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Thurlow F, Weakley J, Townshend AD, Timmins RG, Morrison M, McLaren SJ. The Acute Demands of Repeated-Sprint Training on Physiological, Neuromuscular, Perceptual and Performance Outcomes in Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1609-1640. [PMID: 37222864 PMCID: PMC10356687 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated-sprint training (RST) involves maximal-effort, short-duration sprints (≤ 10 s) interspersed with brief recovery periods (≤ 60 s). Knowledge about the acute demands of RST and the influence of programming variables has implications for training prescription. OBJECTIVES To investigate the physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance demands of RST, while also examining the moderating effects of programming variables (sprint modality, number of repetitions per set, sprint repetition distance, inter-repetition rest modality and inter-repetition rest duration) on these outcomes. METHODS The databases Pubmed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and Scopus were searched for original research articles investigating overground running RST in team sport athletes ≥ 16 years. Eligible data were analysed using multi-level mixed effects meta-analysis, with meta-regression performed on outcomes with ~ 50 samples (10 per moderator) to examine the influence of programming factors. Effects were evaluated based on coverage of their confidence (compatibility) limits (CL) against elected thresholds of practical importance. RESULTS From 908 data samples nested within 176 studies eligible for meta-analysis, the pooled effects (± 90% CL) of RST were as follows: average heart rate (HRavg) of 163 ± 9 bpm, peak heart rate (HRpeak) of 182 ± 3 bpm, average oxygen consumption of 42.4 ± 10.1 mL·kg-1·min-1, end-set blood lactate concentration (B[La]) of 10.7 ± 0.6 mmol·L-1, deciMax session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) of 6.5 ± 0.5 au, average sprint time (Savg) of 5.57 ± 0.26 s, best sprint time (Sbest) of 5.52 ± 0.27 s and percentage sprint decrement (Sdec) of 5.0 ± 0.3%. When compared with a reference protocol of 6 × 30 m straight-line sprints with 20 s passive inter-repetition rest, shuttle-based sprints were associated with a substantial increase in repetition time (Savg: 1.42 ± 0.11 s, Sbest: 1.55 ± 0.13 s), whereas the effect on sRPE was trivial (0.6 ± 0.9 au). Performing two more repetitions per set had a trivial effect on HRpeak (0.8 ± 1.0 bpm), B[La] (0.3 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1), sRPE (0.2 ± 0.2 au), Savg (0.01 ± 0.03) and Sdec (0.4; ± 0.2%). Sprinting 10 m further per repetition was associated with a substantial increase in B[La] (2.7; ± 0.7 mmol·L-1) and Sdec (1.7 ± 0.4%), whereas the effect on sRPE was trivial (0.7 ± 0.6). Resting for 10 s longer between repetitions was associated with a substantial reduction in B[La] (-1.1 ± 0.5 mmol·L-1), Savg (-0.09 ± 0.06 s) and Sdec (-1.4 ± 0.4%), while the effects on HRpeak (-0.7 ± 1.8 bpm) and sRPE (-0.5 ± 0.5 au) were trivial. All other moderating effects were compatible with both trivial and substantial effects [i.e. equal coverage of the confidence interval (CI) across a trivial and a substantial region in only one direction], or inconclusive (i.e. the CI spanned across substantial and trivial regions in both positive and negative directions). CONCLUSIONS The physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance demands of RST are substantial, with some of these outcomes moderated by the manipulation of programming variables. To amplify physiological demands and performance decrement, longer sprint distances (> 30 m) and shorter, inter-repetition rest (≤ 20 s) are recommended. Alternatively, to mitigate fatigue and enhance acute sprint performance, shorter sprint distances (e.g. 15-25 m) with longer, passive inter-repetition rest (≥ 30 s) are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Thurlow
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia.
