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Chen M, Wang K, Han Y, Yan S, Yuan H, Liu Q, Li L, Li N, Zhu H, Lu D, Wang K, Liu F, Luo D, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Li D, Zhang L, Ji H, Zhou H, Chen Y, Qin J, Gao D. Identification of XAF1 as an endogenous AKT inhibitor. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112690. [PMID: 37384528 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AKT kinase is a key regulator in cell metabolism and survival, and its activation is strictly modulated. Herein, we identify XAF1 (XIAP-associated factor) as a direct interacting protein of AKT1, which strongly binds the N-terminal region of AKT1 to block its K63-linked poly-ubiquitination and subsequent activation. Consistently, Xaf1 knockout causes AKT activation in mouse muscle and fat tissues and reduces body weight gain and insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet. Pathologically, XAF1 expression is low and anti-correlated with the phosphorylated p-T308-AKT signal in prostate cancer samples, and Xaf1 knockout stimulates the p-T308-AKT signal to accelerate spontaneous prostate tumorigenesis in mice with Pten heterozygous loss. And ectopic expression of wild-type XAF1, but not the cancer-derived P277L mutant, inhibits orthotopic tumorigenesis. We further identify Forkhead box O 1 (FOXO1) as a transcriptional regulator of XAF1, thus forming a negative feedback loop between AKT1 and XAF1. These results reveal an important intrinsic regulatory mechanism of AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kangjunjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ying Han
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shukun Yan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huairui Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiuli Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ni Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dayun Lu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dakui Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Jun Qin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Daming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Number 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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Pacetti M, De Conti L, Marasco LE, Romano M, Rashid MM, Nubiè M, Baralle FE, Baralle M. Physiological tissue-specific and age-related reduction of mouse TDP-43 levels is regulated by epigenetic modifications. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:274621. [PMID: 35243489 PMCID: PMC9066495 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular level of TDP-43 (also known as TARDBP) is tightly regulated; increases or decreases in TDP-43 have deleterious effects in cells. The predominant mechanism responsible for the regulation of the level of TDP-43 is an autoregulatory negative feedback loop. In this study, we identified an in vivo cause-effect relationship between Tardbp gene promoter methylation and specific histone modification and the TDP-43 level in tissues of mice at two different ages. Furthermore, epigenetic control was observed in mouse and human cultured cell lines. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the formation of TDP-43-containing brain inclusions removes functional protein from the system. This phenomenon is continuous but compensated by newly synthesized protein. The balance between sequestration and new synthesis might become critical with ageing, if accompanied by an epigenetic modification-regulated decrease in newly synthesized TDP-43. Sequestration by aggregates would then decrease the amount of functional TDP-43 to a level lower than those needed by the cell and thereby trigger the onset of symptoms. Summary: Identification of a cause-effect relationship between epigenetic modifications that occur on the promoter and histones of mouse TARDBP and the level of TDP-43 both in tissues and in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pacetti
- RNA Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura De Conti
- RNA Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luciano E Marasco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular and CONICET-UBA, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CP1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maurizio Romano
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Valerio 28, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mohammad M Rashid
- RNA Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Nubiè
- RNA Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francisco E Baralle
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Baralle
- RNA Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Oh YE, Nguyen TB, Rami FZ, Karamikheirabad M, Chung YC. Impact of Social Defeat Stress on DNA Methylation in Drd2, Nr3c1, and Stmn1 in Wild-type and Stmn1 Knock-out Mice. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 20:51-60. [PMID: 35078948 PMCID: PMC8813314 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective Epigenetic profiles can be modified by stress. Dopamine receptor D2 (Drd2), glucocorticoid receptor gene (Nr3c1) and Stathmin 1 (Stmn1) genes are all implicated in adaptation to stress. The aim of study is to investigate impact of social defeat on DNA methylation in Drd2, Nr3c1, and Stmn1 in wild-type (WT) and Stmn1 knock-out (KO) mice. Methods The WT and Stmn1 KO mice were subjected to chronic social defeat. Brain tissues of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HIP) were obtained. We measured DNA methylation levels of the Drd2, Nr3c1, and Stmn1 genes in the PFC, AMY, and HIP using pyrosequencing. Results In WT mice, social defeat stress did not induce any changes in Drd2 methylation, whereas significant hypermethylation occurred in Nr3c1 and Stmn1 in the susceptible and unsusceptible groups, respectively, compared to the control group. The methylation responses in the Stmn1 KO mice differed from those seen in the WT mice, such that hypermethylation was evident in all three genes in the susceptible and unsusceptible groups compared to control group. Comparison of the Stmn1 KO and WT mice revealed the same pattern of hypermethylation for all three genes. Conclusion Social defeat stress induced different epigenetic modifications in three genes among control, unsusceptible, and susceptible groups of WT and Stmn1 KO mice. In particular, hypermethylation of Nr3c1 in the HIP of the susceptible group, and of Stmn1 in the AMY of the unsusceptible group in WT mice, could serve as epigenetic biomarkers of stress susceptibility and stress resilience, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Thong Ba Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Fatima Zahra Rami
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Maryam Karamikheirabad
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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van Dongen JE, Berendsen JTW, Eijkel JCT, Segerink LI. A CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted in vitro diagnostic tool for identification and quantification of single CpG methylation sites. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 194:113624. [PMID: 34534948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The excellent specificity and selectivity of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/associated nuclease (Cas) is determined by CRISPR RNA's (crRNA's) interchangeable spacer sequence, as well as the position and number of mismatches between target sequence and the crRNA sequence. Some diseases are characterized by epigenetic alterations rather than nucleotide changes, and are therefore unsuitable for CRISPR-assisted sensing methods. Here we demonstrate an in vitro diagnostic tool to discriminate single CpG site methylation in DNA by the use of methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes (MSREs) followed by Cas12a-assisted sensing. Non-methylated sequences are digested by MSREs, resulting in fragmentation of the target sequence that influences the R-loop formation between crRNA and target DNA. We show that fragment size, fragmentation position and number of fragments influence the subsequent collateral trans-cleavage activity towards single stranded DNA (ssDNA), enabling deducting the methylation position from the cleavage activity. Utilizing MSREs in combination with Cas12a, single CpG site methylation levels of a cancer gene are determined. The modularity of both Cas12a and MSREs provides a high level of versatility to the Cas12a-MSRE combined sensing method, which opens the possibility to easily and rapidly study single CpG methylation sites for disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne E van Dongen
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. box 217 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Johanna T W Berendsen
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. box 217 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jan C T Eijkel
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. box 217 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Loes I Segerink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, P.O. box 217 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
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5
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A proof-of-concept study for the pathogenetic role of enhancer hypomethylation of MYBPHL in multiple myeloma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7009. [PMID: 33772052 PMCID: PMC7997988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer DNA methylation and expression of MYBPHL was studied in multiple myeloma (MM). By bisulfite genomic sequencing, among the three CpGs inside the MYBPHL enhancer, CpG1 was significantly hypomethylated in MM cell lines (6.7–50.0%) than normal plasma cells (37.5–75.0%) (P = 0.007), which was negatively correlated with qPCR-measured MYBPHL expression. In RPMI-8226 and WL-2 cells, bearing the highest CpG1 methylation, 5-azadC caused enhancer demethylation and expression of MYBPHL. In primary samples, higher CpG1 methylation was associated with lower MYBPHL expression. By luciferase assay, luciferase activity was enhanced by MYBPHL enhancer compared with empty vector control, but reduced by site-directed mutagenesis of each CpG. RNA-seq data of newly diagnosed MM patients showed that MYBPHL expression was associated with t(11;14). MOLP-8 cells carrying t(11;14) express the highest levels of MYBPHL, and its knockdown reduced cellular proliferation and increased cell death. Herein, as a proof-of-concept, our data demonstrated that the MYBPHL enhancer, particularly CpG1, was hypomethylated and associated with increased MYBPHL expression in MM, which was implicated in myelomagenesis.
