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Abdoul-Latif FM, Oumaskour K, Abdallah N, Ainane A, Houmed Aboubaker I, Merito A, Mohamed H, Ainane T. Overview of Research on Leishmaniasis in Africa: Current Status, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Recent Advances Using By-Products of the Sargassaceae Family. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:523. [PMID: 38675483 PMCID: PMC11054980 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis in Africa, which has been designated as a priority neglected tropical disease by various global organizations, exerts its impact on millions of individuals, primarily concentrated within this particular region of the world. As a result of the progressively grave epidemiological data, numerous governmental sectors and civil organizations have concentrated their endeavors on this widespread outbreak with the objective of devising appropriate remedies. This comprehensive examination delves into multiple facets of this parasitic ailment, scrutinizing the associated perils, diagnostic intricacies, and deficiencies within the existing therapeutic protocols. Despite the established efficacy of current treatments, they are not immune to deleterious incidents, particularly concerning toxicity and the emergence of parasitic resistance, thus accentuating the necessity of exploring alternative avenues. Consequently, this research not only encompasses conventional therapeutic approaches, but also extends its scope to encompass complementary and alternative medicinal techniques, thereby striving to identify innovative solutions. A particularly auspicious dimension of this study lies in the exploration of natural substances and by-products derived from some brown algae of the Sargassaceae family. These resources possess the potential to assume a pivotal role in the management of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatouma Mohamed Abdoul-Latif
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé (ISSS), Djibouti City P.O. Box 2530, Djibouti
- Medicinal Research Institute, Center for Studies and Research of Djibouti, IRM-CERD, Route de l’Aéroport, Haramous, Djibouti City P.O. Box 486, Djibouti
| | - Khadija Oumaskour
- Superior School of Technology of Khenifra, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, P.O. Box 170, Khenifra 54000, Morocco
| | - Nadira Abdallah
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé (ISSS), Djibouti City P.O. Box 2530, Djibouti
| | - Ayoub Ainane
- Superior School of Technology of Khenifra, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, P.O. Box 170, Khenifra 54000, Morocco
| | | | - Ali Merito
- Medicinal Research Institute, Center for Studies and Research of Djibouti, IRM-CERD, Route de l’Aéroport, Haramous, Djibouti City P.O. Box 486, Djibouti
| | - Houda Mohamed
- Peltier Hospital of Djibouti, Djibouti City P.O. Box 2123, Djibouti
| | - Tarik Ainane
- Superior School of Technology of Khenifra, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, P.O. Box 170, Khenifra 54000, Morocco
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Memariani H, Memariani M, Ghasemian A. Quercetin as a Promising Antiprotozoan Phytochemical: Current Knowledge and Future Research Avenues. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:7632408. [PMID: 38456097 PMCID: PMC10919984 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7632408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite tremendous advances in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, only few antiparasitic drugs have been developed to date. Protozoan infections such as malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis continue to exact an enormous toll on public health worldwide, underscoring the need to discover novel antiprotozoan drugs. Recently, there has been an explosion of research into the antiprotozoan properties of quercetin, one of the most abundant flavonoids in the human diet. In this review, we tried to consolidate the current knowledge on the antiprotozoal effects of quercetin and to provide the most fruitful avenues for future research. Quercetin exerts potent antiprotozoan activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens such as Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Trichomonas spp., and Toxoplasma gondii. In addition to its immunomodulatory roles, quercetin disrupts mitochondrial function, induces apoptotic/necrotic cell death, impairs iron uptake, inhibits multiple enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and the glycolytic pathways, suppresses the activity of DNA topoisomerases, and downregulates the expression of various heat shock proteins in these pathogens. In vivo studies also show that quercetin is effective in reducing parasitic loads, histopathological damage, and mortality in animals. Future research should focus on designing effective drug delivery systems to increase the oral bioavailability of quercetin. Incorporating quercetin into various nanocarrier systems would be a promising approach to manage localized cutaneous infections. Nevertheless, clinical trials are needed to validate the efficacy of quercetin in treating various protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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Bioactive Compounds from Kalanchoe Genus Potentially Useful for the Development of New Drugs. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030646. [PMID: 36983802 PMCID: PMC10058616 DOI: 10.3390/life13030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae) is native to Madagascar and comprises 145 species, being naturalized in the tropics and cultivated worldwide. In addition to having ornamental value, several Kalanchoe species are commonly used in popular medicine for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, wounds, gastric ulcers, and other diseases. The great importance of the genus is reflected on its acknowledgment by traditional and alternative health systems and organizations, as well as on the growing number of papers reporting pharmacological properties of extracts and isolated compounds from Kalanchoe. Among these properties, we highlight anti-inflammatory, antitumor, wound healing, antiulcer, and muscle relaxing properties. These activities are attributed mostly to flavonoids and bufadienolides, the main secondary metabolites reported in Kalanchoe extracts. While bufadienolides are generally related to cytotoxic and muscle relaxing activities, flavonoids are commonly reported as anti-inflammatory and wound healing agents. This review provides up to date information and perspectives on bioactive compounds from the Kalanchoe genus that are potentially useful for the development of new drugs. It includes not only a discussion on the advantages of the Kalanchoe species as source of bioactive compounds, but also the gaps, opportunities, and challenges to translate the acquired knowledge into innovation for drug development.
