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Blanco FC, Gravisaco MJ, Bigi MM, García EA, Marquez C, McNeil M, Jackson M, Bigi F. Identifying Bacterial and Host Factors Involved in the Interaction of Mycobacterium bovis with the Bovine Innate Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674643. [PMID: 34335572 PMCID: PMC8319915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an important animal and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against pathogens and is also crucial for the development of an efficient adaptive immune response. In this study we used an in vitro co-culture model of antigen presenting cells (APC) and autologous lymphocytes derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to identify the cell populations and immune mediators that participate in the development of an efficient innate response capable of controlling the intracellular replication of M. bovis. After M. bovis infection, bovine immune cell cultures displayed upregulated levels of iNOS, IL-22 and IFN-γ and the induction of the innate immune response was dependent on the presence of differentiated APC. Among the analyzed M. bovis isolates, only a live virulent M. bovis isolate induced an efficient innate immune response, which was increased upon stimulation of cell co-cultures with the M. bovis culture supernatant. Moreover, we demonstrated that an allelic variation of the early secreted protein ESAT-6 (ESAT6 T63A) expressed in the virulent strain is involved in this increased innate immune response. These results highlight the relevance of the compounds secreted by live M. bovis as well as the variability among the assessed M. bovis strains to induce an efficient innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carlos Blanco
- (Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) Institute of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas) National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Gravisaco
- (Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) Institute of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Mercedes Bigi
- (Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires) School of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Andrea García
- (Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) Institute of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Marquez
- High Technology Analytical Centre, Laboratory, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mike McNeil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mary Jackson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Fabiana Bigi
- (Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) Institute of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas) National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Wang J, Hussain T, Yue R, Liao Y, Li Q, Yao J, Song Y, Sun X, Wang N, Xu L, Sreevatsan S, Zhao D, Zhou X. MicroRNA-199a Inhibits Cellular Autophagy and Downregulates IFN-β Expression by Targeting TBK1 in Mycobacterium bovis Infected Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:238. [PMID: 30042930 PMCID: PMC6048223 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which microRNAs (miRNAs) modulate innate immunity and autophagy has not been fully elucidated in Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infections. In this study, we identified that miR-199a inhibited key innate immune responses and autophagy in murine macrophages infected with M. bovis. Using ex vivo and in vitro approaches we show that the expression of miR-199a was significantly increased during M. bovis infection. Furthermore, miR-199a suppressed autophagy and interferon-β (IFN-β) production by directly targeting TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) mRNA in both J774a.1 and BMDM cells. Upregulation of miR-199a or TBK1 silencing (siTBK1) inhibited maturation of autophagosomes and increased M. bovis survival. Our results demonstrate that, by targeting of TBK1, miR-199a modulates innate immune responses and promote the intracellular survival and growth of M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tariq Hussain
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichao Yue
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Yao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinjuan Song
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Sun
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Allen AR. One bacillus to rule them all? - Investigating broad range host adaptation in Mycobacterium bovis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:68-76. [PMID: 28434972 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Allen
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, AFBI Stormont, Department of Bacteriology, Lamont Building, Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom.
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4
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Divergent macrophage responses to Mycobacterium bovis among naturally exposed uninfected and infected cattle. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:436-442. [PMID: 27833091 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB), is a successful pathogen that remains an important global threat to livestock. Cattle naturally exposed to M. bovis normally become reactive to the M. bovis-purified protein derivative (tuberculin) skin test; however, some individuals remain negative, suggesting that they may be resistant to infection. To better understand host innate resistance to infection, 26 cattle from herds with a long history of high TB prevalence were included in this study. We investigated the bactericidal activity, the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the TB-related gene expression profile after in vitro M. bovis challenge of monocyte-derived macrophages from cattle with TB (n=17) and from non-infected, exposed cattle (in-contacts, n=9). The disease status was established based on the tuberculin skin test and blood interferon-gamma test responses, the presence of visible lesions at inspection on abattoirs and the histopathology and culture of M. bovis. Although macrophages from TB-infected cattle enabled M. bovis replication, macrophages from healthy, exposed cattle had twofold lower bacterial loads, overproduced nitric oxide and had lower interleukin (IL)-10 gene expression (P⩽0.05). Higher mRNA expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and IL-12 were observed in macrophages from all in-contact cattle than in macrophages from their TB-infected counterparts, which expressed more tumour necrosis factor-α; however, the differences were not statistically significant owing to individual variation. These results confirm that macrophage bactericidal responses have a crucial role in innate resistance to M. bovis infection in cattle.