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew D Townshend
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ryan G Timmins
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Morrison
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shaun J McLaren
- Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Lopes-Silva JP, Soares GDSS, Rocha JCC, Rocha ALSD, Correia-Oliveira CR. Caffeine Delays Parasympathetic Reactivation After a High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise in Handball Players. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2021.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Lopes-Silva
- Applied Research Group to Performance and Health, CESMAC University Center, School of Physical Education, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Julio Cesar Correia Rocha
- Applied Research Group to Performance and Health, CESMAC University Center, School of Physical Education, Maceió, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Silva da Rocha
- Applied Research Group to Performance and Health, CESMAC University Center, School of Physical Education, Maceió, Brazil
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Marcel-Millet P, Groslambert A, Gimenez P, Grosprêtre S, Ravier G. Psychophysiological responses of firefighters to day and night rescue interventions. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 95:103457. [PMID: 33984583 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed 1) to assess the psychophysiological responses throughout a rescue intervention performed during the day and at night and 2) to determine if a vibrating alarm influences these psychophysiological responses at night. Sixteen male firefighters completed a simulated intervention under three different conditions: 1) during the day with a sound alarm signal (DaySA), 2) during the night with a sound alarm signal (NightSA), 3) during the night with a vibrating alarm signal (NightVA). Cardiovascular and psychological stress were recorded throughout the interventions. During the alarm signal, HR reactivity was greater in NightSA than in DaySA (p < 0.01). Parasympathetic reactivation and self-confidence were significantly lower in NightSA than in DaySA (p < 0.05). HR reactivity was decreased in NightVA in comparison to NightSA (p < 0.05). Overall, the rescue intervention had a greater impact on the psychophysiological variables during the night than during the day, and the type of alarm had a minor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philémon Marcel-Millet
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Laboratory C3S (EA 4660), Department Sport and Performance, UFR STAPS, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - Alain Groslambert
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Laboratory C3S (EA 4660), Department Sport and Performance, UFR STAPS, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Laboratory C3S (EA 4660), Department Sport and Performance, UFR STAPS, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - Sidney Grosprêtre
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Laboratory C3S (EA 4660), Department Sport and Performance, UFR STAPS, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - Gilles Ravier
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Laboratory C3S (EA 4660), Department Sport and Performance, UFR STAPS, 31 Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
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Chen YS, Pagaduan JC, Bezerra P, Crowley-McHattan ZJ, Kuo CD, Clemente FM. Agreement of Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Variability Recordings During Overseas Training Camps in Under-20 National Futsal Players. Front Psychol 2021; 12:621399. [PMID: 33613397 PMCID: PMC7892599 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Monitoring the daily change in resting heart rate variability (HRV) can provide information regarding training adaptation and recovery status of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) during training camps. However, it remains unclear whether postural stabilization is essential for valid and reliable ultra-short-term (HRVUST) recordings in short-term overseas training camps. Design: Observational and longitudinal study. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate ultra-short-term heart rate variability recordings under stabilization or post-stabilization periods in four overseas training camps. Participant: Twenty-seven U-20 male national team futsal players voluntarily participated in this study. Method: Resting HRV was evaluated for 10 min during the early morning of each training camp. The natural logarithm of the root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval differences (LnRMSSD) was used for comparisons. Time segments of HRV were divided into two periods with three measures within each: (1) the first 30-s (1st_30 s LnRMSSD), the first 60-s (1st_60 s LnRMSSD), and the 5-min standard (1st_5 min LnRMSSD) during stabilization; (2) the first 30-s (2nd_30 s LnRMSSD), the first 60-s (2nd_60 s LnRMSSD), and the 5-min standard (2nd_5 min LnRMSSD) after stabilization. Result: The results demonstrated trivial to small ES (−0.03; 0.46), very large to nearly perfect ICC (0.76; 0.98), and narrow range of SEM (0.06; 0.31) when all time segments of HRVUST were compared to the 1st_5 min and 2nd_5 min HRV. Furthermore, the magnitude of the correlation coefficients ranged from very high to nearly perfect for all the time segments (r = 0.83; 0.97). The HRVUST posted excellent agreement in all time segments (bias = −0.05; 0.12) with/without postural stabilization. Trivial to small levels of effect size in all time segments of LnRMSSDmean (0.02; 0.41 ES) and LnRMSSDcv (−0.49; −0.02 ES) across overseas training camps was identified. Conclusion: The first 30 or 60-s LnRMSSD recordings can be used to evaluate daily cardiac-autonomic function during overseas training camps in futsal players. The process for stabilization seems to be unnecessary for measuring the morning resting LnRMSSD in overseas training camps among young adult futsal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.,Exercise and Health Promotion Association, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey C Pagaduan
- College of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Pedro Bezerra
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Cheng-Deng Kuo
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Taian Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Tanyu Research Laboratory, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal
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Cardiac Parasympathetic Reactivation Following Small-Sided Games, Repeated Sprints and Circuit Training in Elite Handball Players. J Hum Kinet 2020; 73:115-124. [PMID: 32774543 PMCID: PMC7386137 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare acute parasympathetic reactivation following usual training exercises, the acute post-exercise heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were analysed. Fourteen elite male handball players completed three separate sessions of 16-min small-sided games (SSGs), repeated sprints (RSs) consisting of two sets of six repetitions of a 25-m sprint with a 180° change of direction (12.5 m + 12.5 m) every 25 s and 40 min of handball-specific circuit training (CT, one brief action every 40 s). The HR was recorded during the exercises; HRV was assessed 10 min before and after exercise. The exercise HR was higher for SSGs than RSs and it was higher for RSs than CT. Comparison of the baseline and acute post-exercise HRV values showed that parasympathetic indices decreased following SSG (p < 0.01 – p < 0.0001; large effect size) and RS (p < 0.05 –p < 0.01; large effect size) interventions. For CT, recovery values remained similar to the baseline (small effect size). The comparison of the acute recovery period between exercise modalities showed that the root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD) was lower for SSGs than RSs and CT. No difference in any HRV indices was observed between RSs and CT. Time-varying of RMSSD for successive 30 s segments during the 10 min recovery period showed lower values for SSGs than CT for all tested points; the progressive increase in the beat-to-beat interval was similar for all interventions. In conclusion, SSGs caused the greatest post-exercise vagal disruption and it is likely that CT is the exercise modality that least delays over-all recovery. These results might help coaches design better training sessions by understanding athletes’ recovery status after completing their conditioning exercises.
