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Lv J, Yin H, Yu H, Shi H. The added value of 18F-FDG PET/MRI multimodal imaging in hepatocellular carcinoma for identifying cytokeratin 19 status. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2023; 48:2331-2339. [PMID: 37119293 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-03911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cytokeratin 19(CK19) has been proven to be associated with clinical aggressiveness. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the added value of 18F-FDG PET/MRI in predicting CK19 status in HCC. METHODS Sixty-six patients who underwent whole-body or abdominal 18F-FDG PET/MRI after conventional PET/CT for HCC were retrospectively enrolled. The maximal standard uptake value (T-SUVmax) and the mean apparent diffusion coefficient (T-ADCmean) of the tumor (T), as well as those of the normal liver tissues (L) were derived, followed by calculations of the T-SUVmax/L-SUVmax (SUVmax-T/L) and the T-ADCmean/L-ADCmean (ADCmean-T/L) ratios. Combined with the postoperative pathological results, the performance in predicting the CK19 status in HCC was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC). RESULTS The areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) for T-SUVmax, SUVmax-T/L, T-ADCmean, and ADCmean-T/L in predicting the CK19-positive HCC were 0.700, 0.717, 0.717, and 0.735, respectively. In the logistic regression analysis, the T-SUVmax was an independent and significant factor to predict CK19-positive HCC, with an odds ratio of 1.27. In addition, no significant differences were found in the pathological grading, microvascular invasion, liver capsular invasion, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, alpha fetoprotein (AFP) level, and tumor diameter between the CK19-positive and CK19-negative groups, except the recurrent rate. CONCLUSIONS The radiomic features derived from 18F-FDG PET/MRI can be used to predict the CK19 status of HCC. T-SUVmax and T-ADCmean were significant indicators, whereas T-SUVmax was an independent predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Nuclear Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongyan Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Nuclear Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Haojun Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Nuclear Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongcheng Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Nuclear Medicine Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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2
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Youssef SS, El-Araby RE, Abbas EAER, Hassany M, Elbaz T. Prognostic and survival impact of BCL9 and RPS6KB1 copy number variation detected from circulating free DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:267-278. [PMID: 36803362 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2182191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is a noninvasive substitute to liver biopsy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) molecular profiling. This study aimed to use cfDNA to investigate copy number variation (CNV) in the BCL9 and RPS6KB1 genes and its impact on prognosis in HCC. METHODS Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to determine the CNV and cfDNA integrity index in 100 HCC patients. RESULTS CNV gain in BCL9 and RPS6KB1 genes was detected in 14% and 24% of patients, respectively. Gain in CNV of BCL9 associated with risk of HCC in alcohol drinkers and hepatitis C seropositivity. In patients with RPS6KB1 gain, HCC risk increased with a high body mass index, smoking, schistosomiasis, and Barcelona clinical liver cancer stage (BCLC) A. Gain in both genes showed a high risk of HCC with elevated liver enzymes, Schistosomiasis, BCLC C, and PS > 1. The integrity of cfDNA was higher in patients with CNV gain in RPS6KB1 than those harboring CNV gain in BCL9. Lastly, BCL9 gain and BCL9 + RPS6KB1 gain led to higher mortality rates and reduced survival times. CONCLUSION cfDNA was used to detect BCL9 and RPS6KB1 CNVs, which influence prognosis and can be used as independent predictors of HCC patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rady Eid El-Araby
- Division of Oral Biology, Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Central Lab, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Ministry of Scientific Research, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Hassany
- Tropical Medicine Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer Elbaz
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Advance of SOX Transcription Factors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Role, Tumor Immune Relevance to Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051165. [PMID: 35267473 PMCID: PMC8909699 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest human health burdens worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism of HCC development is still not fully understood. Sex determining region Y-related high-mobility group box (SOX) transcription factors not only play pivotal roles in cell fate decisions during development but also participate in the initiation and progression of cancer. Given the significance of SOX factors in cancer and their ‘undruggable’ properties, we summarize the role and molecular mechanism of SOX family members in HCC and the regulatory effect of SOX factors in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of various cancers. For the first time, we analyze the association between the levels of SOX factors and that of immune components in HCC, providing clues to the pivotal role of SOX factors in the TIME of HCC. We also discuss the opportunities and challenges of targeting SOX factors for cancer. Abstract Sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) factors belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors that play essential roles in cell fate decisions involving numerous developmental processes. In recent years, the significance of SOX factors in the initiation and progression of cancers has been gradually revealed, and they act as potential therapeutic targets for cancer. However, the research involving SOX factors is still preliminary, given that their effects in some leading-edge fields such as tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) remain obscure. More importantly, as a class of ‘undruggable’ molecules, targeting SOX factors still face considerable challenges in achieving clinical translation. Here, we mainly focus on the roles and regulatory mechanisms of SOX family members in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the fatal human health burdens worldwide. We then detail the role of SOX members in remodeling TIME and analyze the association between SOX members and immune components in HCC for the first time. In addition, we emphasize several alternative strategies involved in the translational advances of SOX members in cancer. Finally, we discuss the alternative strategies of targeting SOX family for cancer and propose the opportunities and challenges they face based on the current accumulated studies and our understanding.
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4
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Dong X, Wang F, Liu C, Ling J, Jia X, Shen F, Yang N, Zhu S, Zhong L, Li Q. Single-cell analysis reveals the intra-tumor heterogeneity and identifies MLXIPL as a biomarker in the cellular trajectory of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:14. [PMID: 33462196 PMCID: PMC7814056 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a globally prevailing cancer with a low 5-year survival rate. Little is known about its intricate gene expression profile. Single-cell RNA sequencing is an indispensable tool to explore the genetic characteristics of HCC at a more detailed level. In this study, we profiled the gene expression of single cells from human HCC tumor and para-tumor tissues using the Smart-seq 2 sequencing method. Based on differentially expressed genes, we identified heterogeneous subclones in HCC tissues, including five HCC and two hepatocyte subclones. We then carried out hub-gene co-network and functional annotations analysis followed pseudo-time analysis with regulated transcriptional factor co-networks to determine HCC cellular trajectory. We found that MLX interacting protein like (MLXIPL) was commonly upregulated in the single cells and tissues and associated with a poor survival rate in HCC. Mechanistically, MLXIPL activation is crucial for promoting cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis by accelerating cell glycolysis. Taken together, our work identifies the heterogeneity of HCC subclones, and suggests MLXIPL might be a promising therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Dong
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jing Ling
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xuebing Jia
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Feifei Shen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Sibo Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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5
