipterocarpus alatus oil (YN oil), Rhinacanthus nasutus leaf (WC), and Garcinia mangostana pericarps (MG) extracts. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of D. alatus oil, R. nasutus leaf, and G. mangostana pericarp extracts on canine demodicosis in vivo. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five mixed-breed dogs with localized demodicosis were examined. Dogs were diagnosed with demodicosis through deep skin scraping and screened with the inclusion criteria. Five dogs of each group were treated in five treatment groups (ivermectin, YN oil, YN oil+WC, YN oil+MG, and YN oil+WC+MG) for 1 month. The individual dogs were clinically evaluated, and the dermatological lesions were monitored daily for 60 days. Results: Dermatological lesion improvement was predominantly observed in the group of dogs treated with YN oil+WC. This was evidenced by the disappearance of the hyperpigmentation and lichenification on day 28 post-treatment and alopecia on day 56 post-treatment. Moreover, no allergic or clinical signs were observed during treatment. Conclusion: YN oil+WC is an alternative herbal medicine that could be used for the treatment of localized canine demodicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atchara Artchayasawat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Parichart Boueroy
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Benjamabhorn Pumhirunroj
- Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Pranee Sriraj
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology ISAN Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Ratchadawan Aukkanimart
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology ISAN Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Sirintip Boonjaraspinyo
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Panaratana Ratanasuwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Apiporn Suwannatrai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Porntip Laummaunwai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wu Zhiliang
- Department of Parasitology, Gifu University School of medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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Panarese R, Iatta R, Lia RP, Lebon W, Beugnet F, Otranto D. Efficacy of afoxolaner for the treatment of ear mite infestation under field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109607. [PMID: 34735846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Otodectes cynotis is a commonly occurring surface mite that can be easily transmitted between suitable hosts, including dogs, causing otocariosis. The activity of the systemic insecticide afoxolaner against O. cynotis has been tested once under experimental conditions, showing a high efficacy. The present study aimed to i) assess the efficacy of two consecutive monthly oral administrations of afoxolaner (NexGard®) against O. cynotis in naturally infested dogs under field conditions and ii) evaluate its impact in reducing bacteria or fungal secondary infections. Dogs, positive for O. cynotis (n = 20), were included in the study and allocated in two groups of ten animals each (G1, control group, and G2, treated group). The first group of ear mite-infested dogs was treated with a placebo, while afoxolaner was administered orally to the second group of dogs at Day 0 (D0) and Day 30 (D30), following label instructions. Otoscopic assessments, deep-swab method and swab samples were performed on all dogs (Days 0, 30, 42) to evaluate the presence or absence of live mites and their number throughout the study, as well as to conduct bacterial and fungal assessments. No adverse events likely related were recorded throughout the study. By Day 42 (D42), all dog's ears were flushed to recover ear mites. All treated dogs became negative, as well as two dogs of the control group. The treatment efficacy of afoxolaner was 100 % based on the arithmetic means of the live mite counts. The clinical scores did not change significantly in the control group, whereas they significantly improved in the treated one from D0 to D30 (p-value = 5.47 10-5). No live mites were present in the afoxolaner-treated group at D42 (p-value = 0.00073). In this field study, two oral administrations of afoxolaner at the recommended dose allowed a complete cure of the infestation. Bacterial and Malassezia pachydermatis infections were detected in both groups, although no significant trend was associated to the ear mite treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Panarese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Roberta Iatta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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Lebon W, Meyer L, Akki FE, Madder M, Beugnet F. Efficacy of a single administration of afoxolaner (NexGard®) or fipronil plus permethrin (Frontline® Tri-Act) against Hyalomma marginatum ticks in dogs. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 25:100606. [PMID: 34474799 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the acaricidal efficacy of afoxolaner (NexGard®, Boehringer Ingelheim), and fipronil - permethrin (Frontline® Tri-Act, Boehringer Ingelheim) administered once to dogs experimentally infested with Hyalomma marginatum ticks. Twenty-four Beagle dogs were randomly allocated based on a pre-treatment H. marginatum infestation to an untreated control group, a NexGard® or a Frontline® Tri-Act treated groups. Treatments were administered once on Day 0 as per the products' labels. For the efficacy evaluation, dogs were experimentally infested with 30 adult H. marginatum ticks on Days -2, 7, 28 and 36. In-situ counts were performed at 48 h post-treatment on Day 2 and post-infestations on Days 9, 30 and 38. Ticks were removed and counted at 72 h post-treatment on Day 3 and after each tick infestation on Days 10, 31 and 39. The numbers of live ticks counted in the treated groups were significantly different than in the control group at all time-points (p ≤ 0.0006). The efficacy was at least 97% after 48 h, and at least 99% after 72 h for both treatments. In this study both afoxolaner and fipronil/permethrin formulations demonstrated a high efficacy against adult H. marginatum ticks in treated dogs for at least five weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Lebon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Av. Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Leon Meyer
