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Mulet-Cabero AI, Wilde PJ. Role of calcium on lipid digestion and serum lipids: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:813-826. [PMID: 34281429 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1954873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is an essential nutrient for humans that can be taken as supplement or in a food matrix (e.g. dairy products). It is suggested that dietary calcium may have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk but the mechanism is not clear. In this review, the main mechanisms of the possible cholesterol-lowering effect of calcium, i.e. interaction with fatty acids and bile acids, are described and clinical evidences are presented. The observations from interventional studies of the possible cholesterol-lowering effect in terms of the main related mechanisms are variable and do not seem to fulfill all the related aspects. It seems that the interplay of calcium in blood lipid metabolism might be due to its complex and multiple roles in the lipid digestion in the small intestine. The interactions between calcium and, fatty acids and bile may lead to impaired mixed micelle formation and solubilization, which is crucial in the lipid absorption and metabolism. In addition, the calcium source and its surrounding matrix will have an influence over the physiological outcome. This research is important for the delivery and formulation of calcium, particularly with the move toward plant-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
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2
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Melse-Boonstra A. Bioavailability of Micronutrients From Nutrient-Dense Whole Foods: Zooming in on Dairy, Vegetables, and Fruits. Front Nutr 2020; 7:101. [PMID: 32793622 PMCID: PMC7393990 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to fully exploit the nutrient density concept, thorough understanding of the biological activity of single nutrients in their interaction with other nutrients and food components from whole foods is important. This review provides a narrative overview of recent insights into nutrient bioavailability from complex foods in humans, highlighting synergistic and antagonistic processes among food components for two different food groups, i.e., dairy, and vegetables and fruits. For dairy, bioavailability of vitamins A, B2, B12 and K, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, zinc and iodine are discussed, whereas bioavailability of pro-vitamin A, folate, vitamin C and K, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron are discussed for vegetables and fruits. Although the bioavailability of some nutrients is fairly well-understood, for other nutrients the scientific understanding of uptake, absorption, and bioavailability in humans is still at a nascent stage. Understanding the absorption and bioavailability of nutrients from whole foods in interaction with food components that influence these processes will help to come to individual diet scores that better reflect absorbable nutrient intake in epidemiologic studies that relate dietary intake to health outcomes. Moreover, such knowledge may help in the design of foods, meals, and diets that aid in the supply of bioavailable nutrients to specific target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida Melse-Boonstra
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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3
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Huang X, Moon SH, Lee J, Paik H, Lee EJ, Min B, Ahn DU. Effective Preparation Method of Phosphopeptides from Phosvitin and the Analysis of Peptide Profiles Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:14086-14101. [PMID: 31766846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of high-temperature and mild-pressure (HTMP) pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of phosvitin and the structural characteristics of the phosphopeptides produced were analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry. The HTMP pretreatment hydrolyzed phosvitin at random sites and helped the subsequent enzyme hydrolysis of the peptides produced. With the HTMP pretreatment alone, 154 peptides were produced, while the use of trypsin, Protex 6L, and Multifect 14L in combination with the pretreatment produced 252, 280, and 164 peptides, respectively. The use of two enzyme combinations (trypsin + Protex 6L and trypsin + Multifect 14L) helped the hydrolysis further. The number of phosphopeptides produced increased when the modifications within the same amino acid sequences were considered. This study indicated that HTMP pretreatment was a breakthrough method to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of phosvitin that enabled an easy production of phosvitin phosphopeptides for their subsequent functional characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Huang
- College of Food Science & Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Egg Processing Technology Local Joint National Engineering Research Center, National R&D Center for Egg Processing, Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sun Hee Moon
- Animal Science Department , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Division of Animal Life Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Korea
| | - Hyundong Paik
- Division of Animal Life Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Korea
| | - Eun Joo Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition , University of Wisconsin-Stout , Menomonie , Wisconsin 54751 , United States
| | - Byungrok Min
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences , University of Maryland Eastern Shore , Princess Anne , Maryland 21853 , United States
| | - Dong U Ahn
- Animal Science Department , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
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4