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Wang W, Gu D, Wei J, Ding Y, Yang L, Zhu K, Luo R, Rao SX, Tian J, Zeng M. A radiomics-based biomarker for cytokeratin 19 status of hepatocellular carcinoma with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol 2020; 30:3004-3014. [PMID: 32002645 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-019-06585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop a radiomics-based model derived from gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR images to preoperatively identify cytokeratin (CK) 19 status of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS A cohort of 227 patients with single HCC was classified into a training set (n = 159) and a time-independent validated set (n = 68). A total of 647 radiomic features were extracted from multi-sequence MR images. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and decision tree methods were utilized for feature selection and radiomics signature construction. A multivariable logistic regression model incorporating clinico-radiological features and the fusion radiomics signature was built for prediction of CK19 status by evaluating area under curve (AUC). RESULTS In the whole cohort, 57 patients were CK19 positive and 170 patients were CK19 negative. By combining 11 and 6 radiomic features extracted in arterial phase and hepatobiliary phase images, respectively, a fusion radiomics signature achieved AUCs of 0.951 and 0.822 in training and validation datasets. The final combined model integrated a-fetoprotein levels, arterial rim enhancement pattern, irregular tumor margin, and the fusion radiomics signature, with a sensitivity of 0.818 and specificity of 0.974 in the training cohort and that of 0.769 and 0.818 in the validated cohort. The nomogram based on the combined model showed satisfactory prediction performance in training (C-index 0.959) and validation (C-index 0.846) dataset. CONCLUSIONS The combined model based on a fusion radiomics signature derived from arterial and hepatobiliary phase images of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI can be a reliable biomarker for CK19 status of HCC. KEY POINTS • Arterial rim enhancement pattern and irregular tumor margin on hepatobiliary phase on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI can be useful for evaluating CK19 status of HCC. • A radiomics-based model performed better than the clinico-radiological model both in training and validation datasets for predicting CK19 status of HCC. • The nomogram based on the fusion radiomics signature can be easily used for CK19 stratification of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Medical Imaging Institute, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dongsheng Gu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 95 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingwei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 95 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Medical Imaging Institute, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Medical Imaging Institute, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongkui Luo
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Rao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Medical Imaging Institute, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 95 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing, 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710126, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Mengsu Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, and Shanghai Medical Imaging Institute, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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6
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Ma L, Hernandez MO, Zhao Y, Mehta M, Tran B, Kelly M, Rae Z, Hernandez JM, Davis JL, Martin SP, Kleiner DE, Hewitt SM, Ylaya K, Wood BJ, Greten TF, Wang XW. Tumor Cell Biodiversity Drives Microenvironmental Reprogramming in Liver Cancer. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:418-430.e6. [PMID: 31588021 PMCID: PMC6801104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular diversity in tumors is a key factor for therapeutic failures and lethal outcomes of solid malignancies. Here, we determined the single-cell transcriptomic landscape of liver cancer biospecimens from 19 patients. We found varying degrees of heterogeneity in malignant cells within and between tumors and diverse landscapes of tumor microenvironment (TME). Strikingly, tumors with higher transcriptomic diversity were associated with patient's worse overall survival. We found a link between hypoxia-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor expression in tumor diversity and TME polarization. Moreover, T cells from higher heterogeneous tumors showed lower cytolytic activities. Consistent results were found using bulk genomic and transcriptomic profiles of 765 liver tumors. Our results offer insight into the diverse ecosystem of liver cancer and its impact on patient prognosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/genetics
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/mortality
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/therapy
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/pathology
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/surgery
- Biopsy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Cholangiocarcinoma/genetics
- Cholangiocarcinoma/mortality
- Cholangiocarcinoma/pathology
- Cholangiocarcinoma/therapy
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Variation
- Hepatectomy
- Humans
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/surgery
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/mortality
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Progression-Free Survival
- RNA-Seq
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Ma
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria O Hernandez
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 20701, USA
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 20701, USA
| | - Monika Mehta
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 20701, USA
| | - Bao Tran
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 20701, USA
| | - Michael Kelly
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 20701, USA
| | - Zachary Rae
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 20701, USA
| | - Jonathan M Hernandez
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeremy L Davis
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sean P Martin
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bradford J Wood
- Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIH Center for Interventional Oncology, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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7
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Kong X, Zhai J, Yan C, Song Y, Wang J, Bai X, Brown JAL, Fang Y. Recent Advances in Understanding FOXN3 in Breast Cancer, and Other Malignancies. Front Oncol 2019; 9:234. [PMID: 31214487 PMCID: PMC6555274 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXN3 (forkhead box N3; CHES1: check point suppressor 1) belongs to the forkhead box (FOX) protein family. FOXN3 displays transcriptional inhibitory activity, and is involved in cell cycle regulation and tumorigenesis. FOXN3 is a tumor suppresser and alterations in FOXN3 are found in of a variety of cancers including melanoma, osteosarcoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. While the roles of FOXN3 role in some cancers have been explored, its role in breast cancer remains unclear. Here we describe current state of knowledge of FOXN3 functions, and focus on its roles (known and potential) in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhai
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chengrui Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Bai
- Department of Pancreatic-Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - James A L Brown
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Chromosome Biology, National University of Ireland in Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Weeda VB, Aronson DC, Verheij J, Lamers WH. Is hepatocellular carcinoma the same disease in children and adults? Comparison of histology, molecular background, and treatment in pediatric and adult patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27475. [PMID: 30259629 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare, resulting in scattered knowledge of tumor biology and molecular background. Thus far, the variant in children has been treated as a different entity from adult HCC. We weigh the hypothesis that HCC in the pediatric and adult groups may be the same entity and may benefit from the same treatment. Although certain differences between adult and pediatric HCC are obvious and certain types of HCC may ask for a customized approach, in conventional HCC, similarities predominate, warranting treatment aiming at common molecular targets in adult and pediatric HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Weeda
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D C Aronson
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W H Lamers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Hung MH, Wang XW. Molecular Alterations and Heterogeneity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. MOLECULAR AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21540-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Low levels of glycoprotein 96 indicate a worse prognosis in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma patients after hepatectomy. Hum Pathol 2018; 86:193-202. [PMID: 30529751 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins are a highly conserved group of cellular proteins and are up-expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As a member of the heat shock protein-90 family, glycoprotein 96 (gp96) modulates immunity and tumorigenicity, is increased during the development of HCC from normal liver tissue, and is considered a pro-oncogenic chaperone. However, the prognostic value of gp96 has not been well clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between gp96 and survival of postoperative HCC patients. The expressions of gp96 protein and messenger RNA were measured by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The relations between gp96 expression level and clinicopathological factors were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with prognosis. All normal liver tissue exhibited low gp96 expression, whereas high gp96 expression was present in 54% of HCC tissues. The expression of gp96 protein was inversely correlated with TNM stage (P = .037) and tumor recurrence (P = .004). Low gp96 expression was an independent risk factor for poor postoperative disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.385; 95% confidence interval, 0.226-0.655; P < .001), and overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.345; 95% confidence interval, 0.187-0.637; P = .001). Stratification analysis indicated that high gp96 had better predictive value for tumor recurrence in HCC patients with normal serum α-fetoprotein levels or with TNM stage I and tumor differentiation I-II HCC. In conclusion, gp96 is a potential and reliable prognostic biomarker for tumor recurrence and overall survival in HCC patients after curative resection.