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5
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Kido J, Mizukami T, Ohara O, Takada H, Yanai M. Idiopathic disseminated bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection in three infants. Pediatr Int 2015; 57:750-3. [PMID: 26044661 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the cases of three infants between 4 and 9 months of age with disseminated bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection who developed persistent fever, skin rash, and multiple chest nodules visible on computed tomography 22-34 days after BCG vaccination. These infants were healthy before inoculation, and their detailed immunological profiles, including T cell and neutrophil levels, were within normal range. Most reported BCG cases involve impaired immunity, such as children with chronic granulomatous disease, severe combined immunodeficiency, or human immunodeficiency virus infections. Because of their immature immune systems, BCG vaccination can be hazardous even in early infants without immune abnormalities. Hence, we advise caution when administering BCG vaccines to early infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kido
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto Regional Medical Center, Kumamoto, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Mizukami
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Technology Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takada
- Department of Perinatal and Pediatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yanai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto Regional Medical Center, Kumamoto, Chiba, Japan.,Vaccination Center of Kumamoto Prefecture, Kumamoto, Chiba, Japan
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6
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Lin J, Zhao D, Wang J, Wang Y, Li H, Yin X, Yang L, Zhou X. Transcriptome changes upon in vitro challenge with Mycobacterium bovis in monocyte-derived macrophages from bovine tuberculosis-infected and healthy cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:146-56. [PMID: 25550244 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As innate immune cells, macrophages are expected to respond to mycobacterial infection equally in both Mycobacterium bovis-infected cows and healthy cows. We previously found that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from M. bovis-infected cows respond differently than MDMs from healthy cows when exposed to in vitro M. bovis challenge. We have now used the Agilent™ Bovine Gene Expression Microarray to examine transcriptional differences between these MDMs. At a high multiplicity of infection (10), in vitro challenge led to changes in several thousands of genes, with dysregulation at multiple orders of magnitude. For example, significant changes were seen for colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte) (CSF3), colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage) (CSF2), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20). Classical macrophage activation was also observed, although to a lesser degree in interleukin 12 (IL12) expression. For macrophages, kallikrein-related peptidase 12 (KLK12) and protease, serine, 2 (trypsin 2) (PRSS2), as well as a secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich (osteonectin) (SPARC)-centered matricellular gene network, were differentially expressed in infected animals. Finally, global transcriptome fold-changes caused by in vitro challenge were higher in healthy cows than in tuberculosis-positive cows, suggesting that healthy macrophages responded marginally better to in vitro infection. Macrophages from healthy and already infected animals can both be fully activated during M. bovis infection, yet there are differences between these macrophages: distinct expression pattern in matricellular proteins, and their different responses to in vitro infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Lin
- The State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National TSE Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- The State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National TSE Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin Wang
- The State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National TSE Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Hua Li
- The State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National TSE Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaomin Yin
- The State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National TSE Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- The State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National TSE Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- The State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National TSE Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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7