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Sun S, Wu H, Wu X, You Z, Jiang Y, Liang X, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Wei W, Jiang Y, Chen Y, Song Y, Pang D. Silencing of PGK1 Promotes Sensitivity to Paclitaxel Treatment by Upregulating XAF1-Mediated Apoptosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:535230. [PMID: 33747900 PMCID: PMC7969978 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.535230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known to have aggressive clinical course and a high risk of recurrence. Given the lack of effective targeted therapy options, paclitaxel-based chemotherapy is still the primary option for TNBC patients. However, patients who fail to achieve a complete response during neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be mainly due to sensitivity and resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, we concentrated the present research on the role of PGK1 in the sensitivity to paclitaxel treatment and the possible underlying mechanisms in TNBC. Methods: After exposure to paclitaxel, a cell viability analysis was made to investigate the influence of PGK1 silencing on cell death. The effect of PGK1 on apoptosis induced by paclitaxel treatment was examined in vitro by flow cytometry cell apoptosis assays. Western blotting was performed to examine the impact of PGK1 on paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. The correlation of PGK1 with apoptosis-associated protein X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1) was analyzed in 39 specimens by immunohistochemistry analysis. Results: We observed that silencing PGK1 sensitized triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines to paclitaxel treatment as a result of increased drug-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations suggested that XAF1 was increased in PGK1-knockdown cells along with the expression of the apoptotic proteins including cleaved caspase-3 and Bax. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that PGK1 was negatively related to XAF1. Moreover, we found that downregulation of XAF1 reduced paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in PGK1-silenced triple-negative cell lines. Conclusion: Our results identified PGK1 as a potential biomarker for the treatment of TNBC, and inhibition of PGK1 expression might represent a novel strategy to sensitize TNBC to paclitaxel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Zilong You
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoshuan Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yongdong Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yanni Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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Sumei S, Xiangyun K, Fenrong C, Xueguang S, Sijun H, Bin B, Xiaolei S, Yongjiu T, Kaichun W, Qingchuan Z, Yongzhan N, Bin X. Hypermethylation of DHRS3 as a Novel Tumor Suppressor Involved in Tumor Growth and Prognosis in Gastric Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624871. [PMID: 33553182 PMCID: PMC7859350 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The role of DHRS3 in human cancer remains unclear. Our study explored the role of DHRS3 in gastric cancer (GC) and its clinicopathological significance and associated mechanisms. Materials Bisulfite-assisted genomic sequencing PCR and a Mass-Array system were used to evaluate and quantify the methylation levels of the promoter. The expression levels and biological function of DHRS3 was examined by both in vitro and in vivo assays. A two-way hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify the methylation profiles, and the correlation between the methylation status of the DHRS3 promoter and the clinicopathological characteristics of GC were then assessed. Results The DHRS3 promoter was hypermethylated in GC samples, while the mRNA and protein levels of DHRS3 were significantly downregulated. Ectopic expression of DHRS3 in GC cells inhibited cell proliferation and migration in vitro, decreased tumor growth in vivo. DHRS3 methylation was correlated with histological type and poor differentiation of tumors. GC patients with high degrees of CpG 9.10 methylation had shorter survival times than those with lower methylation. Conclusion DHRS3 was hypermethylated and downregulated in GC patients. Reduced expression of DHRS3 is implicated in gastric carcinogenesis, which suggests DHRS3 is a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sumei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases of the Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kong Xiangyun
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases of the Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Fenrong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sun Xueguang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Hu Sijun
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases of the Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bai Bin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases of the Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shi Xiaolei
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases of the Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tu Yongjiu
- The General Surgery Department of Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University (Central Hospital of the 73th Chinese People's Liberation Army), Xiamen, China
| | - Wu Kaichun
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases of the Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhao Qingchuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases of the Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nie Yongzhan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases of the Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu Bin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases of the Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,The General Surgery Department of Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University (Central Hospital of the 73th Chinese People's Liberation Army), Xiamen, China
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Paredes-Céspedes DM, Rojas-García AE, Medina-Díaz IM, Ramos KS, Herrera-Moreno JF, Barrón-Vivanco BS, González-Arias CA, Bernal-Hernández YY. Environmental and socio-cultural impacts on global DNA methylation in the indigenous Huichol population of Nayarit, Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4472-4487. [PMID: 32940839 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of global DNA methylation have been evaluated in several studies worldwide; however, Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements-1 (LINE-1) methylation in genetically conserved populations such as indigenous communities have not, to our knowledge, been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between LINE-1 methylation patterns and factors such as pesticide exposure and socio-cultural characteristics in the Indigenous Huichol Population of Nayarit, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 140 Huichol indigenous individuals. A structured questionnaire was used to determine general and anthropometric characteristics, diet, harmful habits, and pesticide exposure. DNA methylation was determined by pyrosequencing of bisulfite-treated DNA. A lower level of LINE-1 methylation was found in the indigenous population when compared to a Mestizo population previously studied by our group. This difference might be due to the influence of the genetic admixture and differing dietary and lifestyle habits. The males in the indigenous population exhibited increased LINE-1 methylation in comparison to the females. Sex and alcohol consumption showed positive associations with LINE-1 methylation, while weight, current work in the field, current pesticide usage, and folate intake exhibited negative associations with LINE-1 methylation. The results suggest that ethnicity, as well as other internal and environmental factors, might influence LINE-1 methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marcela Paredes-Céspedes
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, México
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. C.P, 6300, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. C.P, 6300, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Irma Martha Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. C.P, 6300, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Kenneth S Ramos
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030 m EE,UU, USA
| | - José Francisco Herrera-Moreno
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, México
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. C.P, 6300, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. C.P, 6300, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Cyndia Azucena González-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. C.P, 6300, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. C.P, 6300, Tepic, Nayarit, México.
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9
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Amenyah SD, Ward M, McMahon A, Deane J, McNulty H, Hughes C, Strain JJ, Horigan G, Purvis J, Walsh CP, Lees-Murdock DJ. DNA methylation of hypertension-related genes and effect of riboflavin supplementation in adults stratified by genotype for the MTHFR C677T polymorphism. Int J Cardiol 2020; 322:233-239. [PMID: 32920065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors plays an important role in the aetiology of hypertension. GWAS and observational studies link the C677T polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) with hypertension, while riboflavin, the MTHFR cofactor, has been shown to reduce blood pressure and global DNA methylation in homozygous (TT genotype) individuals. It is currently unclear whether riboflavin modulates DNA methylation of other hypertension-related genes. OBJECTIVES To compare DNA methylation of hypertension-related genes in adults stratified by MTHFR genotype and effect of riboflavin intervention in adults with the variant MTHFR 677TT genotype. METHOD Pyrosequencing was carried out for hypertension-related genes (ACE, AGTR1, GCK, GNA12, IGF2, MMP9 and NOS3) in blood samples from participants in previous trials (CC, n = 40; TT, n = 40). The effect of intervention with riboflavin (1.6 mg/d for16 weeks) or placebo on DNA methylation was investigated in adults with the variant MTHFR 677TT genotype (n = 80). RESULTS Individuals with the MTHFR 677TT v CC genotype had significantly higher average DNA methylation at NOS3 (+1.66%, P = 0.044). In response to riboflavin supplementation in TT individuals, there was an increase in average DNA methylation at IGF2 (+1.09%, P = 0.019) and a decrease at ACE (-0.44%, P = 0.021) in females only. Specific CpG sites were hypomethylated in GNA12 and hypermethylated in AGTR1. CONCLUSION This study provides the first RCT evidence that riboflavin alters DNA methylation of hypertension-related genes in adults with the MTHFR 677TT genotype, providing some insight into mechanisms linking hypertension with the genotype-specific response of BP to riboflavin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia D Amenyah
- Genomic Medicine Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK; Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Mary Ward
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Amy McMahon
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Jennifer Deane
- Genomic Medicine Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Helene McNulty
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Catherine Hughes
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Geraldine Horigan
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK
| | - John Purvis
- Department of Cardiology, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, BT47 6SB, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Colum P Walsh
- Genomic Medicine Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Diane J Lees-Murdock
- Genomic Medicine Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK.
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10
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Ma B, Huang Z, Wang Q, Zhang J, Zhou B, Wu J. Integrative analysis of genetic and epigenetic profiling of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) patients to identify smoking level relevant biomarkers. BioData Min 2019; 12:18. [PMID: 31641374 PMCID: PMC6802182 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-019-0207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence and mortality of lung cancer have dramatically decreased during the last decades, yet still approximately 160,000 deaths per year occurred in United States. Smoking intensity, duration, starting age, as well as environmental cofactors including air-pollution, showed strong association with major types of lung cancer. Lung squamous cell carcinoma is a subtype of non-small cell lung cancer, which represents 25% of the cases. Thus, exploring the molecular pathogenic mechanisms of lung squamous cell carcinoma plays crucial roles in lung cancer clinical diagnosis and therapy. RESULTS In this study, we performed integrative analyses on 299 comparative datasets of RNA-seq and methylation data, collected from 513 lung squamous cell carcinoma cases in The Cancer Genome Atlas. The data were divided into high and low smoking groups based on smoking intensity (Numbers of packs per year). We identified 1002 significantly up-regulated genes and 534 significantly down-regulated genes, and explored their cellular functions and signaling pathways by bioconductor packages GOseq and KEGG. Global methylation status was analyzed and visualized in circular plot by CIRCOS. RNA-and methylation data were correlatively analyzed, and 24 unique genes were identified, for further investigation of regional CpG sites' interactive patterns by bioconductor package coMET. AIRE, PENK, and SLC6A3 were the top 3 genes in the high and low smoking groups with significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Gene functions and DNA methylation patterns of these 24 genes are important and useful in disclosing the differences of gene expression and methylation profiling caused by different smoking levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidong Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhe Jiang Chinese Medicine University affiliated Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wen Zhou, Zhe Jiang province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyou Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhe Jiang Chinese Medicine University affiliated Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wen Zhou, Zhe Jiang province People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tianjia Genomes Tech CO., LTD., No. 6 Longquan Road, Anhui Chaohu economic develop zone, Hefei, 238014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jizhou Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhe Jiang Chinese Medicine University affiliated Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wen Zhou, Zhe Jiang province People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhe Jiang Chinese Medicine University affiliated Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wen Zhou, Zhe Jiang province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaohong Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Wen Zhou Medical University affiliated People’s Hospital, Wen Zhou, Zhe Jiang province People’s Republic of China
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Wu Q, Berglund AE, Wang D, MacAulay RJ, Mulé JJ, Etame AB. Paradoxical epigenetic regulation of XAF1 mediates plasticity towards adaptive resistance evolution in MGMT-methylated glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14072. [PMID: 31575897 PMCID: PMC6773736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (MGMT) is surrogate of intrinsic resistance to temozolomide (TMZ). However, mechanisms associated with adaptive resistance evolution of glioblastoma (GBM) relative to MGMT methylation remain unclear. We hereby report a paradoxical yet translational epigenetic regulation of plasticity towards adaptive resistance in GBM. Based on an adaptive resistance model of GBM cells with differential MGMT methylation profiles, MGMT-hypermethylation enhanced genetic and phenotypic plasticity towards adaptive resistance to TMZ while MGMT hypomethylation limited plasticity. The resulting model-associated adaptive resistance gene signature negatively correlated with GBM patient survival. XAF1, a tumor suppressor protein, paradoxically emerged as a mediator of differential plasticities towards adaptive resistance to TMZ through epigenetic regulation. XAF1 promoted resistance both in-vitro and in-vivo. Furthermore, XAF1 expression negatively correlated with XAF1 promoter methylation status, and negatively correlate with GBM patient survival. Collectively, XAF1 appears to have a pradoxical yet translational role in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Departments of Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Anders E Berglund