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11
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Wiedmann MM, Tan YS, Wu Y, Aibara S, Xu W, Sore HF, Verma CS, Itzhaki L, Stewart M, Brenton JD, Spring DR. Development of Cell-Permeable, Non-Helical Constrained Peptides to Target a Key Protein-Protein Interaction in Ovarian Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:524-529. [PMID: 27918136 PMCID: PMC5291322 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of current treatment options for ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) and the cancer is often resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy. Hence there is an urgent need for novel therapeutics. The transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β (HNF1β) is ubiquitously overexpressed in CCC and is seen as an attractive therapeutic target. This was validated through shRNA-mediated knockdown of the target protein, HNF1β, in five high- and low-HNF1β-expressing CCC lines. To inhibit the protein function, cell-permeable, non-helical constrained proteomimetics to target the HNF1β-importin α protein-protein interaction were designed, guided by X-ray crystallographic data and molecular dynamics simulations. In this way, we developed the first reported series of constrained peptide nuclear import inhibitors. Importantly, this general approach may be extended to other transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike M. Wiedmann
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeLi Ka Shing Centre, Robinson WayCambridgeCB2 0REUK
| | - Yaw Sing Tan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchA*STAR30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 MatrixSingapore138671Singapore
| | - Yuteng Wu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Shintaro Aibara
- SciLifeLabTomtebodavägen 23A171 65 SolnaStockholmSweden
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyFrancis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeCB2 0QHUK
| | - Wenshu Xu
- Department of PharmacologyTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1PDUK
| | - Hannah F. Sore
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Chandra S. Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchA*STAR30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 MatrixSingapore138671Singapore
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological University60 Nanyang DriveSingapore637551Singapore
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore14 Science Drive 4Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Laura Itzhaki
- Department of PharmacologyTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1PDUK
| | - Murray Stewart
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyFrancis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeCB2 0QHUK
| | - James D. Brenton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeLi Ka Shing Centre, Robinson WayCambridgeCB2 0REUK
| | - David R. Spring
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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12
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Wiedmann MM, Tan YS, Wu Y, Aibara S, Xu W, Sore HF, Verma CS, Itzhaki L, Stewart M, Brenton JD, Spring DR. Development of Cell-Permeable, Non-Helical Constrained Peptides to Target a Key Protein-Protein Interaction in Ovarian Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike M. Wiedmann
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute; University of Cambridge; Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - Yaw Sing Tan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research; A*STAR; 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix Singapore 138671 Singapore
| | - Yuteng Wu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Shintaro Aibara
- SciLifeLab; Tomtebodavägen 23A 171 65 Solna Stockholm Sweden
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0QH UK
| | - Wenshu Xu
- Department of Pharmacology; Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1PD UK
| | - Hannah F. Sore
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Chandra S. Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research; A*STAR; 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix Singapore 138671 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive 4 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Laura Itzhaki
- Department of Pharmacology; Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1PD UK
| | - Murray Stewart
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0QH UK
| | - James D. Brenton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute; University of Cambridge; Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - David R. Spring
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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13
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Ki Kim S, Ueda Y, Hatano E, Kakiuchi N, Takeda H, Goto T, Shimizu T, Yoshida K, Ikura Y, Shiraishi Y, Chiba K, Tanaka H, Miyano S, Uemoto S, Chiba T, Ogawa S, Marusawa H. TERT
promoter mutations and chromosome 8p loss are characteristic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2512-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ki Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Yoshihide Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Haruhiko Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ikura
- Department of Pathology; Takatsuki General Hospital; Osaka Japan
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis; Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenichi Chiba
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis; Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroko Tanaka
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis; Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis; Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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14
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Yang X, Zhou X, Tone P, Durkin ME, Popescu NC. Cooperative antiproliferative effect of coordinated ectopic expression of DLC1 tumor suppressor protein and silencing of MYC oncogene expression in liver cancer cells: Therapeutic implications. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1591-1596. [PMID: 27446476 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of cancer and has a very poor prognosis; thus, the development of effective therapies for the treatment of advanced HCC is of high clinical priority. In the present study, the anti-oncogenic effect of combined knockdown of c-Myc expression and ectopic restoration of deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1) expression was investigated in human liver cancer cells. Expression of c-Myc in human HCC cells was knocked down by stable transfection with a Myc-specific short hairpin (sh) RNA vector. DLC1 expression in Huh7 cells was restored by adenovirus transduction, and the effects of DLC1 expression and c-Myc knockdown on Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) levels, cell proliferation, soft agar colony formation and cell invasion were measured. Downregulation of c-Myc or re-expression of DLC1 led to a marked reduction in RhoA levels, which was associated with decreases in cell proliferation, soft agar colony formation and invasiveness; this inhibitory effect was augmented with a combination of DLC1 transduction and c-Myc suppression. To determine whether liver cell-specific delivery of DLC1 was able to enhance the inhibitory effect of c-Myc knockdown on tumor growth in vivo, DLC1 vector DNA complexed with galactosylated polyethylene glycol-linear polyethyleneimine was administered by tail vein injection to mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts of Huh7 cells transfected with shMyc or control shRNA. A cooperative inhibitory effect of DLC1 expression and c-Myc knockdown on the growth of Huh7-derived tumors was observed, suggesting that targeted liver cell delivery of DLC1 and c-Myc shRNA may serve as a possible gene therapy modality for the treatment of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Yang
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089-4262, USA; Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, Bethesda, MD 2089-4262, USA
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089-4262, USA; Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089-4262, USA
| | - Paul Tone
- Department of Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, NY 10310, USA
| | - Marian E Durkin
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089-4262, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4262, USA
| | - Nicholas C Popescu
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089-4262, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4262, USA
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15
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Cheong JY, Kim YB, Woo JH, Kim DK, Yeo M, Yang SJ, Yang KS, Soon SK, Wang HJ, Kim BW, Park JH, Cho SW. Identification of NUCKS1 as a putative oncogene and immunodiagnostic marker of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene 2016; 584:47-53. [PMID: 26968889 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the molecular mechanisms underpinning hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are unknown, gene copy number and associated mRNA expression changes are frequently reported. Comparative genomic hybridization arrays spotted with 4041 bacterial artificial chromosome clones were used to assess copy number changes in 45 HCC tissues. Seventy more HCC tissues were used to validate candidate genes by using western blots and immunohistochemistry. A total of 259 clones were associated with copy number changes that significantly differed between normal liver and HCC samples. The chromosomal region 1q32.1 containing the nuclear casein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase substrate 1 (NUCKS1) gene was associated with tumor vascular invasion. Western blot analysis demonstrated that NUCKS1 was up-regulated in 37 of 70 (52.8%) HCC tissues compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues, and over-expressed in a vast majority of HCCs (44/52, 84.6%) as determined by immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, immunostaining of both NUCKS1 and glypican-3 improved the diagnostic prediction of HCC. Knock-down of NUCKS1 by siRNA implied the decrease in cell viability of the Hep3B cell line and reduced tumor formation in a xenograft mouse model. NUCKS1 was identified as a potential oncogene at chromosomal 1q32.1 in patients with HCC, and it might be a valuable immunodiagnostic marker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youn Cheong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Genome Research Center for Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Bae Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Genome Research Center for Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Marie Yeo
- Genome Research Center for Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | - Sun Kim Soon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Genome Research Center for Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Jeong Wang
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong Wan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Sung Won Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Genome Research Center for Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Goossens N, Sun X, Hoshida Y. Molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinoma: potential therapeutic implications. Hepat Oncol 2015; 2:371-379. [PMID: 26617981 PMCID: PMC4662420 DOI: 10.2217/hep.15.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors has elucidated recurrent molecular aberrations common or specific to disease etiology, patient race or geographic regions, allowing the classification of HCC tumors into subclasses sharing similar molecular and clinical characteristics. Previously reported transcriptome-based molecular subclasses have highlighted several common themes. Aggressive tumors are characterized by TP53 inactivation mutations and activation of pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, and further subclassified according to expression of stemness markers. The stemness marker-negative aggressive tumors display preferential TGF-β activation. Another group of less aggressive tumors contains a subclass characterized by CTNNB1 mutations accompanied with overexpression of liver-specific WNT targets such as GLUL. Molecular therapies selectively targeting features of the HCC subclasses have suggested their utility in enriching potential responders in clinical trials and guiding therapeutic decision-making for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave, PO Box 1123, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave, PO Box 1123, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave, PO Box 1123, New York, NY 10029, USA
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17
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Kurabe N, Murakami S, Tashiro F. SGF29 and Sry pathway in hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Biol Chem 2015; 6:139-147. [PMID: 26322172 PMCID: PMC4549758 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v6.i3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated c-Myc expression is a hallmark of many human cancers. We have recently identified a role of mammalian homolog of yeast SPT-ADA-GCN5-acetyltransferas (SAGA) complex component, SAGA-associated factor 29 (SGF29), in regulating the c-Myc overexpression. Here, we discuss the molecular nature of SFG29 in SPT3-TAF9-GCN5-acetyltransferase complex, a counterpart of yeast SAGA complex, and the mechanism through which the elevated SGF29 expression contribute to oncogenic potential of c-Myc in hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC). We propose that the upstream regulation of SGF29 elicited by sex-determining region Y (Sry) is also augmented in HCC. We hypothesize that c-Myc elevation driven by the deregulated Sry and SGF29 pathway is implicated in the male specific acquisition of human HCCs.