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Castillo-Velázquez U, Gomez-Flores R, Tamez-Guerra R, Tamez-Guerra P, Rodríguez-Padilla C. Differential responses of macrophages from bovines naturally resistant or susceptible to Mycobacterium bovis after classical and alternative activation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:8-16. [PMID: 23707003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is known that macrophages from naturally resistant animals possess a strong immune response against bovine tuberculosis to control mycobacterial infections. In the present study, the macrophage phagocytic activity, intracellular bacterial survival, and cytokine gene expression induced by classical and alternative activators against Mycobacterium bovis in naturally resistant or susceptible bovines, were evaluated. Animals were classified as naturally resistant or susceptible based on the capacity of their macrophages to allow M. bovis (BCG) growth. Peripheral blood macrophages from naturally resistant and susceptible animals were activated by classical and alternative stimuli and challenged with either non-pathogenic M. bovis BCG strain or pathogenic 9926 strain. Naturally resistant animals showed the highest phagocytosis index and microbial control after classical and alternative stimuli, being this response higher against the strain 9926 than the non-virulent strain. In addition, the response of macrophages activated by the classical pathway was higher than that under the alternative activation against both types of strains. Furthermore, classical pathway-activated macrophages derived from naturally resistant animals expressed higher levels of the pro-inflammatory markers iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-1 and MIP-3, and the anti-inflammatory markers ARGII and TGF-b, particularly to BCG. The results of this study showed that macrophages from naturally resistant animals produced stronger pro-inflammatory responses than those from susceptible ones to signals provided by classical pathway activators. Its role in innate immunity against M. bovis is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Castillo-Velázquez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. Pedro de Alba S/N, Cd. Universitaria, C.P. 66451 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
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8
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Singh SV, Singh AV, Kumar A, Singh PK, Deb R, Verma AK, Kumar A, Tiwari R, Chakraborty S, Dhama K. Survival mechanisms of <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subspecies <i>paratuberculosis</i> within host species and in the environment—A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ns.2013.56088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Jörgens G, Bange FC, Mühlradt PF, Pabst R, Maus UA, Tschernig T. Synthetic Lipopeptide MALP-2 Inhibits Intracellular Growth of Mycobacterium bovis BCG in Alveolar Macrophages—Preliminary Data. Inflammation 2009; 32:247-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-009-9127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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MacHugh DE, Gormley E, Park SDE, Browne JA, Taraktsoglou M, O'Farrelly C, Meade KG. Gene expression profiling of the host response to Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2009; 56:204-14. [PMID: 19486308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2009.01082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, continues to pose a threat to livestock worldwide and, as a zoonotic infection, also has serious implications for human health. The implementation of comprehensive surveillance programmes to detect BTB has been successful in reducing the incidence of infection in many countries, yet BTB has remained recalcitrant to eradication in several EU states, particularly in Ireland and the UK. There are well-recognized limitations in the use of the current diagnostics to detect all infected animals and this has led to renewed efforts to uncover novel diagnostic biomarkers that may serve to enhance the performance of the tests. Studies of single immunological parameters have so far been unable to unlock the complexities of the immune response to mycobacterial infection. However, the development of high-throughput methods including pan-genomic gene expression technologies such as DNA microarrays has facilitated the simultaneous identification and analysis of thousands of genes and their interactions during the immune response. In addition, the application of these new genomic technologies to BTB has identified pathogen-associated immune response signatures of host infection. The objective of these investigations is to understand the changing profile of immune responses throughout the course of infection and to identify biomarkers for sensitive diagnosis, particularly during the early stages of infection. Transcriptional profiling via microarray and more recently via next-generation sequencing technologies may lead to the development of specific and sensitive diagnostics for M. bovis infection and will enhance the prospect of eradication of tuberculosis from cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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11