- Departments of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Departments of Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Robert J MacAulay
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - James J Mulé
- Departments of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Arnold B Etame
- Departments of Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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12
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Paredes-Céspedes DM, Herrera-Moreno JF, Bernal-Hernández YY, Medina-Díaz IM, Salazar AM, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Barrón-Vivanco BS, Rojas-García AE. Pesticide Exposure Modifies DNA Methylation of Coding Region of WRAP53α, an Antisense Sequence of p53, in a Mexican Population. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1441-1448. [PMID: 31243981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of pesticide exposure in alteration of DNA methylation patterns of specific genes is still limited, specifically in natural antisense transcripts (NAT), such as the WRAP53α gene. The aim of this study was to determine the methylation of the WRAP53α gene in mestizo and indigenous populations as well as its relationship with internal (age, sex, and body mass index) and external factors (pesticide exposure and micronutrient intake). A cross-sectional study was conducted including 91 mestizo individuals without occupational exposure to pesticides, 164 mestizo urban sprayers and 189 indigenous persons without occupational exposure to pesticides. Acute pesticide exposure was evaluated by measurement of urinary dialkylphosphate (DAP) concentration by gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. Anthropometric characteristics, unhealthy habits, and chronic pesticide exposure were assessed using a structured questionnaire. The frequency of macro- and micronutrient intake was determined using SNUT software. DNA methylation of the WRAP53α gene was determined by pyrosequencing of bisulfite-modified DNA. The mestizo sprayers group had the higher values of %5mC. In addition, this group had the most DAP urinary concentration with respect to the indigenous and reference groups. Bivariate analysis showed an association between %5mC of the WRAP53α gene with micronutrient intake and pesticide exposure in mestizo sprayers, whereas changes in %5mC of the WRAP53α gene was associated with body mass index in the indigenous group. These data suggest that the %5mC of the WRAP53α gene can be influenced by pesticide exposure and ethnicity in the study population, and changes in the WRAP53α gene might cause an important cell process disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Paredes-Céspedes
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado , Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit , 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000 , Tepic , Nayarit , México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias , Unidad Académica de Agricultura , Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco , Nayarit , México
| | - José F Herrera-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado , Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit , 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000 , Tepic , Nayarit , México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias , Unidad Académica de Agricultura , Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco , Nayarit , México
| | - Yael Y Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado , Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit , 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000 , Tepic , Nayarit , México
| | - Irma M Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado , Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit , 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000 , Tepic , Nayarit , México
| | - Ana M Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , P.O. Box 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF 04510 , México
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , P.O. Box 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF 04510 , México
| | - Briscia S Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado , Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit , 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000 , Tepic , Nayarit , México
| | - Aurora E Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado , Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit , 63155, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000 , Tepic , Nayarit , México
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13
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Zhu C, Li B, Frontzek K, Liu Y, Aguzzi A. SARM1 deficiency up-regulates XAF1, promotes neuronal apoptosis, and accelerates prion disease. J Exp Med 2019; 216:743-756. [PMID: 30842236 PMCID: PMC6446871 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Zhu et al. show that SARM1 deficiency selectively up-regulates XAF1 expression, which, in turn, promotes prion-induced neuronal death and accelerates prion progression. This study reveals a novel link between SARM1, XAF1, and associated neuronal apoptosis in prion disease. SARM1 (sterile α and HEAT/armadillo motif–containing protein) is a member of the MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88) family, which mediates innate immune responses. Because inactivation of SARM1 prevents various forms of axonal degeneration, we tested whether it might protect against prion-induced neurotoxicity. Instead, we found that SARM1 deficiency exacerbates the progression of prion pathogenesis. This deleterious effect was not due to SARM1-dependent modulation of prion-induced neuroinflammation, since microglial activation, astrogliosis, and brain cytokine profiles were not altered by SARM1 deficiency. Whole-transcriptome analyses indicated that SARM1 deficiency led to strong, selective overexpression of the pro-apoptotic gene XAF1 (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor 1). Consequently, the activity of pro-apoptotic caspases and neuronal death were enhanced in prion-infected SARM1−/− mice. These results point to an unexpected function of SARM1 as a regulator of prion-induced neurodegeneration and suggest that XAF1 might constitute a therapeutic target in prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Zhu
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bei Li
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Frontzek
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Sensitization of colorectal cancer cells to irinotecan by the Survivin inhibitor LLP3 depends on XAF1 proficiency in the context of mutated p53. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2645-2648. [PMID: 29947891 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Survivin is a well-established target in experimental cancer therapy. While hardly expressed in normal tissues, it is over-expressed in most human tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Different compartmentalization of Survivin enables its multiple functions as a key controller of cell division, apoptosis, stress-induced signaling and also of migration and metastasis. Because of the lack of its enzymatic activity, this oncoprotein is considered to be undruggable. Nevertheless, small-molecule interfacial inhibitors interfering with its dimerization and/or disrupting the Survivin-Ran protein complex were shown to be potent drugs causing Survivin proteasomal degradation and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Based on our results with different CRC cell lines, we show that the Survivin inhibitor LLP3 might be effective as mono-therapy in the subgroup of p53-proficient and also some p53-mutated tumors, independent of mismatch repair status. When combined with irinotecan, expression of the tumor suppressor X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis factor 1 (XAF1) plays a decisive role for sensitization of CRC cells to this first-line drug, however, only in the p53-mutated background. The combination treatment with IT should be avoided in p53-proficient tumors independent of XAF1 expression, since no sensitization to or even protection against moderate-toxic concentrations of IT might occur.
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15
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Namous H, Peñagaricano F, Del Corvo M, Capra E, Thomas DL, Stella A, Williams JL, Marsan PA, Khatib H. Integrative analysis of methylomic and transcriptomic data in fetal sheep muscle tissues in response to maternal diet during pregnancy. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:123. [PMID: 29409445 PMCID: PMC5801776 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have established a link between maternal diet and the physiological and metabolic phenotypes of their offspring. In previous studies in sheep, we demonstrated that different maternal diets altered the transcriptome of fetal tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying transcriptomic changes are poorly understood. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark regulating transcription and is largely influenced by dietary components of the one-carbon cycle that generate the methyl group donor, SAM. Therefore, in the present study, we tested whether different maternal diets during pregnancy would alter the DNA methylation and gene expression patterns in fetal tissues. RESULTS Pregnant ewes were randomly divided into two groups which received either hay or corn diet from mid-gestation (day 67 ± 5) until day 131 ± 1 when fetuses were collected by necropsy. A total of 1516 fetal longissimus dorsi (LD) tissues were used for DNA methylation analysis and gene expression profiling. Whole genome DNA methylation using methyl-binding domain enrichment analysis revealed 60 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between hay and corn fetuses with 39 DMRs more highly methylated in the hay fetuses vs. 21 DMRs more highly methylated in the corn fetuses. Three DMRs (LPAR3, PLIN5-PLIN4, and the differential methylation of a novel lincRNA) were validated using bisulfite sequencing. These DMRs were associated with differential gene expression. Additionally, significant DNA methylation differences were found at the single CpG level. Integrative methylome and transcriptome analysis revealed an association between gene expression and inter-/intragenic methylated regions. Furthermore, intragenic DMRs were found to be associated with expression of neighboring genes. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study imply that maternal diet from mid- to late-gestation can shape the epigenome and the transcriptome of fetal tissues, and putatively affect phenotypes of the lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadjer Namous
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Francisco Peñagaricano
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Marcello Del Corvo
- Institute of Zootechnics and PRONUTRIGEN Research Center, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Emanuele Capra
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lodi, Italy
| | - David L. Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Alessandra Stella
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lodi, Italy
| | - John L. Williams
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Paolo Ajmone Marsan
- Institute of Zootechnics and PRONUTRIGEN Research Center, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Hasan Khatib
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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16
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Shao Y, Shaw M, Todd K, Khrestian M, D'Aleo G, Barnard PJ, Zahratka J, Pillai J, Yu CE, Keene CD, Leverenz JB, Bekris LM. DNA methylation of TOMM40-APOE-APOC2 in Alzheimer's disease. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:459-471. [PMID: 29371683 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Multiple regulatory elements, spanning the extended TOMM40-APOE-APOC2 region, regulate gene expression at this locus. Regulatory element DNA methylation changes occur under different environmental conditions, such as disease. Our group and others have described an APOE CpG island as hypomethylated in AD, compared to cognitively normal controls. However, little is known about methylation of the larger TOMM40-APOE-APOC2 region. The hypothesis of this investigation was that regulatory element methylation levels of the larger TOMM40-APOE-APOC2 region are associated with AD. The aim was to determine whether DNA methylation of the TOMM40-APOE-APOC2 region differs in AD compared to cognitively normal controls in post-mortem brain and peripheral blood. DNA was extracted from human brain (n = 12) and peripheral blood (n = 67). A methylation array was used for this analysis. Percent methylation within the TOMM40-APOE-APOC2 region was evaluated for differences according to tissue type, disease state, AD-related biomarkers, and gene expression. Results from this exploratory analysis suggest that regulatory element methylation levels within the larger TOMM40-APOE-APOC2 gene region correlate with AD-related biomarkers and TOMM40 or APOE gene expression in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Shao
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - McKenzie Shaw
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kaitlin Todd
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maria Khrestian
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Giana D'Aleo
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P John Barnard
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jeff Zahratka
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jagan Pillai
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lynn M Bekris
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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17
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Lopez A, Harada K, Mizrak Kaya D, Dong X, Song S, Ajani JA. Liquid biopsies in gastrointestinal malignancies: when is the big day? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2017; 18:19-38. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1403320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lopez
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Inserm U954, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Kazuto Harada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dilsa Mizrak Kaya
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaffer A. Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Epigenetic silencing of XAF1 in high-grade gliomas is associated with IDH1 status and improved clinical outcome. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15071-15084. [PMID: 28122345 PMCID: PMC5362468 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
XAF1 (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-associated factor 1) is a tumor suppressor that counteracts the anti-apoptotic effects of XIAP and can sensitize cells to cell death triggering events. XAF1 knockdown abrogated the temozolomide (TMZ)-induced G2-arrest and prevented TMZ-induced apoptosis in the glioblastoma (GB) cell line LN229. Promoter methylation of XAF1 was found to be inversely correlated with mRNA expression in GB cells. We analyzed XAF1 methylation in a panel of 16 GB cell lines and 80 patients with first-diagnosed WHO grade III/IV high-grade gliomas using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melt (MS-HRM) analysis. In those patients, XAF1 promoter methylation was strongly associated with enhanced progression free and overall survival. Interestingly, XAF1 promoter methylation was strictly correlated with the occurrence of IDH1 mutations, indicating a causal link to the IDH1 mutant phenotype. XAF1 methylation was observed in 18 grade III tumors all of which showed heterozygous mutations in the IDH1 gene. 17 harbored a mutation leading to an arginine > histidine (R132H) and one carried a mutation causing an arginine > glycine (R132G) substitution. Furthermore, six out of six recurrent and IDH1 mutated grade III tumors also showed XAF1 promoter methylation. The data demonstrate that XAF1 promoter methylation determined by MS-HRM is a robust and precise indicator of IDH1 mutations in grade III gliomas. It is useful for complementing the immunohistochemistry-based detection of mutant IDH, uncovering rare 2-HG-producing IDH1 and potentially IDH2 mutations. The MS-HRM-based detection of XAF1 methylation could therefore be a reliable tool in assisting the sub-classification of high-grade gliomas.