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18
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Murakami S, Ninomiya W, Sakamoto E, Shibata T, Akiyama H, Tashiro F. SRY and OCT4 Are Required for the Acquisition of Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties and Are Potential Differentiation Therapy Targets. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2652-63. [PMID: 26013162 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of stemness is a hallmark of aggressive human hepatocellular carcinoma (hHCC). The stem cell marker OCT4 is frequently expressed in HCCs, and its expression correlates with those of putative cancer stem cell (CSC) markers and CSC properties. Here, we describe a novel mechanism of CSC maintenance by SRY through OCT4. We previously reported that Sry is involved in tumor malignancy in rodent HCCs. However, the oncogenic function of SRY in hHCCs is poorly understood. Ectopic expression of SRY increased multiple stem cell factors, including OCT4 and CD13. The OCT4 promoter contained SRY-binding sites that were directly activated by SRY. In HCC-derived cells, SRY knockdown decreased OCT4 expression and cancer stem-like phenotypes such as self-renewal, chemoresistance, and tumorigenicity. Conversely, OCT4 and SRY overexpression promoted cancer stem-like phenotypes. OCT4 knockdown in SRY clones downregulated the self-renewal capacity and chemoresistance. These data suggest that SRY is involved in the maintenance of cancer stem-like characteristics through OCT4. Moreover, CSCs of HCC-derived cells differentiated into Tuj1-positive neuron-like cells by retinoic acid. Noteworthily, SRY was highly expressed in some hHCC patients. Taken together, our findings imply a novel therapeutic strategy against CSCs of hHCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Murakami
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Ninomiya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erina Sakamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Hirotada Akiyama
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Tashiro
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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ZHU HAIDAN, LIAO JIAZHI, HE XINGXING, LI PEIYUAN. The emerging role of astrocyte-elevated gene-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 34:539-46. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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20
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Katayama K, Ohkawa K, Imanaka K, Sakakibara M, Miyazaki M, Kimura H, Ishihara A, Matsunaga T, Murata M, Nakazawa T, Nakanishi K. Computed tomography during hepatic arteriography pattern may predict hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence following transarterial chemoembolization. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:E455-63. [PMID: 24697985 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to determine the role of morphological patterns seen on imaging in predicting hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence following transarterial chemoembolization therapy. METHODS Forty-seven patients from a single center who underwent transarterial chemoembolization to treat unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas between January 2011 and June 2012 were included in this study. We investigated whether the two pretreatment findings on computed tomography during hepatic arteriography (pattern 1, the single nodule pattern; pattern 2, at least one nodule showing the contiguous multinodular pattern) and other factors (age, sex, etiology, serum total bilirubin, serum albumin, prothrombin time, platelet count, serum level of protein induced by vitamin K absence/antagonist-II, serum α-fetoprotein, number of previous treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma, tumor number and maximum tumor size, presence of hypovascular lesions) could predict post-treatment recurrence. RESULTS In a univariate analysis using Cox's proportional hazards model, serum total bilirubin, the serum level of protein induced by vitamin K absence/antagonist-II (≤100 vs ≥101 mAU/mL), tumor morphology (pattern 1 vs 2) and tumor number (≤3 vs ≥4) showed statistical significance (≤0.05). In a multivariate analysis of these factors, morphology and tumor number showed significance. According to Kaplan-Meier estimation, the cumulative disease-free survival rates were significantly lower in patients with four or more lesions than in those with three or less lesions and in patients showing pattern 2 than in those showing pattern 1. CONCLUSION Patients with pattern 2 hepatocellular carcinoma and/or four or more lesions may have a relatively high recurrence rate after transarterial chemoembolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Katayama
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Abstract
Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Advances in sequencing technologies have enabled the examination of liver cancer genomes at high resolution; somatic mutations, structural alterations, HBV integration, RNA editing and retrotransposon changes have been comprehensively identified. Furthermore, integrated analyses of trans-omics data (genome, transcriptome and methylome data) have identified multiple critical genes and pathways implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. These analyses have uncovered potential therapeutic targets, including growth factor signalling, WNT signalling, the NFE2L2-mediated oxidative pathway and chromatin modifying factors, and paved the way for new molecular classifications for clinical application. The aetiological factors associated with liver cancer are well understood; however, their effects on the accumulation of somatic changes and the influence of ethnic variation in risk factors still remain unknown. The international collaborations of cancer genome sequencing projects are expected to contribute to an improved understanding of risk evaluation, diagnosis and therapy for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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22
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Tu T, Budzinska MA, Maczurek AE, Cheng R, Di Bartolomeo A, Warner FJ, McCaughan GW, McLennan SV, Shackel NA. Novel aspects of the liver microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis and development. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9422-58. [PMID: 24871369 PMCID: PMC4100103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent primary liver cancer that is derived from hepatocytes and is characterised by high mortality rate and poor prognosis. While HCC is driven by cumulative changes in the hepatocyte genome, it is increasingly recognised that the liver microenvironment plays a pivotal role in HCC propensity, progression and treatment response. The microenvironmental stimuli that have been recognised as being involved in HCC pathogenesis are diverse and include intrahepatic cell subpopulations, such as immune and stellate cells, pathogens, such as hepatitis viruses, and non-cellular factors, such as abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) and tissue hypoxia. Recently, a number of novel environmental influences have been shown to have an equally dramatic, but previously unrecognized, role in HCC progression. Novel aspects, including diet, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microflora and circulating microvesicles, are now being recognized as increasingly important in HCC pathogenesis. This review will outline aspects of the HCC microenvironment, including the potential role of GIT microflora and microvesicles, in providing new insights into tumourigenesis and identifying potential novel targets in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tu
- Liver Cell Biology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | | | | | - Robert Cheng
- Liver Cell Biology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Anna Di Bartolomeo
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Fiona J Warner
- Liver Cell Biology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | | | - Susan V McLennan
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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23
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Tameda M, Sugimoto K, Shiraki K, Yamamoto N, Okamoto R, Usui M, Ito M, Takei Y, Nobori T, Kojima T, Suzuki H, Uchida M, Uchida K. Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and promotes cell proliferation and motility. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:541-8. [PMID: 24841500 PMCID: PMC4091966 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several therapeutic options are available for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the outcome is still very poor. One reason is the complexity of signal transduction in the pathogenesis of HCC. The aim of this study was to identify new HCC-related genes and to investigate the functions of these genes in the pathogenesis and progression of HCC. Whole genomes of 15 surgically resected HCC specimens were examined for copy number alterations with comparative genomic hybridization. Gene expression was compared between HCC and normal liver tissues. The roles of the new genes in the progression of HCC were studied using cultured cell lines. Copy number gain in chromosome 8q was detected in 53% of HCC tissues examined. The gene that coded for collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1), located at chromosome 8q22.3, was overexpressed in HCC compared with normal or liver cirrhosis tissues and identified as a new HCC-related gene. CTHRC1 deletion with short hairpin RNA significantly reduced proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 and Huh7 cells. In addition, mRNA of integrins β-2 and β-3 was downregulated, with deletion of CTHRC1 in these cells. Immunohistochemical staining on resected HCC tissues showing positive staining areas for CTHRC1 was significantly greater in poorly-differentiated HCC compared with well-differentiated HCC. Moreover, some cases showed strong staining for CTHRC1 in invasive areas of HCC. CTHRC1 has the potential to be a new biomarker for the aggressive HCC, and to be a new therapeutic target in treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Tameda
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kazushi Sugimoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Katsuya Shiraki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yamamoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Ryuji Okamoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masanobu Usui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nobori