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Effects of Plyometric and Repeated Sprint Training on Physical Performance. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8070091. [PMID: 32605121 PMCID: PMC7404803 DOI: 10.3390/sports8070091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of study was to resolve the effect of plyometric training and repeated sprint training on physical performance. The study was conducted on 41 subjects in two experimental groups (plyometric/repeated sprints training). Before and after the training program, subjects were subjected to diagnostic procedures that included standard test protocols. Results proved a statistically significant difference only after the plyometric training program compared to the repeated sprint group in countermovement jump (8.65% vs. 2.21%). In variable repeated jumps, an increased value was recorded (2.9% vs. 4.29%), like in sprint variables after the training program where certain trends of progress happened after the repeated sprint ability training and the specificity of the program (5 m = 0.89%, 10 m = 1.07% and 25 m = 1.35%), while plyometric training recorded unchanged values at 5 and 10 m, and a 0.27% improvement at 25 m. Stagnation of the 20-yard test was recorded in both groups. There was no difference between training programs in any variables of functional capacities, with similar measures recorded in repeated sprint ability. After six weeks of both training types, positive changes can be expected in explosive strength of lower extremities, increases in acceleration area, and maximum speed.
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Post-Exercise Recovery of Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Variability after Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test and Repeated Sprint Ability Test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17114070. [PMID: 32517382 PMCID: PMC7312126 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the agreement and acceptance of ultra-short-term heart rate (HR) variability (HRVUST) measures during post-exercise recovery in college football players. Twenty-five male college football players (age: 19.80 ± 1.08 years) from the first division of national university championship voluntarily participated in the study. The participants completed both a repeated sprint ability test (RSA) and a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIR1) in a randomized order and separated by 7 days. Electrocardiographic signals (ECG) were recorded in a supine position 10 min before and 30 min after the exercise protocols. The HR and HRV data were analyzed in the time segments of baseline 5~10 min (Baseline), post-exercise 0~5 min (Post 1), post-exercise 5~10 min (Post 2), and post-exercise 25~30 min (Post 3). The natural logarithm of the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (LnSDNN), root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval differences (LnRMSSD), and LnSDNN:LnRMSSD ratio was compared in the 1st min HRVUST and 5-min criterion (HRVcriterion) of each time segment. The correlation of time-domain HRV variables to 5-min natural logarithm of low frequency power (LnLF) and high frequency power (LnHF), and LF:HF ratio were calculated. The results showed that the HRVUST of LnSDNN, LnRMSSD, and LnSDNN:LnRMSSD ratio showed trivial to small effect sizes (ES) (−0.00~0.49), very large and nearly perfect interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (0.74~0.95), and relatively small values of bias (RSA: 0.01~−0.12; YYIR1: −0.01~−0.16) to the HRVcriterion in both exercise protocols. In addition, the HRVUST of LnLF, LnHF, and LnLF:LnHF showed trivial to small ES (−0.04~−0.54), small to large ICC (−0.02~0.68), and relatively small values of bias (RSA: −0.02~0.65; YYIR1: 0.03~−0.23) to the HRVcriterion in both exercise protocols. Lastly, the 1-min LnSDNN:LnRMSSD ratio was significantly correlated to the 5-min LnLF:LnHF ratio with moderate~high level (r = 0.43~0.72; p < 0.05) during 30-min post-exercise recovery. The post-exercise 1-min HRV assessment in LnSDNN, LnRMSSD, and LnSDNN:LnRMSSD ratio was acceptable and accurate in the RSA and YYIR1 tests, compared to the 5-min time segment of measurement. The moderate to high correlation coefficient of the HRVUST LnSDNN:LnRMSSD ratio to the HRVcriterion LnLF:LnHF ratio indicated the capacity to facilitate the post-exercise shortening duration of HRV measurement after maximal anaerobic or aerobic shuttle running. Using ultra-short-term record of LnSDNN:LnRMSSD ratio as a surrogate for standard measure of LnLF:LnHF ratio after short-term bouts of maximal intensity field-based shuttle running is warranted.