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Meade KG, Gormley E, O'Farrelly C, Park SD, Costello E, Keane J, Zhao Y, MacHugh DE. Antigen stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle yields evidence for a novel gene expression program. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:447. [PMID: 18823559 PMCID: PMC2569068 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis continues to cause substantial losses to global agriculture and has significant repercussions for human health. The advent of high throughput genomics has facilitated large scale gene expression analyses that present a novel opportunity for revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying mycobacterial infection. Using this approach, we have previously shown that innate immune genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from BTB-infected animals are repressed in vivo in the absence of exogenous antigen stimulation. In the present study, we hypothesized that the PBMC from BTB-infected cattle would display a distinct gene expression program resulting from exposure to M. bovis. A functional genomics approach was used to examine the immune response of BTB-infected (n = 6) and healthy control (n = 6) cattle to stimulation with bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative – PPD-b) in vitro. PBMC were harvested before, and at 3 h and 12 h post in vitro stimulation with bovine tuberculin. Gene expression changes were catalogued within each group using a reference hybridization design and a targeted immunospecific cDNA microarray platform (BOTL-5) with 4,800 spot features representing 1,391 genes. Results 250 gene spot features were significantly differentially expressed in BTB-infected animals at 3 h post-stimulation contrasting with only 88 gene spot features in the non-infected control animals (P ≤ 0.05). At 12 h post-stimulation, 56 and 80 gene spot features were differentially expressed in both groups respectively. The results provided evidence of a proinflammatory gene expression profile in PBMC from BTB-infected animals in response to antigen stimulation. Furthermore, a common panel of eighteen genes, including transcription factors were significantly expressed in opposite directions in both groups. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that many innate immune genes, including components of the TLR pathway and cytokines were differentially expressed in BTB-infected (n = 8) versus control animals (n = 8) after stimulation with bovine tuberculin. Conclusion The PBMC from BTB-infected animals exhibit different transcriptional profiles compared with PBMC from healthy control animals in response to M. bovis antigen stimulation, providing evidence of a novel gene expression program due to M. bovis exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran G Meade
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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12
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Denis M, Buddle BM. Bovine dendritic cells are more permissive for Mycobacterium bovis
replication than macrophages, but release more IL-12 and induce better immune T-cell proliferation. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 86:185-91. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Denis
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Grasslands; New Zealand
| | - Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Grasslands; New Zealand
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13
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Luo Y, Yamada H, Evanoff DP, Chen X. Role of Th1-stimulating cytokines in bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced macrophage cytotoxicity against mouse bladder cancer MBT-2 cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 146:181-8. [PMID: 16968412 PMCID: PMC1809722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated that macrophages exhibited cytotoxicity toward mouse bladder cancer MBT-2 cells upon bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) stimulation. In this study, we have investigated the role of Th1-stimulating cytokines in BCG-induced macrophage cytotoxicity. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) were used as a conventional source for macrophages and the induction of PEC effector functions (cytolytic activity and cytokine production) by BCG was evaluated in vitro. The BCG-activated PECs showed potent cytotoxicity and killed MBT-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Depletion of T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, or both, in PEC preparations exhibited a marginal or small reduction of MBT-2 cell killing, suggesting that macrophages played a primary role in PEC cytotoxicity. Transwell assays indicated that the maximal PEC cytotoxicity required both direct cell-cell contact and soluble factors such as interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Neutralizing endogenous cytokines interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18, IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha reduced PEC cytotoxicity by 38%, 22%, 15% and 94%, respectively. Supplementation of BCG with recombinant (r)IL-2, rIL-12 or rIL-18 increased PEC cytotoxicity by approximately twofold. Compared with control BCG for PEC stimulation, rBCGs expressing IL-2 or IL-18 showed enhanced MBT-2 cell killing by PECs. Increased cytokine production (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-6) was also observed in rBCG-stimulated PEC cultures. Taken together, these results suggest that Th1-stimulating cytokines play an important role in BCG-induced macrophage cytotoxicity and that combination of BCG with selected Th1-stimulating cytokines, either supplemented or expressed by BCG, may enhance the effect of BCG in the treatment of bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Luo
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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14