- Department of Molecular and Laboratory Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kojima
- Department of Molecular Biological Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuhiko Uchida
- Department of Molecular Biological Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
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24
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Murata Y, Minami Y, Iwakawa R, Yokota J, Usui S, Tsuta K, Shiraishi K, Sakashita S, Satomi K, Iijima T, Noguchi M. ECT2 amplification and overexpression as a new prognostic biomarker for early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:490-7. [PMID: 24484057 PMCID: PMC4317802 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic abnormality in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma was examined to search for new prognostic biomarkers. Six in situ lung adenocarcinomas and nine small but invasive adenocarcinomas were examined by array-comparative genomic hybridization, and candidate genes of interest were screened. To examine gene abnormalities, 83 cases of various types of lung carcinoma were examined by quantitative real-time genomic PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results were then verified using another set of early-stage adenocarcinomas. Array-comparative genomic hybridization indicated frequent amplification at chromosome 3q26. Of the seven genes located in this region, we focused on the epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (ECT2) oncogene, as ECT2 amplification was detected only in invasive adenocarcinoma, and not in in situ carcinoma. Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry analyses also detected overexpression of ECT2 in invasive adenocarcinoma, and this was correlated with both the Ki-67 labeling index and mitotic index. In addition, it was associated with disease-free survival and overall survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. These results were verified using another set of early-stage adenocarcinomas resected at another hospital. Abnormality of the ECT2 gene occurs at a relatively early stage of lung adenocarcinogenesis and would be applicable as a new biomarker for prognostication of patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Murata
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Fu SJ, Qi CY, Xiao WK, Li SQ, Peng BG, Liang LJ. Glypican-3 is a potential prognostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Surgery 2013; 154:536-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Murakami S, Chishima S, Uemoto H, Sakamoto E, Sato T, Kurabe N, Kawasaki Y, Shibata T, Akiyama H, Tashiro F. The male-specific factor Sry harbors an oncogenic function. Oncogene 2013; 33:2978-86. [PMID: 23893245 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sgf29, a component of the SPT-ADA-GCN5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex, binds H3K4me2/3 marks and leads to histone H3 acetylation. Previously, we found that downregulation of Sgf29 suppresses c-Myc-mediated malignant transformation. Nonetheless, the upstream regulator of the Sgf29 gene is not yet known. Here, we report that Sry (sex-determining region Y), an HMG (high-mobility group) domain containing transcription factor, directly upregulates Sgf29 gene expression. Sry expression was deregulated in two out of the four tested male rodent hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC) cell lines. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that Sry could bind HMG-boxes in the proximal promoter region of the Sgf29 gene. Knockdown of Sry robustly lowered anchorage-independent growth, invasiveness and tumorigenicity of rHCC cells, whereas ectopic expression of Sry conferred more malignant properties. Thus, these data show that Sry is involved in male-specific malignant conversion of rHCCs via Sgf29 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murakami
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Chishima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Uemoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Sakamoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Sato
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Kurabe
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Kawasaki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Akiyama
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Tashiro
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Hamed O, Kimchi ET, Sehmbey M, Gusani NJ, Kaifi JT, Staveley-O'Carroll K. Impact of genetic targets on cancer therapy: hepatocellular cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 779:67-90. [PMID: 23288636 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6176-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding cancer at the genetic level had gained significant attention over the last decade since the human genome was first sequenced in 2001. For hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) a number of genome-wide profiling studies have been published. These studies have provided us with gene sets, based on which we can now classify tumors and have an idea about the likely clinical outcomes. In addition to that, genomic profiling for HCC has provided us a better understanding of the carcinogenesis process and identifies key steps at multiple levels (i.e. Genetics, molecular pathways) that can be potential targets for treatment and prevention. Although still an incurable disease, unresectable HCC has one proven systemic therapy, sorafenib, and many under active investigation. With advancement in technology and understanding of hepatocarcinogenesis, scientists hope to provide true personalized treatment for this disease in the near future. In this review article we discuss advances in understanding genetics and pathogenesis of HCC and the currently available and ongoing trials for targeted therapies. These emerging therapies may guide the development of more effective treatments or possibly a cure for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Hamed
- Department of Surgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Program of Liver, Pancreas, and Foregut Tumors, Penn State College Of Medicine, Mail Code H070, 500 University Derive, 850, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
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Kelley RK, Venook AP. Novel therapeutics in hepatocellular carcinoma: how can we make progress? Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2013:0011300137. [PMID: 23714481 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2013.33.e137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death globally, and its prevalence and impact are even more profound because sorafenib is the only systemic therapy proven to prolong survival in patients with advanced disease. Randomized phase III trials of other novel targeted agents including sunitinib, linifanib, brivanib, and the combination of sorafenib plus erlotinib have failed to improve overall survival compared with sorafenib as a single agent in the first line setting, as well as compared with placebo in the second-line setting, in the case of brivanib. These negative studies are a sobering reminder of the challenges to clinical research in HCC, including the competing comorbidity of liver dysfunction, marked clinical and biologic heterogeneity, and the unreliability of surrogate endpoints to accurately predict survival. To address these challenges, HCC-specific phase I/Ib cohorts must be used to define the maximum tolerated dose and drug exposure in this organ dysfunction population with high background rates of adverse events and little tolerance for superimposed treatment-related toxicity. Pooled analyses of contemporary randomized trials and database studies should be undertaken to define the strongest prognostic factors for stratification in future phase III studies. Research blood and archival tumor specimens should be collected from patients on clinical trials to intensify the search for biomarkers of responsive or resistant subsets, in parallel with ongoing efforts to improve on radiographic response assessment. Collectively, these and other new strategies are needed to make progress in identifying active novel therapeutics for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin K Kelley
- From the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Nakagawa H, Shibata T. Comprehensive genome sequencing of the liver cancer genome. Cancer Lett 2012; 340:234-40. [PMID: 23142287 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Recently, comprehensive whole genome and exome sequencing analyses for HCC revealed new cancer-associated genes and a variety of genomic alterations. In particular, frequent genetic alterations of the chromatin remodeling genes were observed, suggesting a new potential therapeutic target for HCC. Sequencing analysis has further identified the molecular complexities of multicentric lesions and intratumoral heterogeneity. Detailed analyses of the somatic substitution pattern of the cancer genome and the HBV virus genome integration sites by using whole-genome sequencing will elucidate the molecular basis and diverse etiological factors involved in liver cancer development.
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Lee JI, Lee JW, Kim JM, Kim JK, Chung HJ, Kim YS. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma expressing cytokeratin 19: Comparison with other liver cancers. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4751-7. [PMID: 23002345 PMCID: PMC3442214 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i34.4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether expressing biliary phenotype predicted poor outcome after the surgical treatment in primary liver cancers.
METHODS: Out of 204 patients that underwent liver resection due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver specimens of 70 patients with HCC were evaluated for biliary components by cytokeratin (CK) 19 immunostain (CK19- HCC and CK19+ HCC). CK19 positivity was defined as membranous and/or cytoplasmic expression in ≥ 5% of tumor cells with moderate or strong intensity. Patients with other primary liver cancers, such as combined HCC and cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) who received curative liver resection, were also included in the study. Clinical characteristics of CK19- HCC and CK19+ HCC patients, including survival outcome after curative liver resection, were compared with that of cHCC-CC and ICC patients.