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dos Santos RF, Da Silva T, Brito ACDS, Inácio JD, Ventura BD, Mendes MAP, Azevedo BF, Siqueira LM, Almeida-Amaral EE, Dutra PML, Da-Silva SAG. Therapeutic effect of oral quercetin in hamsters infected with Leishmania Viannia braziliensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1059168. [PMID: 36710981 PMCID: PMC9880276 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1059168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania that present manifestations ranging from cutaneous ulcers to the fatal visceral form. Leishmania Viannia braziliensis is an important species associated with American tegumentary leishmaniasis and the main agent in Brazil, with variable sensitivity to available drugs. The search for new therapeutic alternatives to treat leishmaniasis is an urgent need, especially for endemic countries. Not only is quercetin well known for its antioxidant activity in radical scavenging but also several other biological effects are described, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and pro-oxidant activities. This study aimed to investigate the flavonoid quercetin's therapeutic potential in L. (V.) braziliensis infection. Quercetin showed antiamastigote (IC50 of 21 ± 2.5 µM) and antipromastigote (25 ± 0.7 µM) activities and a selectivity index of 22. The treatment of uninfected or L. (V.) braziliensis-infected macrophages with quercetin increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)/H202 generation without altering Nitric Oxide (NO) production. Oral treatment with quercetin of infected hamsters, starting at 1 week of infection for 8 weeks, reduced the lesion thickness (p > 0.01) and parasite load (p > 0.001). The results of this study suggest that the antiamastigote activity of the flavonoid quercetin in vitro is associated, at least in part, with the modulation of ROS production by macrophages. The efficacy of oral quercetin treatment in hamsters infected with L. (V.) braziliensis was presented for the first time and shows its promising therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiane Freire dos Santos
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thayssa Da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréia Carolinne de Souza Brito
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Job Domingos Inácio
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanossomatídeos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Domingues Ventura
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michely Aparecida Polido Mendes
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Fonseca Azevedo
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Moreira Siqueira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Maria Lourenço Dutra
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Disciplina de Parasitologia/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvia Amaral Gonçalves Da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Disciplina de Parasitologia/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Screening of six medicinal plant species for antileishmanial activity. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2021; 71:399-414. [PMID: 36654098 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2021-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to investigate the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of ethanolic, aqueous or dichloromethane extracts of leaves, flowers, fruits or roots, of six medicinal plant species, namely, Nectandra megapotamica, Brunfelsia uniflora, Myrcianthes pungens, Anona muricata, Hymenaea stigonocarpa and Piper corcovandesis. After isolation and analysis of chemical components by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS), the extracts were also tested for toxicity in J774.A1 macrophages and human erythrocytes. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, acetogenins, alkaloids and lignans were identified in these extracts. Grow inhibition of promastigotes forms of Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis and the cytotoxicity in J774.A1 macrophages were estimated by the XTT method. The most promising results for L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis were shown by the ethanolic extract of the fruits of Hymenaea stigonocarpa and dichloromethane extract of the roots of Piper corcovadensis, with IC 50 of 160 and 150 μg mL-1, resp. Ethanolic extracts of A. muricata (leaf), B. uniflora (flower and leaf), M. pungens (fruit and leaf), N. megapotamica (leaf), and aqueous extract of H. stigonocarpa (fruit) showed IC 50 > 170 μg mL-1 for L. amazonensis and > 200 μg mL-1 for L. braziliensis. The extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity towards J774.A1 macrophages with CC 50 > 1000 μg mL-1 and hemolytic activity from 0 to 46.1 %.
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Natural Products That Target the Arginase in Leishmania Parasites Hold Therapeutic Promise. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020267. [PMID: 33525448 PMCID: PMC7911663 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a variety of devastating and often fatal diseases in humans worldwide. Because a vaccine is not available and the currently small number of existing drugs are less than ideal due to lack of specificity and emerging drug resistance, the need for new therapeutic strategies is urgent. Natural products and their derivatives are being used and explored as therapeutics and interest in developing such products as antileishmanials is high. The enzyme arginase, the first enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway in Leishmania, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. The flavonols quercetin and fisetin, green tea flavanols such as catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and cinnamic acid derivates such as caffeic acid inhibit the leishmanial enzyme and modulate the host’s immune response toward parasite defense while showing little toxicity to the host. Quercetin, EGCG, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid have proven to be effective against Leishmania in rodent infectivity studies. Here, we review research on these natural products with a focus on their promise for the development of treatment strategies as well as unique structural and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic features of the most promising agents.
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Gervazoni LFO, Barcellos GB, Ferreira-Paes T, Almeida-Amaral EE. Use of Natural Products in Leishmaniasis Chemotherapy: An Overview. Front Chem 2020; 8:579891. [PMID: 33330368 PMCID: PMC7732490 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.579891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious parasitic disease that is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, a member of the Trypanosomatidae family. Leishmaniasis is classified by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease that is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Although there are many possible treatments for leishmaniasis, these treatments remain mostly ineffective, expensive, and long treatment, as well as causing side effects and leading to the development of resistance. For novel and effective treatments to combat leishmaniasis, many research groups have sought to utilize natural products. In addition to exhibiting potential as therapeutic compounds, natural products may also contribute to the development of new drugs based on their chemical structures. This review presents the most promising natural products, including crude extracts and isolated compounds, employed against Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza F O Gervazoni
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle B Barcellos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taiana Ferreira-Paes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elmo E Almeida-Amaral
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Recent researches in effective antileishmanial herbal compounds: narrative review. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3929-3946. [PMID: 32803335 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are neglected diseases and a public health problem; they are caused by protozoan species belonging to the genus Leishmania and mostly influences the poor populations in many developing countries. The lack of effective medications, and an approved vaccine, high toxicity and life-threatening side effects and many cases of drug resistance reported in different countries have resulted in the necessity to discover new, efficient, inexpensive, and safe antileishmanial compounds with less or no toxicity. This increase in consumer demand of natural herbal-derived plant extracts as alternative medicines continues despite the low scientific information to establish their efficacy and safety profiles. Various studies have been conducted so far concerning the application of herbal medicines for the treatment of leishmaniasis, but research on relatively effective and low toxic substances is still needed. In this review, we have summarized recent developments and reported studies concerning about herbal and naturally derived therapeutics in the treatment of leishmaniasis, conducted by several researchers worldwide. Some of these medical herbs with promising results have undergone prospective clinical researches, but many others have either not yet been explored. Recent articles described these medical herbs and their active and important molecules, including quinones, phenolic derivatives, lignans, tannins, terpenes, and oxylipins. We searched ISI Web of Science, PubMed, SID, Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct, and articles published up to 2019 were included. The keywords of leishmaniasis and some words associated with herbal medicines and natural products were used in our search. This review can serve as a quick reference database for researchers.