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Schluckebier L, Aran V, De Moraes J, Paiva H, Sternberg C, Ferreira CG. XAF1 expression levels in a non-small cell lung cancer cohort and its potential association with carcinogenesis. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:402-410. [PMID: 28560416 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of lung carcinogenesis is still not well understood and involves different levels of regulation of several genes. The search for molecular biomarkers, which can be applicable to clinical practice, has been the focus of various studies. XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1) was previously shown to be downregulated in many types of tumors, including squamous cell lung cancer. XAF1 is a pro-apoptotic protein and its restoration was found to sensitize cancer cells to apoptotic stimuli; however, the precise mechanism involved in the downregulation of XAF1 in tumors is unknown and promoter hypermethylation or heat-shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) may be involved. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of XAF1 in tumors and adjacent non-tumor specimens from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and its potential association with various factors including clinicopathological characteristics and other genes involved in NSCLC. Our results indicated that XAF1 expression was markedly altered in NSCLC tumor samples when compared to that found in normal lung tissues. Predominantly, XAF1 was downregulated in the tumors, except in never-smoker patients. In addition, XAF1 may also be important in the whole cell stress mechanism where the p53 status is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciene Schluckebier
- Clinical Research Division, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veronica Aran
- Clinical Research Division, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joyce De Moraes
- Clinical Research Division, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor Paiva
- Pathology Division, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cinthya Sternberg
- Clinical Research Division, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gil Ferreira
- Clinical Research Division, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Fan R, Mao SQ, Gu TL, Zhong FD, Gong ML, Hao LM, Yin FY, Dong CZ, Zhang LN. Preliminary analysis of the association between methylation of the ACE2 promoter and essential hypertension. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3905-3911. [PMID: 28440441 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether methylation of the angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) promoter increases the risk of essential hypertension (EH). A total of 96 patients with EH were recruited and 96 sex‑ and age‑matched healthy controls. Methylation of 5 CpG dinucleotides in the ACE2 promoter was quantified using bisulfite pyrosequencing. Logistic regression and multiple linear regression were used to adjust for confounding factors and the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method was applied to investigate high‑order interactions. Methylation of CpG4 (adjusted P=0.020) and CpG5 (adjusted P=0.036) was significantly higher in patients with EH, with frequency 97.56±5.65% and 12.75±4.15% in EH individuals and 95.73±9.11% and 11.47±3.67% in healthy controls. GMDR detected significant interaction among the 5 CpG sites (odds ratio=7.33, adjusted P=0.01). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curves identified that CpG5 methylation was a significant predictor of EH. Notably, CpG2 methylation was significantly higher in males than in females (adjusted P=0.018). Conversely, CpG5 methylation was significantly lower in males (adjusted P=0.032). These results indicated that aberrant methylation of the ACE2 promoter may be associated with EH risk. In addition, sex may significantly influence ACE2 methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Qi Mao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Lun Gu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Fa-De Zhong
- The Central Blood Station of Ningbo, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315099, P.R. China
| | - Min-Li Gong
- Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315202, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Mei Hao
- Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315202, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Ying Yin
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Zheng Dong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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21
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Ma Z, Song J, Liu S, Han L, Chen Y, Wang Y, Yu C, Hou L. Decreased expression of the CHD5 gene and its clinicopathological significance in breast cancer: Correlation with aberrant DNA methylation. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4021-4026. [PMID: 27895765 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 5 (CHD5) has been identified as a tumor suppressor in mouse models. Downregulation of CHD5 gene expression is frequently observed in breast cancer cells and tissues. This may be explained by deletions or other mutations; however, alternative mechanisms require investigation. Therefore, the present study evaluated whether CHD5 aberrant methylation has a role in primary breast tumors. A total of 389 patients with primary breast cancer (including 252 paraffin-embedded specimens and 137 fresh-frozen samples) were enrolled in the present study. In the current study, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested-methylation-specific PCR were used to analyze the mRNA expression and promoter methylation of CHD5 genes in a large cohort of breast cancer patients, and to investigate their associations with the clinicopathological features of tumors. CHD5 expression was significantly suppressed in breast cancer tissues compared with normal breast tissues when analyzed by RT-PCR. Furthermore, DNA methylation of CHD5 was more prevalent in breast tumors than in normal tissues. CHD5 mRNA levels correlated with the degree of CHD5 methylation in breast cancer tissues. Clinicopathological correlation analysis revealed that CHD5 promoter methylation was associated with estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status. Thus, downregulation of CHD5, mediated by abnormal methylation, may contribute to the development and progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Jinlian Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of PET Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - Yangping Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
| | - Yaqiu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
| | - Chundong Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, P.R. China
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22
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Zuo HP, Guo YY, Che L, Wu XZ. Hypomethylation of Interleukin-6 Promoter is Associated with the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 107:131-6. [PMID: 27627640 PMCID: PMC5074066 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20160124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD), and IL-6 expression has associated with reduced DNA methylation of its gene promoter. However, there are no data on IL-6 promoter methylation and the risk of CHD. OBJECTIVE To examine whether IL-6 promoter methylation measured in blood leukocyte DNA is associated with CHD risk. METHODS A total of 212 cases with CHD and 218 controls were enrolled. Methylation at two CpG sites in IL-6 promoter was measured by bisulfite pyrosequencing, and the mean IL-6 methylation was calculated by averaging the methylation measures of the two CpGs. RESULTS Mean methylation level in IL-6 promoter in CHD cases was significantly lower than that in controls (p = 0.023). Logistic regression analysis showed that IL-6 methylation was inversely associated with the risk of CHD. The odds ratios (ORs) of CHD for subjects in the second and first (lowest) tertile of IL-6 methylation were 1.87 (95% CI = 1.10‑3.20) and 2.01 (95% CI = 1.19-3.38) (ptrend = 0.013), respectively, compared to subjects in the third (highest) tertile. The IL-6 hypomethylation-related risk estimates tended to be stronger for acute myocardial infarction (ptrend = 0.006). CpG position-specific analysis showed that hypomethylation of position 1 conferred a more pronounced increase in CHD risk than that of position 2. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that DNA hypomethylation of IL-6 promoter is associated with the increased risk for CHD, especially for acute myocardial infarction. The two distinct CpGs in IL-6 may contribute differently to the development of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Peng Zuo
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Yu Guo
- Department of Computed Tomography, Jilin Oilfield General Hospital, Songyuan, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lin Che
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Zheng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Cordner ZA, Tamashiro KLK. Effects of chronic variable stress on cognition and Bace1 expression among wild-type mice. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e854. [PMID: 27404286 PMCID: PMC5545713 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful life events, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoids are now thought to have a role in the development of several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) through mechanisms that may include exacerbation of cognitive impairment, neuronal loss, and beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau neuropathology. In the current study, we use a wild-type mouse model to demonstrate that chronic variable stress impairs cognitive function and that aged mice are particularly susceptible. We also find that stress exposure is associated with a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in the expression of Bace1 in the hippocampus of young adult mice and the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala of aged mice. Further, the increased expression of Bace1 was associated with decreased methylation of several CpGs in the Bace1 promoter region. In a second series of experiments, exposure to environmental enrichment (EE) prevented the stress-related changes in cognition, gene expression and DNA methylation. Together, these findings re-affirm the adverse effects of stress on cognition and further suggest that aged individuals are especially susceptible. In addition, demonstrating that chronic stress results in decreased DNA methylation and increased expression of Bace1 in the brain may provide a novel link between stress, Aβ pathology and AD. Finally, understanding the mechanisms by which EE prevented the effects of stress on cognition and Bace1 expression will be an important area of future study that may provide insights into novel approaches to the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Cordner
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K L K Tamashiro
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. E-mail:
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24
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Sun L, Wang J, Yin X, Sun S, Zi C, Zhu G, Wu S, Bao W. Identification of a 5-Methylcytosine Site that may Regulate C/EBPβ Binding and Determine Tissue-Specific Expression of the BPI Gene in Piglets. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28506. [PMID: 27338589 PMCID: PMC4919782 DOI: 10.1038/srep28506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) plays an important role in innate immune defense in mammals. A previous study showed that BPI gene expression correlates to gram-negative bacteria resistance. However, this gene showed tissue-specific expression in piglets and strongly expressed only in the digestive tract. To investigate the mechanisms governing the tissue-specificity, bisulfite sequencing PCR and next generation sequencing were used for high accuracy methylation quantitation of CpG islands of BPI gene upstream in 11 different tissues from weaned Yorkshire piglets. Additionally, qPCR was used to examine mRNA levels of BPI gene as well as transcription factor. We additionally analyzed transcriptional regulation by studying key 5-methylcytosine sites and transcription factors. Results showed that BPI mRNA levels significantly correlated with the overall methylation as well as methylation at mC-15 which was non-CpG site, no significant correlation could be found between the BPI and transcription factor mRNA levels, EMSA test showed that C/EBPβ could interact with BPI wild-type promoter DNA, but not methylated DNA. So we confirmed that methylation of mC-15 residue could inhibit the ability of C/EBPβ binding to the BPI promoter and affect the expression, and this mechanism probably plays a role in the tissue specificity of BPI gene expression in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Shouyong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zi