RESULTS: The overall survival (OS) rate of CK19- HCC (n = 49) after the curative surgical treatment was 90.7%, and 80.4% at 1 and 5 years after the resection. OS rate of CK19+ HCC (n = 21) was 74.3%, 28.9% and OS rate of cHCC-CC (n = 22) was 66.7%, 32.2% at 1 and 5 years after the surgery. For ICC (n = 19), 1 and 5-year-OS rate was 50.2% and 14.3% after the curative resection. The OS rates of CK19+ HCC and cHCC-CC were significantly lower than that of CK19- HCC, but higher than the OS rate of ICC (P = 0.000). There was no statistically significant difference in OS rate between CK19+ HCC and cHCC-CC. The disease free survival (DFS) rate of CK19- HCC was 72.0% and 54.5% at 1 and 3 years after the surgical treatment. DFS rate of CK19+ HCC was 53.3%, 34.3% and DFS rate of cHCC-CC was 51.5%, 39.2% at 1 and 3 years after the resection. For ICC, 1 and 3-year-DFS rate was 28.0% and 14.0% after the curative resection. DFS rate of CK19- HCC was significantly higher than that of ICC (P = 0.017), but marginally higher than DFS rate of either CK19+ HCC or cHCC-CC (P = 0.097, P = 0.089, respectively). Predictors of outcome after the surgery of primary liver cancer were pathology of the resected mass, existence of microvascular invasion and accompanying satellite nodule.
CONCLUSION: Primary liver cancers with biliary components tended to show poorer surgical outcome. This suggested that immuno-phenotype of liver cancers was as important as their morphological classification.
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Hoshida Y, Moeini A, Alsinet C, Kojima K, Villanueva A. Gene Signatures in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Semin Oncol 2012; 39:473-85. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kelley RK, Yao F. Salvage liver transplantation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation: a new strategy? J Hepatol 2012; 56:14-6. [PMID: 21872558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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A meta-analysis of array-CGH studies implicates antiviral immunity pathways in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28404. [PMID: 22174799 PMCID: PMC3236189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is significantly correlated to the accumulation of genomic alterations. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) has been applied to a wide range of tumors including HCCs for the genome-wide high resolution screening of DNA copy number changes. However, the relevant chromosomal variations that play a central role in the development of HCC still are not fully elucidated. Methods In present study, in order to further characterize the copy number alterations (CNAs) important to HCC development, we conducted a meta-analysis of four published independent array-CGH datasets including total 159 samples. Results Eighty five significant gains (frequency ≥25%) were mostly mapped to five broad chromosomal regions including 1q, 6p, 8q, 17q and 20p, as well as two narrow regions 5p15.33 and 9q34.2-34.3. Eighty eight significant losses (frequency ≥25%) were most frequently present in 4q, 6q, 8p, 9p, 13q, 14q, 16q, and 17p. Significant correlations existed between chromosomal aberrations either located on the same chromosome or the different chromosomes. HCCs with different etiologies largely exhibited surprisingly similar profiles of chromosomal aberrations with only a few exceptions. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that the genes affected by these chromosomal aberrations were significantly enriched in 31 canonical pathways with the highest enrichment observed for antiviral immunity pathways. Conclusions Taken together, our findings provide novel and important clues for the implications of antiviral immunity-related gene pathways in the pathogenesis and progression of HCC.
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Expression of c-jun is not mandatory for mouse hepatocyte proliferation induced by two nuclear receptor ligands: TCPOBOP and T3. J Hepatol 2011; 55:1069-78. [PMID: 21354444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mice lacking c-jun in the liver display impaired regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH), and were reported to be more resistant to chemically-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the role of c-jun in normal and preneoplastic hepatocyte proliferation induced by ligands of nuclear receptors, which cause liver hyperplasia in the absence of cell loss/death. METHODS The effect of 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) on hepatocyte proliferation was determined in c-jun conditional knockout (c-jun(Δli)) or in mouse liver where c-jun has been silenced. To study the role of c-jun in HCC development, c-jun(Δli) and WT mice were given diethylnitrosamine (DENA) followed by repeated injections of TCPOBOP. RESULTS Hepatocyte proliferation induced by TCPOBOP was associated with a stronger proliferative response and earlier S phase entry in c-jun(Δli) mice, compared to WT animals. Moreover, silencing of c-jun in the liver of CD-1 mice caused increased hepatocyte proliferation. A stronger hepatocyte proliferative response of c-jun(Δli) mice was observed also following treatment with a ligand of thyroid hormone receptor. Finally, loss of c-jun did not inhibit the development of HCC induced by DENA and promoted by TCPOBOP. CONCLUSIONS (i) c-jun may, under certain conditions, negatively regulate proliferation of normal hepatocytes, (ii) c-jun is not an absolute requirement for DENA/TCPOBOP-induced HCC formation, suggesting that the therapeutic potential of c-jun/JNK inhibition in liver tumors might be impaired by an increased stimulation of cell growth due to blockade of the c-jun pathway.
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Wang SM, Ooi LLPJ, Hui KM. Upregulation of Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 is significantly associated with the early recurrence of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:6040-51. [PMID: 21825042 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the significance of Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 (RACGAP1) expression in identifying HBV-positive human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who are at high risk for recurrent disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The prognostic significance of RACGAP1 was compared with clinicopathologic parameters available at diagnosis using multivariate and log-rank test. RACGAP1 expression and outcome in recurrence was compared between 35 patients with recurrence and 41 patients without recurrence using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RACGAP1-targeted molecules and pathways were identified and characterized by inhibition with siRNA duplexes. RESULTS Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the level of RACGAP1 expression is sufficient to predict the early recurrence of HCC: high RACGAP1 expression correlates with high risk of postresection recurrent HCC (P < 0.0005). Silencing of RACGAP1 in Hep3B and MHCC97-H HCC cells with high endogenous RACGAP1 expression inhibited cell migration and invasion. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, the target molecules silenced in the RACGAP1 interactome were mostly genes related to the mitotic roles of the polo-like kinases. These included PRC1, AURKB, CDC2, ECT2, KIF23, PAK1, and PPP2R5E. In providing clinical corroboration of these results, when expression of these transcripts was analyzed in an expression database that we have established previously for HBV-positive HCC patients, these genes was mostly upregulated in patients who exhibited early recurrent disease and hence provided important corroboration of these results. CONCLUSIONS siRNA-silencing RACGAP1 mainly targeted genes in an interactome clinically relevant to early HCC recurrence. Besides being an independent informative prognostic biomarker, RACGAP1 could also be a potential molecular target for designing therapeutic strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Mei Wang
- Bek Chai Heah Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
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Schirmacher P, Bedossa P, Roskams T, Tiniakos DG, Brunt EM, Zucman-Rossi J, Manns MP, Galle PR. Fighting the bushfire in HCC trials. J Hepatol 2011; 55:276-7. [PMID: 21439335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Breuhahn K, Gores G, Schirmacher P. Strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy and diagnostics: lessons learned from high throughput and profiling approaches. Hepatology 2011; 53:2112-21. [PMID: 21433041 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, numerous small and high-dimensional profiling analyses have been performed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which address different levels of regulation and modulation. Because comprehensive analyses are lacking, the following review summarizes some of the general results and compares them with insights from other tumor entities. Particular attention is given to the impact of these results on future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Breuhahn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinoma anno 2011. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:1789-97. [PMID: 21612914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma has an increasing incidence and high mortality. Treatment options are limited if the disease is not diagnosed in its early stage. The natural course of the disease is aggressive but not always predictable. Molecular profiling is a promising tool for classification in order to optimize prognosis prediction and treatment for an individual patient. In the last decade a large amount of studies has been conducted to better classify hepatocellular carcinomas. The focus of this review is on implications of molecular classification for prognosis and therapeutic decision making in HCC patients. Most studies used microarray technique for genome wide profiling, but other methods to detect genomic changes and microRNA are gaining interest. The whole genome profiling studies identified differences in affected signalling and tried to relate this to prognosis. Some common subgroups were identified, such as the proliferation cluster and the beta-catenin cluster. However, there is still little overlap between most studies. Better study design and bio-informatical analysis might help in this context.
