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López-Relaño J, Martín-Adrados B, Real-Arévalo I, Lozano-Bartolomé J, Abós B, Sánchez-Ramón S, Alonso B, Gómez Del Moral M, Martínez-Naves E. Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Differentiated in the Presence of Lenalidomide Display a Semi-Mature Phenotype, Enhanced Phagocytic Capacity, and Th1 Polarization Capability. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1328. [PMID: 29951065 PMCID: PMC6008535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lenalidomide is an analog of thalidomide, with potent anticancer activity demonstrated in several hematological malignancies. It has immunomodulatory properties, being able to enhance the activation of different types of immune cells, which results in antitumor activities. Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in the immune response, and different immunotherapeutic approaches targeting these cells are being developed. Since little is known about the effect of lenalidomide on DCs, the goal of the present work was to investigate the phenotype and function of human monocyte-derived DCs differentiated in the presence of lenalidomide (L-DCs). Our results showed that L-DCs display a unique phenotype, with increased cell surface expression of some maturation markers such as CD1d, CD83, CD86, and HLA-DR. This phenotype correlates with a lower expression of the E3 ubiquitin-ligase MARCH-I in L-DCs, upregulating the cell surface expression of CD86 and HLA-DR. In addition, immature L-DCs express higher amounts of DC-SIGN on the cell surface than control immature DCs. After LPS stimulation, production of IL-6 and TNF-α was severely decreased, whereas IL-12 and IL-10 secretion was dramatically upregulated in L-DCs, compared to that in the controls. Functionally, L-DCs are more effectively recognized by NKT cells in cytotoxicity experiments. Furthermore, L-DCs display higher opsonin-independent antigen uptake capability than control DCs. Mixed lymphocyte reaction experiments showed that L-DCs could stimulate naïve CD4 T-cells, polarizing them toward a predominant Th1 phenotype. In summary, DCs derived from monocytes in the presence of lenalidomide present a semi-mature phenotype, increased phagocytic capacity, reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines, and the ability to polarize T-cells toward predominant Th1-type responses; these are qualities that might be useful in the development of new immunotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan López-Relaño
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-Adrados
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Real-Arévalo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Lozano-Bartolomé
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Abós
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Manuel Gómez Del Moral
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Naves
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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Tabata C, Tabata R, Takahashi Y, Nakamura K, Nakano T. Thalidomide prevents cigarette smoke extract-induced lung damage in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:511-7. [PMID: 25749497 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a progressive airway obstruction that is not completely reversible and is mainly caused by smoking tobacco. COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and there are currently no proven effective treatments. The pathogenesis of COPD involves several factors such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Cytokines play important roles in chronic inflammation. Thalidomide (Thal) has been used to treat multiple myeloma due to its inhibitory effects on IL-6-induced cell growth. We recently demonstrated that thalidomide (Thal) played important roles in cytokine-induced lung damage in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model in mice. We herein examined the preventative effects of Thal on cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced emphysematous changes in mice. We performed histological examinations and quantitative measurements of the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA, as well as apoptosis in CSE-induced mouse lung tissues treated with or without Thal. The results of the histological examination showed that Thal ameliorated CSE-induced emphysema in mice. It also inhibited the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in mouse lung tissues. Thal decreased apoptosis in the mouse lung. In vitro studies revealed that Thal decreased 1) the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in human lung epithelial cells, and 2) CSE-induced apoptosis and the inhibition of cell growth, which may be the underlying mechanisms for the preventative effects of Thal on emphysema. These results provide a rationale for exploring the clinical use of Thal for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rie Tabata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tsukaguchi Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuta Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology 1, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology 1, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo, Japan
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Chang X, Zhu Y, Shi C, Stewart AK. Mechanism of immunomodulatory drugs' action in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:240-53. [PMID: 24374776 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), such as thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide, are widely used in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), the molecular mechanism of IMiDs' action is largely unknown. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the application of IMiDs in MM cancer treatment as well as their effects on immunomodulatory activities, anti-angiogenic activities, intervention of cell surface adhesion molecules between myeloma cells and bone marrow stromal cells, anti-inflammatory activities, anti-proliferation, pro-apoptotic effects, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of cell migration and metastasis. In addition, the potential IMiDs' target protein, IMiDs' target protein's functional role, and the potential molecular mechanisms of IMiDs resistance will be discussed. We wish, by presentation of our naive discussion, that this review article will facilitate further investigation in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiubao Chang