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Salehi B, Machin L, Monzote L, Sharifi-Rad J, Ezzat SM, Salem MA, Merghany RM, El Mahdy NM, Kılıç CS, Sytar O, Sharifi-Rad M, Sharopov F, Martins N, Martorell M, Cho WC. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin: New Insights and Perspectives for Human Health. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11849-11872. [PMID: 32478277 PMCID: PMC7254783 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin (Que) and its derivatives are naturally occurring phytochemicals with promising bioactive effects. The antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-Alzheimer's, antiarthritic, cardiovascular, and wound-healing effects of Que have been extensively investigated, as well as its anticancer activity against different cancer cell lines has been recently reported. Que and its derivatives are found predominantly in the Western diet, and people might benefit from their protective effect just by taking them via diets or as a food supplement. Bioavailability-related drug-delivery systems of Que have also been markedly exploited, and Que nanoparticles appear as a promising platform to enhance their bioavailability. The present review aims to provide a brief overview of the therapeutic effects, new insights, and upcoming perspectives of Que.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student
Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran
| | - Laura Machin
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Food, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Parasitology
Department, Institute of Medicine Tropical
Pedro Kourí, Havana, Cuba
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry
Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran
| | - Shahira M. Ezzat
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo
University, Kasr El-Aini
Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October
University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th October 12566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Salem
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia
University, Gamal Abd
El Nasr st., Shibin Elkom, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
| | - Rana M. Merghany
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Nihal M. El Mahdy
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October 12566, Egypt
| | - Ceyda Sibel Kılıç
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Oksana Sytar
- Department of Plant Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska str., 64, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak
University of Agriculture, Nitra, A. Hlinku 2, Nitra 94976, Slovak Republic
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department
of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University
of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- Institute
for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy,
and Centre
for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad
de Desarrollo Tecnológico,
UDT, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - William C. Cho
- Department
of Clinical Oncology, Queen
Elizabeth Hospital, 30
Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong
Kong
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Raj S, Sasidharan S, Balaji SN, Dubey VK, Saudagar P. Review on natural products as an alternative to contemporary anti-leishmanial therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42485-020-00035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Boniface PK, Ferreira EI. Flavonoids as efficient scaffolds: Recent trends for malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2473-2517. [PMID: 31441148 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endemic in 149 tropical and subtropical countries, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect more than 1 billion people annually with over 500,000 deaths. Among the NTDs, some of the most severe consist of leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. The impact of the combined NTDs closely rivals that of malaria. According to the World Health Organization, 216 million cases of malaria were reported in 2016 with 445,000 deaths. Current treatment options are associated with various limitations including widespread drug resistance, severe adverse effects, lengthy treatment duration, unfavorable toxicity profiles, and complicated drug administration procedures. Flavonoids are a class of compounds that has been the subject of considerable scientific interest. New developments of flavonoids have made promising advances for the potential treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue, with less toxicity, high efficacy, and improved bioavailability. This review summarizes the current standings of the use of flavonoids to treat malaria and neglected diseases such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. Natural and synthetic flavonoids are leading compounds that can be used for developing antiprotozoal and antiviral agents. However, detailed studies on toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and mechanisms of action of these compounds are required to confirm the in vitro pharmacological claims of flavonoids for pharmaceutical applications. HIGHLIGHTS: In the current review, we have tried to compile recent discoveries on natural and synthetic flavonoids as well as their implication in the treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. A total of 373 (220 natural and 153 synthetic) flavonoids have been evaluated for antimalarial, antileishmanial, antichagasic, and antidengue activities. Most of these flavonoids showed promising results against the above diseases. Reports on molecular modeling of flavonoid compounds to the disease target indicated encouraging results. Flavonoids can be prospected as potential leads for drug development; however, more rigorously designed studies on toxicity and pharmacokinetics, as well as the quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of these compounds, need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pone Kamdem Boniface
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kalanchoe laciniata and Bryophyllum pinnatum: an updated review about ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Richwagen N, Lyles JT, Dale BLF, Quave CL. Antibacterial Activity of Kalanchoe mortagei and K. fedtschenkoi Against ESKAPE Pathogens. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:67. [PMID: 30792655 PMCID: PMC6374630 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants in the genus Kalanchoe (Family: Crassulaceae) are used in traditional medicine throughout the tropics for treating a variety of conditions. Two species, Kalanchoe mortagei and K. fedtschenkoi, have established ethnobotanical usage but have been neglected in previous research concerning their potential bioactivity. Here, we provide a thorough review of the reported antimicrobial activities of Kalanchoe genus and evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effects of two previously unexplored species against a panel of multidrug-resistant bacteria, the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae). Plant specimens were collected and voucher specimens deposited in the Emory University Herbarium. Dried plant material was ground into a powder and extracted as ethanolic macerations or as aqueous decoctions. Extracts were tested against the ESKAPE pathogens for growth inhibitory activity. Cytotoxicity to human cells was assessed via a lactate dehydrogenase assay of treated human keratinocytes (HaCaTs). K. fedtschenkoi extracts demonstrated growth inhibitory effects against two Gram-negative species, A. baumannii (strain CDC-33) and P. aeruginosa (AH-71), as well as S. aureus (UAMS-1). In these cases, growth inhibition greater than 50% (IC50) was generally observed at concentrations of 256 μg mL-1, though one K. fedtschenkoi extract (1465, prepared from stems) exhibited an IC50 against A. baumannii at 128 μg mL-1. All extracts were well tolerated by HaCaTs (LD50 ≥ 256 μg mL-1). Chemical characterization using HPLC and chemical standards established the presence of caffeic acid and quercetin in both plant species, as well as kaempferol in K. fedtschenkoi. These results reveal K. fedtschenkoi to be a plant of medicinal interest, and future research should aim to characterize the bioactivity of this species and its active constituents through bioassay-guide fractionation. Effects on bacterial biofilm formation and quorum-sensing are also research topics of interest for this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Richwagen