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Khare S, Hondalus MK, Nunes J, Bloom BR, Garry Adams L. Mycobacterium bovis DeltaleuD auxotroph-induced protective immunity against tissue colonization, burden and distribution in cattle intranasally challenged with Mycobacterium bovis Ravenel S. Vaccine 2006; 25:1743-55. [PMID: 17240005 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2006] [Revised: 11/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Lack of definitive diagnostics and effective vaccines for domestic animals are major obstacles to the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis. Auxotrophic mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have shown promise as vaccine candidates for preventing human tuberculosis. Similarly, we constructed a leucine auxotroph of M. bovis, by using allelic exchange to delete leuD (encoding isopropyl malate isomerase), creating a strain requiring exogenous leucine for growth in vitro. We vaccinated 10 cattle subcutaneously with 10(9)CFU of M. bovis DeltaleuD and 10 age-matched, gender-matched controls were injected with phosphate-buffered saline. Vaccinated cattle had significantly increased in vitro antigen-specific T-cell-mediated responses. All cattle were challenged intranasally on day 160 post-immunization with 10(6)CFU of virulent M. bovis Ravenel S. On day 160 post-challenge vaccinated cattle had significantly reduced tissue mycobacterial burdens and 6 of 10 had complete clearance of the challenge strain and histopathological lesions were dramatically less severe in the vaccinated group. Thus, a single subcutaneous immunization of the M. bovis DeltaleuD mutant produced highly significantly protective immunity as measured by a reduction in tissue colonization, burden, bacilli dissemination, and histopathology caused by virulent M. bovis Ravenel S challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Khare
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Lunn JA, Martin P, Zaki S, Malik R. Pneumonia due to Mycobacterium abscessus in two domestic ferrets (Mustelo putorius furo). Aust Vet J 2005; 83:542-6. [PMID: 16164141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two ferrets were diagnosed with pneumonia due to Mycobacterium abscessus. Both cases were treated successfully using clarithromycin after positive cultures were obtained via unguided bronchoalveolar lavage. This is the first time M abscessus has been isolated in our laboratory and the first report of this organism causing disease in companion animals in Australia. Underlying respiratory tract disease was thought to be an important factor in the development of the infections. Thorough investigation of chronic lower respiratory tract disease in ferrets is recommended as this species appears predisposed to atypical infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lunn
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006
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16
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Denis M, Wedlock DN, Buddle BM. IFN‐γ enhances bovine macrophage responsiveness to
Mycobacterium bovis
: Impact on bacterial replication, cytokine release and macrophage apoptosis. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:643-50. [PMID: 16266317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine the impact of bovine IFN-gamma on the interaction between Mycobacterium bovis and bovine macrophages. Bovine macrophages released small amounts of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-12 upon infection with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Prior pulsing of cells with IFN-gamma significantly enhanced the release of NO and IL-12. Infection of bovine macrophages with virulent M. bovis led to the release of higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, compared to levels released upon BCG infection. IFN-gamma treatment of macrophages enhanced the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, but did not modify bacterial replication in M. bovis-infected macrophages. Treatment of macrophages with a combination of IFN-gamma and LPS led to a reduction in bacterial replication. Infected cells treated with IFN-gamma/LPS progressed mostly through an apoptotic pathway, whereas untreated infected cells eventually died by necrosis. Agents that prevented the acquisition of bacteriostatic activity by activated macrophages also prevented the induction of apoptosis in infected macrophages (IL-10 and neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha). We conclude that virulent M. bovis is a major determinant of release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages. IFN-gamma amplifies the macrophage cytokine release in response to M. bovis. Induction of apoptosis is closely linked to the emergence of macrophage resistance to M. bovis replication, which is dependent on endogenous TNF-alpha release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Denis
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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17