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Gu T, Yao C, Zhang K, Li C, Ding L, Huang Y, Wu M, Wang Y. Toxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles combined with vitamin C and casein phosphopeptides on gastric epithelium cells and the intestinal absorption of mice. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26078-26088. [PMID: 35541949 PMCID: PMC9082813 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03693d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is more powerful than casein phosphopeptides at controlling the combined toxic effects induced by ZnO NPs on gastric epithelium cells and intestinal absorption in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Gu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chenjie Yao
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Kangkang Zhang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Lin Ding
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yanan Huang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Minghong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
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5
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Rozenberg S, Body JJ, Bruyère O, Bergmann P, Brandi ML, Cooper C, Devogelaer JP, Gielen E, Goemaere S, Kaufman JM, Rizzoli R, Reginster JY. Effects of Dairy Products Consumption on Health: Benefits and Beliefs--A Commentary from the Belgian Bone Club and the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 98:1-17. [PMID: 26445771 PMCID: PMC4703621 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-0062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dairy products provide a package of essential nutrients that is difficult to obtain in low-dairy or dairy-free diets, and for many people it is not possible to achieve recommended daily calcium intakes with a dairy-free diet. Despite the established benefits for bone health, some people avoid dairy in their diet due to beliefs that dairy may be detrimental to health, especially in those with weight management issues, lactose intolerance, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or trying to avoid cardiovascular disease. This review provides information for health professionals to enable them to help their patients make informed decisions about consuming dairy products as part of a balanced diet. There may be a weak association between dairy consumption and a possible small weight reduction, with decreases in fat mass and waist circumference and increases in lean body mass. Lactose intolerant individuals may not need to completely eliminate dairy products from their diet, as both yogurt and hard cheese are well tolerated. Among people with arthritis, there is no evidence for a benefit to avoid dairy consumption. Dairy products do not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly if low fat. Intake of up to three servings of dairy products per day appears to be safe and may confer a favourable benefit with regard to bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Rozenberg
- Department of Gynaecology-Obstetrics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Body
- Department of Medicine, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Bruyère
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Bergmann
- Department of Radioisotopes, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Metabolic Bone Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jean-Pierre Devogelaer
- Department of Rheumatology, Saint Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Evelien Gielen
- Gerontology and Geriatrics Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholiek Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Goemaere
- Department of Rheumatology and Endocrinology, State University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Kaufman
- Department of Endocrinology, State University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - René Rizzoli
- Division of Bones Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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6
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Li S, Liu F, Niu F, Gu L, Su Y, Yang Y. Purification of phosvitin phosphopeptides using macro-mesoporous TiO2. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purification of phosvitin phosphopeptides from egg-yolk protein hydrolysates using macro-mesoporous TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Fuge Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Luping Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yujie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology
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7
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Samaraweera H, Moon SH, Lee EJ, Grant J, Fouks J, Choi I, Suh JW, Ahn DU. Characterisation of phosvitin phosphopeptides using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2014; 165:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Samaraweera H, Zhang WG, Lee EJ, Ahn DU. Egg yolk phosvitin and functional phosphopeptides--review. J Food Sci 2011; 76:R143-50. [PMID: 21806612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphopeptides are among the most interesting biomolecules with characteristic molecular structure and functions. They usually contain clusters of phosphoserines, which can effectively bind calcium and iron, and inhibit formation of insoluble calcium phosphates or iron complexes. Therefore, phosphopeptides can increase calcium or iron bioavailability and prevent lipid oxidation in foods. Milk protein casein has been currently used by industry to produce phosphopeptides. Egg yolk phosvitin is considered as the most phosphorylated protein found in the nature. Phosvitin from egg yolk can be much better source for producing phosphopeptides with varying sizes and functions than casein because it contains much greater number of phosphates in the molecule than casein. However, still phosvitin has not been subjected to considerable attention with regard to bioactive peptides production.
