1
|
Afifi MM, Crncec A, Cornwell JA, Cataisson C, Paul D, Ghorab LM, Hernandez MO, Wong M, Kedei N, Cappell SD. Irreversible cell cycle exit associated with senescence is mediated by constitutive MYC degradation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113079. [PMID: 37656618 PMCID: PMC10591853 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells can irreversibly exit the cell cycle and become senescent to safeguard against uncontrolled proliferation. While the p53-p21 and p16-Rb pathways are thought to mediate senescence, they also mediate reversible cell cycle arrest (quiescence), raising the question of whether senescence is actually reversible or whether alternative mechanisms underly the irreversibility associated with senescence. Here, we show that senescence is irreversible and that commitment to and maintenance of senescence are mediated by irreversible MYC degradation. Senescent cells start dividing when a non-degradable MYC mutant is expressed, and quiescent cells convert to senescence when MYC is knocked down. In early oral carcinogenesis, epithelial cells exhibit MYC loss and become senescent as a safeguard against malignant transformation. Later stages of oral premalignant lesions exhibit elevated MYC levels and cellular dysplasia. Thus, irreversible cell cycle exit associated with senescence is mediated by constitutive MYC degradation, but bypassing this degradation may allow tumor cells to escape during cancer initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Afifi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrijana Crncec
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James A Cornwell
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christophe Cataisson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Debasish Paul
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laila M Ghorab
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria O Hernandez
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Office of Science and Technology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madeline Wong
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Office of Science and Technology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Office of Science and Technology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven D Cappell
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He Y, Kim IK, Bian J, Polyzos A, Di Giammartino DC, Zhang YW, Luo J, Hernandez MO, Kedei N, Cam M, Borczuk AC, Lee T, Han Y, Conner EA, Wong M, Tillo DC, Umemura S, Chen V, Ruan L, White JB, Miranda IC, Awasthi PP, Altorki NK, Divakar P, Elemento O, Apostolou E, Giaccone G. A Knock-In Mouse Model of Thymoma With the GTF2I L424H Mutation. J Thorac Oncol 2022; 17:1375-1386. [PMID: 36049655 PMCID: PMC9691559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathogenesis of thymic epithelial tumors remains largely unknown. We previously identified GTF2I L424H as the most frequently recurrent mutation in thymic epithelial tumors. Nevertheless, the precise role of this mutation in tumorigenesis of thymic epithelial cells is unclear. METHODS To investigate the role of GTF2I L424H mutation in thymic epithelial cells in vivo, we generated and characterized a mouse model in which the Gtf2i L424H mutation was conditionally knocked-in in the Foxn1+ thymic epithelial cells. Digital spatial profiling was performed on thymomas and normal thymic tissues with GeoMx-mouse whole transcriptome atlas. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed using both mouse tissues and human thymic epithelial tumors. RESULTS We observed that the Gtf2i mutation impairs development of the thymic medulla and maturation of medullary thymic epithelial cells in young mice and causes tumor formation in the thymus of aged mice. Cell cycle-related pathways, such as E2F targets and MYC targets, are enriched in the tumor epithelial cells. Results of gene set variation assay analysis revealed that gene signatures of cortical thymic epithelial cells and thymic epithelial progenitor cells are also enriched in the thymomas of the knock-in mice, which mirrors the human counterparts in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Immunohistochemistry results revealed similar expression pattern of epithelial cell markers between mouse and human thymomas. CONCLUSIONS We have developed and characterized a novel thymoma mouse model. This study improves knowledge of the molecular drivers in thymic epithelial cells and provides a tool for further study of the biology of thymic epithelial tumors and for development of novel therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng He
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - In-Kyu Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jing Bian
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexander Polyzos
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Yu-Wen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia; New address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ji Luo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria O Hernandez
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Office of Science and Technology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Office of Science and Technology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maggie Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alain C Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; New address: Department of Pathology, Northwell Health, Greenvale, New York
| | - Trevor Lee
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yumin Han
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Madeline Wong
- CCR Genomics Core, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Desiree C Tillo
- CCR Genomics Core, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shigeki Umemura
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Vincent Chen
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Lydia Ruan