- Clinvet, BP 301, CP 28815 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | | | - Maxime Madder
- ClinVet, PO Box 11186, Universitas, 9321 Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Fréderic Beugnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Av. Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
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Tielemans E, Prullage J, Tomoko O, Liebenberg J, Capári B, Sotiraki S, Kostopoulou D, Ligda P, Ulrich M, Knaus M. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against ear mite (Otodectes cynotis) infestations in cats. Parasite 2021; 28:26. [PMID: 33812458 PMCID: PMC8019571 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esafoxolaner, a purified enantiomer of afoxolaner with insecticidal and acaricidal properties, is combined with eprinomectin and praziquantel, nematodicidal and cestodicidal compounds, in NexGard® Combo, a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats. The efficacy of this formulation was assessed against Otodectes cynotis in two laboratory studies conducted in South Africa and in the USA with local isolates, and in one field trial conducted in Europe. In each study, cats were randomly allocated to a placebo-treated control group and a novel formulation-treated group. In the laboratory studies, cats were treated at the minimum recommended dose; in the field trial, cats were treated at label dose. All included cats were diagnosed positive for O. cynotis prior to treatment by otoscopy. The main variable of efficacy was a comparison of the number of live O. cynotis collected in both ear canals of all cats in the treated and control groups, one month after treatment. Efficacy of the novel topical formulation exceeded 97% in the three studies. These studies demonstrated the high effectiveness of NexGard® Combo in cats for the treatment of O. cynotis infestations. No health abnormalities were attributed to the treatment in any of the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tielemans
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 Avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - Joe Prullage
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health, Missouri Research Center 6498 Jade Rd. Fulton 65251 MO USA
| | - Otsuki Tomoko
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Japan Co Ltd ThinkPark Tower, 2-1-1 Osaki Shinagawa-ku 141-6017 Tokyo Japan
| | - Julian Liebenberg
- Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd. P.O. Box 11186 Universitas 9321 Bloemfontein Republic of South Africa
| | | | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, ELGO-DIMITRA Campus Thermi 57001 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Despoina Kostopoulou
- Veterinary Research Institute, ELGO-DIMITRA Campus Thermi 57001 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Panagiota Ligda
- Veterinary Research Institute, ELGO-DIMITRA Campus Thermi 57001 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Michael Ulrich
- Cheri-Hill Kennel & Supply Inc. 17190 Polk Rd. Stanwood 49346 MI USA
| | - Martin Knaus
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center Walchenseestr. 8–12 83101 Rohrdorf Germany
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Jacquot V, Buellet P, Letendre L, Tong W, Li H, Tielemans E. Pharmacokinetics of a novel endectoparasiticide topical formulation for cats, combining esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel. Parasite 2021; 28:19. [PMID: 33812451 PMCID: PMC8019567 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Esafoxolaner, a purified enantiomer of afoxolaner with insecticidal and acaricidal properties, is combined with eprinomectin and praziquantel in NexGard® Combo, a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats. The parasiticide potencies of topical esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel, are based on transcutaneous absorption, systemic distribution, and exposure of respective target parasites. For each compound, the pharmacokinetic profile, non-interference, dose linearity/proportionality after one administration, and the accumulation and time to reach a steady state after repeated monthly administrations of the novel formulation, were investigated. After one topical application of NexGard® Combo at the minimum recommended dose, the mean plasma concentration of esafoxolaner immediately reached (and remained at) a level supporting rapid onset and sustained efficacy against ectoparasites for at least 1 month. The mean Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, and the topical bioavailability of esafoxolaner were 130 ng/mL, 7.1 days, 21.7 days and 47.2%, respectively, and the plasma profiles of eprinomectin and praziquantel supported their known endoparasiticide properties. No relevant interference between the three compounds was observed. Dose proportionality was demonstrated for the three compounds over a range of 0.5× to 2× the minimum recommended dose. Steady state after repeated monthly administrations was reached by the second dose for praziquantel and by the fifth dose for esafoxolaner and eprinomectin. Accumulation was limited and drug plasma concentrations were maintained within a safe level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Jacquot