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9
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Mineo H, Ohmi S, Ishida K, Morikawa N, Machida A, Kanazawa T, Chiji H, Fukusima M, Noda T. Ingestion of potato starch containing high levels of esterified phosphorus reduces calcium and magnesium absorption and their femoral retention in rats. Nutr Res 2010; 29:648-55. [PMID: 19854380 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that esterified phosphorus (P) in diets has a favorable effect on mineral absorption in humans and animals. Phosphorylated oligosaccharides derived from potato starch increase calcium (Ca) absorption from the rat intestine both in situ and in vitro. We hypothesized that the feeding of potato starch has a potential to increase Ca or magnesium (Mg) absorption. Male Sprague-Dawley rats at 7 weeks were fed 4 types of diet containing either 60% sucrose, cornstarch, or 1 of 2 types of potato starch with different P contents for 1, 3, or 5 weeks. A balance test for Ca, Mg, and P was undertaken, and these mineral contents in the femur were determined for the 4 diet groups at each feeding period in vivo. Ingestion of potato starch increased Ca, Mg, and P excretion into feces and decreased the absorption rate of Ca and Mg. Femoral Ca contents were also decreased in the rats fed the potato starch diets compared with those in rats fed the sucrose or cornstarch diet. In vitro experiment in Ca absorption was undertaken using everted jejunal and ileal sacs of the small intestine in male Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old). The potato starch application did not induce significant increase in Ca absorption compared with nonstarch (control) or cornstarch application. In conclusion, the ingestion of potato starch does not increase Ca and Mg absorption and rather accelerates their excretion, inducing the decrease in mineral absorption and retention in growing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Mineo
- Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Eniwa, Hokkaido 061-1449, Japan.
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10
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11
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Erba D, Ciappellano S, Testolin G. Effect of the ratio of casein phosphopeptides to calcium (w/w) on passive calcium transport in the distal small intestine of rats. Nutrition 2002; 18:743-6. [PMID: 12297210 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the influence of different ratios between casein phosphopeptides and calcium (CPP/Ca) in intestinal lumen on passive Ca transport across the distal small intestine of rats in vitro. METHODS We measured the amounts of passive Ca absorbed across the everted distal small intestine of rats with the use of radioactive 45Ca as tracer. Four CPP/Ca ratios (5, 10, 15, and 20 w/w) and three mineral concentrations (4, 8, and 12 mmol/L) were tested on groups of six rats. RESULTS We found a significant effect of the CPP/Ca ratio on mineral absorption (P < 0.001). The amounts of Ca absorbed increased from a ratio of 5 to a ratio of 15 and decreased with a ratio of 20, with a similar trend for every concentration tested. The more evident effect was found with the concentration of 12 mmol/L of Ca (P < 0.001 to 0.05). CONCLUSION The positive effect of CPPs on passive Ca absorption seems to depend on the relative amounts of both species in intestinal lumen. In this study, the ratio 15 was identified as the most efficient at increasing mineral transport. This evidence might be considered before suggesting CPP as a Ca dietary integrator, although more studies in vitro and in vivo are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Erba
- Department of Food Science and Microbiology, University of Milan, Italy.