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
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25
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Kewitz S, Kurch L, Volkmer I, Staege MS. Stimulation of the hypoxia pathway modulates chemotherapy resistance in Hodgkin's lymphoma cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:8229-37. [PMID: 26718211 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is a malignant disease of the lymphatic system. The therapy has been improved during the last decades but there are still patients who cannot be cured, and the therapy is associated with several adverse late effects. Therefore, we asked which genes might be involved in the chemotherapy resistance of HL cells. We observed that HL cells became more resistant against cisplatin after treatment with cobalt chloride. Therefore, we analyzed which genes were differentially expressed between cells incubated in medium with or without cobalt chloride. We found several genes which were up- or downregulated in the presence of cobalt chloride and might be involved in the modulation of chemotherapy resistance. Cobalt chloride is a hypoxia-mimetic agent. Therefore, we tested chemo-resistance and gene expression of HL cells under hypoxic conditions and confirmed the results from the cobalt chloride experiments. Taken together, activation of the hypoxia pathway led to altered gene expression and drug resistance of HL cells. Differentially expressed genes might be interesting targets for the development of future treatment strategies against drug-resistant HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kewitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06097, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Feulgenstr. 12, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
| | - Lars Kurch
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04109, Germany
| | - Ines Volkmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06097, Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- Department of Pediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06097, Germany
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26
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Menschikowski M, Hagelgans A, Nacke B, Jandeck C, Mareninova OA, Asatryan L, Siegert G. Epigenetic control of group V phospholipase A2 expression in human malignant cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:8097-105. [PMID: 26715269 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) are suggested to play an important role in inflammation and tumorigenesis. Different mechanisms of epigenetic regulation are involved in the control of group IIA, III and X sPLA2s expression in cancer cells, but group V sPLA2 (GV-PLA2) in this respect has not been studied. Here, we demonstrate the role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulation of GV-PLA2 expression in different cell lines originating from leukaemia and solid cancers. In blood leukocytes from leukaemic patients, levels of GV-PLA2 transcripts were significantly lower in comparison to those from healthy individuals. Similarly, in DU-145 and PC-3 prostate and CAL-51 and MCF-7 mammary cancer cell lines, levels of GV-PLA2 transcripts were significantly lower in relation to those found in normal epithelial cells of prostate or mammary. By sequencing and methylation-specific high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) analyses of bisulphite-modified DNA, distinct CpG sites in the GV-PLA2 promoter region were identified that were differentially methylated in cancer cells in comparison to normal epithelial and endothelial cells. Spearman rank order analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the methylation degree and the cellular expression of GV-PLA2 (r = -0.697; p = 0.01). The effects of demethylating agent (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine) and histone deacetylase inhibitor (trichostatin A) on GV-PLA2 transcription in the analysed cells confirmed the importance of DNA methylation and histone modification in the regulation of the GV-PLA2 gene expression in leukaemic, prostate and mammary cancer cell lines. The exposure of tumour cells to human recombinant GV-PLA2 resulted in a reduced colony forming activity of MCF-7, HepG2 and PC-3 cells, but not of DU-145 cells suggesting a cell-type-dependent effect of GV-PLA2 on cell growth. In conclusion, our results suggest that epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modification play an important role in downregulation of GV-PLA2 expression in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Menschikowski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Albert Hagelgans
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brit Nacke
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Jandeck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga A Mareninova
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liana Asatryan
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gabriele Siegert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
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27
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Fan R, Mao S, Zhong F, Gong M, Yin F, Hao L, Zhang L. Association of AGTR1 Promoter Methylation Levels with Essential Hypertension Risk: A Matched Case-Control Study. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 147:95-102. [DOI: 10.1159/000442366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether methylation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) promoter contributed to the risk of essential hypertension (EH). A total of 96 EH cases and 96 gender- and age-matched healthy controls were recruited. Methylation of 8 CpG dinucleotides (CpG1-8) in the AGTR1 promoter was examined using the bisulphite pyrosequencing technology. Three CpG dinucleotides (CpG6-8) could not be well sequenced, therefore only the remaining 5 CpG sites were analysed. A significantly lower CpG1 methylation level was identified in EH cases than in controls (cases vs. controls: 6.74 ± 4.32% vs. 9.66 ± 5.45%, p = 0.007), and no significant association was observed in the remaining analyses. In addition, significantly lower CpG1 (p = 0.028) and higher CpG2 (p = 0.032) methylation levels were observed in males than in females. In the breakdown association test by gender, a higher CpG1 methylation level was also identified in EH in both males (p = 0.034) and females (p = 0.020). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that CpG1 methylation was a significant predictor of EH. Furthermore, CpG1 methylation was inversely correlated with uric acid levels in controls. The present study suggests that CpG1 hypomethylation in the AGTR1 promoter is likely associated with the risk of EH in the population assessed.
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28
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Victoria-Acosta G, Vazquez-Santillan K, Jimenez-Hernandez L, Muñoz-Galindo L, Maldonado V, Martinez-Ruiz GU, Melendez-Zajgla J. Epigenetic silencing of the XAF1 gene is mediated by the loss of CTCF binding. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14838. [PMID: 26443201 PMCID: PMC4595840 DOI: 10.1038/srep14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
XAF1 is a tumour suppressor gene that compromises cell viability by modulating different cellular events such as mitosis, cell cycle progression and apoptosis. In cancer, the XAF1 gene is commonly silenced by CpG-dinucleotide hypermethylation of its promoter. DNA demethylating agents induce transcriptional reactivation of XAF1, sensitizing cancer cells to therapy. The molecular mechanisms that mediate promoter CpG methylation have not been previously studied. Here, we demonstrate that CTCF interacts with the XAF1 promoter in vivo in a methylation-sensitive manner. By transgene assays, we demonstrate that CTCF mediates the open-chromatin configuration of the XAF1 promoter, inhibiting both CpG-dinucleotide methylation and repressive histone posttranslational modifications. In addition, the absence of CTCF in the XAF1 promoter inhibits transcriptional activation induced by well-known apoptosis activators. We report for the first time that epigenetic silencing of the XAF1 gene is a consequence of the loss of CTCF binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Victoria-Acosta
- Functional Cancer Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico D.F., 14610, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Jimenez-Hernandez
- Epigenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico D.F., 14610, México
| | - Laura Muñoz-Galindo
- Epigenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico D.F., 14610, México
| | - Vilma Maldonado
- Epigenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico D.F., 14610, México
| | - Gustavo Ulises Martinez-Ruiz
- Functional Cancer Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico D.F., 14610, Mexico.,Unit of Investigative Research on Oncological Disease, Children's Hospital of Mexico "Federico Gomez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Melendez-Zajgla
- Functional Cancer Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico D.F., 14610, Mexico
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29
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Hatakeyama K, Yamakawa Y, Fukuda Y, Ohshima K, Wakabayashi-Nakao K, Sakura N, Tanizawa Y, Kinugasa Y, Yamaguchi K, Terashima M, Mochizuki T. A novel splice variant of XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1) is expressed in peripheral blood containing gastric cancer-derived circulating tumor cells. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18:751-61. [PMID: 25216542 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-014-0426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1) is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues, but its suppression in cancer cells is strongly associated with tumor progression. Although downregulation of XAF1 is observed in tumors, its expression profile in the peripheral blood of cancer patients has not yet been investigated. Here, we identified a novel XAF1 splice variant in cancer cells and then investigated the expression level of this variant in peripheral blood containing gastric cancer-derived circulating tumor cells (CTCs). METHODS To identify splice variants, RT-PCR and DNA sequencing were performed in mRNAs extracted from many cancer cells. We then carried out quantitative RT-PCR to investigate expression in peripheral blood from all 96 gastric cancer patients and 22 healthy volunteers. RESULTS The XAF1 variant harbored a premature termination codon (PTC) and was differentially expressed in highly metastatic cancer cells versus the parental cells, and that nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) was suppressed in the variant-expressing cells. Furthermore, splice variants of XAF1 were upregulated in peripheral blood containing CTCs. In XAF1 variant-expressing patients, the expression levels of other NMD-targeted genes also increased, suggesting that the NMD pathway was suppressed in CTCs. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a novel splice variant of XAF1 in cancer cells. This variant was regulated through the NMD pathway and accumulated in NMD-suppressed metastatic cancer cells and peripheral blood containing CTCs. The presence of XAF1 transcripts harboring the PTC in the peripheral blood may be useful as an indicator of NMD inhibition in CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hatakeyama
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yushi Yamakawa
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1077 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yorikane Fukuda
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
- G&G Science, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohshima
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Sakura
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tanizawa
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1077 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kinugasa
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital and Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Terashima
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1077 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan.