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jessica B White
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ileana C Miranda
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Parirokh P Awasthi
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Laboratory Animal Sciences, Mouse Modeling & Cryopreservation, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nasser K Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | - Olivier Elemento
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Effie Apostolou
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Budhu AS, Shen Y, Wong LL, Hernandez BY, Tiirikainen M, Ma X, Irwin ML, Lu L, Zhao H, Lim JK, Taddei T, Mishra L, Pawlish K, Stroup A, Brown R, Nguyen MH, Koshiol J, Hernandez MO, Forgues M, Yang HI, Lee MH, Huang YH, Iwasaki M, Goto A, Suzuki S, Matsuda K, Tanikawa C, Kamatani Y, Mann D, Guarnera M, Shetty K, Thomas CE, Yuan JM, Khor CC, Koh WP, Risch H, Wang XW, Yu H. Genetic susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma in chromosome 22q13.31, findings of a genome-wide association study. JGH Open 2021; 5:1363-1372. [PMID: 34950780 PMCID: PMC8674550 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, long-term alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and obesity are the major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States, but the disease risk varies substantially among individuals with these factors, suggesting host susceptibility to and gene-environment interactions in HCC. To address genetic susceptibility to HCC, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS). METHODS Two case-control studies on HCC were conducted in the United States. DNA samples were genotyped using the Illumian microarray chip with over 710 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We compared these SNPs between 705 HCC cases and 1455 population controls for their associations with HCC and verified our findings in additional studies. RESULTS In this GWAS, we found that two SNPs were associated with HCC at P < 5E-8 and six SNPs at P < 5E-6 after adjusting for age, sex, and the top three principal components (PCs). Five of the SNPs in chromosome 22q13.31, three in PNPLA3 (rs2281135, rs2896019, and rs4823173) and two in SAMM50 (rs3761472, rs3827385), were replicated in a small US case-control study and a cohort study in Singapore. The associations remained significant after adjusting for body mass index and HCV infection. Meta-analysis of multiple datasets indicated that these SNPs were significantly associated with HCC. CONCLUSIONS SNPs in PNPLA3 and SAMM50 are known risk loci for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and are suspected to be associated with HCC. Our GWAS demonstrated the associations of these SNPs with HCC in a US population. Biological mechanisms underlying the relationship remain to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Wang
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Anuradha S Budhu
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Yi Shen
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaomei Ma
- Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | | | - Lingeng Lu
- Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Joseph K Lim
- Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Tamar Taddei
- Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Karen Pawlish
- New Jersey State Cancer Registry, New Jersey Department of Health Trenton New Jersey USA
| | - Antoinette Stroup
- Rutgers Cancer Institute, and Rutgers School of Public Health New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Robert Brown
- Weill Cornell Medical College, and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York New York USA
| | - Mindie H Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University Medical Center Palo Alto California USA
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Maria O Hernandez
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Marshonna Forgues
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Division of Epidemiology Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Epidemiology Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Tokyo Japan
| | - Shiori Suzuki
- Division of Epidemiology Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Tokyo Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Chizu Tanikawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Dean Mann
- Department of Pathology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Maria Guarnera
- Department of Pathology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Kirti Shetty
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Claire E Thomas
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA.,Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA.,Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore Singapore
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Health Systems and Services Research, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Harvey Risch
- Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Herbert Yu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center Honolulu Hawaii USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma L, Wang L, Khatib SA, Chang CW, Heinrich S, Dominguez DA, Forgues M, Candia J, Hernandez MO, Kelly M, Zhao Y, Tran B, Hernandez JM, Davis JL, Kleiner DE, Wood BJ, Greten TF, Wang XW. Single-cell atlas of tumor cell evolution in response to therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1397-1408. [PMID: 34216724 PMCID: PMC8604764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intratumor molecular heterogeneity is a key feature of tumorigenesis and is linked to treatment failure and patient prognosis. Herein, we aimed to determine what drives tumor cell evolution by performing single-cell transcriptomic analysis. METHODS We analyzed 46 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) biopsies from 37 patients enrolled in interventional studies at the NIH