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12
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Ferraretto A, Signorile A, Gravaghi C, Fiorilli A, Tettamanti G. Casein phosphopeptides influence calcium uptake by cultured human intestinal HT-29 tumor cells. J Nutr 2001; 131:1655-61. [PMID: 11385049 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.6.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the direct effects of casein phosphopeptides (CPP), which are formed by the proteolytic degradation of alpha- and beta-caseins, on calcium uptake by human HT-29 intestinal tumor cells, which undergo an enterocytically oriented differentiation in culture. A commercial preparation containing a mixture of purified CPP and an individual CPP of 25 amino acids, both containing the characteristic Ca(2+) binding motif, ser(P)-ser(P)-ser(P)-glu-glu, were employed. The study was performed at the single-cell level and on a cell population and measured the changes in cytosolic calcium concentration before and after CPP addition. In the presence of 2 mmol/L extracellular calcium, both CPP preparations induced a transient rise of free intracellular calcium ions, which did not influence ATP-induced release of calcium from intracellular stores, and which disappeared completely in the absence of extracellular calcium. Pretreatment of these cells with thapsigargin, which completely empties the intracellular calcium stores, did not abolish the cell responses to CPP. Repetitive stimulation of HT-29 cells with CPP always elicited a transient calcium rise, suggesting a lack of desensitization. The CPP-stimulated cytosolic calcium rise was dependent on CPP dose, in a seemingly nonsaturating mode, and on cell numbers. All of this is consistent with the hypothesis that CPP do not influence membrane-bound receptors or ion channels, but may act as calcium ionophores or calcium carriers across the membrane. The reported findings provide a new basis on which to assess the possibility that CPP enhance calcium absorption and bioavailability in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ferraretto
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Medical Faculty, University of Milan, L.I.T.A., 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy
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13
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14
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Scholz-Ahrens KE, Schrezenmeir J. Effects of bioactive substances in milk on mineral and trace element metabolism with special reference to casein phosphopeptides. Br J Nutr 2000; 84 Suppl 1:S147-53. [PMID: 11242459 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114500002373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bioactivity of phosphopeptides yielded after tryptic hydrolysis of casein (CPP) was reported more than 50 years ago when CPP were found to improve calcium balance in rachitic newborns. Several investigations have been carried out to study the effects of CPP mainly on calcium metabolism but also on other minerals like iron and zinc. Most of the experiments were in vitro studies or short-term experiments like the effects of CPP after single meals or their effect on mineral disappearance from intestinal everted sac or ligated loop. Investigations on calcium balance were also mainly short term, i.e. 3-4 weeks, and mainly done in rats. A few experiments have been carried out in minipigs, an animal model that is closer to the human than the rat. Studies in human were rare and short term. To date a variety of other peptides have been isolated after enzymatic hydrolysis, and some have been investigated for bioactivity, with equivocal findings. Bioactivity of phosphopeptides seemed to be more obvious when investigations were done in vitro or short term. Results were less clear in metabolic balance studies, especially under physiological conditions. The composition of the basal diet, i.e. content of calcium and phytate, or the protein source had a significant impact on the effect of phosphopeptides. It was concluded that phosphopeptides revealed positive effects on mineral solubility and absorbability, and bone mineralisation under certain experimental conditions. Accordingly they could have a beneficial effect on bone health for some groups of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Scholz-Ahrens
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Federal Dairy Research Center, Kiel, Germany.