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James T. Lyles
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brandon L. F. Dale
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cassandra L. Quave
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Emory University Herbarium, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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14
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da Silva ER, Brogi S, Lucon-Júnior JF, Campiani G, Gemma S, Maquiaveli CDC. Dietary polyphenols rutin, taxifolin and quercetin related compounds target Leishmania amazonensis arginase. Food Funct 2019; 10:3172-3180. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00265k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Taxifolin, quercetin glucuronide and quercetin glucosides inhibit arginase from Leishmania amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Roberto da Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- 13635-900 Pirassununga
- Brazil
| | - Simone Brogi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs) and Department of Biotechnology
- Chemistry
- and Pharmacy
- DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022
- Università degli Studi di Siena via Aldo Moro 2
| | - João Francisco Lucon-Júnior
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- 13635-900 Pirassununga
- Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs) and Department of Biotechnology
- Chemistry
- and Pharmacy
- DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022
- Università degli Studi di Siena via Aldo Moro 2
| | - Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs) and Department of Biotechnology
- Chemistry
- and Pharmacy
- DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022
- Università degli Studi di Siena via Aldo Moro 2
| | - Claudia do Carmo Maquiaveli
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- 13635-900 Pirassununga
- Brazil
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15
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Costa RS, Souza Filho OP, Júnior OCD, Silva JJ, Hyaric ML, Santos MA, Velozo ES. In vitro antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity of compounds isolated from the roots of Zanthoxylum tingoassuiba. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Dos Santos Nascimento LB, de Aguiar PF, Leal-Costa MV, Coutinho MAS, Borsodi MPG, Rossi-Bergmann B, Tavares ES, Costa SS. Optimization of Aqueous Extraction from Kalanchoe pinnata Leaves to Obtain the Highest Content of an Anti-inflammatory Flavonoid using a Response Surface Model. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:308-315. [PMID: 29349835 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The medicinal plant Kalanchoe pinnata is a phenolic-rich species used worldwide. The reports on its pharmacological uses have increased by 70% in the last 10 years. The leaves of this plant are the main source of an unusual quercetin-diglycosyl flavonoid (QAR, quercetin arabinopyranosyl rhamnopyranoside), which can be easily extracted using water. QAR possess a strong in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. OBJECTIVE To optimize the aqueous extraction of QAR from K. pinnata leaves using a three-level full factorial design. MATERIAL AND METHODS After a previous screening design, time (x1 ) and temperature (x2 ) were chosen as the two independent variables for optimization. Freeze-dried leaves were extracted with water (20% w/v), at 30°C, 40°C or 50°C for 5, 18 or 30 min. QAR content (determined by HPLC-DAD) and yield of extracts were analyzed. The optimized extracts were also evaluated for cytotoxicity. RESULTS The optimal heating times for extract yield and QAR content were similar in two-dimensional (2D) surface responses (between 12.8 and 30 min), but their optimal extraction temperatures were ranged between 40°C and 50°C for QAR content and 30°C and 38°C for extract yield. A compromise region for both parameters was at the mean points that were 40°C for the extraction temperature and 18 min for the total time. CONCLUSION The optimized process is faster and spends less energy than the previous one (water; 30 min at 55°C); therefore is greener and more attractive for industrial purposes. This is the first report of extraction optimization of this bioactive flavonoid. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Beatriz Dos Santos Nascimento
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology (IB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Fernandes de Aguiar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Instiute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Marcela Araújo Soares Coutinho
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Bioactive Natural Products, Natural Products Research Institute (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFRJ), Maracanã Unit, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Gonçalves Borsodi
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliana Schwartz Tavares
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology (IB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sônia Soares Costa
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Bioactive Natural Products, Natural Products Research Institute (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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17
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Charlton RL, Rossi-Bergmann B, Denny PW, Steel PG. Repurposing as a strategy for the discovery of new anti-leishmanials: the-state-of-the-art. Parasitology 2018; 145:219-236. [PMID: 28805165 PMCID: PMC5964475 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania for which there is a paucity of effective viable non-toxic drugs. There are 1·3 million new cases each year causing considerable socio-economic hardship, best measured in 2·4 million disability adjusted life years, with greatest impact on the poorest communities, which means that desperately needed new antileishmanial treatments have to be both affordable and accessible. Established medicines with cheaper and faster development times may hold the cure for this neglected tropical disease. This concept of using old drugs for new diseases may not be novel but, with the ambitious target of controlling or eradicating tropical diseases by 2020, this strategy is still an important one. In this review, we will explore the current state-of-the-art of drug repurposing strategies in the search for new treatments for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Charlton
- Department of Chemistry,University Science Laboratories,South Road,Durham DH1 3LE,UK
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,Ilha do Fundão,CEP 21·949-900 Rio de Janeiro,RJ,Brazil
| | - Paul W Denny
- Department of Biosciences,University Science Laboratories,South Road,Durham DH1 3LE,UK
| | - Patrick G Steel
- Department of Chemistry,University Science Laboratories,South Road,Durham DH1 3LE,UK
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18
