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Antonelli G, Voiosu AM, Pawlak KM, Gonçalves TC, Le N, Bronswijk M, Hollenbach M, Elshaarawy O, Beilenhoff U, Mascagni P, Voiosu T, Pellisé M, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Triantafyllou K, Arvanitakis M, Bisschops R, Hassan C, Messmann H, Gralnek IM. Training in basic gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: a European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA) Position Statement. Endoscopy 2024; 56:131-150. [PMID: 38040025 DOI: 10.1055/a-2205-2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
This ESGE Position Statement provides structured and evidence-based guidance on the essential requirements and processes involved in training in basic gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic procedures. The document outlines definitions; competencies required, and means to their assessment and maintenance; the structure and requirements of training programs; patient safety and medicolegal issues. 1: ESGE and ESGENA define basic endoscopic procedures as those procedures that are commonly indicated, generally accessible, and expected to be mastered (technically and cognitively) by the end of any core training program in gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2: ESGE and ESGENA consider the following as basic endoscopic procedures: diagnostic upper and lower GI endoscopy, as well as a limited range of interventions such as: tissue acquisition via cold biopsy forceps, polypectomy for lesions ≤ 10 mm, hemostasis techniques, enteral feeding tube placement, foreign body retrieval, dilation of simple esophageal strictures, and India ink tattooing of lesion location. 3: ESGE and ESGENA recommend that training in GI endoscopy should be subject to stringent formal requirements that ensure all ESGE key performance indicators (KPIs) are met. 4: Training in basic endoscopic procedures is a complex process and includes the development and acquisition of cognitive, technical/motor, and integrative skills. Therefore, ESGE and ESGENA recommend the use of validated tools to track the development of skills and assess competence. 5: ESGE and ESGENA recommend incorporating a multimodal approach to evaluating competence in basic GI endoscopic procedures, including procedural thresholds and the measurement and documentation of established ESGE KPIs. 7: ESGE and ESGENA recommend the continuous monitoring of ESGE KPIs during GI endoscopy training to ensure the trainee's maintenance of competence. 9: ESGE and ESGENA recommend that GI endoscopy training units fulfil the ESGE KPIs for endoscopy units and, furthermore, be capable of providing the dedicated personnel, infrastructure, and sufficient case volume required for successful training within a structured training program. 10: ESGE and ESGENA recommend that trainers in basic GI endoscopic procedures should be endoscopists with formal educational training in the teaching of endoscopy, which allows them to successfully and safely teach trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Antonelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Ospedale dei Castelli Hospital, Ariccia, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrei M Voiosu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Katarzyna M Pawlak
- Endoscopy Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Szczecin, Poland
- The Center for Therapeutic Endoscopy and Endoscopic Oncology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiago Cúrdia Gonçalves
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nha Le
- Gastroenterology Division, Internal Medicine and Hematology Department, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michiel Bronswijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Imelda General Hospital, Bonheiden, Belgium
| | - Marcus Hollenbach
- Division of Gastroenterology, Medical Department II, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Omar Elshaarawy
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | | | - Pietro Mascagni
- IHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Theodor Voiosu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Pellisé
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mário Dinis-Ribeiro
- Gastroenterology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- MEDCIDS/Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Marianna Arvanitakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, TARGID, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf Bisschops
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, TARGID, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cesare Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Helmut Messmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ian M Gralnek
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Everett SM, Triantafyllou K, Hassan C, Mergener K, Tham TC, Almeida N, Antonelli G, Axon A, Bisschops R, Bretthauer M, Costil V, Foroutan F, Gauci J, Hritz I, Messmann H, Pellisé M, Roelandt P, Seicean A, Tziatzios G, Voiosu A, Gralnek IM. Informed consent for endoscopic procedures: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Position Statement. Endoscopy 2023; 55:952-966. [PMID: 37557899 DOI: 10.1055/a-2133-3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
All endoscopic procedures are invasive and carry risk. Accordingly, all endoscopists should involve the patient in the decision-making process about the most appropriate endoscopic procedure for that individual, in keeping with a patient's right to self-determination and autonomy. Recognition of this has led to detailed guidelines on informed consent for endoscopy in some countries, but in many no such guidance exists; this may lead to variations in care and exposure to risk of litigation. In this document, the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) sets out a series of statements that cover best practice in informed consent for endoscopy. These statements should be seen as a minimum standard of practice, but practitioners must be aware of and adhere to the law in their own country. 1: Patients should give informed consent for all gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures for which they have capacity to do so. 2: The healthcare professional seeking consent for an endoscopic procedure should ensure that the patient has the capacity to consent to that procedure. 3: For patients who lack capacity, healthcare personnel should at all times try to engage with people close to the patient, such as family, friends, or caregivers, to achieve consensus on the appropriateness of performing the procedure. 