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15
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Bennett T, Desmond A, Harrington M, McDonagh D, FitzGerald R, Flynn A, Cashman KD. The effect of high intakes of casein and casein phosphopeptide on calcium absorption in the rat. Br J Nutr 2000; 83:673-80. [PMID: 10911776 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114500000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the level or source of dietary protein or protein-derived peptides on Ca absorption is not well understood. We determined, therefore, the influence of habitual dietary casein level, meal casein and meal casein phosphopeptide (CPP) on Ca absorption in the rat. True fractional Ca absorption was investigated in male 7-week-old rats, Wistar strain, in three separate studies using a faecal 47Sc: 47Ca ratio method. In studies A and C, rats (n 8 per group) were fed on a purified diet containing 200 g casein/kg for 2 weeks. Rats were then given a 47Ca-labelled meal (10 g) containing (per kg) either 0, 100, 200, or 300 g casein (study A) or 0, 100, 200, 350 or 500 g CPP (study C). In study B, rats (n 24 per group) were fed on a purified diet containing (per kg) either 200, 350 or 500 g casein for 2 weeks. Each group was then further randomized into three groups (n 8 per group) and given a 47Ca-labelled meal (10 g of the same diet) containing (per kg) either 200, 350 or 500 g casein. Ca absorption from a meal was unaffected by increasing meal casein concentration from 0 to 300 g/kg (study A), but was increased with a meal casein content of 500 g/kg (study B). Fractional Ca absorption decreased with increasing usual dietary casein intake in the range 200-500 g/kg (study B), suggesting intestinal adaptation. Ca absorption was unaffected by inclusion of 100 g CPP/kg in a single meal but was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced by 200, 350 and 500 g CPP/kg meal, with no evident dose-relationship. Thus, while Ca absorption was enhanced by high-casein meals, the mechanism remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, University College, Cork, Ireland
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16
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Abstract
This update focuses on the bioavailability of dietary calcium for humans. Fundamentals of calcium metabolism, intestinal absorption, urinary excretion and balance are recalled. Dietary factors, especially lactose and other milk components, influencing calcium bioavailability at intestinal and renal levels are reviewed. A critical examination of all the methods used for evaluating calcium bioavailability is made. This includes in vitro assays, classical and isotopic balances, urinary excretion, isotope labeling in the urine, plasma and bones, long term evaluation of bone mineralization and the use of biological bone markers. Importance and advantages of animal models are discussed. The state of the art in the comparative bioavailability of calcium in foods is detailed including a comparison of sources of calcium (dairy products and calcium salts) in human studies and in some animal studies, casein phosphopeptides, proteins, lactose and lactase and their relation with calcium bioavailability (in humans and rats). An update on the consumption of dairy products and bone mass is presented. Emphasis on peculiarities and advantages of calcium in milk and dairy products is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guéguen
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Sécurité Alimentaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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17
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Bos C, Gaudichon C, Tomé D. Nutritional and physiological criteria in the assessment of milk protein quality for humans. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19:191S-205S. [PMID: 10759143 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary protein quality is influenced by several factors and especially amino acid composition as well as the bioavailability of the protein. The method to assess the dietary protein quality recommended by the FAO/WHO (1985, 1990) is based on the ability of the protein to satisfy the indispensable amino acid requirements. The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PD-CAAS) has been proposed as a quality index and takes into account both the indispensable amino acid composition and the protein digestibility. This index can easily be used routinely, but some conceptual and methodological limits must be considered, such as the determination of both nitrogen and indispensable amino acid requirements, the bioavailability of dietary protein and the validation of the quality indexes. Another level in the evaluation of protein quality considers more specific activities related to specific protein-derived components. The compounds responsible for these activities include enzymes, immunoglobulins, mediator and hormone-like substances. These actions are linked to native proteins or to peptides cleaved from protein during digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bos
- INRA, Nutrition humaine et physiologie intestinale, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, Paris, France
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18
