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Ortega J, Wyneken J, Garner MM. Aneurysm Associated with Vascular Wall Degeneration in Bearded Dragons ( Pogona vitticeps). Vet Pathol 2024; 61:468-475. [PMID: 38006226 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231214025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the clinical, gross, and histologic findings in 17 cases of aneurysms in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). The clinical presentation ranged from incidental to sudden and unexpected death. The affected vasculature was predominantly arterial; however, based on the topographical locations of the lesions, gross structure, and drainage, some veins were likely involved. Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography scans of 1 animal showed a large aneurysm of the internal carotid artery extending from near its aortic origin into the caudal head. Aneurysms were organized in 5 groups based on their anatomical locations: cephalic, cranial coelom (for all near the heart), caudal coelom (for the mesenteric vessels and descending aorta), limbs, and tail. The cranial coelomic region was the most prevalent location. Gross findings were large hematomas or red serosanguineous fluid filling the adjacent area, as most of the aneurysms (94%) were ruptured at the time of the study. The main histological findings were degenerative changes of the vessel walls characterized by moderate to severe disruption of the collagen and elastic fibers of the tunica media and adventitia (100%), followed by thickening of the intima with thrombi formation (54%) and dissecting hematoma of the vessel wall (47%). Vasculitis (29%), mineralization (6%), and lipid deposits (6%) in the vessel wall were observed occasionally. Based on these findings, the vascular dilations and ruptures observed in bearded dragons likely are associated with weakness of the vessel walls caused by degenerative changes in the intimal and medial tunics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ortega
- Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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Vera L, De Clercq D, Van Steenkiste G, Decloedt A, Chiers K, van Loon G. Differences in ultrasound-derived arterial wall stiffness parameters and noninvasive blood pressure between Friesian horses and Warmblood horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:893-901. [PMID: 32032455 PMCID: PMC7096643 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aortic rupture is more common in Friesians compared to Warmbloods, which might be related to differences in arterial wall composition and, as such, arterial wall stiffness (AWS). Currently, nothing is known about differences in AWS between these breeds. Objectives Comparison of AWS parameters and noninvasive blood pressure between Friesians and Warmbloods. Animals One hundred one healthy Friesians and 101 age‐matched healthy Warmbloods. Methods Two‐dimensional and pulsed‐wave Doppler ultrasound examination was performed of the aorta, common carotid artery, and external iliac artery to define local and regional AWS parameters. Regional aortic AWS was estimated using aortic‐to‐external iliac artery pulse wave velocity (PWVa‐e) and carotid‐to‐external iliac artery pulse wave velocity (PWVc‐e). Noninvasive blood pressure and heart rate were recorded simultaneously. Results Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure and pulse pressure were significantly higher in Friesians compared to Warmbloods. No significant difference in heart rate was found. Most local AWS parameters (diameter change, compliance coefficient, distensibility coefficient) were significantly lower in Friesians compared to Warmbloods, indicating a stiffer aorta in Friesians. This difference could be confirmed by the regional stiffness parameters. A higher PWVa‐e and PWVc‐e was found in Friesians. For the cranial and caudal common carotid artery and external iliac artery, most local AWS parameters were not significantly different. Conclusions and clinical importance Results indicate that aortic AWS differs between Friesian and Warmblood horses. Friesians seem to have a stiffer aorta, which might be related to the higher incidence of aortic rupture in Friesians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisse Vera
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Equine cardioteam, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Equine cardioteam, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Glenn Van Steenkiste
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Equine cardioteam, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annelies Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Equine cardioteam, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Equine cardioteam, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Aortic dissection in four cats: clinicopathological correlations. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 25:52-60. [PMID: 31669853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aortic dissection (AD) is characterized by bleeding within the aortic wall or a tear in the intimal layer of the aortic wall, resulting in the passage of blood from the aortic lumen into the tunica media. In cases of AD, a floating, intimal flap in the aortic lumen divides the lumen into a true portion, with flow present, and a false portion, with no flow. We describe a series of 4 cats with AD of the ascending aorta and moderate aortic insufficiency. Three cats had an acute onset of clinical signs with pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, whereas one cat showed a chronic onset without pericardial effusion. Detailed gross and histopathological characterization is available for two cats, which revealed the typical features of AD. One cat also showed connective tissue abnormalities, microscopically resembling Marfan-like syndrome. Concomitant detection of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 2 cats represents a novel finding in the veterinary literature. Feline AD is generally associated with systemic hypertension. In all the cats of this case series, blood pressure was normal at presentation, although systemic hypertension before the acute dissection cannot be ruled out. In humans, hypotension is more common with AD of the ascending aorta, so the anatomical location could also play a role in cats. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats could have been a potential trigger of AD through shear stress. Transthoracic echocardiography, as herein demonstrated, can be considered as a rapid, non-invasive and useful method for the diagnosis of dissection at the level of the ascending aorta.