Clinical Center, with 16 biopsies collected before and after treatment from 7 patients. We developed a novel machine learning-based consensus clustering approach to track cellular states of 57,000 malignant and non-malignant cells including tumor cell transcriptome-based functional clonality analysis. We determined tumor cell relationships using RNA velocity and reverse graph embedding. We also studied longitudinal samples from 4 patients to determine tumor cellular state and its evolution. We validated our findings in bulk transcriptomic data from 488 patients with HCC and 277 patients with iCCA. RESULTS Using transcriptomic clusters as a surrogate for functional clonality, we observed an increase in tumor cell state heterogeneity which was tightly linked to patient prognosis. Furthermore, increased functional clonality was accompanied by a polarized immune cell landscape which included an increase in pre-exhausted T cells. We found that SPP1 expression was tightly associated with tumor cell evolution and microenvironmental reprogramming. Finally, we developed a user-friendly online interface as a knowledge base for a single-cell atlas of liver cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our study offers insight into the collective behavior of tumor cell communities in liver cancer as well as potential drivers of tumor evolution in response to therapy. LAY SUMMARY Intratumor molecular heterogeneity is a key feature of tumorigenesis that is linked to treatment failure and patient prognosis. In this study, we present a single-cell atlas of liver tumors from patients treated with immunotherapy and describe intratumoral cell states and their hierarchical relationship. We suggest osteopontin, encoded by the gene SPP1, as a candidate regulator of tumor evolution in response to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Ma
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Limin Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Subreen A Khatib
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Ching-Wen Chang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Sophia Heinrich
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Dana A Dominguez
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Marshonna Forgues
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Julián Candia
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Maria O Hernandez
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 20701 USA
| | - Michael Kelly
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 20701 USA
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 20701 USA
| | - Bao Tran
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 20701 USA
| | - Jonathan M Hernandez
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA; Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Jeremy L Davis
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA; Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Bradford J Wood
- Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA; NIH Center for Interventional Oncology, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA; Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA.
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA; Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma L, Wang L, Chang CW, Franck S, Dominguez D, Forgues M, Candia J, Hernandez MO, Kelly M, Zhao Y, Tran B, Hernandez JM, Davis JL, Kleiner DE, Wood BJ, Greten TF, Wang XW. Abstract PR04: Understanding tumor clonal evolution by single-cell transcriptomic analysis in liver cancer. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.tumhet2020-pr04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor evolution is a key feature intrinsic to tumor biology and contributes to intratumor heterogeneity, escape of immune surveillance, treatment failure, and patients’ prognosis. The evolutionary process of tumor is driven by selecting favorable phenotypes in terms of their fitness and survival in a tumor ecosystem. While genomic alterations provide rich materials for tumor evolution, only a few can induce a recognizable phenotypic change with even fewer for a fitness advantage. Thus, transcriptomics, a major molecular feature reflecting functional activities, will be informative in modeling tumor heterogeneity and crucial in understanding tumor evolution. Here, we aim to study tumor clonal evolution by single-cell transcriptomic profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from 37 patients participating the immune checkpoint inhibition trials. By analyzing core biopsies before or after treatment, we determined the single-cell atlas of liver tumors and confidently separated malignant cells and non-malignant cells by inferring chromosomal copy number variations. We developed a consensus clustering model based on machine learning algorithms and statistical methods to identify functional clones from malignant cells within each tumor. We further determined the clonal relationship by constructing the phylogenetic tree of the clones from all tumors. The clonal relationship within each tumor was independently assessed by manifold based single-cell trajectory and RNA-velocity based cell lineage. The analyses revealed a tumor branching evolutionary architecture of the clones. Noticeably, tumor branching evolution was associated with patient outcomes, which was also validated by using bulk transcriptomic data from 765 liver tumors. We found tumors in the poor prognosis branch were enriched in the pathways of hypoxia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. Remarkably, the functional role of the clones within a tumor varied, indicating a cooperative tumor cell community. We found a polarization of immune landscape associated with tumor branching evolution driven by tumor cell-specific cytokines. Our results offer insight into the collective behavior of tumor cell communities in liver cancer as well as potential drivers for tumor evolution in response to immunotherapy.