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Han SK, Shin YC, Byun HD. Biochemical, molecular and physiological characterization of a new beta-casein variant detected in Korean cattle. Anim Genet 2000; 31:49-51. [PMID: 10690361 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are seven known genetic variants of bovine beta-casein (beta-CN)--A1, A2, A3, B, C, D and E. In this study, we identified a new genetic variant (named beta-CN H) which migrates slower than the other variants in acidic starch gel electrophoresis. We confirmed through protein and DNA sequence analyses that the H variant differs at five residues from the A2 sequence: Arg25/Cys, Leu88/Ile, Gln117/Glu, Glu175/Gln and Gln195/Glu. Of these substitutions the 25th residue was contained in the casein phosphopeptide (CPP) region. In rats, calcium solubilizing effect of the CPP of bovine variant H was increased by approximately 23% compared with that of the CPP of non-H. Using extensive Korean Bos taurus pedigrees, we confirmed that beta-CN H was controlled by a codominant allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Han
- Department of Dairy Science, College of Animal Husbandry, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Pérès JM, Bouhallab S, Bureau F, Neuville D, Maubois JL, Devroede G, Arhan P, Bouglé D. Mechanisms of absorption of caseinophosphopeptide bound iron. J Nutr Biochem 1999; 10:215-22. [PMID: 15539293 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(98)00101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/1998] [Accepted: 12/01/1998] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Binding iron (Fe) to the 1-25 caseinophosphopeptide obtained from enzyme hydrolysis of beta casein (beta CPP) improves Fe bioavailability in the rat. To assess the mechanisms involved in its absorption, a perfused, vascularized duodenal rat loop model was used in controls and in Fe-deficient (bleeding of 25% blood volume) rats. Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation [2-4 dinitrophenol (DNP)] and/or of endocytosis [phenylarsine oxide (PAO)] were added to the perfusion solution containing 50 microM Fe as beta CPP bound Fe (Fe-beta CPP) or gluconate (Fe Gluc). Fe-beta CPP enhanced Fe uptake, reduced mucosal storage, and improved net absorption both in controls and in deficient animals. DNP reduced uptake, mucosal storage, and net absorption by the same percentage in Fe-beta CPP and Fe Gluc perfused rats in both control and Fe-deficient animals. PAO decreased uptake, mucosal storage, and net absorption of Fe-beta CPP but not of Fe Gluc. At the end of the experiment Fe serum levels were increased only in Fe Gluc animals. These results confirm the improved bioavailability of beta CPP bound Fe. They suggest that at least part of its absorption can occur by a different pathway than usual Fe salts. Fe-beta CPP can be taken up by endocytosis and absorbed bound to amino acids or peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pérès
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Digestive et Nutritionnelle, Caen, France
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Roig M, Alegrı́a A, Barberá R, Farré R, Lagarda M. Calcium dialysability as an estimation of bioavailability in human milk, cow milk and infant formulas. Food Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(98)00151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Matsui T, Kawakita Y, Yano H. Dietary skim milk powder increases ionized calcium in the small intestine of piglets compared to dietary defatted soybean flour. J Nutr 1997; 127:1357-61. [PMID: 9202091 DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.7.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium distribution was studied in the small intestine of piglets fed skim milk powder (SMP) or defatted soybean flour (DSF ) to investigate the relationship between calcium availability and its forms. Ionized calcium in duodenal and ileal digesta was measured with a selective calcium electrode that was not affected by changes in pH or sodium, potassium and magnesium concentrations, which simulated the liquid phases of digesta. Eight piglets were fed DSF-based diet or SMP-based diet for 30 d, and duodenal and ileal digesta were collected. Soluble calcium concentrations in the ileum were higher in the SMP-fed group than in the DSF-fed group. The proportion of soluble calcium in higher-molecular-weight fraction (MW > 3000) was significantly greater in the ileum than in the duodenum of the SMP group, but did not differ between these intestinal segments within the DSF group. This proportion was significantly higher in the ileum of the SMP-fed group than in that of the DSF-fed group. In the ileum, ionized calcium concentration was significantly greater in the SMP-fed group than in the DSF-fed group. These results suggest that the increase of calcium in the higher-molecular-weight fraction raises soluble calcium concentration and changes the distribution of calcium in the ileum of the SMP-fed group. The complexes of calcium with higher-molecular-weight ligands may be easily exchangeable with ionized calcium, and the increase in these calcium complexes may consequently enhance the recruitment of ionized calcium, which then can be absorbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsui
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi 606-01, Japan.