4: Where a patient lacks capacity to provide informed consent, the best interest decision should be clearly documented in the medical record. This should include information about the capacity assessment, reason(s) that the decision cannot be delayed for capacity recovery (or if recovery is not expected), who has been consulted, and where relevant the form of authority for the decision. 5: There should be a systematic and transparent disclosure of the expected benefits and harms that may reasonably affect patient choice on whether or not to undergo any diagnostic or interventional endoscopic procedure. Information about possible alternatives, as well as the consequences of doing nothing, should also be provided when relevant. 6: The information provided on the benefit and harms of an endoscopic procedure should be adapted to the procedure and patient-specific risk factors, and the preferences of the patient should be central to the consent process. 7: The consent discussion should be undertaken by an individual who is familiar with the procedure and its risks, and is able to discuss these in the context of the individual patient. 8: Patients should confirm consent to an endoscopic procedure in a private, unrushed, and non-coercive environment. 9: If a patient requests that an endoscopic procedure be discontinued, the procedure should be paused and the patient's capacity for decision making assessed. If a competent patient continues to object to the procedure, or if a conclusive determination of capacity is not feasible, the examination should be terminated as soon as it is safe to do so. 10: Informed consent should be sufficiently detailed to cover all findings that can be reasonably anticipated during an endoscopic examination. The scope of this consent should not be expanded, nor a patient's implicit consent for additional interventions assumed, unless failure to proceed with such interventions would result in immediate and predictable harm to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Everett
- Department of Gastroenterology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Cesare Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tony C Tham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ulster Hospital, Dundonald, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Nuno Almeida
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Giulio Antonelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Ospedale dei Castelli Hospital, Ariccia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Raf Bisschops
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Diseases (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Bretthauer
- Clinical Effectiveness Group, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Farid Foroutan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation
| | - James Gauci
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pinderfields Hospital, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK
| | - Istvan Hritz
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Center for Therapeutic Endoscopy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Helmut Messmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Maria Pellisé
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip Roelandt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Diseases (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrada Seicean
- Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Georgios Tziatzios
- Department of Gastroenterology, "Konstantopoulio-Patision" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Andrei Voiosu
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital and Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ian M Gralnek
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Khashab MA, Muthusamy VR, Akshintala VS, Kothari S, Sethi A, Rastogi A, Palmisano DJ, Zhang LY, Hess MRR, Rashba K, Gupta N, Wani S, Komanduri S. Best live endoscopy practices: an ASGE white paper. Gastrointest Endosc 2023; 97:383-393.e3. [PMID: 36639318 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mouen A Khashab
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - V Raman Muthusamy
- Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA Health System, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Venkata S Akshintala
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shivangi Kothari
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University of Rochester Medical Center & Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, New York
| | - Amrita Sethi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Amit Rastogi
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City VA, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | - Linda Yun Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary-Rose R Hess
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kira Rashba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Neil Gupta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Loyola Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Sachin Wani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Srinadh Komanduri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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El Rahyel A, Rex DK. Outcomes of large colorectal polyp endoscopic resections during small audience live endoscopy events with endoscopist at their home endoscopy unit. Endosc Int Open 2022; 10:E1386-E1390. [PMID: 36262510 PMCID: PMC9576331 DOI: 10.1055/a-1922-8046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Live endoscopy courses are popular. The safety of performing live endoscopy has been questioned. In this study, we compared outcomes of large colorectal polyp resections during live endoscopy events (LEEs) (with a small audience of 2 to 5 physicians) to those removed during standard procedure days (SPDs) (without an audience). All procedures were performed at the endoscopist's home unit. Methods Retrospective assessment of the adverse event (AE) and recurrence rates for large ( ≥ 20 mm) non-pedunculated colorectal lesions removed during LEEs. Logistic regression was used to assess whether presence of an audience predicted worse outcomes. Results From January 2017 to May 2021, 317 lesions were removed with a live audience and 866 were removed on SPDs. Polyp pathology and procedure length were similar in both groups. There were 16 (5.0 %) total adverse events in the LEE group and 30 (3.4 %) in the SPD group ( P = 0.224). The majority in both groups were delayed hemorrhage. There were 2 (0.6 %) perforations in the LEE and 3 (0.3 %) in the SPD group. Increasing polyp size was associated with more AEs and higher recurrence. Increasing patient age predicted higher recurrence, and thermal injury of the resection margin predicted lower recurrence. There were no other predictors of AEs or recurrence, including presence of a live audience. Conclusions Removing large colorectal polyps with a small live audience did not increase adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Rahyel