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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Peacock JD, Cherba D, Kampfschulte K, Smith MK, Monks NR, Webb CP, Steensma M. Molecular-guided therapy predictions reveal drug resistance phenotypes and treatment alternatives in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. J Transl Med 2013; 11:213. [PMID: 24040940 PMCID: PMC3848568 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are rare highly aggressive sarcomas that affect 8-13% of people with neurofibromatosis type 1. The prognosis for patients with MPNST is very poor. Despite TOP2A overexpression in these tumors, doxorubicin resistance is common, and the mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in MPNST are poorly understood. Molecular-guided therapy prediction is an emerging strategy for treatment refractory sarcomas that involves identification of therapy response and resistance mechanisms in individual tumors. Here, we report the results from a personalized, molecular-guided therapy analysis of MPNST samples. Methods Established molecular-guided therapy prediction software algorithms were used to analyze published microarray data from human MPNST samples and cell lines, with benign neurofibroma tissue controls. MPNST and benign neurofibroma-derived cell lines were used for confirmatory in vitro experimentation using quantitative real-time PCR and growth inhibition assays. Microarray data was analyzed using Affymetrix expression console MAS 5.0 method. Significance was calculated with Welch’s t-test with non-corrected p-value < 0.05 and validated using permutation testing across samples. Paired Student’s t-tests were used to compare relative EC50 values from independent growth inhibition experiments. Results Molecular guided therapy predictions highlight substantial variability amongst human MPNST samples in expression of drug target and drug resistance pathways, as well as some similarities amongst samples, including common up-regulation of DNA repair mechanisms. In a subset of MPNSTs, high expression of ABCC1 is observed, serving as a predicted contra-indication for doxorubicin and related therapeutics in these patients. These microarray-based results are confirmed with quantitative, real-time PCR and immunofluorescence. The functional effect of drug efflux in MPNST-derived cells is confirmed using in vitro growth inhibition assays. Alternative therapeutics supported by the molecular-guided therapy predictions are reported and tested in MPNST-derived cells. Conclusions These results confirm the substantial molecular heterogeneity of MPNSTs and validate molecular-guided therapy predictions in vitro. The observed molecular heterogeneity in MPNSTs influences therapy prediction. Also, mechanisms involving drug transport and DNA damage repair are primary mediators of MPNST chemotherapy resistance. Together, these findings support the utility of individualized therapy in MPNST as in other sarcomas, and provide initial proof-of concept that individualized therapy prediction can be accomplished.
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Zhang L, Qian Z, Cai Z, Sun L, Wang H, Bartlett JB, Yi Q, Wang M. Synergistic antitumor effects of lenalidomide and rituximab on mantle cell lymphoma in vitro and in vivo. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:553-9. [PMID: 19565649 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX), a chimeric anti-CD20 antibody, is associated with direct induction of apoptosis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) with clinical efficacy in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Lenalidomide (LEN), a novel immunomodulatory agent, sensitizes tumor cells and enhances ADCC. Our study attempted to elucidate the mechanism of LEN-enhanced RTX-mediated cytotoxicity of MCL cells. We found that LEN and RTX induced growth inhibition of both cultured and fresh primary MCL cells. LEN enhanced RTX-induced apoptosis via upregulating phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNK), Bcl-2, Bad; increasing release of cytochrome-c; enhancing activation of caspase-3, -8, -9 and cleavage of PARP. Meanwhile, LEN activated NK cells and increased CD16 expression on CD56(low)CD16(+) NK cells. Whole PBMCs but not NK cell-depleted PBMCs treated with LEN augmented 30% of RTX-dependent cytotoxicity. Daily treatment with LEN increased NK cells by 10-folds in SCID mice, and combination of LEN and RTX decreased tumor burden and prolonged survival of MCL-bearing SCID mice. Taken together, our study demonstrates that LEN plus RTX provides a synergistically therapeutic effect on MCL cells by enhancing apoptosis and RTX-dependent NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and may be an optimal combination in the clinical trial of relapsed or refractory MCL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Blood Cells/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Synergism
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Lenalidomide
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/pathology
- MAP Kinase Kinase 4/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Rituximab
- Thalidomide/administration & dosage
- Thalidomide/analogs & derivatives
- Thalidomide/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA.