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Pereira KMF, Grecco SS, Figueiredo CR, Hosomi JK, Nakamura MU, Lago JHG. Chemical Composition and Cytotoxicity of Kalanchoe pinnata Leaves Extracts prepared using Accelerated System Extraction (ASE). Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) is a medicinal plant distributed in several areas of the World. Their leaves have been used, in folk medicine, for anxiety and sleep disorders among other proposes. Chemically, this plant is composed by organic acids, flavonoids, bufadienolides, triterpenoids and some ubiquitous compounds. In this study, the fresh leaves of K. pinnata were extracted in an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) system using H2O (cold and hot) as well as with EtOH:H2O 1:1. The obtained crude extracts were analyzed by HPLC-UV-MS. As a result, were identified organic acids and flavonoids, these being quercetin-3- O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3- O-α-L-arabinopiranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, quercitrin, and trans- p-coumaryl glutaric acid the main compounds in the studied extracts. Obtained results revealed the predominance of flavonoids in extracts prepared using hot H2O (70 26 α 2.19%) or EtOH:H2O 1:1 (74.65 α 5.39%) while a reduction in the amount of these compounds was observed in the extracts prepared using cold H2O (54.41 α 2.93%). Additionally, crude extracts from leaves of K. pinnata extracted with hot H2O and EtOH:H2O 1:1 showed in vitro cytotoxicity on five tested cancer cell lines: murine melanoma (B16F10), human melanoma (A2058), human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), human leukemia (HL-60), and human glioblastoma (U87-MG), with IC50 values in the range of 10.6 α 2.5-91.3 α 7.2 μg/mL. On the other hand, the extract prepared using cold H2O displayed reduced potential. These crude extracts were also tested against human foreskin fibroblasts (non-tumorigenic cells) showing IC50 values ranging from 79.5 to 90.2 μg/mL. In conclusion, our results showed the impact that different extraction methods have on the chemical composition and pharmacological activity, which are notable for the anticancer activity associated to flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassia M. F. Pereira
- Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo, 04021-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone S. Grecco
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil
- Biotechnology and Innovation in Health Postgraduate Program, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, 05145-200, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Figueiredo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge K. Hosomi
- Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo, 04021-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mari U. Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo, 04021-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G. Lago
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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LC–MS characterization, anti-kinetoplastide and cytotoxic activities of natural products from Eugenia jambolana Lam. and Eugenia uniflora. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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20
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Lipid-core nanocapsules increase the oral efficacy of quercetin in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2017; 144:1769-1774. [PMID: 28653597 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201700097x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
New oral treatments are needed for all forms of leishmaniasis. Here, the improved oral efficacy of quercetin (Qc) and its penta-acetylated derivative (PQc) was evaluated in cutaneous leishmaniasis after encapsulation in lipid-core nanocapsules (LNCs) of poly(ε-caprolactone). Leishmania amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice were given 51 daily oral doses of free drugs (16 mg kg-1) or LNC-loaded drugs (0·4 mg kg-1). While treatment with free Qc reduced the lesion sizes and parasite loads by 38 and 71%, respectively, LNC-Qc produced 64 and 91% reduction, respectively. The antileishmanial efficacy of PQc was similar but not as potently improved by encapsulation as Qc. None of the treatments increased aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase or creatinine serum levels. These findings indicate that when encapsulated in LNC, Qc and, to a lesser extent, PQc can safely produce an enhanced antileishmanial effect even at a 40-fold lower dose, with implications for the development of a new oral drug for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Ullah N, Nadhman A, Siddiq S, Mehwish S, Islam A, Jafri L, Hamayun M. Plants as Antileishmanial Agents: Current Scenario. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1905-1925. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazif Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences; Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan; Mardan Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Nadhman
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al Khail Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS); International Islamic University; Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Siddiq
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences; Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan; Mardan Pakistan
| | - Shaila Mehwish
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences; Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan; Mardan Pakistan
| | - Arshad Islam
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, (NUPEB), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto Minas Gerais 35.400-000 Brazil
| | - Laila Jafri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Bahauddin Zakariya University; Multan Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences; Abdul Wali Khan University; Mardan Pakistan
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22
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Belmonte-Reche E, Martínez-García M, Peñalver P, Gómez-Pérez V, Lucas R, Gamarro F, Pérez-Victoria JM, Morales JC. Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives as antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 119:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mans DRA, Beerens T, Magali I, Soekhoe RC, Schoone GJ, Oedairadjsingh K, Hasrat JA, van den Bogaart E, Schallig HDFH. In vitro evaluation of traditionally used Surinamese medicinal plants for their potential anti-leishmanial efficacy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 180:70-77. [PMID: 26778603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plant-based preparations are extensively used in Surinamese folk medicine for treating leishmaniasis, but often without a scientific rationale. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate 25 Surinamese medicinal plants for their potential efficacy against leishmaniasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Concentrated plant extracts were evaluated for their effect on the viability of L. (V.) guyanensis AMC, L. (L.) major NADIM5, and L. (L.) donovani GEDII promastigotes, as well as intracellular amastigotes of L. (L.) donovani BHU814 in infected THP-1 cells. Selectivity was assessed by cytotoxicity against THP-1 cells. RESULTS The only plant extract that showed potentially meaningful anti-leishmanial activity was that from Solanum lycocarpum that displayed mean IC50 values of about 51, 61, and <16 µg/mL against L. (V) guyanensis, L. (L) major, and L. (L) donovani promastigotes, respectively; about 374 µg/mL against L. (L) donovani amastigotes; and >500 µg/mL against THP-1 cells. The Bryophyllum pinnatum, Inga alba, and Quassia amara extracts displayed moderate to high IC50 values against promastigotes (about 51 to >500 µg/mL) and/or amastigotes (about 224 to >500 µg/mL) but were relatively toxic to THP-1 cells (IC50 values <16 to about 42 µg/mL). The remaining plant extracts exhibited in many cases IC50 values close to, around, or above 500µg/mL against promastigotes, amastigotes, and THP-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS The S. lycocarpum preparation may be useful against leishmaniasis and may have a good safety index, warranting further investigations into its active constituents and mechanism(s) of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R A Mans
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname.