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Price KJ, Gordon BA, Bird SR, Benson AC. Acute cardiovascular responses to interval exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:970-984. [PMID: 32154760 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1737395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interval exercise training is increasingly recommended to improve health and fitness; however, it is not known if cardiovascular risk is different from continuous exercise protocols. This systematic review with meta-analyses assessed the effect of a single bout of interval exercise on cardiovascular responses that indicate risk of cardiac fibrillation and infarction compared to continuous exercise. Electronic databases Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane were searched. Key inclusion criteria were: (1) intervals of the same intensity and duration followed by a recovery period and (2) reporting at least one of blood pressure, heart rate variability, arterial stiffness or function. Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and GRADE approach were used. Meta-analyses found that systolic blood pressure responses to interval exercise did not differ from responses to continuous exercise immediately (MD 8 mmHg [95% CI -32, 47], p = 0.71) or at 60 min following exercise (MD 0 mmHg [95% CI -2, 1], p = 0.79). However, reductions in diastolic blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation with interval exercise were observed 10-15 min post-exercise. The available evidence indicates that interval exercise does not convey higher cardiovascular risk than continuous exercise. Further investigation is required to establish the safety of interval exercise for clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kym Joanne Price
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett Ashley Gordon
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Richard Bird
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Clare Benson
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Rodríguez-Fernández A, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Nakamura FY, Rodríguez-Marroyo JA, Villa-Vicente JG. Relationship Between Repeated Sprint Ability, Aerobic Capacity, Intermittent Endurance, and Heart Rate Recovery in Youth Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 33:3406-3413. [PMID: 31765346 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rodríguez-Fernández, A, Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Nakamura, FY, Rodríguez-Marroyo, JA, and Villa-Vicente, JG. Relationship between repeated sprint ability, aerobic capacity, intermittent endurance, and heart rate recovery in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3406-3413, 2019-To investigate the relationship between repeated sprint ability (RSA) and several aerobic and anaerobic-related soccer-performance indicators, 45 youth soccer players (age 16.8 ± 0.1 years) were classified into "high" (HAF) or "low" aerobic fitness (LAF) (VO2max ≥ or <60 ml·kg·min, respectively) and completed an RSA test measuring best (RSAbest), mean (RSAmean), total sprint time (RSAtotal), and percent sprint decrement (Sdec). A laboratory VO2max test (LabTest) together with anaerobic threshold (VT) and peak speed was measured (vLabTest). In addition, a 20-m multistage shuttle run test (MSRT) and a soccer-specific test (TIVRE-Soccer test-TST) were completed. Heart rate (HR) and HR recovery (HRR) were measured during all tests. High aerobic fitness presented greater (p ≤ 0.05) performance in LabTest, MSRT and TST, at maximal effort, at VT, as well as faster HRR. RSA was similar between HAF and LAF. Contrary to HAF, LAF showed negative correlation between vLabTest with RSAmean (r = -0.6, p = 0.000) and Sdec (r = -0.4, p = 0.044). Also, LAF showed negative correlation between TST end speed (vTST) and RSAmean (r = -0.5, p = 0.005) and Sdec (r = -0.5, p = 0.003). In LAF, RSA was strongly correlated with locomotor factors (e.g., vTST; VT) in both laboratory and field tests. Athletes with high total HRR (>12.5%) in TST presented better (p ≤ 0.05) Sdec in the RSA test. The multiple regression revealed that the LAF vLabTest explained 44.9, 40.0, and 13.5% of the variance in RSAbest, RSAmean, and Sdec, respectively. Practitioners may consider these findings to optimize youth athletes' assessment and preparation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rodríguez-Fernández
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain.,Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos (University of Los Lagos), Osorno, Chile
| | - Fábio Y Nakamura
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jose A Rodríguez-Marroyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - José Gerardo Villa-Vicente
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Short-Term Cardiac Autonomic Recovery after a Repeated Sprint Test in Young Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050102. [PMID: 31052145 PMCID: PMC6572393 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the time course (within 2 h post-exercise) of heart rate variability (HRV) recovery following a traditional repeated sprint ability (RSA) test applied to youth soccer players. Twenty-four young soccer players (18.4 ± 0.5 years) undertook the following assessments: (1) 10 min rest in the seated position for HRV assessment; (2) a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test; (3) passive recovery in the seated position for 10 min, immediately after finishing the RSA test and 1 h and 2 h post-RSA test. During the HRV measurements (using the natural log of root mean square difference of successive normal RR intervals—lnRMSSD) the participants were instructed to assume a comfortable sitting position, remaining awake and breathing spontaneously for 10 min. Magnitude-based inference was used in the analyses. After the RSA test, the post-1 h measure was almost certainly lower than the resting measure, but almost certainly higher than the lnRMSSD measured post-RSA test. The lnRMSSD post-2 h was likely lower than the resting lnRMSSD and very likely higher than post-1 h. In conclusion, lnRMSSD is severely depressed after performing an RSA test, and reactivation is incomplete after 2 h of passive recovery. This result should be considered by practitioners when applying successive training sessions within intervals shorter than 2 h.