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A novel interplay between oncogenic PFTK1 protein kinase and tumor suppressor TAGLN2 in the control of liver cancer cell motility. Oncogene 2011; 30:4464-75. [PMID: 21577206 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The PFTK1 gene encodes a cdc2-related serine/threonine protein kinase that has been shown to confer cell migratory properties in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the prognostic value and biological mechanism by which PFTK1 promotes HCC motility remain largely unknown. Here, we showed from tissue microarray that common upregulations of PFTK1 in primary HCC tumors (n=133/180) correlated significantly with early age onset (40 years), advance tumor grading and presence of microvascular invasion (P0.05). To understand downstream phosphorylated substrate(s) of PFTK1, phospho-proteins in PFTK1 expressing and knockdown Hep3B cells were profiled by two-dimensional-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis mass spectrometric analysis. Protein identification of differential spots revealed β-actin (ACTB) and transgelin2 (TAGLN2) as the two most profound phosphorylated changes affected by PFTK1. We verified the presence of TAGLN2 serine phosphorylation and ACTB tyrosine phosphorylation. Moreover, reduced TAGLN2 and ACTB phosphorylations in PFTK1-suppressed Hep3B corresponded to distinct actin depolymerizations and marked inhibition on cell invasion and motility. Given that TAGLN2 is a tumor suppressor whose function has been ascribed in cancer metastasis, we examined if TAGLN2 is an intermediate substrate in the biological path of PFTK1. We showed in PFTK1-suppressed cells that knockdown of TAGLN2 over-rode the inhibitory effect on cell invasion and motility, and a recovery on actin polymerization was evident. Interestingly, we also found that unphosphorylated TAGLN2 in PFTK1-suppressed cells elicited strong actin-binding ability, a mechanism that possibly halts the actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Site-directed mutagenesis of TAGLN2 suggested that PFTK1 regulates the actin-binding affinity of TAGLN2 through the S83 and S163 residues, which if mutated can significantly affect HCC cell motility. Taken together, our data propose a novel, oncogene-tumor suppressor interplay, where oncogenic PFTK1 confers HCC cell motility through inactivating the actin-binding motile suppressing function of TAGLN2 via phosphorylation.
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Frenette C, Gish RG. Hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular and genomic guideline for the clinician. Clin Liver Dis 2011; 15:307-21, vii-x. [PMID: 21689615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the genetic changes and molecular signaling pathways that are active in hepatocellular carcinoma has improved substantially over the last decade. As more information becomes available, it is clear that the prognostication of hepatocellular carcinoma will soon include molecular and genomic "fingerprints" that are unique to each cancer, which will allow more personalized treatment plans for patients as more targeted therapies become available. This article discusses the molecular and genomic changes that are important in hepatocellular carcinoma in order for clinicians to understand the current and forthcoming treatment options for patients with liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Frenette
- The Methodist Center for Liver Disease, J.C. Walter Transplant Center, Department of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, 6550 Fannin Street, SM 1001, Houston, TX 77098, USA.
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Benayoun BA, Caburet S, Veitia RA. Forkhead transcription factors: key players in health and disease. Trends Genet 2011; 27:224-32. [PMID: 21507500 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) proteins constitute an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors with a central role not only during development, but also in the adult organism. Thus, the misregulation and/or mutation of FOX genes often induce human genetic diseases, promote cancer or deregulate ageing. Indeed, germinal FOX gene mutations cause diseases ranging from infertility to language and/or speech disorders and immunological defects. Moreover, because of their central role in signalling pathways and in the regulation of homeostasis, somatic misregulation and/or mutation of FOX genes are associated with cancer. FOX proteins have undergone diversification in terms of their sequence, regulation and function. In addition to dedicated roles, evidence suggests that Forkhead factors have retained some functional redundancy. Thus, combinations of slightly defective alleles might induce disease phenotypes in humans, acting as quantitative trait loci. Uncovering such variants would be a big step towards understanding the functional interdependencies of different FOX members and their implications in complex pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice A Benayoun
- CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Equipe Génétique et Génomique du Développement Gonadique, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Walther Z, Jain D. Molecular pathology of hepatic neoplasms: classification and clinical significance. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:403929. [PMID: 21559202 PMCID: PMC3090128 DOI: 10.4061/2011/403929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances have enabled investigators to characterize the molecular genetics and genomics of hepatic neoplasia in remarkable detail. From these studies, an increasing number of molecular markers are being identified that correlate with clinically important tumor phenotypes. This paper discusses current knowledge relevant to the molecular classification of epithelial primary hepatic tumors that arise in adults, including focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CC), and combined HCC-CC. Genetic analysis has defined molecular subtypes of HCA that are clinicopathologically distinct and can be distinguished through immunohistochemistry. Gene expression studies have identified molecular signatures of progression from dysplastic nodules (DNs) to early HCC in cirrhosis. Analyses of the mutational spectra, chromosomal aberrations and instability, transcriptomics, and microRNA profiles of HCC have revealed the existence of biologically distinct subtypes of this common malignancy, with prognostic implications. Molecular characterization of biliary and hepatic progenitor cell phenotypes in liver cancer has shed new light on the histogenesis of these tumors and has focused attention on novel therapeutic targets. In coming years, the molecular classification of hepatic neoplasms will be increasingly valuable for guiding patient care, as targeted therapies for liver cancer are developed and brought into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenta Walther
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208023, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA
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Abstract
Gene expression profiling using microarray technologies provides a powerful approach to understand complex biological systems and the pathogenesis of diseases. In the field of liver cancer research, a number of genome-wide profiling studies have been published. These studies have provided gene sets, that is, signature, which could classify tumors and predict clinical outcomes such as survival, recurrence, and metastasis. More recently, the application of genomic profiling has been extended to identify molecular targets, pathways, and the cellular origins of the tumors. Systemic and integrative analyses of multiple data sets and emerging new technologies also accelerate the progress of the cancer genomic studies. Here, we review the genomic signatures identified from the genomic profiling studies of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and categorize and characterize them into prediction, phenotype, function, and molecular target signatures according to their utilities and properties. Our classification of the signatures would be helpful to understand and design studies with extended application of genomic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Goo Woo
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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45
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Shibata T, Kokubu A, Miyamoto M, Hosoda F, Gotoh M, Tsuta K, Asamura H, Matsuno Y, Kondo T, Imoto I, Inazawa J, Hirohashi S. DEK oncoprotein regulates transcriptional modifiers and sustains tumor initiation activity in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. Oncogene 2010; 29:4671-81. [PMID: 20543864 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer shows diverse histological subtypes. Large-cell neuroendocrine cell carcinoma and small-cell lung carcinoma show similar histological features and clinical behaviors, and can be classified as high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (HGNEC) of the lung. Here we elucidated the molecular classification of pulmonary endocrine tumors by copy-number profiling. We compared alterations of copy number with the clinical outcome of HGNEC and identified a chromosomal gain of the DEK oncogene locus (6p22.3) that was significantly associated with poor prognosis. We further confirmed that DEK overexpression was associated with poor prognosis in a larger set of HGNEC. Downregulation of DEK by small hairpin RNA led to a marked reduction of in vitro colony formation, in vivo tumorigenicity and chemo-resistance, and was associated with loss of lung cancer stem cell markers. Gene expression profiling revealed that DEK downregulation was associated with altered expression of transcriptional regulators, which specifically include known targets of interchromosomal translocations in hematopoietic tumors, and knockdown of these epigenetic modifiers affected colony formation activity. Our study showed that DEK overexpression, partly through an increase in its gene dose, mediates the activity of global transcriptional regulators and is associated with tumor initiation activity and poor prognosis in HGNEC.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/genetics
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Cell Growth Processes/genetics
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/biosynthesis
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics
- Cluster Analysis
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Dosage
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins
- Prognosis
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shibata
- Cancer Genomics Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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46
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Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of HCC heterogeneity have shown not only distinct molecular classes with potential therapeutical implications but also have suggested that subclasses might be mirrored by tumour morphology and phenotype. The classification of HCC is therefore shifting from a more traditional, morphology-based approach to a more functional approach with clinical implications. The classical histological patterns (trabecular, pseudoglandular, solid, etc.) are still taken into account but in combination with other parameters such as cell grading, clonal changes, type and extent of vascularisation, tumour immunophenotype etc. This array of morpho-phenotypical features is expected to ultimately provide information about cell of origin, tumour behaviour and, hopefully, treatment sensitivity. In this chapter we will give a brief overview on modern principles of hepatic carcinogenesis by outlining the events/lesions bridging the microscopic dysplasia to advanced HCC. In this context special emphasis will be given to novel concepts and diagnostics and differential diagnosis of small HCC (of early and progressed type), which is the main target of the surveillance in the cirrhotic population. Novel and emerging subpopulations of HCC will also be considered, for example HCC with stem/progenitor cell phenotype and mixed hepatobiliary forms which are filling the traditional separation between two entities (HCC and cholangiocarcinoma), likely more inter-related than previously thought.