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Abstract
The highly controlled degradation of proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway represents a key mechanism for cell regulation and homeostasis. Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, carried out in large part by the E3 ubiquitin ligases, is a critical mode of post-translational modification that is important in regulation of cell cycle progression, signal transduction, gene transcription, antigen receptor signaling, immune response and cell differentiation. Recent studies demonstrate that increasing numbers of proteins with ubiquitin ligase activity are being characterized. Identification and characterization of their substrates indicate that they regulate the turnover of key cell cycle proteins (p27Kip1, p21Cip1, p57Kip2, cyclin E), tumor suppressor proteins (p53, RB), signaling kinases (Src, Zap70, PI-3 kinase), apoptosis regulators (Bcl-2, Bax, Bik) and transcription factors (Myc, NF-kappaB, E1F1), all of which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of malignant lymphoma. Studies to determine the functional role of ubiquitin ligases in the pathogenesis of malignant lymphoma represent potential areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lim
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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Hiss DC, Gabriels GA. Implications of endoplasmic reticulum stress, the unfolded protein response and apoptosis for molecular cancer therapy. Part II: targeting cell cycle events, caspases, NF-κB and the proteasome. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:907-21. [PMID: 23480539 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903055032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), the unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptosis signal transduction pathways are fundamental to normal cellular homeostasis and survival, but are exploited by cancer cells to promote the cancer phenotype. OBJECTIVE Collateral activation of ERS and UPR role players impact on cell growth, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, genomic stability, tumour initiation and progression, tumour aggressiveness and drug resistance. An understanding of these processes affords promising prospects for specific cancer drug targeting of the ERS, UPR and apoptotic pathways. METHOD This review (Part II of II) brings forward the latest developments relevant to the molecular connections among cell cycle regulators, caspases, NF-κB, and the proteasome with ERS and UPR signalling cascades, their functions in apoptosis induction, apoptosis resistance and oncogenesis, and how these relationships can be exploited for targeted cancer therapy. CONCLUSION Overall, ERS, the UPR and apoptosis signalling cascades (the molecular therapeutic targets) and the development of drugs that attack these targets signify a success story in cancer drug discovery, but a more reductionist approach is necessary to determine the precise molecular switches that turn on antiapoptotic and pro-apoptotic programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donavon C Hiss
- Head, Molecular Oncology Research Programme, University of the Western Cape, Department of Medical BioSciences, Bellville, 7535, South Africa +27 21 959 2334 ; +27 959 1563 ;
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8
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Hiss DC, Gabriels GA. Implications of endoplasmic reticulum stress, the unfolded protein response and apoptosis for molecular cancer therapy. Part I: targeting p53, Mdm2, GADD153/CHOP, GRP78/BiP and heat shock proteins. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:799-821. [PMID: 23496268 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903052559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In eukaryotes, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are coordinately regulated to maintain steady-state levels and activities of various cellular proteins to ensure cell survival. OBJECTIVE This review (Part I of II) focuses on specific ERS and UPR signalling regulators, their expression in the cancer phenotype and apoptosis, and proposes how their implication in these processes can be rationalised into proteasome inhibition, apoptosis induction and the development of more efficacious targeted molecular cancer therapies. METHOD In this review, we contextualise many ERS and UPR client proteins that are deregulated or mutated in cancers and show links between ERS and the UPR, their implication in oncogenic transformation, tumour progression and escape from immune surveillance, apoptosis inhibition, angiogenesis, metastasis, acquired drug resistance and poor cancer prognosis. CONCLUSION Evasion of programmed cell death or apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer that enables tumour cells to proliferate uncontrollably. Successful eradication of cancer cells through targeting ERS- and UPR-associated proteins to induce apoptosis is currently being pursued as a central tenet of anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donavon C Hiss