| | - T Beerens
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Magali
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - R C Soekhoe
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - G J Schoone
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Oedairadjsingh
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - J A Hasrat
- Department of Pharmacology, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - E van den Bogaart
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H D F H Schallig
- Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT)/Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Parasitology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fürer K, Simões-Wüst AP, Winkler A, Amsler N, Schnelle M, von Mandach U. [The Application of Bryophyllum pinnatum Preparations in Obstetrics and Gynaecology – a Multicenter, Prospective Observational Study]. Complement Med Res 2015; 22:231-6. [PMID: 26228703 DOI: 10.1159/000437154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bryophyllum pinnatum has been introduced in anthroposophic medicine in Europe and is nowadays also widely used in conventional medicine. The aim of this study was to assess the prescriptions in the field of gynaecology and obstetrics in Switzerland and to document potential effects and possible adverse events of B. pinnatum. PATIENTS AND METHODS Private practices and clinics for obstetrics and gynaecology were asked to document each prescription of B. pinnatum for their female patients during 31 months with an online questionnaire. RESULTS At the University Hospital Zurich, at the Cantonal Hospital Winterthur as well as at 2 private practices, a total of 174 women and 208 prescriptions of B. pinnatum were recorded (several prescriptions per patient were possible). Most of the patients were pregnant (87%). B. pinnatum was prescribed as a tocolytic agent to 83% of all patients and to 95% of all pregnant patients and showed a good or a very good effectiveness. Further, 14% of the patients received B. pinnatum for sedation against their restlessness during the day and 5% for sedation against sleep problems. A decrease of the restlessness was achieved for these 2 indications. 13% of the patients suffered from a hyperactive bladder and in two-thirds of them the effectiveness of the treatment with B. pinnatum was classified as very good. In 92% of the cases, Bryophyllum 50% chewable tablets were prescribed. CONCLUSIONS In conventional gynaecology and obstetrics, B. pinnatum is predominantly prescribed for pregnant women in case of prematurel abour, against restlessness and for hyperactive bladder. B. pinnatum showed a good effectiveness with a high benefit in the treatment of hyperactivity-associated health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Fürer
- Forschung Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
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de Sousa LRF, Wu H, Nebo L, Fernandes JB, da Silva MFDGF, Kiefer W, Schirmeister T, Vieira PC. Natural products as inhibitors of recombinant cathepsin L of Leishmania mexicana. Exp Parasitol 2015; 156:42-8. [PMID: 26044356 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases (cathepsins) from Leishmania spp. are promising molecular targets against leishmaniasis. Leishmania mexicana cathepsin L is essential in the parasite life cycle and a pivotal in virulence factor in mammals. Natural products that have been shown to display antileishmanial activity were screened as part of our ongoing efforts to design inhibitors against the L. mexicana cathepsin L-like rCPB2.8. Among them, agathisflavone (1), tetrahydrorobustaflavone (2), 3-oxo-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (3), and quercetin (4) showed significant inhibitory activity on rCPB2.8 with IC50 values ranging from 0.43 to 18.03 µM. The mechanisms of inhibition for compounds 1-3, which showed Ki values in the low micromolar range (Ki = 0.14-1.26 µM), were determined. The biflavone 1 and the triterpene 3 are partially noncompetitive inhibitors, whereas biflavanone 2 is an uncompetitive inhibitor. The mechanism of action established for these leishmanicidal natural products provides a new outlook in the search for drugs against Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena R F de Sousa
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luís Km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Liliane Nebo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luís Km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - João B Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luís Km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Maria F das G F da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luís Km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Werner Kiefer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paulo C Vieira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luís Km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
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Nascimento LBDS, Leal-Costa MV, Menezes EA, Lopes VR, Muzitano MF, Costa SS, Tavares ES. Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on phenolic profile and flavonoid content of Kalanchoe pinnata. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 148:73-81. [PMID: 25900552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B radiation is an important abiotic factor that can stimulate the production of secondary metabolites, including polyphenolic compounds. Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) is a medicinal plant popularly used in Brazil for treating wounds and inflammation. This species is rich in phenolic compounds, which could account for some of its biological activities, including antileishmanial, antihypertensive and antibacterial properties. We investigated the effects of supplemental UV-B radiation on the phenolic profile, antioxidant activity and total flavonoid content of leaves of K. pinnata. Plants were grown under white light (W - control) and supplemental UV-B radiation (W+UVB). Supplemental UV-B radiation enhanced the total flavonoid content of the leaf extracts, without affecting the antioxidant activity or yield of extracts. Analysis by TLC and HPLC of W and W+UVB leaf extracts revealed quantitative and qualitative differences in their phenolic profiles. W+UVB extracts contained a higher diversity of phenolic compounds and a larger amount of quercitrin, an important bioactive flavonoid of this species. This is the first report of the use of ImageJ® program to analyze a TLC visualized by spraying with NP-PEG reagent. UV-B radiation is proposed as a supplemental light source in K. pinnata cultivation in order to improve its flavonoid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eloá Aragão Menezes
- Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Botanical Department, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Virgínia Rodrigues Lopes
- Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Botanical Department, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Sônia Soares Costa
- Chemistry of Natural Bioactive Products Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Eliana Schwartz Tavares
- Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Botanical Department, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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de Sousa LRF, Ramalho SD, Burger MCDM, Nebo L, Fernandes JB, da Silva MFDGF, Iemma MRDC, Corrêa CJ, de Souza DHF, Lima MIS, Vieira PC. Isolation of arginase inhibitors from the bioactivity-guided fractionation of Byrsonima coccolobifolia leaves and stems. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:392-396. [PMID: 24521209 DOI: 10.1021/np400717m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Byrsonima coccolobifolia leaf and stem extracts were studied in the search for possible leishmanicidal compounds using arginase (ARG) from Leishmania amazonensis as a molecular target. Flavonoids 1b, 1e-1g, 2a, 2b, and 2d-2f showed significant inhibitory activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.9 to 4.8 μM. The kinetics of the most active compounds were determined. Flavonoids 1e, 1f, 2a, 2b, and 2e were characterized as noncompetitive inhibitors of ARG with dissociation constants (Ki) ranging from 0.24 to 3.8 μM, demonstrating strong affinity. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed some similarities in the structural features of flavonoids related to ARG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ramos Freitas de Sousa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos , Rod. Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Manjolin LC, dos Reis MBG, Maquiaveli CDC, Santos-Filho OA, da Silva ER. Dietary flavonoids fisetin, luteolin and their derived compounds inhibit arginase, a central enzyme in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection. Food Chem 2013; 141:2253-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Screening of plant extracts for anthelmintic activity against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitol Res 2013; 112:4065-72. [PMID: 24005478 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of finding natural anthelmintic agents against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus), 26 plants were screened for antiparasitic properties using in vivo anthelmintic efficacy assay. The results showed that Caesalpinia sappan, Lysima chiachristinae, Cuscuta chinensis, Artemisia argyi, and Eupatorium fortunei were found to have 100% anthelmintic efficacy at 125, 150, 225, 300, and 500 mg L(-1) after 48 h of exposure. Crude extract of the five plants were further partitioned with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water to obtain anthelmintically active fractions with various polarity. Among these fractions tested, the ethyl acetate extract of L. chiachristinae was found to be the most effective with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) value of 5.1 mg/L after 48 h of exposure. This was followed by ethyl acetate extract of C. chinensis (48 h-EC50 = 8.5 mg L(-1)), chloroform extracts of C. sappan (48 h-EC50 = 15.6 mg L(-1)), methanol extract of C. chinensis (48 h-EC50 = 15.9 mg L(-1)), and chloroform and petroleum ether extract of L. chiachristinae (EC50 values of 17.2 and 21.1 mg/L, respectively), suggesting that these plants, as well as the active fractions, provide potential sources of botanic drugs for the control of D. intermedius in aquaculture.