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Denis M, Keen DL, Neil Wedlock D, de Lisle GW, Buddle BM. Susceptibility of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) infected with Mycobacterium bovis is associated with a transient macrophage activation profile. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2005; 85:235-44. [PMID: 15958259 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Australian brushtail possums are highly susceptible to Mycobacterium bovis and are the principal wildlife reservoir of M. bovis in New Zealand. To better understand the disease process in these animals, brushtail possums were infected by the aerosol route with a virulent strain of M. bovis, and immune parameters measured. M. bovis replicated actively in the lungs of infected animals. Animals began developing macroscopic lung lesions at 4 and 5 weeks following infection, with some lesions appearing in the livers and spleens. Infection determined the emergence of blood lymphocytes which proliferated in response to bovine purified protein derivative from M. bovis (PPD-b) at 3, 4 and 5 weeks. The response to a mitogen (Concanavalin A) waned progressively with time. Infection was associated with a modest increase in the numbers of free lung cells. Nitrite was detectable in the lavage fluids of infected animals at 3 weeks postinfection, but not at 4 and 5 weeks. Macrophage activation in the lungs was evident as alveolar macrophages produced more oxidants, significant levels of nitric oxide (NO), as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) bioactivity at 3 weeks postinfection. However, macrophages from infected animals lost the ability to generate nitrite- and TNF-alpha generation was depressed at 4 and 5 weeks postinfection, the time at which macroscopic lesions in the lungs became apparent. Alveolar macrophages from animals at 3 weeks postinfection blocked the replication of M. bovis in part via a NO-dependent mechanism, and were more refractory for M. bovis growth than cells from naïve animals to bacterial replication. Alveolar macrophages from animals at 4 and 5 weeks postinfection allowed substantial replication of M. bovis, and no NO-dependent bacteriostatic activity was apparent. Introduction of autologous lymphocytes from the blood of infected animals in co-cultures rendered infected macrophages more resistant to M. bovis replication. We conclude that M. bovis infection in brushtail possums is associated with a transient activation of alveolar macrophages, although in vitro exposure to sensitized T cells can enhance this profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Denis
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ward Street, Upper Hutt, PO Box 40063, New Zealand.
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18
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Denis M, Wedlock DN, Buddle BM. Vaccination of brushtail possums,
Trichosurus vulpecula
, with Bacille Calmette–Guerin induces T lymphocytes that reduce
Mycobacterium bovis
replication in alveolar macrophages via a contact‐dependent/nitric oxide‐independent mechanism. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:57-66. [PMID: 15661042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The permissiveness of alveolar macrophages from brushtail possums for the replication of Mycobacterium bovis was examined. Mycobacterium bovis replication was indirectly measured by assessing bacterial metabolism via the incorporation of [3-H]-uracil by bacilli released from lysed macrophages previously infected with mycobacteria. Alveolar macrophages allowed substantial replication of virulent M. bovis, in contrast to Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Pasteur, which replicated poorly. The addition of crude lymphokines enhanced the metabolic activity of phagocytosed M. bovis in possum macrophages. Possum lymphokines enhanced the ability of possum macrophages to generate reactive oxygen intermediates, measured by the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium, which is indicative of an activation process. Similarly, the addition of recombinant possum TNF-alpha enhanced the permissiveness of alveolar macrophages for M. bovis. In contrast to mouse peritoneal macrophages, possum alveolar macrophages did not release significant levels of nitric oxide (NO) after stimulation with M. bovis and/or lymphokines. However, the uptake of virulent M. bovis by possum macrophages was associated with an enhanced ability of cells to release TNF-alpha, whereas very low levels of TNF-alpha were released after infection with BCG. The addition of a selective inhibitor of inducible NO synthase had no impact on the replication of M. bovis or BCG in possum macrophages in the presence or absence of lymphokines. Co-culturing infected possum alveolar macrophages with autologous blood mononuclear cells from BCG-vaccinated possums led to a significant decrease in the metabolic activity of intracellular M. bovis. This effect was contact dependent and NO independent and was mediated by a population of CD3+ cells. In addition, adding scavengers of reactive oxygen intermediates did not abrogate this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Denis
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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19