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - Prescillia Buellet
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - Laura Letendre
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 631 Route 1 North Brunswick NJ 08902 USA
| | - Wei Tong
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 631 Route 1 North Brunswick NJ 08902 USA
| | - Henry Li
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 631 Route 1 North Brunswick NJ 08902 USA
| | - Eric Tielemans
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
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Moog F, Brun J, Bourdeau P, Cadiergues MC. Clinical, Parasitological, and Serological Follow-Up of Dogs with Sarcoptic Mange Treated Orally with Lotilaner. Case Rep Vet Med 2021; 2021:6639017. [PMID: 33575060 PMCID: PMC7857930 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6639017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine sarcoptic mange is a highly pruritic and contagious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis. This case series describes the clinical, parasitological, and serological follow-up of a cohort of eight adult Saint Bernard dogs with confirmed sarcoptic mange, treated orally with lotilaner. Dogs were evaluated initially and after 14 days and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 months for skin lesions, pruritus severity, presence of parasites, and Sarcoptes-IgG levels. A serological indoor allergy panel (IgE) was obtained for seven dogs at day 0 and repeated 12 months later in five dogs to assess potential cross-reactivity between S. scabiei and environmental allergens. Lotilaner was administered to each dog according to the manufacturer's instructions and was repeated after one and two months without any concurrent therapeutic measure or modification of the husbandry conditions. Pruritus ceased after two weeks. The cutaneous score was reduced by 47%, and skin scrapings were negative for all but three animals. All skin scrapings were negative after one month. Lesions were absent after two months. Serological levels decreased gradually, but more slowly than the skin lesions, and two dogs out of six remained positive in the absence of skin lesions or symptoms. All dogs initially tested positive for dust mites and/or storage mites. The IgE titres remained unchanged 12 months later in the five tested dogs. This case report demonstrates the efficacy of lotilaner on scabies in a cohort of infested dogs under natural conditions and the potential antigenic cross-reaction of S. scabiei with house dust and storage mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Moog
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - J. Brun
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - P. Bourdeau
- LUNAM, University-ONIRIS-DPMA Unit/NP3 Unit, Nantes, France
| | - M. C. Cadiergues
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- INFINITY, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Chiummo R, Petersen I, Plehn C, Zschiesche E, Roepke R, Thomas E. Efficacy of orally and topically administered fluralaner (Bravecto ®) for treatment of client-owned dogs with sarcoptic mange under field conditions. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:524. [PMID: 33069261 PMCID: PMC7568370 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Successful canine sarcoptic mange treatment requires immediate efficacy to eliminate active mites, and sustained activity to prevent re-infestation from in-contact animals and fomites. With extended acaricidal activity, fluralaner has been shown to be effective for treating this disease. To confirm this potential under field conditions, two fluralaner formulations were administered to mite-infested, client-owned dogs. Methods Households qualified for inclusion if they had at least one dog positive for Sarcoptes scabiei mites, confirmed by skin scraping, and at least one dog with clinical signs evocative of sarcoptic mange. Households were allocated to groups of dogs to receive a single treatment with either oral (Bravecto® chewable tablets, MSD Animal Health) or topical (Bravecto® Spot-on, MSD Animal Health), fluralaner at a dose of ≥ 25 mg/kg (range 25–56 mg/kg) on Day 0, or two treatments with oral sarolaner (Simparica® tablets, Zoetis) (Days 0 and 28) at ≥ 2 mg/kg (2–4 mg/kg). All dogs in each household were treated with the same product. On the enrolment day and subsequently on Days 28, 56 and 84, deep skin scrapings were taken from at least five different body areas judged to be most likely to have active mite infestation. At each visit, the dog’s mange-associated skin lesions were recorded, and pruritus level was assessed. Results There were 98 participating households and 135 dogs enrolled across Albania, France, Italy and Portugal. On Day 28, more than 90% of dogs in each group were negative for mites. On Days 56 and 84, all study dogs were free of mites and most dermatological signs of sarcoptic mange had resolved. There were no treatment-related adverse events in any group. Conclusions A single treatment of client-owned, sarcoptic mange-affected dogs with either fluralaner chewable tablets or fluralaner spot-on formulation proved a safe and effective treatment of infestations with S. scabiei var. canis, maintained through 84 days (12 weeks) after treatment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Chiummo
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany.