Citation Format: Lichun Ma, Limin Wang, Ching-Wen Chang, Sophia Franck, Dana Dominguez, Marshonna Forgues, Julian Candia, Maria O. Hernandez, Michael Kelly, Yongmei Zhao, Bao Tran, Jonathan M. Hernandez, Jeremy L. Davis, David E. Kleiner, Bradford J. Wood, Tim F. Greten, Xin Wei Wang. Understanding tumor clonal evolution by single-cell transcriptomic analysis in liver cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Tumor Heterogeneity: From Single Cells to Clinical Impact; 2020 Sep 17-18. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(21 Suppl):Abstract nr PR04.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma L, Hernandez MO, Zhao Y, Mehta M, Tran B, Kelly M, Rae Z, Hernandez JM, Davis JL, Martin SP, Kleiner DE, Hewitt SM, Ylaya K, Wood BJ, Greten TF, Wang XW. Abstract 1500: Understanding tumor cell community and its evolution by single cell analysis in liver cancer. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor cell biodiversity is a major contributing factor to therapeutic failures and lethal outcomes of solid malignancies. Primary liver cancer, comprising mainly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), is the second most lethal malignancy worldwide. To understand the biodiversity of tumor cell community in liver cancer, we performed single-cell transcriptome profiling of primary HCC and iCCA from 19 patients, who were enrolled at the NIH Clinical Center for immune checkpoint inhibition clinical trials. We found malignant cells differed within and between tumors, indicating both intratumor and intertumor heterogeneity. We developed a method to measure intratumor heterogeneity. Strikingly, the degree of intratumor diversity was associated with patient outcome where tumors with high diversity was associated with poor prognosis while tumors with low diversity was linked to good prognosis. The link between intratumor diversity and patient prognosis was also observed in bulk genomic and transcriptomic profiles for hundreds of HCC as well as iCCA patients. We found a polarization of the diverse landscapes of tumor microenvironment (TME) from low diversity and high diversity tumors. By searching upstream regulators of TME, we found an increased VEGF expression in high diversity tumors linked to diversity-related polarization of stromal and immune cells. Additionally, tumor evolutionary trajectory was uncovered by single-cell transcriptomic profiles generated from tumor biopsies collected from patients at baseline and after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our results offer insight into the diverse ecosystem of HCC and iCCA and determine an impact of tumor cell biodiversity on patient prognosis, which may further benefit the prediction of clinical response to immune therapy.
Citation Format: Lichun Ma, Maria O. Hernandez, Yongmei Zhao, Monika Mehta, Bao Tran, Michael Kelly, Zachary Rae, Jonathan M. Hernandez, Jeremy L. Davis, Sean P. Martin, David E. Kleiner, Stephen M. Hewitt, Kris Ylaya, Bradford J. Wood, Tim F. Greten, Xin Wei Wang. Understanding tumor cell community and its evolution by single cell analysis in liver cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1500.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Ma
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | - Bao Tran
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu J, Tang W, Budhu A, Forgues M, Hernandez MO, Candia J, Kim Y, Bowman ED, Ambs S, Zhao Y, Tran B, Wu X, Koh C, Surana P, Liang TJ, Guarnera M, Mann D, Rajaure M, Greten TF, Wang Z, Yu H, Wang XW. A Viral Exposure Signature Defines Early Onset of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell 2020; 182:317-328.e10. [PMID: 32526205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy with its global incidence and mortality rate continuing to rise, although early detection and surveillance are suboptimal. We performed serological profiling of the viral infection history in 899 individuals from an NCI-UMD case-control study using a synthetic human virome, VirScan. We developed a viral exposure signature and validated the results in a longitudinal cohort with 173 at-risk patients who had long-term follow-up for HCC development. Our viral exposure signature significantly associated with HCC status among at-risk individuals in the validation cohort (area under the curve: 0.91 [95% CI 0.87-0.96] at baseline and 0.98 [95% CI 0.97-1] at diagnosis). The signature identified cancer patients prior to a clinical diagnosis and was superior to alpha-fetoprotein. In summary, we established a viral exposure signature that can predict HCC among at-risk patients prior to a clinical diagnosis, which may be useful in HCC surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Liu
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anuradha Budhu
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marshonna Forgues
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria O Hernandez
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julián Candia
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yujin Kim
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elise D Bowman
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Bao Tran
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Christopher Koh
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pallavi Surana
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Guarnera
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dean Mann
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Manoj Rajaure
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhanwei Wang
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Herbert Yu