- Head, Molecular Oncology Research Programme University of the Western Cape, Department of Medical BioSciences, Bellville, 7535, South Africa +27 21 959 2334 ; +27 21 959 1563 ;
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9
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Treon SP, Soumerai JD, Branagan AR, Hunter ZR, Patterson CJ, Ioakimidis L, Briccetti FM, Pasmantier M, Zimbler H, Cooper RB, Moore M, Hill J, Rauch A, Garbo L, Chu L, Chua C, Nantel SH, Lovett DR, Boedeker H, Sonneborn H, Howard J, Musto P, Ciccarelli BT, Hatjiharissi E, Anderson KC. Thalidomide and rituximab in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Blood 2008; 112:4452-7. [PMID: 18713945 PMCID: PMC2597120 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-150854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide enhances rituximab-mediated, antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity. We therefore conducted a phase 2 study using thalidomide and rituximab in symptomatic Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) patients naive to either agent. Intended therapy consisted of daily thalidomide (200 mg for 2 weeks, then 400 mg for 50 weeks) and rituximab (375 mg/m(2) per week) dosed on weeks 2 to 5 and 13 to 16. Twenty-five patients were enrolled, 20 of whom were untreated. Responses were complete response (n = 1), partial response (n = 15), and major response (n = 2), for overall and major response rate of 72% and 64%, respectively, on an intent-to-treat basis. Median serum IgM decreased from 3670 to 1590 mg/dL (P < .001), whereas median hematocrit rose from 33.0% to 37.6% (P = .004) at best response. Median time to progression for responders was 38 months. Peripheral neuropathy to thalidomide was the most common adverse event. Among 11 patients experiencing grade 2 or greater neuropathy, 10 resolved to grade 1 or less at a median of 6.7 months. Thalidomide in combination with rituximab is active and produces long-term responses in WM. Lower doses of thalidomide (ie,
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Treon
- Bing Center for Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Vijay A, Gertz MA. Current Treatment Options for Waldenström Macroglobulinemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 8:219-29. [DOI: 10.3816/clm.2008.n.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tabata C, Tabata R, Kadokawa Y, Hisamori S, Takahashi M, Mishima M, Nakano T, Kubo H. Thalidomide Prevents Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:708-14. [PMID: 17579094 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis in humans can occur as a result of a large number of conditions. In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), pulmonary function becomes progressively compromised resulting in a high mortality rate. Currently there are no proven effective treatments for IPF. We have recently reported that IL-6 and TGF-beta(1) plays an important role in proliferation and differentiation of lung fibroblasts, and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) prevented bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis through the inhibition of these cytokines. Thalidomide (Thal) has been used in the treatment of multiple myeloma through the inhibitory effect on IL-6-dependent cell growth and angiogenesis. In this study, we examined the preventive effect of Thal on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. We performed histological examinations and quantitative measurements of IL-6, TGF-beta(1), collagen type Ialpha1 (COL1A1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in bleomycin-treated mouse lung tissues with or without the administration of Thal. Thal histologically ameliorated bleomycin-induced fibrosis in mouse lung tissues. Thal decreased the expressions of IL-6, TGF-beta(1), VEGF, Ang-1 Ang-2, and COL1A1 mRNA in mouse lung tissues. In addition, Thal inhibited angiogenesis in the lung. In vitro studies disclosed that Thal reduced 1) production of IL-6, TGF-beta(1), VEGF, Ang-1, and collagen synthesis from human lung fibroblasts, and 2) both IL-6-dependent proliferation and TGF-beta(1)-dependent transdifferentiation of the cells, which could be the mechanism underlying the preventive effect of Thal on pulmonary fibrosis. These data may provide a rationale to explore clinical use of Thal for the prevention of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Tabata
- Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Richardson PG, Blood E, Mitsiades CS, Jagannath S, Zeldenrust SR, Alsina M, Schlossman RL, Rajkumar SV, Desikan KR, Hideshima T, Munshi NC, Kelly-Colson K, Doss D, McKenney ML, Gorelik S, Warren D, Freeman A, Rich R, Wu A, Olesnyckyj M, Wride K, Dalton WS, Zeldis J, Knight R, Weller E, Anderson KC. A randomized phase 2 study of lenalidomide therapy for patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Blood 2006; 108:3458-64. [PMID: 16840727 PMCID: PMC1895441 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-015909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This multicenter, open-label, randomized phase 2 study evaluated 2 dose regimens of lenalidomide for relapsed, refractory myeloma. Seventy patients were randomized to receive either 30 mg once-daily or 15 mg twice-daily oral lenalidomide for 21 days of every 28-day cycle. Patients with progressive or stable disease after 2 cycles received dexamethasone. Analysis of the first 70 patients showed increased grade 3/4 myelo-suppression in patients receiving 15 mg twice daily (41% versus 13%, P = .03). An additional 32 patients received 30 mg once daily. Responses were evaluated according to European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) criteria. Overall response rate (complete, partial, or minor) to lenalidomide alone was 25% (24% for once-daily and 29% for twice-daily lenalidomide). Median overall survival in 30-mg once-daily and twice-daily groups was 28 and 27 months, respectively. Median progression-free survival was 7.7 months on once-daily versus 3.9 months on twice-daily lenalidomide (P = .2). Dexamethasone was added in 68 patients and 29% responded. Time to first occurrence of clinically significant grade 3/4 myelosuppression was shorter in the twice-daily group (1.8 vs 5.5 months, P = .05). Significant peripheral neuropathy and deep vein thrombosis each occurred in only 3%. Lenalidomide is active and well tolerated in relapsed, refractory myeloma, with the 30-mg once-daily regimen providing the basis for future studies as monotherapy and with dexamethasone.
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McCarthy DA, Macey MG, Streetly M, Schey SA, Brown KA. The neutropenia induced by the thalidomide analogue CC-4047 in patients with multiple myeloma is associated with an increased percentage of neutrophils bearing CD64. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1194-203. [PMID: 16714224 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation to the treatment of multiple myeloma by the thalidomide analogue CC-4047 (Actimid) is the development of a severe neutropenia. We investigated the hypothesis that this effect may have been due to CC-4047 enhancing the removal of neutrophils from the circulation by altering the expression of surface adhesion molecules required for endothelial binding, by binding to platelets, or by enhancing apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis was used to examine the expression of neutrophil surface molecules, platelet binding and apoptosis in whole blood samples from 19 patients with multiple myeloma who were assigned to receive either 1, 2, 5 or 10 mg of CC-4047 every other day (e.o.d.) for 28 days. CC-4047 induced dose-related decreases in neutrophil numbers and increases in the percentage of CD64-positive neutrophils, but had little, or no effect on the expression of CD11b, CD62L or CD162, neutrophil-platelet binding, or apoptosis. Relative decreases in the neutrophil count were inversely associated with relative increases in the intensity of CD64 expression on neutrophils (r=- 0.307; p=0.028). Although seven patients developed severe neutropenia, none suffered severe or recurrent bacterial infections. The percentage of CD64-positive neutrophils was still increased in eight patients who continued receiving 1-5 mg CC-4047 e.o.d. for several months afterwards, but neutrophil counts were similar to pre-treatment values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond A McCarthy
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary (University of London), London E1 4NS, United Kingdom, UK.
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Abstract
Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a rare monoclonal gammopathy-associated lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Its incidence is only 4 per million per year. This review contains the known published literature specifically on the available management tools for Waldenström macroglobulinemia and is designed to assist clinicians in making management decisions for patients with this uncommon disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morie A Gertz
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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