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Douglas K. Rex
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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Rodríguez de Santiago E, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Pohl H, Agrawal D, Arvanitakis M, Baddeley R, Bak E, Bhandari P, Bretthauer M, Burga P, Donnelly L, Eickhoff A, Hayee B, Kaminski MF, Karlović K, Lorenzo-Zúñiga V, Pellisé M, Pioche M, Siau K, Siersema PD, Stableforth W, Tham TC, Triantafyllou K, Tringali A, Veitch A, Voiosu AM, Webster GJ, Vienne A, Beilenhoff U, Bisschops R, Hassan C, Gralnek IM, Messmann H. Reducing the environmental footprint of gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA) Position Statement. Endoscopy 2022; 54:797-826. [PMID: 35803275 DOI: 10.1055/a-1859-3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and the destruction of ecosystems by human activities are among the greatest challenges of the 21st century and require urgent action. Health care activities significantly contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases and waste production, with gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy being one of the largest contributors. This Position Statement aims to raise awareness of the ecological footprint of GI endoscopy and provides guidance to reduce its environmental impact. The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and the European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA) outline suggestions and recommendations for health care providers, patients, governments, and industry. MAIN STATEMENTS 1: GI endoscopy is a resource-intensive activity with a significant yet poorly assessed environmental impact. 2: ESGE-ESGENA recommend adopting immediate actions to reduce the environmental impact of GI endoscopy. 3: ESGE-ESGENA recommend adherence to guidelines and implementation of audit strategies on the appropriateness of GI endoscopy to avoid the environmental impact of unnecessary procedures. 4: ESGE-ESGENA recommend the embedding of reduce, reuse, and recycle programs in the GI endoscopy unit. 5: ESGE-ESGENA suggest that there is an urgent need to reassess and reduce the environmental and economic impact of single-use GI endoscopic devices. 6: ESGE-ESGENA suggest against routine use of single-use GI endoscopes. However, their use could be considered in highly selected patients on a case-by-case basis. 7: ESGE-ESGENA recommend inclusion of sustainability in the training curricula of GI endoscopy and as a quality domain. 8: ESGE-ESGENA recommend conducting high quality research to quantify and minimize the environmental impact of GI endoscopy. 9: ESGE-ESGENA recommend that GI endoscopy companies assess, disclose, and audit the environmental impact of their value chain. 10: ESGE-ESGENA recommend that GI endoscopy should become a net-zero greenhouse gas emissions practice by 2050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rodríguez de Santiago
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Dinis-Ribeiro
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), and RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Porto, Portugal
| | - Heiko Pohl
- Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, and Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VA White River Junction, Vermont, USA
| | - Deepak Agrawal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Marianna Arvanitakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robin Baddeley
- King's Health Partners Institute for Therapeutic Endoscopy, King's College Hospital, and Wolfson Unit for Endoscopy, St Mark's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elzbieta Bak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michael Bretthauer
- Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, University of Oslo, and Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patricia Burga
- Endoscopy Department, University Hospital of Padua, Italy
| | - Leigh Donnelly
- Endoscopy Department, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Trust, Northumberland, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Eickhoff
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Diabetologie, Infektiologie, Klinikum Hanau, Hanau, Germany
| | - Bu'Hussain Hayee
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michal F Kaminski
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Department of Oncological Gastroenterology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarina Karlović
- Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka , Department of Gastroenterology, Endoscopy Unit, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vicente Lorenzo-Zúñiga
- Department of Gastroenterology, University and Polytechnic La Fe Hospital/IIS La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Pellisé
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), and Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mathieu Pioche
- Endoscopy Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Keith Siau
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dudley Group Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Dudley, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Siersema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - William Stableforth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dudley Group Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Dudley, United Kingdom
| | - Tony C Tham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ulster Hospital, Dundonald, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine - Propaedeutic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alberto Tringali
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Conegliano Hospital, Conegliano, Italy
| | - Andrew Veitch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei M Voiosu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - George J Webster
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Raf Bisschops
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catholic University of Leuven (KUL), TARGID, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cesare Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ian M Gralnek
- Ellen and Pinchas Mamber Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Helmut Messmann
- III Medizinische Klinik Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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