Hypothermia and Prolonged Time From Procedure End to Extubation After Endovascular Thoracic Aortic Surgery

Incidence of prolonged time to tracheal extubation and its associated factors among adult patients undergoing elective surgery at Jimma Medical Center, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2024

PURPOSE

Extubation refers to removing the breathing tube from the patient's airway after surgery under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation. Extubation procedures typically take less than 15 min, and if they take more, they are prolonged. Whether or not to extubate a patient depends on several factors, including the patient's preoperative status, the type of surgery, anesthetic methods, and expected recovery after the procedure. Thus, the study's objective was to determine the incidence of prolonged extubation and its associated factors among adult patients undergoing surgery at Jimma Medical Center.

METHODS

A prospective observational study through a consecutive sampling technique was conducted. Ethical clearance and approval were obtained from the institutional review board of Jimma University. Data on the extubation time and possible associated factors for a prolonged extubation time were collected using a data collection checklist. After being entered into EpiData 4.6 and exported into SPSS 25, descriptive analyses and logistic regression were carried out. In multivariate variables, p ≤ 0.05 was declared as statistical significance.

RESULT

Three-hundred eight adult patients were enrolled in the current study. Of these, the incidence of prolonged extubation was 24.7% (95% CI [20.0-29.9]). The identified associated factors were age ≥ 55 years (AOR = 5.7, 95% CI [2.62, 12.69], p ≤ 001); ASAPS > II (AOR = 4.27, 95% CI [1.59, 11.45], p = 004); BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (AOR = 6.6, 95% CI [2.37, 18.36], p ≤ 001); the use of benzodiazepine (AOR = 3.43, 95% CI [1.42, 8.25], p = 0.006); using of isoflurane (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI [0.15, 0.78], p = 0.011); prone position (AOR = 4.68, 95% CI [1.56, 14.07], p = 0.006); extubation in afternoon (AOR = 2.69, 95% CI [1.26, 5.74]; p = 0.011); and duration of surgery ≥ 210 min (AOR = 5.2, 95% CI [2.32, 11.72], p ≤ 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The study found that prolonged time to extubation occurred in one-fourth of the patients. The independent factors statistically associated with prolonged extubation were older ages, higher ASA class, obesity (≥ 30 kg/m2), the use of benzodiazepine, halothane for maintenance, prone position, extubation in the afternoon, and longer procedures (≥ 210 min).

Analysis of hospital and payer costs of care: aggressive warming versus routine warming in abdominal major surgery

Background

Hypothermia is common and active warming is recommended in major surgery. The potential effect on hospitals and payer costs of aggressive warming to a core temperature target of 37°C is poorly understood.

Methods

In this sub-analysis of the PROTECT trial (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03111875), we included patients who underwent radical procedures of colorectal cancer and were randomly assigned to aggressive warming or routine warming. Perioperative outcomes, operation room (OR) scheduling process, internal cost accounting data from the China Statistical yearbook (2022), and price lists of medical and health institutions in Beijing were examined. A discrete event simulation (DES) model was established to compare OR efficiency using aggressive warming or routine warming in 3 months. We report base-case net costs and sensitivity analyses of intraoperative aggressive warming compared with routine warming. Costs were calculated in 2022 using US dollars (USD).

Results

Data from 309 patients were analyzed. The aggressive warming group comprised 161 patients and the routine warming group comprised 148 patients. Compared to routine warming, there were no differences in the incidence of postoperative complications and total hospitalization costs of patients with aggressive warming. The potential benefit of aggressive warming was in the reduced extubation time (7.96 ± 4.33 min vs. 10.33 ± 5.87 min, p < 0.001), lower incidence of prolonged extubation (5.6% vs. 13.9%, p = 0.017), and decreased staff costs. In the DES model, there is no add-on or cancelation of operations performed within 3 months. The net hospital costs related to aggressive warming were higher than those related to routine warming in one operation (138.11 USD vs. 72.34 USD). Aggressive warming will have an economic benefit when the OR staff cost is higher than 2.37 USD/min/person, or the cost of disposable forced-air warming (FAW) is less than 12.88 USD/piece.

Conclusion

Despite improving OR efficiency, the economic benefits of aggressive warming are influenced by staff costs and the cost of FAW, which vary from different regions and countries.

Clinical trial registration

clinicaltrials.gov, identifier (NCT03111875).