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Dalley DJ, Hogarth PJ, Hughes S, Hewinson RG, Chambers MA. Cloning and sequencing of badger (Meles meles) interferon γ and its detection in badger lymphocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 101:19-30. [PMID: 15261690 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The European badger (Meles meles) has been identified as a reservoir for Mycobacterium bovis and is implicated in the maintenance and transmission of tuberculosis in cattle. There is a need for a sensitive test of M. bovis infection in badgers and the current serodiagnostic test used for this purpose has low sensitivity. As observed for other species, assay of interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) produced in response to M. bovis antigens is a more sensitive test of tuberculosis. With this objective in sight, we report the first step in the development of an ELISA for badger IFNgamma. The badger IFNgamma gene was cloned and sequenced and used to generate a specific polyclonal antibody to the cytokine. The gene sequence demonstrated regions that were conserved within the IFNgamma genes of other mammals. The badger sequence was most similar to the canine, showing similar structural organisation of the gene and 88% amino acid identity. Rabbits were immunised with DNA encoding badger IFNgamma and the resulting polyclonal antiserum demonstrated specificity for canine IFNgamma by immunoblot of a commercial recombinant canine IFNgamma. The antiserum was used to detect intracellular badger IFNgamma by flow cytometry analysis of badger lymphocytes stimulated with mitogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Dalley
- TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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20
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Granger K, Moore RJ, Davies JK, Vaughan JA, Stiles PL, Stewart DJ, Tizard MLV. Recovery of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from the natural host for the extraction and analysis in vivo-derived RNA. J Microbiol Methods 2004; 57:241-9. [PMID: 15063064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA has been extracted and analysed from in vivo-derived Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis recovered from the natural host. The bacteria were selectively extracted from the intestinal tissue of two goats exhibiting clinical signs of Johne's disease. Small intestine was rapidly removed, luminal contents washed away and the mucosa and submucosa harvested. Mycobacteria in this material were released from the macrophages by isotonic lysis and differential centrifugation. RNA was extracted and compared with RNA extracted from bacteria grown in vitro. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse the katG gene from the bacterial messenger RNA. The katG mRNA encoding the putative catalase/peroxidase showed differential expression in the in vivo and in vitro-derived samples. We hypothesize that the increase in katG expression for in vivo-derived M. paratuberculosis may represent a response to the oxidative stress encountered within the intra-macrophage environment.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Genes, rRNA
- Goat Diseases/microbiology
- Goats/microbiology
- Ileum/microbiology
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/genetics
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolation & purification
- Oxidative Stress/physiology
- Paratuberculosis/microbiology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- RNA, Bacterial/analysis
- RNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Granger
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24 Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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21
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Varaldo PB, Leite LCC, Dias WO, Miyaji EN, Torres FIG, Gebara VC, Armôa GRG, Campos AS, Matos DCS, Winter N, Gicquel B, Vilar MM, McFadden J, Almeida MS, Tendler M, McIntosh D. Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing the Sm14 antigen of Schistosoma mansoni protects mice from cercarial challenge. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3336-43. [PMID: 15155638 PMCID: PMC415698 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.6.3336-3343.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sm14 antigen of Schistosoma mansoni was cloned and expressed in Mycobacterium bovis BCG as a fusion with the Mycobacterium fortuitum beta-lactamase protein under the control of its promoter, pBlaF*; the protein was localized in the bacterial cell wall. The rBCG-Sm14 strain was shown to be relatively stable in cultured murine and bovine monocytes in terms of infectivity, bacterial persistence, and plasmid stability. The immunization of mice with rBCG-Sm14 showed no induction of anti-Sm14 antibodies; however, splenocytes of immunized mice released increased levels of gamma interferon upon stimulation with recombinant Sm14 (rSm14), indicating an induction of a Th1-predominant cellular response against Sm14. Mice immunized with one or two doses of rBCG-Sm14 and challenged with live S. mansoni cercaria showed a 48% reduction in worm burden, which was comparable to that obtained by immunization with three doses of rSm14 purified from Escherichia coli. The data presented here further enhance the status of Sm14 as a promising candidate antigen for the control of schistosomiasis and indicate that a one-dose regimen of rBCG-Sm14 could be considered a convenient means to overcome many of the practical problems associated with the successful implementation of a multiple-dose vaccine schedule in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula B Varaldo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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22