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma L, Hernandez MO, Zhao Y, Mehta M, Tran B, Kelly M, Rae Z, Hernandez JM, Davis JL, Martin SP, Kleiner DE, Hewitt SM, Ylaya K, Wood BJ, Greten TF, Wang XW. Tumor Cell Biodiversity Drives Microenvironmental Reprogramming in Liver Cancer. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:418-430.e6. [PMID: 31588021 PMCID: PMC6801104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular diversity in tumors is a key factor for therapeutic failures and lethal outcomes of solid malignancies. Here, we determined the single-cell transcriptomic landscape of liver cancer biospecimens from 19 patients. We found varying degrees of heterogeneity in malignant cells within and between tumors and diverse landscapes of tumor microenvironment (TME). Strikingly, tumors with higher transcriptomic diversity were associated with patient's worse overall survival. We found a link between hypoxia-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor expression in tumor diversity and TME polarization. Moreover, T cells from higher heterogeneous tumors showed lower cytolytic activities. Consistent results were found using bulk genomic and transcriptomic profiles of 765 liver tumors. Our results offer insight into the diverse ecosystem of liver cancer and its impact on patient prognosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/genetics
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/mortality
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/therapy
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/pathology
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/surgery
- Biopsy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Cholangiocarcinoma/genetics
- Cholangiocarcinoma/mortality
- Cholangiocarcinoma/pathology
- Cholangiocarcinoma/therapy
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Variation
- Hepatectomy
- Humans
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/surgery
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/mortality
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Progression-Free Survival
- RNA-Seq
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Ma
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria O Hernandez
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 20701, USA
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 20701, USA
| | - Monika Mehta
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 20701, USA
| | - Bao Tran
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 20701, USA
| | - Michael Kelly
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 20701, USA
| | - Zachary Rae
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 20701, USA
| | - Jonathan M Hernandez
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeremy L Davis
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sean P Martin
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bradford J Wood
- Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIH Center for Interventional Oncology, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Liver Cancer Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gage E, Hernandez MO, O’Hara JM, McCarthy EA, Mantis NJ. Role of the mannose receptor (CD206) in innate immunity to ricin toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:1131-45. [PMID: 22069759 PMCID: PMC3202876 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3091131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The entry of ricin toxin into macrophages and certain other cell types in the spleen and liver results in toxin-induced inflammation, tissue damage and organ failure. It has been proposed that uptake of ricin into macrophages is facilitated by the mannose receptor (MR; CD206), a C-type lectin known to recognize the oligosaccharide side chains on ricin’s A (RTA) and B (RTB) subunits. In this study, we confirmed that the MR does indeed promote ricin binding, uptake and killing of monocytes in vitro. To assess the role of MR in the pathogenesis of ricin in vivo, MR knockout (MR−/−) mice were challenged with the equivalent of 2.5× or 5× LD50 of ricin by intraperitoneal injection. We found that MR−/− mice were significantly more susceptible to toxin-induced death than their age-matched, wild-type control counterparts. These data are consistent with a role for the MR in scavenging and degradation of ricin, not facilitating its uptake and toxicity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gage
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (E.G.); (M.O.H.); (J.M.O.); (E.A.M.)
| | - Maria O. Hernandez
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (E.G.); (M.O.H.); (J.M.O.); (E.A.M.)
| | - Joanne M. O’Hara
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (E.G.); (M.O.H.); (J.M.O.); (E.A.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. McCarthy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (E.G.); (M.O.H.); (J.M.O.); (E.A.M.)
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (E.G.); (M.O.H.); (J.M.O.); (E.A.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-518-473-7487; Fax: +1-518-402-4773
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Soilleux EJ, Sarno EN, Hernandez MO, Moseley E, Horsley J, Lopes UG, Goddard MJ, Vowler SL, Coleman N, Shattock RJ, Sampaio EP. DC-SIGN association with the Th2 environment of lepromatous lesions: cause or effect? J Pathol 2006; 209:182-9. [PMID: 16583355 DOI: 10.1002/path.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The clinical spectrum of leprosy is related to patients' immune responses. Non-responsiveness towards Mycobacterium leprae (ML) seems to correlate with a Th2 cytokine profile. The reason for such a polarized immune response remains unclear. The C-type lectin, DC-SIGN, expressed by subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, has previously been associated with Th2 responses. Here we show abundant DC-SIGN expression in lepromatous but not borderline tuberculoid leprosy, in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. Moreover, we demonstrate that DC-SIGN can act as an entry receptor for ML, as it does for M. tuberculosis, through the cell wall component lipoarabinomannan. DC-SIGN is expressed on virtually all ML-containing cells, providing further evidence for its role as a receptor. DC-SIGN may therefore be induced on macrophages in lepromatous leprosy and may then contribute to mycobacterial entry into these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Soilleux