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Buts JP, De Keyser N, Collette E, Bonsignore M, Lambotte L, Desjeux JF, Sokal EM. Intestinal transport of calcium in rat biliary cirrhosis. Pediatr Res 1996; 40:533-41. [PMID: 8888279 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199610000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of intestinal calcium transport in chronic cholestasis remain largely unknown. Using an experimental model of biliary cirrhosis in the rat, we aimed to investigate changes in calcium transport at the jejunal and ileal levels. Two methods were used: 1) uptake of 45Ca in brush border membrane vesicles and 2) measurements of transepithelial fluxes of calcium in Ussing chambers. Thirty days postsurgery, cholestatic rats presented biliary cirrhosis, with normal growth, normal daily energy, and calcium intakes, but had depressed circulating levels of 25-(OH)-vitamin D2 and 1,25-(OH)-vitamin D3. Compared with sham-operated controls, 45Ca uptake ([Ca2+] = 0.03 mmol) measured in vesicles from cholestatic rats was decreased by 3-fold in the duodenojejunum, in concordance with a lower content in brush border membrane calmodulin. Other changes in brush border membrane composition included decreases in structural proteins, microvillous enzymes, and in triglyceride content. Transepithelial fluxes of calcium measured in the ileum ([Ca2+] = 1.2 mmol) revealed in controls a net basal secretion flux (Jnet = -30.4 +/- 8.1 mmol.h-1.cm-2) that was reduced by 3-fold (p < 0.05) in vitamin D-deficient rats (Jnet = -10.4 +/- 4.8 mmol.h-1.cm-2). In response to 25-(OH)-vitamin D2 treatment, calcium uptake rates increased by 40% in the jejunum, whereas in the ileum, the secretion flux returned to basal control levels. Oral administration of taurocholate or tauroursodeoxycholate (50 mmol) depressed almost completely calcium uptake capacity in the duodenojejunum. By complexing free calcium, tauroconjugated bile acids inhibited in vitro calcium uptake proportionally to their concentration in the medium (0-40 mmol). Our data indicate that, in rat biliary cirrhosis, transport capacity of calcium in the duodenojejunum is markedly reduced in association with vitamin D deficiency and alterations in brush border membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Buts
- Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Tsuchita H, Goto T, Yonehara Y, Kuwata T. Calcium and phosphorus availability from casein phosphopeptides in male growing rats. Nutr Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0271-5317(95)02036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Pantako TO, Passos M, Desrosiers T, Amiot J. Effects des protéines laitières sur l'absorption de Ca et P mesurée par les variations temporelles de leurs teneurs dans l'aorte et la veine porte chez le rat. Int Dairy J 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0958-6946(94)90048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Tsuchita H, Sekiguchi I, Kuwata T, Igarashi C, Ezawa I. The effect of casein phosphopeptides on calcium utilization in young ovariectomized rats. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1993; 32:121-30. [PMID: 8379212 DOI: 10.1007/bf01614755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) on Ca utilization in ovariectomized (OVX) rats was studied. A mixture of CPPs corresponding to the amino acid sequences 1-25 and 1-28 in the beta-casein was isolated from the tryptic digest of beta-casein (beta CPP). After being fed a low Ca diet for 30 days, OVX rats were fed experimental diets of which the Ca level was 0.1%, 0.3% or 0.5% with or without 0.15% beta CPP for 28 days. During days 1-3 of the Ca refeeding period, rats fed beta CPP with 0.5% Ca showed a higher Ca absorption than control rats not supplemented with beta CPP. During days 7-9 and 26-28, there were no significant differences in Ca and P balances between the beta CPP group and the control group for each dietary Ca level. Femoral Ca and P contents from rats fed beta CPP tended to be higher than those from control rats. These results suggest that beta CPP supplementation could have an effect on Ca absorption at a certain degree of Ca deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuchita
- Central Research Institute, Meiji Milk Products Co., Ltd., Higashimurayamashi, Japan
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Scholz-Ahrens KE, Kopra N, Barth CA. Effect of casein phosphopeptides on utilization of calcium in minipigs and vitamin-D-deficient rats. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1990; 29:295-8. [PMID: 2080641 DOI: 10.1007/bf02023086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K E Scholz-Ahrens
- Institut für Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernährung, Bundesanstalt für Milchforschung, Kiel, FRG
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