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Endoh C, Matsuda K, Okamoto M, Tsunoda N, Taniyama H. Morphometric changes in the aortic arch with advancing age in fetal to mature thoroughbred horses. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:661-669. [PMID: 28190824 PMCID: PMC5383194 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic rupture is a well recognized cause of sudden death in thoroughbred horses. Some microscopic lesions, such as those caused by cystic medial necrosis and
medionecrosis, can lead to aortic rupture. However, these microscopic lesions are also observed in normal horses. On the other hand, a previous study of aortic
rupture suggested that underlying elastin and collagen deposition disorders might be associated with aortic rupture. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to
compare the structural components of the tunica media of the aortic arch, which is composed of elastin, collagen, smooth muscle cells and mucopolysaccharides
(MPS), in fetal to mature thoroughbred horses. The percentage area of elastin was greatest in the young horses and subsequently decreased with aging. The
percentage area of collagen increased with aging, and the elderly horses (aged ≥20) exhibited significantly higher percentage areas of collagen than the young
horses. The percentage area of smooth muscle cells did not change with age. The percentage area of MPS was inversely proportional to the percentage area of
elastin. The fetuses exhibited a markedly larger percentage area of MPS than the mature horses. We concluded that the medial changes seen in the aortic arch,
which included a reduction in the amount of elastin and increases in the amounts of collagen and MPS, were age-related variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Endoh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midori-machi, Bunkyo-dai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Ploeg M, Saey V, van Loon G, Delesalle C. Thoracic aortic rupture in horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:269-274. [PMID: 27783422 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aorta can rupture at the aortic root or aortic arch. In most breeds, the aortic root is the likely site and rupture leads to aortocardiac fistula with communication between the aorta and the right atrium, right ventricle and/or the interventricular septum. There is a high prevalence of aortic rupture in young Friesian horses and rupture occurs at the aortic arch with pseudoaneurysm and potentially aortopulmonary fistulation. Echocardiographic and post-mortem techniques must be adapted to identify aortic arch rupture that is not generally identified with standard approaches. Given the narrow genetic base of the Friesian breed and the significant differences found in extracellular matrix composition and metabolism between Friesians and Warmbloods, genetic factors are likely to contribute to the condition in the Friesian breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ploeg
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - V Saey
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Delesalle
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Yamada K, Sato F, Horiuchi N, Higuchi T, Kobayashi Y, Sasaki N, Nambo Y. Autopsy imaging for cardiac tamponade in a Thoroughbred foal. J Equine Sci 2016; 27:115-118. [PMID: 27703406 PMCID: PMC5048358 DOI: 10.1294/jes.27.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autopsy imaging (Ai), postmortem imaging before necropsy, is used in human forensic medicine. Ai was performed using computed tomography (CT) for a 1-month-old Thoroughbred foal cadaver found in a pasture. CT revealed pericardial effusion, collapse of the aorta, bleeding in the lung lobe, gas in the ventricles and liver parenchyma, and distension of the digestive tract. Rupture in the left auricle was confirmed by necropsy; however, it was not depicted on CT. Therefore, Ai and conventional necropsy are considered to complement each other. The cause of death was determined to be traumatic cardiac tamponade. In conclusion, Ai is an additional option for determining cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Yamada
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Present affiliation: Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Fumio Sato
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Horiuchi
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiyasu Kobayashi
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Sasaki
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Versnaeyen H, Saey V, Vermeiren D, Chiers K, Ducatelle R. Intermittent Haemoptysis due to an Aortobronchial Fistula in a Warmblood Mare. J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:213-217. [PMID: 27535296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A 7-year-old warmblood mare showed sudden onset of mild intermittent haemoptysis. Clinical examination revealed no significant abnormalities. Haematological examination showed mild anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and neutrophilia. Coagulation tests were normal. Endoscopic examination revealed unilateral pulmonary haemorrhage with blood clots in the bronchi and trachea. Treatment with antibiotics was started and the horse was given stable rest. Two weeks later, the horse was found dead with blood and frothy sputum leaking from the nostrils. Post-mortem examination revealed a large thoracic aortic aneurysm communicating with a pseudoaneurysm that had formed a fistula into a right bronchial branch. Microscopical examination of the aneurysm showed extensive medial fibrosis with prominent degeneration, fragmentation and mineralization of the elastic fibres and deposition of mucoid material in the tunica media. The pseudoaneurysm was lined by collagen bundles admixed with fibroblasts and a small amount of adipose tissue. Aortobronchial fistula is a rare condition in man that is usually associated with primary aortic pathology, most often aneurysms. To the authors' knowledge this is the first case of a fatal aortobronchial fistula in a horse or any other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Versnaeyen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Belgium.
| | - V Saey
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Vermeiren
- Veterinary Practice, Perbeemd, Sint-Lenaartseweg 67, Loenhout, Belgium
| | - K Chiers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | - R Ducatelle
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
Respiratory and cardiac diseases are common in older horses. Advancing age is a specific risk factor for cardiac murmurs and these are more likely in males and small horses. Airway inflammation is the most common respiratory diagnosis. Recurrent airway obstruction can lead to irreversible structural change and bronchiectasis; with chronic hypoxia, right heart dysfunction and failure can develop. Valvular heart disease most often affects the aortic and/or the mitral valve. Management of comorbidity is an essential element of the therapeutic approach to cardiac and respiratory disease in older equids.
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Diel de Amorim M, Nielsen K, McKell B, Huang Y, Card C. Aortic rupture causing cardiac tamponade in a 24-day-old Friesian colt with concurrent colonic Chlamydiosisand Balantidiasis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Diel de Amorim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - K. Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - B. McKell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - Y. Huang
- Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc.; Saskatoon Canada
| | - C. Card
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
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Jenni SD, Vogt P, Jenni R, Glaus TM. Dissection of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus with Right Heart Failure in an Adult Dog. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lee ND, Danoff K, Etue S, Rush JE. Cranial vena cava aneurysm in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2007; 9:47-51. [PMID: 17689469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 1.5-year-old mixed breed dog was presented for evaluation of arrhythmia and a cranial mediastinal density was noted on thoracic radiographs. The density was determined to be a cranial vena cava aneurysm based on ultrasonographic and angiographic testing. No treatment was initiated and the dog remains asymptomatic for the cranial vena cava aneurysm at 6 years of age. Although rare, cranial vena cava aneurysm should be a differential diagnosis for dogs with cranial mediastinal abnormalities on thoracic radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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