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47
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van Malenstein H, Gevaert O, Libbrecht L, Daemen A, Allemeersch J, Nevens F, Van Cutsem E, Cassiman D, De Moor B, Verslype C, van Pelt J. A seven-gene set associated with chronic hypoxia of prognostic importance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:4278-88. [PMID: 20592013 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) have an unpredictable clinical course, and molecular classification could provide better insights into prognosis and patient-directed therapy. We hypothesized that in HCC, certain microenvironmental regions exist with a characteristic gene expression related to chronic hypoxia which would induce aggressive behavior. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We determined the gene expression pattern for human HepG2 liver cells under chronic hypoxia by microarray analysis. Differentially expressed genes were selected and their clinical values were assessed. In our hypothesis-driven analysis, we included available independent microarray studies of patients with HCC in one single analysis. Three microarray studies encompassing 272 patients were used as training sets to determine a minimal prognostic gene set, and one recent study of 91 patients was used for validation. RESULTS Using computational methods, we identified seven genes (out of 3,592 differentially expressed under chronic hypoxia) that showed correlation with poor prognostic indicators in all three training sets (65/139/73 patients) and this was validated in a fourth data set (91 patients). Retrospectively, the seven-gene set was associated with poor survival (hazard ratio, 1.39; P = 0.007) and early recurrence (hazard ratio, 2.92; P = 0.007) in 135 patients. Moreover, using a hypoxia score based on this seven-gene set, we found that patients with a score of >0.35 (n = 42) had a median survival of 307 days, whereas patients with a score of < or =0.35 (n = 93) had a median survival of 1,602 days (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS We identified a unique, liver-specific, seven-gene signature associated with chronic hypoxia that correlates with poor prognosis in HCCs.
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48
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Sturgeon CM, Duffy MJ, Hofmann BR, Lamerz R, Fritsche HA, Gaarenstroom K, Bonfrer J, Ecke TH, Grossman HB, Hayes P, Hoffmann RT, Lerner SP, Löhe F, Louhimo J, Sawczuk I, Taketa K, Diamandis EP. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for use of tumor markers in liver, bladder, cervical, and gastric cancers. Clin Chem 2010; 56:e1-48. [PMID: 20207771 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.133124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Updated National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for the use of tumor markers in the clinic have been developed. METHODS Published reports relevant to use of tumor markers for 4 cancer sites--liver, bladder, cervical, and gastric--were critically reviewed. RESULTS Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) may be used in conjunction with abdominal ultrasound for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis associated with hepatitis B or C virus infection. AFP concentrations >200 microg/L in cirrhotic patients with typical hypervascular lesions >2 cm in size are consistent with HCC. After a diagnosis of HCC, posttreatment monitoring with AFP is recommended as an adjunct to imaging, especially in the absence of measurable disease. Although several urine markers have been proposed for bladder cancer, none at present can replace routine cystoscopy and cytology in the management of patients with this malignancy. Some may, however, be used as complementary adjuncts to direct more effective use of clinical procedures. Although carcinoembryonic antigen and CA 19-9 have been proposed for use gastric cancer and squamous cell carcinoma antigen for use in cervical cancer, none of these markers can currently be recommended for routine clinical use. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of these recommendations should encourage optimal use of tumor markers for patients with liver, bladder, cervical, or gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine M Sturgeon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Hoshida Y, Toffanin S, Lachenmayer A, Villanueva A, Minguez B, Llovet JM. Molecular classification and novel targets in hepatocellular carcinoma: recent advancements. Semin Liver Dis 2010; 30:35-51. [PMID: 20175032 PMCID: PMC3668687 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1247131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of most lethal cancers worldwide. Strategic decisions for the advancement of molecular therapies in this neoplasm require a clear understanding of its molecular classification. Studies indicate aberrant activation of signaling pathways involved in cellular proliferation (e.g., epidermal growth factor and RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways), survival (e.g., Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway), differentiation (e.g., Wnt and Hedgehog pathways), and angiogenesis (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor), which is heterogeneously presented in each tumor. Integrative analysis of accumulated genomic datasets has revealed a global scheme of molecular classification of HCC tumors observed across diverse etiologic factors and geographic locations. Such a framework will allow systematic understanding of the frequently co-occurring molecular aberrations to design treatment strategy for each specific subclass of tumors. Accompanied by a growing number of clinical trials of molecular targeted drugs, diagnostic and prognostic biomarker development will be facilitated with special attention on study design and with new assay technologies specialized for archived fixed tissues. A new class of genomic information, microRNA dysregulation and epigenetic alterations, will provide insight for more precise understanding of disease mechanism and expand the opportunity of biomarker/therapeutic target discovery. These efforts will eventually enable personalized management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Hoshida
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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50
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Abstract
There have been innumerable studies published in the attempt to identify gene expression signatures in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). When all the regulators and targets of the differentially expressed genes are analyzed from larger studies, the most striking theme is upregulation of mitosis-promoting and cell proliferation genes in HCC compared with 'liver-specific gene clusters' in non-tumorous tissue. A major limitation of expression profiling is that it only provides a 'snapshot' of what is an evolving process and thus cannot distinguish the differences in gene expression that are primary effectors of dysregulated growth from those that represent downstream consequences. The development of HCC in a chronically diseased liver, often referred to as hepatocarcinogenesis, is a multistep process characterized by the progressive accumulation and interplay of genetic alterations causing aberrant growth, malignant transformation of liver parenchymal cells, followed by vascular invasion and metastasis. This review will discuss HCC precursor lesions, draw on the 'proliferation cluster' genes highlighted from HCC expression profiling studies, relate them to a selection of regulatory networks important in liver regeneration, cell cycle control and their potential significance in the pathogenesis of HCC or primary liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narci C Teoh
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Laboratory, Australian National University Medical School, The Canberra Hospital, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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