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Cruz EDM, da Silva ER, Maquiaveli CDC, Alves ESS, Lucon JF, dos Reis MBG, de Toledo CEM, Cruz FG, Vannier-Santos MA. Leishmanicidal activity of Cecropia pachystachya flavonoids: arginase inhibition and altered mitochondrial DNA arrangement. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 89:71-77. [PMID: 23453911 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The plant Cecropia pachystachya Trécul is widely used in Brazilian ethnomedicine to treat hypertension, asthma, and diabetes. Arginase is an enzyme with levels that are elevated in these disorders, and it is central to Leishmania polyamine biosynthesis. The aims of this study were to evaluate antileishmanial activity and inhibition of the arginase enzyme by C. pachystachya extracts, and to study changes in cellular organization using electron microscopy. The ethanol extract of C. pachystachya was tested on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigote survival/proliferation and arginase activity in vitro. Qualitative ultrastructural analysis was also used to observe changes in cell organization. The major bioactive molecules of the ethanol extract were characterized using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). The ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract diminished promastigote axenic growth/survival, inhibited arginase activity, and altered a mitochondrial kinetoplast DNA (K-DNA) array. The bioactive compounds of C. pachystachya were characterized as glucoside flavonoids. Orientin (9) (luteolin-8-C-glucoside) was the main component of the methanol-soluble ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the ethanol extract and is an arginase inhibitor (IC50 15.9 μM). The ethyl acetate fraction was not cytotoxic to splenocytes at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. In conclusion, C. pachystachya contains bioactive compounds that reduce the growth of L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes, altering mitochondrial K-DNA arrangement and inhibiting arginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenézer de Mello Cruz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, CPqGM-FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Mahata S, Maru S, Shukla S, Pandey A, Mugesh G, Das BC, Bharti AC. Anticancer property of Bryophyllum pinnata (Lam.) Oken. leaf on human cervical cancer cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:15. [PMID: 22405256 PMCID: PMC3353166 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bryophyllum pinnata (B. pinnata) is a common medicinal plant used in traditional medicine of India and of other countries for curing various infections, bowel diseases, healing wounds and other ailments. However, its anticancer properties are poorly defined. In view of broad spectrum therapeutic potential of B. pinnata we designed a study to examine anti-cancer and anti-Human Papillomavirus (HPV) activities in its leaf extracts and tried to isolate its active principle. METHODS A chloroform extract derived from a bulk of botanically well-characterized pulverized B. pinnata leaves was separated using column chromatography with step- gradient of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. Fractions were characterized for phyto-chemical compounds by TLC, HPTLC and NMR and Biological activity of the fractions were examined by MTT-based cell viability assay, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay, Northern blotting and assay of apoptosis related proteins by immunoblotting in human cervical cancer cells. RESULTS Results showed presence of growth inhibitory activity in the crude leaf extracts with IC50 at 552 μg/ml which resolved to fraction F4 (Petroleum Ether: Ethyl Acetate:: 50:50) and showed IC50 at 91 μg/ml. Investigations of anti-viral activity of the extract and its fraction revealed a specific anti-HPV activity on cervical cancer cells as evidenced by downregulation of constitutively active AP1 specific DNA binding activity and suppression of oncogenic c-Fos and c-Jun expression which was accompanied by inhibition of HPV18 transcription. In addition to inhibiting growth, fraction F4 strongly induced apoptosis as evidenced by an increased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, suppression of the anti-apoptotic molecules Bcl-2, and activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP-1. Phytochemical analysis of fraction F4 by HPTLC and NMR indicated presence of activity that resembled Bryophyllin A. CONCLUSIONS Our study therefore demonstrates presence of anticancer and anti-HPV an activity in B. pinnata leaves that can be further exploited as a potential anticancer, anti-HPV therapeutic for treatment of HPV infection and cervical cancer.