- Department of Histopathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge CB3 8RE, and Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hernandez MO, Neves I, Sales JS, Carvalho DS, Sarno EN, Sampaio EP. Induction of apoptosis in monocytes by Mycobacterium leprae in vitro: a possible role for tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Immunology 2003; 109:156-64. [PMID: 12709029 PMCID: PMC1782934 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse range of infectious organisms, including mycobacteria, have been reported to induce cell death in vivo and in vitro. Although morphological features of apoptosis have been identified in leprosy lesions, it has not yet been determined whether Mycobacterium leprae modulates programmed cell death. For that purpose, peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from leprosy patients were stimulated with different concentrations of this pathogen. Following analysis by flow cytometry on 7AAD/CD14+ cells, it was observed that M. leprae induced apoptosis of monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner in both leprosy patients and healthy individuals, but still with lower efficiency as compared to M. tuberculosis. Expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Bax-alpha, Bak mRNA and TNF-alpha protein was also detected in these cultures; in addition, an enhancement in the rate of apoptotic cells (and of TNF-alpha release) was noted when interferon-gamma was added to the wells. On the other hand, incubation of the cells with pentoxifylline impaired mycobacterium-induced cell death, the secretion of TNF-alpha, and gene expression in vitro. In addition, diminished bacterial entry decreased both TNF-alpha levels and the death of CD14+ cells, albeit to a different extent. When investigating leprosy reactions, an enhanced rate of spontaneous apoptosis was detected as compared to the unreactive lepromatous patients. The results demonstrated that M. leprae can lead to apoptosis of macrophages through a mechanism that could be at least partially related to the expression of pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family and of TNF-alpha. Moreover, while phagocytosis may be necessary, it seems not to be crucial to the induction of cell death by the mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M O Hernandez
- Leprosy Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sampaio EP, Hernandez MO, Carvalho DS, Sarno EN. Management of erythema nodosum leprosum by thalidomide: thalidomide analogues inhibit M. leprae-induced TNFalpha production in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56:13-9. [PMID: 11905505 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(01)00147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide is being successfully used for the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), among other disorders with inflammatory and immunological bases. Although the active molecules responsible for the diverse therapeutic activities of the drug and the sequence of reactions triggered inside the cells remain unclear, it was demonstrated that thalidomide (THAL) inhibits TNFalpha mRNA expression and protein production by stimulated monocytes and activated T lymphocytes. Patients treated with THAL experienced a reduction in serum TNFalpha levels and it diminished cytokine gene expression at the lesion site, with a concomitant abrogation of clinical symptoms. It has been reported that thalidomide as well as some its analogues decrease M. leprae-induced TNFalpha and IL-12 mRNA in vitro. THAL also reduced monocyte apoptosis in the cultures. The present data further support thalidomide's effects on TNFa synthesis and the growing need to search for new specific TNFalpha inhibitors (non-teratogenic compounds) that might be potentially used in clinical disorders such as leprosy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E P Sampaio
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Raharjo SH, Hernandez MO, Zhang YY, Punja ZK. Transformation of pickling cucumber with chitinase-encoding genes using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Cell Rep 1996; 15:591-596. [PMID: 24178524 DOI: 10.1007/bf00232459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/1995] [Revised: 09/21/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of cucumber cv. Endeavor was attempted using three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (a supervirulent leucinopine type, an octopine type and a nopaline type), each harbouring one of three binary vectors which contained an acidic chitinase gene from petunia, and basic chitinase genes from tobacco and bean, respectively, driven by the CaMV 35S promoter. Petiole explants were inoculated with a bacterial suspension (10(8) cells·ml(-1)), cocultivated for 48-96 h and placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 5.0 μM each of 2,4-D and BA, 50 mg·l(-1) kanamycin and 500 mg·l(-1) carbenicillin. The frequency of embryogenic callus formation ranged from 0 to 12%, depending on strains/vectors used and length of cocultivation, with the highest being obtained using the leucinopine strain with petunia acidic chitinase gene. The kanamycin-resistant embryogenic calli were used to initiate suspension cultures (in liquid MS medium with 1.0/1.0 μM 2,4-D/BA, 50 mg·l(-1) kanamycin) for multiplication of embryogenic cell aggregates. Upon plating of cell aggregates onto solid MS medium with 1.0/1.0 μM NAA/BA and 50 mg·l(-1) kanamycin, calli continued to grow and later differentiated into plantlets. Transformation by the leucinopine strain and all three vectors was confirmed by PCR amplification of the NPT II gene in transgenic calli and plants, in addition to Southern analysis. Expression of the acidic chitinase gene (from petunia) and both basic chitinase genes (from tobacco and bean) in different transgenic cucumber lines was confirmed by Western analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Raharjo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, V5A 1S6, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|