| | - Ivo Petersen
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Plehn
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Eva Zschiesche
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Roepke
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
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16
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Rust MK. Recent Advancements in the Control of Cat Fleas. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11100668. [PMID: 33003488 PMCID: PMC7600267 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis is the most important pest of domesticated cats and dogs worldwide. This review covers the recent advancements in the control of cat fleas. Over the years, there has been an interest in using ecologically friendly approaches to control fleas. To date, no biological, natural, or cultural means have been discovered that mitigate flea infestations. The recent registration of novel topical and oral therapies promises a new revolution in the control of fleas and ticks and the diseases associated with them. Abstract With the advent of imidacloprid and fipronil spot-on treatments and the oral ingestion of lufenuron, the strategies and methods to control cat fleas dramatically changed during the last 25 years. New innovations and new chemistries have highlighted this progress. Control strategies are no longer based on the tripartite approach of treating the pet, the indoor environment, and outdoors. The ability of modern therapies to break the cat flea life cycle and prevent reproduction has allowed for the stand-alone treatments that are applied or given to the pet. In doing so, we have not only controlled the cat flea, but we have prevented or reduced the impact of many of the diseases associated with ectoparasites and endoparasites of cats and dogs. This review provides an update of newer and non-conventional approaches to control cat fleas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Rust
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Romero-Núñez C, Bautista-Gómez LG, Sheinberg G, Martín-Cordero A, Flores-Ortega A, Heredia-Cárdenas R. Efficacy of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner alone as treatment for sarcoptic mange in naturally infested dogs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2020; 84:212-216. [PMID: 32801456 PMCID: PMC7301669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange is a pruritic, contagious, ectoparasitic skin disease that affects mammals, including the domestic dog. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime (NexGard Spectra) and afoxolaner alone (NexGard) as treatments for sarcoptic mange in naturally infested dogs. A total of 142 dogs naturally infested with Sarcoptes scabiei was evaluated. The dogs were diagnosed by microscopic examinations of skin scrapings. The dogs were divided into 2 groups: 96 dogs were treated with a combined dosage of 2.50 to 5.36 mg/kg body weight (BW) of afoxolaner and 0.50 to 1.07 mg/kg BW of milbemycin oxime and 46 dogs were treated with 2.50 mg/kg BW of afoxolaner alone. The presence or absence of pruritus and lesions were evaluated using an analogous scale on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 after receiving the treatment. Data obtained were analyzed by Student's t-test (P ≤ 0.05). The single oral treatment of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime resulted in a significant reduction in pruritus of 87.4% at 28 d after treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Resolution of the lesions after treatment was variable, with a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) observed within the first 14 d, although this parameter continued to improve until the end of the study on day 28, when a decrease of 96% was observed. By the end of the study, a single dose of either the afoxolaner alone or the afoxolaner combined with milbemycin oxime was effective in significantly reducing the signs associated with sarcoptic mange during a 56-day evaluation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Romero-Núñez
- Hospital Veterinario Espacio Animal, José de la Luz Blanco, Mz. 187, Lt. 33, Col. Santa Martha Acatitla, Iztapalapa, 09140 Ciudad de México (Romero-Núñez C., Heredia-Cárdenas R.); Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango, 56900, Amecameca de Juárez, Estado de México, México (Bautista-Gómez LG., Flores-Ortega A.); Centro Veterinario México, Calle Cincinnati #22, Benito Juárez, Cd de los Deportes, 03710 Ciudad de México, México (Sheinberg G.); Veterinaria Dermatología Veterinaria Especializada, Argentina No. 690, Colonia Moderna, Guadalajara, 44190 Jalisco México (Martín-Cordero A.)