| | - Tohru Mochizuki
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
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Chen D, Zhang F, Sang Y, Zhu R, Zhang H, Chen Y. [XAF1 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 in vitro]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2015; 17:829-33. [PMID: 25539606 PMCID: PMC6000416 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2014.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE XAF1 is a factor necessary to inhibit tumor cell growth. Low XAF1 expression is associated with various tumor cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect and the mechanism of adenovirus vector Ad5/F35 mediated X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein associated factor-1 (XAF1) on the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis of human lung adenocarcinoma cell A549. METHODS Recombinant virus Ad5/F35-XAF1 and controlled virus Ad5/F35-NULL exhibited different multiplicities of infection (MOI) at the same time. mRNA and protein expressions of XAF1 were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Cell proliferation was observed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and cell apoptosis was analyzed by FACS with Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. The expressions of apoptosis-associated proteins, such as PARP, Caspase-3, and Caspase-8, were also determined by Western blot. RESULTS mRNA and protein expressions of XAF1 were significantly increased in human lung adenocarcinoma cell A549 after this cell was transfected with Ad5/F35-XAF1 for 48 h; these expressions were higher than those of the controlled group Ad5/F35-NULL. Cell proliferation was inhibited and apoptosis was induced in a dose-dependent manner in the Ad5/F35-XAF1 group. After Ad5/F35-XAF1 transfection was performed, the cleavage of apoptosis-associated proteins, such as PARP, Caspase-3, and Caspase-8, was activated. CONCLUSIONS Restored XAF1 expression inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Furthermore, XAF1 may activate associated apoptotic signaling pathways in A549 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglai Chen
- The Dushu Lake Campus Class 3 Grade, 2012 Clinical Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- The Second Hospital Affiliated to Suzhou University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yonghua Sang
- The Second Hospital Affiliated to Suzhou University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rongying Zhu
- The Second Hospital Affiliated to Suzhou University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Cancer Molecular Genetics Laboratory of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yongbing Chen
- The Second Hospital Affiliated to Suzhou University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Yim RL, Wong KY, Kwong YL, Loong F, Leung CY, Chu R, Lam WWL, Hui PK, Lai R, Chim CS. Methylation of miR-155-3p in mantle cell lymphoma and other non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9770-82. [PMID: 25211095 PMCID: PMC4259436 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In cancers, tumor suppressive microRNAs may be silenced by DNA hypermethylation. By microRNA profiling of representative EBV-negative MCL cell lines before and after demethylation treatment, miR-155-3p was found significantly restored. Methylation-specific PCR, verified by pyrosequencing, showed complete methylation of miR-155-3p in one MCL cell line (REC-1). 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment of REC-1 led to demethylation and re-expression of miR-155-3p. Over-expression of miR-155-3p led to increased sub-G1 apoptotic cells and reduced cellular viability, demonstrating its tumor suppressive properties. By luciferase assay, lymphotoxin-beta (LT-β) was validated as a miR-155-3p target. In 31 primary MCL, miR-155-3p was found hypermethylated in 6(19%) cases. To test if methylation of miR-155-3p was MCL-specific, miR-155-3p methylation was tested in an additional 191 B-cell, T-cell and NK-cell NHLs, yielding miR-155-3p methylation in 66(34.6%) including 36(27%) non-MCL B-cell, 24(53%) T-cell and 6(46%) of NK-cell lymphoma. Moreover, in 72 primary NHL samples with RNA, miR-155-3p methylation correlated with miR-155-3p downregulation (p = 0.024), and LT-β upregulation (p = 0.043). Collectively, miR-155-3p is a potential tumor suppressive microRNA hypermethylated in MCL and other NHL subtypes. As miR-155-3p targets LT-β, which is an upstream activator of the non-canonical NF-kB signaling, miR-155-3p methylation is potentially important in lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Lh Yim
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwan Yeung Wong
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yok Lam Kwong
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Raymond Chu
- Department of Pathology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong
| | | | - Pak Kwan Hui
- Department of Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Chor Sang Chim
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Tumor suppressor XAF1 induces apoptosis, inhibits angiogenesis and inhibits tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5403-15. [PMID: 24980821 PMCID: PMC4170645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1), a XIAP-binding protein, is a tumor suppressor gene. XAF1 was silent or expressed lowly in most human malignant tumors. However, the role of XAF1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of XAF1 on tumor growth and angiogenesis in hepatocellular cancer cells. Our results showed that XAF1 expression was lower in HCC cell lines SMMC-7721, Hep G2 and BEL-7404 and liver cancer tissues than that in paired non-cancer liver tissues. Adenovirus-mediated XAF1 expression (Ad5/F35-XAF1) significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HCC cells in dose- and time- dependent manners. Infection of Ad5/F35-XAF1 induced cleavage of caspase -3, -8, -9 and PARP in HCC cells. Furthermore, Ad5/F35-XAF1 treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth in a xenograft model of liver cancer cells. Western Blot and immunohistochemistry staining showed that Ad5/F35-XAF1 treatment suppressed expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is associated with tumor angiogenesis, in cancer cells and xenograft tumor tissues. Moreover, Ad5/F35-XAF1 treatment prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Our results demonstrate that XAF1 inhibits tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. XAF1 may be a promising target for liver cancer treatment.
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X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor l (XAFl) enhances the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to cisplatin. Med Oncol 2014; 31:273. [PMID: 25367849 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to investigate the roles of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor l (XAFl) in regulation apoptosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells after treatment with cisplatin (DDP). A total of ten paired cancerous and non-cancerous tissues were collected from patients with CRC after surgery. The levels of XAFl protein were detected by Western blot. Primary CRC cells were separated from cancer tissues, and its viability or apoptosis after treatment with DDP was determined with MTT or Annexin V/PI assays, respectively. Furthermore, we either up-regulated transfecting a XAF1 overexpression vector or down-regulated XAF1 by siRNA interference. And then, the XAF1 levels and its sensitivity to cisplatin were assessed. XAFl had a lower expression in the cancerous tissues from samples T1, T2 and T3 than their paired non-cancerous tissues N1, N2 and N3. However, the expression of XAF1 was not detected in samples T4 and N1. XAF1 levels in cancer tissues significantly decreased in comparison with normal tissues. Cell abilities of primary cells were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner, after treatment with a series concentrations of cisplatin (2, 5, 10 μg/mL) for 48 h. Although, after down-expression of XAFl by siRNA, cisplatin caused a significant decreases in apoptosis rates in CRC cells. The up-regulation of XAF1 distinctly increased apoptosis in CRC cells administered by cisplatin (P < 0.001). The XAFl could promoted apoptosis and enhanced chemotherapy sensitivity to cisplatin in CRC cells.
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Lou YF, Zou ZZ, Chen PJ, Huang GB, Li B, Zheng DQ, Yu XR, Luo XY. Combination of gefitinib and DNA methylation inhibitor decitabine exerts synergistic anti-cancer activity in colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97719. [PMID: 24874286 PMCID: PMC4038521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of human colon cancer, the chemotherapy efficacy against colon cancer is still unsatisfactory. In the present study, effects of concomitant inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and DNA methyltransferase were examined in human colon cancer cells. We demonstrated that decitabine (a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) synergized with gefitinib (an EGFR inhibitor) to reduce cell viability and colony formation in SW1116 and LOVO cells. However, the combination of the two compounds displayed minimal toxicity to NCM460 cells, a normal human colon mucosal epithelial cell line. The combination was also more effective at inhibiting the AKT/mTOR/S6 kinase pathway. In addition, the combination of decitabine with gefitinib markedly inhibited colon cancer cell migration. Furthermore, gefitinib synergistically enhanced decitabine-induced cytotoxicity was primarily due to apoptosis as shown by Annexin V labeling that was attenuated by z-VAD-fmk, a pan caspase inhibitor. Concomitantly, cell apoptosis resulting from the co-treatment of gefitinib and decitabine was accompanied by induction of BAX, cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP, along with reduction of Bcl-2 compared to treatment with either drug alone. Interestingly, combined treatment with these two drugs increased the expression of XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1) which play an important role in cell apoptosis. Moreover, small interfering RNA (siRNA) depletion of XAF1 significantly attenuated colon cancer cells apoptosis induced by the combination of the two drugs. Our findings suggested that gefitinib in combination with decitabine exerted enhanced cell apoptosis in colon cancer cells were involved in mitochondrial-mediated pathway and induction of XAF1 expression. In conclusion, based on the observations from our study, we suggested that the combined administration of these two drugs might be considered as a novel therapeutic regimen for treating colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-feng Lou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Luoyang Central Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
| | - Zheng-zhi Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pin-jia Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Luoyang Central Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
| | - Guo-bin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Donghua Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Luoyang Central Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
| | - De-qing Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Donghua Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiu-rong Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Luoyang Central Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiao-yong Luo
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Luoyang Central Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
- * E-mail:
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Li Z, Xie J, Wu J, Li W, Nie L, Sun X, Tang A, Li X, Liu R, Mei H, Wang F, Wang Z, Gui Y, Cai Z. CMTM3 inhibits human testicular cancer cell growth through inducing cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88965. [PMID: 24586462 PMCID: PMC3938458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CMTM3 has been proposed as a putative tumor suppressor gene. The loss of CMTM3 has been found in several carcinomas. However, the regulation of CMTM3 expression and its function in tumor progression remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the regulation of CMTM3 expression, function and molecular mechanism in human testicular cancer cells. CMTM3 was frequently downregulated or silenced in testicular cancer cell lines and tumor tissues but highly expressed in normal testis tissues. The re-expression of CMTM3 significantly suppressed the colony formation, proliferation, and migration capacity of testicular cancer cells by inducing a G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, the re-expression of CMTM3 activated the transcription of p53, induced p53 accumulation, up-regulated the expression of p21, and increased the cleavage of caspase 9, 8, 3, and PARP. The downregulation of CMTM3 in clinical tumor tissues was associated with the methylation of a single CpG site located within the Sp1/Sp3-responsive region of the core promoter. These results indicate that CMTM3 can function as tumor suppressor through the induction of a G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. CMTM3 is thus involved in testicular cancer pathogenesis, and it is frequently at least partially silenced by the methylation of a single, specific CpG site in tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (ZC)
| | - Jun Xie
- Guandong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianting Wu
- Guandong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Urology, Suzhou municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Nie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aifa Tang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianxin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ren Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbing Mei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaoting Gui
- Guandong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (ZC)
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Shi X, Li X, Chen L, Wang C. Analysis of somatostatin receptors and somatostatin promoter methylation in human gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1794-1798. [PMID: 24260078 PMCID: PMC3834542 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is a gut peptide that is able to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in gastric cancer and other types of cancer. The present study investigated the mRNA and protein levels of SST and SST receptors (SSTRs) in human gastric cancer, and detected the DNA methylation of the SST promoter. The protein levels of SST were detected using a radioimmunoassay in 102 human gastric tissue specimens (51 pairs of samples from 51 gastric cancer patients, each pair of samples included a cancer tissue and a normal tissue sample). SST and SSTR mRNA expression was assessed by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), while SST promoter methylation was examined using quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) in 51 pairs of tissues. The association between SST protein and RNA levels and SST methylation and gastric cancer were also analyzed. The protein levels of SST were decreased in the gastric cancer group compared with those of the normal group (5.091±0.994 vs. 7.399±0.956 pg/mg; P<0.01). The RT-PCR analysis indicated that the mRNA levels of SST (0.218±0.183 vs. 0.456±0.331; P<0.001) and SSTRs in the gastric cancer group were lower compared with those of the normal gastric tissue group. The methylation proportion of SST was 45.1% (23/51) in the carcinoma group and 3.9% (2/51) in the normal group. In conclusion, SST promoter methylation is a common event in human gastric cancer and is connected with a decrease in SST protein and RNA levels and associated with gastric carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Alexeeff SE, Baccarelli AA, Halonen J, Coull BA, Wright RO, Tarantini L, Bollati V, Sparrow D, Vokonas P, Schwartz J. Association between blood pressure and DNA methylation of retrotransposons and pro-inflammatory genes. Int J Epidemiol 2013; 42:270-80. [PMID: 23508416 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an epigenetic regulator of gene expression that changes with age, but its contribution to aging-related disorders, including high blood pressure (BP), is still largely unknown. We examined the relation of BP to the methylation of retrotransposon sequences of DNA and of selected candidate genes. METHODS This investigation included 789 elderly participants in the Normative Aging Study, ranging in age from 55 to 100 years, who had longitudinal measurements of DNA methylation. In these subjects' DNA we measured the proportion of methylated sites in retrotransposable sequences and in pro-inflammatory genes, expressed as the percent of 5-methylated cytosines (%5mC) among all cytosines. From one to four methylation measurements were made for each subject between 1999 and 2009. We fit mixed-effects models, using repeated measures of BP as the outcome and DNA methylation as the explanatory variable, adjusting for confounding variables. We also fit a Bayesian mixed-effects structural equation model to account for heterogeneity in the effects of methylation sites within each gene. RESULTS An increase in inter-quartile range (IQR) in the methylation of Alu elements was associated with an increase of 0.97 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (95% CI 0.32-1.57), but no such association was observed for long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1). We also found positive associations between DBP and methylation of the genes for toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and a negative association between DBP and methylation of the gene for interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Associations between methylation and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were weaker than those between methylation and DBP. Bayesian mixed-effects structural equation model results were similar for both DBP and SBP models. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that changes in DNA methylation of some pro-inflammatory genes and retrotransposable elements are related to small changes in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Alexeeff
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston MA 02215, USA.