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Girvan A, Aldwell FE, Buchan GS, Faulkner L, Baird MA. Transfer of macrophage-derived mycobacterial antigens to dendritic cells can induce naïve T-cell activation. Scand J Immunol 2003; 57:107-14. [PMID: 12588656 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria are capable of surviving and replicating in host macrophages, where they can release antigenic material into the environment. However, unlike dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages do not appear to be capable of activating naïve T cells. Therefore, this work investigated antigen transfer between macrophages and DCs. We generated culture supernatants from bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-infected and uninfected macrophages and then determined whether DCs could present these extracellular mycobacterial antigens to T cells. Here, we show that DCs pulsed with antigens released from BCG-infected macrophages can stimulate primed T cells in vitro and initiate naïve T-cell responses in vivo. These results suggest that antigen transfer can occur between macrophages and DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Girvan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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23
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Dai W, Gao H, Huang H, Yuan Y, Hu J, Huangfu Y. Comparative study on the immunogenicity between recombinant MS-Sj26GST vaccine and recombinant BCG-Sj26GST vaccine in Schistosoma japonicum. Curr Med Sci 2003; 23:213-5, 218. [PMID: 14526414 DOI: 10.1007/bf02829494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2002] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The BALB/c mice were immunized with rMS-Sj26GST and rBCG-Sj26GST vaccine in Schistosoma japonicum by subcutaneous injection. After they were immunized for 8 weeks, the eyeballs were removed to get blood and macrophages of abdominal cavity and spleen cells were harvested. The lymphocytic stimulating index (SI) was used to measure the cellular proliferating ability and NO release was used to measure the phagocytic activity of the macrophages. By using ELISA kit, the levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in serum and the splenic lymphocytic cultured supernatant were detected. The results showed that after the mice were immunized with 10(6) CFU of rMS-Sj26GST and rBCG-Sj26GST vaccine separately by subcutaneous injection, proliferating ability of splenic lymphocytes in the mice showed no difference (P > 0.05), but both were significantly increased as compared with that in the control group (P < 0.05); The contents of NO in the intraperitoneal macrophages of rMS-Sj26GST vaccine group were significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.001) and rBCG-Sj26GST vaccine group (P < 0.01); The levels of serum IL-2 in the rMS-Sj26GST vaccine group were significantly increased as compared with that in the control group (P < 0.001), vector group (P < 0.01) and rBCG-Sj26GST vaccine group (P < 0.05); The contents of serum IFN-gamma in the rMS-Sj26GST vaccine group were significantly increased as compared with that in the control group (P < 0.01) and rBCG-Sj26GST vaccine group (P < 0.05), The contents of IFN-gamma in the cultured supernatant were significantly lower than those of rBCG-Sj26GST vaccine group (P < 0.001), but were significantly increased as compared with that in the control group (P < 0.01). It was indicated that both vaccines could enhance the immune response of the mice, but rMS-Sj26GST vaccine had stronger immunogenicity than rBCG-Sj26GST vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuxing Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030
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24
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Bannantine JP, Stabel JR. Killing of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis within macrophages. BMC Microbiol 2002; 2:2. [PMID: 11860602 PMCID: PMC65544 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2001] [Accepted: 01/30/2002] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that resides within host macrophages during infection of ruminant animals. We examined survival of M. paratuberculosis infections within cultured macrophages to better understand the interplay between bacterium and host. RESULTS Serial plating of M. paratuberculosis infected macrophage lysates on Herold's egg yolk medium showed that mycobacterial replication takes place between 0 and 24 hours post-infection. This initial growth phase was followed by a steady decline in viability over the next six days. Antibodies against M. paratuberculosis were affinity purified and used in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy to track the development of intracellular bacilli. Immunogold labeling of infected macrophages with antibody against M. paratuberculosis showed degraded intracellular mycobacteria that were unrecognizable by morphology alone. Conversely, when macrophages were heavily infected with M. paratuberculosis, no degraded forms were observed and macrophages were killed. CONCLUSIONS We present a general description of M. paratuberculosis survival within cultured macrophages using transmission electron microscopy and viability counts. The results of this study provides further insight surrounding M. paratuberculosis-macrophage infections and have implications in the pathogenesis of M. paratuberculosis, a pathogen known to persist inside cattle for many years.
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