| | - Linda G Bautista-Gómez
- Hospital Veterinario Espacio Animal, José de la Luz Blanco, Mz. 187, Lt. 33, Col. Santa Martha Acatitla, Iztapalapa, 09140 Ciudad de México (Romero-Núñez C., Heredia-Cárdenas R.); Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango, 56900, Amecameca de Juárez, Estado de México, México (Bautista-Gómez LG., Flores-Ortega A.); Centro Veterinario México, Calle Cincinnati #22, Benito Juárez, Cd de los Deportes, 03710 Ciudad de México, México (Sheinberg G.); Veterinaria Dermatología Veterinaria Especializada, Argentina No. 690, Colonia Moderna, Guadalajara, 44190 Jalisco México (Martín-Cordero A.)
| | - Galia Sheinberg
- Hospital Veterinario Espacio Animal, José de la Luz Blanco, Mz. 187, Lt. 33, Col. Santa Martha Acatitla, Iztapalapa, 09140 Ciudad de México (Romero-Núñez C., Heredia-Cárdenas R.); Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango, 56900, Amecameca de Juárez, Estado de México, México (Bautista-Gómez LG., Flores-Ortega A.); Centro Veterinario México, Calle Cincinnati #22, Benito Juárez, Cd de los Deportes, 03710 Ciudad de México, México (Sheinberg G.); Veterinaria Dermatología Veterinaria Especializada, Argentina No. 690, Colonia Moderna, Guadalajara, 44190 Jalisco México (Martín-Cordero A.)
| | - Alberto Martín-Cordero
- Hospital Veterinario Espacio Animal, José de la Luz Blanco, Mz. 187, Lt. 33, Col. Santa Martha Acatitla, Iztapalapa, 09140 Ciudad de México (Romero-Núñez C., Heredia-Cárdenas R.); Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango, 56900, Amecameca de Juárez, Estado de México, México (Bautista-Gómez LG., Flores-Ortega A.); Centro Veterinario México, Calle Cincinnati #22, Benito Juárez, Cd de los Deportes, 03710 Ciudad de México, México (Sheinberg G.); Veterinaria Dermatología Veterinaria Especializada, Argentina No. 690, Colonia Moderna, Guadalajara, 44190 Jalisco México (Martín-Cordero A.)
| | - Ariadna Flores-Ortega
- Hospital Veterinario Espacio Animal, José de la Luz Blanco, Mz. 187, Lt. 33, Col. Santa Martha Acatitla, Iztapalapa, 09140 Ciudad de México (Romero-Núñez C., Heredia-Cárdenas R.); Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango, 56900, Amecameca de Juárez, Estado de México, México (Bautista-Gómez LG., Flores-Ortega A.); Centro Veterinario México, Calle Cincinnati #22, Benito Juárez, Cd de los Deportes, 03710 Ciudad de México, México (Sheinberg G.); Veterinaria Dermatología Veterinaria Especializada, Argentina No. 690, Colonia Moderna, Guadalajara, 44190 Jalisco México (Martín-Cordero A.)
| | - Rafael Heredia-Cárdenas
- Hospital Veterinario Espacio Animal, José de la Luz Blanco, Mz. 187, Lt. 33, Col. Santa Martha Acatitla, Iztapalapa, 09140 Ciudad de México (Romero-Núñez C., Heredia-Cárdenas R.); Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca-Ayapango, 56900, Amecameca de Juárez, Estado de México, México (Bautista-Gómez LG., Flores-Ortega A.); Centro Veterinario México, Calle Cincinnati #22, Benito Juárez, Cd de los Deportes, 03710 Ciudad de México, México (Sheinberg G.); Veterinaria Dermatología Veterinaria Especializada, Argentina No. 690, Colonia Moderna, Guadalajara, 44190 Jalisco México (Martín-Cordero A.)
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