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Han LL, Hou L, Zhou MJ, Ma ZL, Lin DL, Wu L, Ge YL. Aberrant NDRG1 methylation associated with its decreased expression and clinicopathological significance in breast cancer. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:52. [PMID: 23899187 PMCID: PMC3751627 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cell differentiation is an important characteristic of malignant tumor and has a great impact on prognosis and therapeutic decision for patients. The N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), a putative tumor suppression gene, is involved in the regulation of human cell differentiation and metastasis in various cancers. Changes in the status of methylation of the NDRG1 gene have not been studied in detail in human breast cancer. Results The MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cell line could express NDRG1. However, it was only expressed after treatment with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA) in T47D cell line, which revealed that NDRG1 expression could modulated by DNA methylation. Therefore, the fragment surrounding the transcript start site of NDRG1 gene promoter was cloned after sodium bisulfite DNA treatment. A high density (66%) of methylation for human NDRG1 gene promoter was detected in T47D; however, there was only 16% of methylated CpG dinucleotides in the NDRG1 gene promoter in MDA-MB-231. DNA methylation in the NDRG1 promoter was detected in 31.1% of primary breast cancer samples. Furthermore, the NDRG1 promoter methylation correlated with the Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) at stage III/IV, metastasis, lymph invasion, moderate and poor histological grade in the breast cancer patients. Conclusion These findings suggest that the DNA methylation status of NDRG1 gene may play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or development of breast cancer, and the expression could be regulated by aberrant DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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DNA methylation and apoptosis resistance in cancer cells. Cells 2013; 2:545-73. [PMID: 24709797 PMCID: PMC3972670 DOI: 10.3390/cells2030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a cell death programme primordial to cellular homeostasis efficiency. This normal cell suicide program is the result of the activation of a cascade of events in response to death stimuli. Apoptosis occurs in normal cells to maintain a balance between cell proliferation and cell death. A deregulation of this balance due to modifications in the apoptosic pathway leads to different human diseases including cancers. Apoptosis resistance is one of the most important hallmarks of cancer and some new therapeutical strategies focus on inducing cell death in cancer cells. Nevertheless, cancer cells are resistant to treatment inducing cell death because of different mechanisms, such as DNA mutations in gene coding for pro-apoptotic proteins, increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and/or pro-survival signals, or pro-apoptic gene silencing mediated by DNA hypermethylation. In this context, aberrant DNA methylation patterns, hypermethylation and hypomethylation of gene coding for proteins implicated in apoptotic pathways are possible causes of cancer cell resistance. This review highlights the role of DNA methylation of apoptosis-related genes in cancer cell resistance.
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Ling ZQ, Lv P, Lu XX, Yu JL, Han J, Ying LS, Zhu X, Zhu WY, Fang XH, Wang S, Wu YC. Circulating Methylated XAF1 DNA Indicates Poor Prognosis for Gastric Cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67195. [PMID: 23826230 PMCID: PMC3695092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylated DNA in fluids may be a suitable biomarker for cancer patients. XAF1 has been shown to be frequently down-regulated in human gastric cancer (GC). Here, we investigated if XAF1 methylation in GC could be a useful biomarker. METHODS Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect XAF1 mRNA expression; immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to examine XAF1 protein expression in GC tissues (n = 202) and their corresponding para-cancerous histological normal tissues (PCHNTs). Real-time methylation specific-PCR was used to investigate XAF1 promoter methylation in the same panel of GC tissues, their PCHNTs and sera. RESULTS We confirmed frequent XAF1 down-regulation in both mRNA and protein levels in GC tissues as compared to normal controls and PCHNTs. XAF1 hypermethylation was evidenced in 83.2% (168/202) of GC tissues and 27.2% (55/202) of PCHNTs, while no methylation was detected in the 88 normal controls. The methylation level in GC tissues was significantly higher than that in PCHNTs (p<0.05). The hypermethylation of XAF1 significantly correlated with the down-regulation of XAF1 in GC tissues in both mRNA and protein levels (p<0.001 each). Moreover, we detected high frequency of XAF1 methylation (69.8%, 141 out of 202) in the sera DNAs from the same patients, while the sera DNAs from 88 non-tumor controls were negative for XAF1 methylation. The XAF1 methylation in both GC tissues and in the sera could be a good biomarker for diagnosis of GC (AUC = 0.85 for tissue and AUC = 0.91 for sera) and significantly correlated with poorer prognosis (p<0.001). In addition, after-surgery negative-to-positive transition of XAF1 methylation in sera strongly associated with tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS 1) Dysfunction of XAF1 is frequent and is regulated through XAF1 promoter hypermethylation; 2) Detection of circulating methylated XAF1 DNAs in the serum may be a useful biomarker in diagnosis, evaluating patient's outcome (prognosis and recurrence) for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Lu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang-Liu Yu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Han
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Sha Ying
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wang-Yu Zhu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xian-Hua Fang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Department of Endoscopy, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Chen Wu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Tänzer M, Liebl M, Quante M. Molecular biomarkers in esophageal, gastric, and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:133-47. [PMID: 23791941 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancers of the esophagus, stomach and colon contribute to a major health burden worldwide and over 20% of all cancer deaths. Biomarkers that should indicate pathogenic process and are measureable in an objective manner for these tumors are rare and not established in the clinical setting. In general biomarkers can be very useful for cancer management as they can improve clinical decision-making regarding diagnosis, surveillance, and therapy. Biomarkers can be different types of molecular entities (such as DNA, RNA or proteins), which can be detected, in different tissues or body fluids. However, more important is the type of biomarker itself, which allows diagnostic, prognostic or predictive analyses for different clinical problems. This review aims to systematically summarize the recent findings of genetic and epigenetic markers for gastrointestinal tumors within the last decade. While many biomarkers seem to be very promising, especially if used as panels, further development is urgently needed to address practical considerations of biomarkers in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tänzer
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany
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Geeleher P, Hartnett L, Egan LJ, Golden A, Raja Ali RA, Seoighe C. Gene-set analysis is severely biased when applied to genome-wide methylation data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 29:1851-7. [PMID: 23732277 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that can stably repress gene expression. Because of its biological and clinical significance, several methods have been developed to compare genome-wide patterns of methylation between groups of samples. The application of gene set analysis to identify relevant groups of genes that are enriched for differentially methylated genes is often a major component of the analysis of these data. This can be used, for example, to identify processes or pathways that are perturbed in disease development. We show that gene-set analysis, as it is typically applied to genome-wide methylation assays, is severely biased as a result of differences in the numbers of CpG sites associated with different classes of genes and gene promoters. RESULTS We demonstrate this bias using published data from a study of differential CpG island methylation in lung cancer and a dataset we generated to study methylation changes in patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis. We show that several of the gene sets that seem enriched would also be identified with randomized data. We suggest two existing approaches that can be adapted to correct the bias. Accounting for the bias in the lung cancer and ulcerative colitis datasets provides novel biological insights into the role of methylation in cancer development and chronic inflammation, respectively. Our results have significant implications for many previous genome-wide methylation studies that have drawn conclusions on the basis of such strongly biased analysis. CONTACT cathal.seoighe@nuigalway.ie SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Geeleher
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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Wu WK, Wang XJ, Cheng AS, Luo MX, Ng SS, To KF, Chan FK, Cho CH, Sung JJ, Yu J. Dysregulation and crosstalk of cellular signaling pathways in colon carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 86:251-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Lin Y, Li W. Assessment of XAF1 as A Biomarker to Differentiate Hepatocellular Carcinoma from Nonneoplastic Liver Tissues. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 24:201-6. [PMID: 23358741 DOI: 10.1007/s11670-012-0201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1) expression has been shown to be related with apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the correlation of XAF1 expression with HCC tumor grade has not been intensively assessed. XIAP-associated factor-1 (XAF1) is an important apoptosis inducer in human HCC. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between XAF1 expression and HCC histopathological grades. METHODS The mRNA levels of XAF1 in 24 paired HCC-nonneoplastic specimens were quantified by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Protein levels of XAF1 in 110 paired HCC-noncancer tissues were investigated by immunostaining specimens on a tissue microarray (TMA). Correlations between XAF1 mRNA levels or protein expression and clinicopathological features were assessed by statistical analysis. RESULTS Both XAF1 mRNA and protein were significantly under-expressed in HCC tissues compared to their non-neoplastic counterparts. No significant relationship was found between XAF1 mRNA or protein expression and histological tumor grade. CONCLUSION All these data suggest that XAF1 is a potential biomarker for differentiating HCC with noncancerous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Cheng ASL, Li MS, Kang W, Cheng VY, Chou JL, Lau SS, Go MY, Lee CC, Ling TK, Ng EK, Yu J, Huang TH, To KF, Chan MW, Sung JJY, Chan FKL. Helicobacter pylori causes epigenetic dysregulation of FOXD3 to promote gastric carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:122-133.e9. [PMID: 23058321 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Deregulation of forkhead box (Fox) proteins, an evolutionarily conserved family of transcriptional regulators, leads to tumorigenesis. Little is known about their regulation or functions in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Promoter hypermethylation occurs during Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis. We investigated whether the deregulated genes contribute to gastric tumorigenesis. METHODS We used integrative genome-wide scans to identify concomitant hypermethylated genes in mice infected with H pylori and human gastric cancer samples. We also analyzed epigenetic gene silencing in gastric tissues from patients with H pylori infection and gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, gastric tumors, or without disease (controls). Target genes were identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation microarrays and expression and luciferase reporter analyses. RESULTS Methylation profile analyses identified the promoter of FOXD3 as the only genomic region with increased methylation in mice and humans during progression of H pylori-associated gastric tumors. FOXD3 methylation also correlated with shorter survival times of patients with gastric cancer. Genome demethylation reactivated FOXD3 expression in gastric cancer cell lines. Transgenic overexpression of FOXD3 significantly inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion, and reduced growth of xenograft tumors in mice, at least partially, by promoting tumor cell apoptosis. FOXD3 bound directly to the promoters of, and activated transcription of, genes encoding the cell death regulators CYFIP2 and RARB. Levels of FOXD3, CYFIP2, and RARB messenger RNAs were reduced in human gastric tumor samples, compared with control tissues. CONCLUSIONS FOXD3-mediated transcriptional control of tumor suppressors is deregulated by H pylori infection-induced hypermethylation; this could perturb the balance between cell death and survival. These findings identify a pathway by which epigenetic changes affect gastric tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred S L Cheng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Long X, Li Y, Qi Y, Xu J, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhang D, Zhang L, Huang J. XAF1 contributes to dengue virus-induced apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells. FASEB J 2012. [PMID: 23207547 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-213967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of vascular leakage in severe dengue infection remains unclear. Here, we used primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the EA.hy926 cell line to study the molecular events that occur after dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) infection. DENV2-induced apoptosis was confirmed using nuclear staining, TUNEL assay, and electron microscopy. A genome-wide transcriptome analysis was performed using a microarray of DENV2-infected HUVECs. Notably, interferon-inducible genes were differentially expressed after DENV2 infection. Prominent among these genes was the X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1; up-regulated 1.2-fold in the microarray analysis and ∼8-fold by qRT-PCR after DENV2 infection). XAF1 protein levels were up-regulated after DENV2 infection in both HUVECs and EA.hy926 cells. Evidence indicated interaction between XAF1 and XIAP during DENV2 infection based on their cellular localization, as observed by confocal microscopy and the coimmunoprecipitation of XIAP with an anti-XAF1 antibody. Next, recombinant EA.hy926 cell lines in which XAF1 was either knocked down or overexpressed were constructed. The expression levels of the apoptosis-related genes caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were down-regulated in the XAF1 knockdown (24-48 h postinfection) but were up-regulated in XAF1 overexpressing cells (36 h postinfection). This is the first study of the role of XAF1 in promoting apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells after DENV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xigui Long
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Abnormal genetic and epigenetic changes in signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2600-7. [PMID: 22569826 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Changes in the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) contribute to the development of a variety of autoimmune diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Moreover, epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, are considered a basis for differentiation of T helper cells and regulation of cytokines. In this study, we investigated the methylation status of STAT4 gene in IBD patients and the associations between its genetic and epigenetic alterations in IBD patients. METHODS Blood and colonic mucosa samples were obtained from Korean patients with IBD and healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, and total RNA and genomic DNA were isolated from the PBMCs and colon mucosa tissues. The mRNA level and DNA methylation status of the promoter were determined by real-time RT-PCR and pyrosequencing, respectively. The chosen SNPs (rs11889341, rs7574865, rs8179673, rs6752770, rs925847, rs10168266, rs10181656, and rs11685878) were genotyped using the TaqMan nuclease assay. RESULTS Elevated expression of STAT4 was observed in the colonic mucosa and PBMCs of IBD patients. IBD patients showed a lower degree of methylation of the STAT4 promoter than did the healthy controls. Moreover, a significant correlation between risk alleles and methylation status at -172 of the STAT4 promoter was observed, and mRNA levels of STAT4 in IBD patients were correlated inversely with the T-risk allele (rs7574865). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that the DNA methylation status of STAT4 is associated with genetic polymorphisms, providing insights into the interactions between genetic and epigenetic aberrances in STAT4 that contribute to the development of IBD.
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Tse MK, Cho CK, Wong WF, Zou B, Hui SK, Wong BCY, Sze KH. Domain organization of XAF1 and the identification and characterization of XIAP(RING) -binding domain of XAF1. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1418-28. [PMID: 22811387 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1) has been implicated as a novel tumor suppressor, which was proposed to exert pro-apoptotic effect by antagonizing the anticaspase activity of XIAP. Here, we delineated the domain architecture of XAF1 by applying limited proteolysis and peptide mass fingerprinting analysis. Our results indicated that XAF1 has a distinct domain organization, with a highly compact N-terminal domain (XAF1(NTD) ) followed by a middle domain (XAF1(MD) ), a 42-residue unstructured linker and a C-terminal domain (XAF1(CTD) ). The search of XIAP binding region within XAF1 revealed that a modest affinity XIAP(RING) binding site (dissociation constant, K(d) , ∼18 μM) is located at the C-terminal portion of XAF1. This C-terminal region, embracing XAF1(CTD) and a flexible tail at C-terminus (residue Thr251-Ser301), is functionally identified as XIAP(RING) -binding domain of XAF1 (XAF1(RBD) ) in the present study. We have also mapped the interaction sites for XAF1(RBD) on XIAP(RING) by using NMR spectroscopy. By applying in vitro ubiquitination assay, we observed that XAF1(RBD) /XIAP interaction is essential for the ubiquitination of GST-XAF1(RBD) fusion protein. In addition, the C-terminal XAF1 fragment harboring XAF1(RBD) was found to be substantially ubiquitinated by XIAP(RING) . Base on these observations, we speculate a possible role of XAF1(RBD) in targeting XAF1 for XIAP-mediated ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Kit Tse
- Department of Microbiology and State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Chen XY, He QY, Guo MZ. XAF1 is frequently methylated in human esophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2844-9. [PMID: 22719195 PMCID: PMC3374990 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i22.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore epigenetic changes in the gene encoding X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor 1 (XAF1) during esophageal carcinogenesis.
METHODS: Methylation status of XAF1 was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in four esophageal cancer cell lines (KYSE30, KYSE70, BIC1 and partially methylated in TE3 cell lines), nine cases of normal mucosa, 72 cases of primary esophageal cancer and matched adjacent tissue. XAF1 expression was examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting before and after treatment with 5-aza-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dc), a demethylating agent. To investigate the correlation of XAF1 expression and methylation status in primary esophageal cancer, immunohistochemistry for XAF1 expression was performed in 32 cases of esophageal cancer and matched adjacent tissue. The association of methylation status and clinicopathological data was analyzed by logistic regression.
RESULTS: MSP results were as follows: loss of XAF1 expression was found in three of four esophageal cell lines with promoter region hypermethylation (completely methylated in KYSE30, KYSE70 and BIC1 cell lines and partially in TE3 cells); all nine cases of normal esophageal mucosa were unmethylated; and 54/72 (75.00%) samples from patients with esophageal cancer were methylated, and 25/72 (34.70%) matched adjacent tissues were methylated (75.00% vs 34.70%, χ2 = 23.5840, P = 0.000). mRNA level of XAF1 measured with semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was detectable only in TE3 cells, and no expression was detected in KYSE30, KYSE70 or BIC1 cells. Protein expression was not observed in KYSE30 cells by Western blotting before treatment with 5-aza-dc. After treatment, mRNA level of XAF1 was detectable in KYSE30, KYSE70 and BIC1 cells. Protein expression was detected in KYSE30 after treatment with 5-aza-dc. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 32 cases of esophageal cancer and adjacent tissue, and demonstrated XAF1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm. XAF1 staining was found in 20/32 samples of adjacent normal tissue but was present in only 8/32 samples of esophageal cancer tissue (χ2= 9.143, P = 0.002). XAF1 expression was decreased in cancer samples compared with adjacent tissues. In 32 cases of esophageal cancer, 24/32 samples were methylated, and 8/32 esophageal cancer tissues were unmethylated. XAF1 staining was found in 6/8 samples of unmethylated esophageal cancer and 2/24 samples of methylated esophageal cancer tissue. XAF1 staining was inversely correlated with XAF1 promoter region methylation (Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.004). Regarding methylation status and clinicopathological data, no significant differences were found in sex, age, tumor size, tumor stage, or metastasis with respect to methylation of XAF1 for the 72 tissue samples from patients with esophageal cancer.
CONCLUSION: XAF1 is frequently methylated in esophageal cancer, and XAF1 expression is regulated by promoter region hypermethylation.
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Air pollution and markers of coagulation, inflammation, and endothelial function: associations and epigene-environment interactions in an elderly cohort. Epidemiology 2012; 23:332-40. [PMID: 22237295 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e31824523f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that air pollution is related to thrombosis, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Mechanisms and sources of susceptibility are still unclear. One possibility is that these associations can be modified by DNA methylation states. METHODS We conducted a cohort study with repeated measurements of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in 704 elderly men participating in the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study (2000-2009). We investigated short- and intermediate-term air pollution effects on these blood markers, and epigene-environment interactions by DNA methylation of Alu, LINE-1, tissue factor (F3), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), and ICAM-1. RESULTS We found effects of particle number, black carbon, nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), and carbon monoxide (CO) on fibrinogen. Ozone was a predictor of C-reactive protein and ICAM-1. Particle number, black carbon, NO(2), CO, PM(2.5), and sulfates were associated with ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. An interquartile range increase in 24-hour exposure for NO(2) was associated with a 1.7% (95% confidence interval = 0.2%-3.3%) increase in fibrinogen for ozone; a 10.8% (2.2%-20.0%) increase in C-reactive protein for particle number; a 5.9% (3.6%-8.3%) increase in ICAM-1; and for PM(2.5), a 3.7% (1.7%-5.8%) increase in VCAM-1. The air pollution effect was stronger among subjects having higher Alu, lower LINE-1, tissue factor, or TLR-2 methylation status. CONCLUSION We observed associations of traffic-related pollutants on fibrinogen, and both traffic and secondary particles on C-reactive protein, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. There was effect modification by DNA methylation status, indicating that epigenetic states can convey susceptibility to air pollution.
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