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The leishmanicidal flavonols quercetin and quercitrin target Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis arginase. Exp Parasitol 2012; 130:183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Coutinho MAS, Muzitano MF, Cruz EA, Bergonzi MC, Kaiser CR, Tinoco LW, Bilia AR, Vincieri FF, Rossi-Bergmann B, Costa SS. Flowers from Kalanchoe pinnata are a Rich Source of T Cell-Suppressive Flavonoids. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition and immunosuppressive potential of the flowers from Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) were investigated. We found that the aqueous flower extract was more active than the leaf extract in inhibiting murine T cell mitogenesis in vitro. Flavonoids isolated from the flower extract were identified and quantitated based on NMR and HPLC-DAD-MS analysis, respectively. Along with quercetin, four quercetin glycosyl conjugates were obtained, including quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside and quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, which are described for the first time in K. pinnata. All flavonoids inhibited murine T cell mitogenesis and IL-2 and IL-4 production without cell toxicity. This is the first report on the pharmacological activity of flowers of a Kalanchoe species, which are not used for curative purposes. Our findings show that K. pinnata flowers are a rich source of T-suppressive flavonoids that may be therapeutically useful against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A. S. Coutinho
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michelle F. Muzitano
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elaine A. Cruz
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Bergonzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlos R. Kaiser
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luzineide W. Tinoco
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna R. Bilia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Franco F. Vincieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sônia S. Costa
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Cruz EA, Reuter S, Martin H, Dehzad N, Muzitano MF, Costa SS, Rossi-Bergmann B, Buhl R, Stassen M, Taube C. Kalanchoe pinnata inhibits mast cell activation and prevents allergic airway disease. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:115-121. [PMID: 21802918 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Kp) have been found effective in models to reduce acute anaphylactic reactions. In the present study, we investigate the effect of Kp and the flavonoid quercetin (QE) and quercitrin (QI) on mast cell activation in vitro and in a model of allergic airway disease in vivo. Treatment with Kp and QE in vitro inhibited degranulation and cytokine production of bone marrow-derived mast cells following IgE/FcɛRI crosslinking, whereas treatment with QI had no effect. Similarly, in vivo treatment with Kp and QE decreased development of airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia and production of IL-5, IL-13 and TNF. In contrast, treatment with QI had no effect on these parameters. These findings demonstrate that treatment with Kp or QE is effective in treatment of allergic airway disease, providing new insights to the immunomodulatory functions of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Cruz
- III. Medical Clinic, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Mainz, Maniz, Germany
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Chemical and biological studies of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) growing in Bangladesh. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ogungbe IV, Singh M, Setzer WN. Antileishmanial Natural Products from Plants. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53836-9.00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Sen R, Chatterjee M. Plant derived therapeutics for the treatment of Leishmaniasis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:1056-69. [PMID: 21596544 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by insect borne trypanosomatid parasites are significant, yet remain a neglected public health problem. Leishmania, a unicellular protozoan parasite is the causative organism of Leishmaniasis and is transmitted by female phlebotamine sandflies affecting millions of people worldwide. In the wake of resistance to pentavalent antimonial drugs, new therapeutic alternatives are desirable. The plant kingdom has in the past provided several affordable compounds and this review aims to provide an overview of the current status of available leishmanicidal plant derived compounds that are effective singly or in combination with conventional anti-leishmanial drugs, yet are non toxic to mammalian host cells. Furthermore, delineation of the contributory biochemical mechanisms involved in mediating their effect would help develop new chemotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupashree Sen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya JC Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700020, India
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Lewin G, Cojean S, Gupta S, Verma A, Puri S, Loiseau P. In vitro antileishmanial properties of new flavonoids against Leishmania donovani. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Muzitano MF, Bergonzi MC, De Melo GO, Lage CLS, Bilia AR, Vincieri FF, Rossi-Bergmann B, Costa SS. Influence of cultivation conditions, season of collection and extraction method on the content of antileishmanial flavonoids from Kalanchoe pinnata. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:132-137. [PMID: 20883762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leaves from Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae) are popularly used for healing wounds. Its antileishmanial properties are established in experimental animals, and its active flavonoid components have been identified. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we attempted to standardize the extract from K. pinnata leaves by evaluating the influence of season of harvest, sunlight exposure and method of extraction on antileishmanial flavonoids content. MATERIALS AND METHODS HPLC-DAD-MS was used to identify and quantify the active antileishmanial flavonoids in different extracts. ANOVA test for analyses of variance followed by the Tukey test of multiple comparisons were used in the statistical analysis. The antileishmanial potential was assessed by the activation of nitric oxide production by murine macrophage using the Griess method. RESULTS We demonstrated that active flavonoids were significantly more abundant when the leaves were collected in the summer, and that aqueous extraction at 50°C allowed the highest flavonoid extraction. The benefit of sunlight exposure was confirmed in plants cultivated under direct sunlight when compared with those that grown under shade. Under sunny conditions the yield of the most active antileishmanial favonoid quercitrin was increased by 7-fold. All aqueous extracts tested were capable to enhance the macrophage nitric oxide production. However, hot aqueous extract from leaves collected in summer exhibited the higher activity, in agreement with HPLC-DAD-MS analysis tendency. In addition, with the aim of reducing the individual chemical variations of the plant constituents and optimizing the production of the active extract, it was obtained in vitro monoclonal KP specimens that were easily adapted to field conditions and were able to produce antileishmanial flavonoids. CONCLUSION Our study reports the better conditions of cultivation, harvest and extraction protocol for obtaining a K. pinnata extract exhibiting the highest antileishmanial activity. Additionally, we propose the flavonoids quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and quercitrin, as satisfactory chemical markers for standardization purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Muzitano
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Rahmatullah M, Rahman MA, Hossan MS, Taufiq-Ur-Rahman M, Jahan R, Mollik MAH. A Pharmacological and Phytochemical Evaluation of Medicinal Plants Used by the Harbang Clan of the Tripura Tribal Community of Mirsharai Area, Chittagong District, Bangladesh. J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16:769-85. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2009.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Asifur Rahman
- Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shahadat Hossan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rownak Jahan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ariful Haque Mollik
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Grecco SS, Reimão JQ, Tempone AG, Sartorelli P, Romoff P, Ferreira MJP, Fávero OA, Lago JHG. Isolation of an antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal flavanone from the leaves of Baccharis retusa DC. (Asteraceae). Parasitol Res 2010; 106:1245-8. [PMID: 20165875 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the course of selection of new bioactive compounds from Brazilian flora, the crude MeOH extract from the leaves of Baccharis retusa DC. (Asteraceae) showed potential against Leishmania sp. and Trypanosoma cruzi. Chromatographic fractionation of the dichloromethane phase from MeOH extract yielded great amounts of the bioactive derivative, which was characterized as 5,6,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone. The structure of this compound was established on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis, mainly nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone S Grecco
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Campus Diadema, 09972-270, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
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Effectiveness of the immunomodulatory extract of Kalanchoe pinnata against murine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2009; 137:613-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009991405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYPreviously, we described the protective action of the immunomodulatory extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Kp) in murine and human cutaneous leishmaniasis. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of Kp against visceral leishmaniasis, using the BALB/c mouse model of infection with Leishmania chagasi. Mice receiving oral daily doses of Kp (400 mg/kg) for 30 days displayed significantly reduced hepatic and splenic parasite burden, when compared with untreated animals. Protectiveness was accompanied by a reduction in parasite-specific IgG serum levels, and impaired capacity of spleen cells to produce IL-4, but not IFN-γ and nitric oxide upon antigen recall in vitro. The reference drug Pentostam (72 mg/kg) given by the intra-peritoneal route on alternate days produced an anti-leishmanial effect similar to oral Kp. Our findings show that the oral efficacy of Kp, seen previously in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis, extends also to visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. chagasi, a difficult to treat and lethal disease of man.
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