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Lopes TR, Sabino-Carvalho JL, Ferreira THN, Succi JE, Silva AC, Silva BM. Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on the Recovery of Cardiac Autonomic Control From Repeated Sprint Exercise. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1465. [PMID: 30416451 PMCID: PMC6212507 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated sprint exercise (RSE) acutely impairs post-exercise heart rate (HR) recovery (HRR) and time-domain heart rate variability (i. e., RMSSD), likely in part, due to lactic acidosis-induced reduction of cardiac vagal reactivation. In contrast, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) mediates cardiac vagal activation and augments energy metabolism efficiency during prolonged ischemia followed by reperfusion. Therefore, we investigated whether IPC could improve recovery of cardiac autonomic control from RSE partially via improved energy metabolism responses to RSE. Fifteen men team-sport practitioners (mean ± SD: 25 ± 5 years) were randomly exposed to IPC in the legs (3 × 5 min at 220 mmHg) or control (CT; 3 × 5 min at 20 mmHg) 48 h, 24 h, and 35 min before performing 3 sets of 6 shuttle running sprints (15 + 15 m with 180° change of direction and 20 s of active recovery). Sets 1 and 2 were followed by 180 s and set 3 by 360 s of inactive recovery. Short-term HRR was analyzed after all sets via linear regression of HR decay within the first 30 s of recovery (T30) and delta from peak HR to 60 s of recovery (HRR60s). Long-term HRR was analyzed throughout recovery from set 3 via first-order exponential regression of HR decay. Moreover, RMSSD was calculated using 30-s data segments throughout recovery from set 3. Energy metabolism responses were inferred via peak pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak), peak carbon dioxide output (V˙O2peak), peak respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak), first-order exponential regression of V˙O2 decay within 360 s of recovery and blood lactate concentration ([Lac-]). IPC did not change T30, but increased HRR60s after all sets (condition main effect: P = 0.03; partial eta square (η2p) = 0.27, i.e., large effect size). IPC did not change long-term HRR and RMSSD throughout recovery, nor did IPC change any energy metabolism parameter. In conclusion, IPC accelerated to some extent the short-term recovery, but did not change the long-term recovery of cardiac autonomic control from RSE, and such accelerator effect was not accompanied by any IPC effect on surrogates of energy metabolism responses to RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago R Lopes
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, Brazil.,São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeann L Sabino-Carvalho
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago H N Ferreira
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E Succi
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio C Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center of Training and Research, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Marcel-Millet P, Ravier G, Grospretre S, Gimenez P, Freidig S, Groslambert A. Physiological responses and parasympathetic reactivation in rescue interventions: The effect of the breathing apparatus. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2710-2722. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philémon Marcel-Millet
- UPFR des Sports; Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté; Besançon France
- Laboratoire C3S (EA 4660), Département Sport-Performance; Besançon France
| | - Gilles Ravier
- UPFR des Sports; Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté; Besançon France
- Laboratoire C3S (EA 4660), Département Sport-Performance; Besançon France
| | - Sidney Grospretre
- UPFR des Sports; Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté; Besançon France
- Laboratoire C3S (EA 4660), Département Sport-Performance; Besançon France
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- UPFR des Sports; Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté; Besançon France
- Laboratoire C3S (EA 4660), Département Sport-Performance; Besançon France
| | - Sébastien Freidig
- Service Départemental d'Incendie et de Secours du Doubs; Besançon France
| | - Alain Groslambert
- UPFR des Sports; Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté; Besançon France
- Laboratoire C3S (EA 4660), Département Sport-Performance; Besançon France
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13
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Effect of repeated-sprints on the reliability of short-term parasympathetic reactivation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192231. [PMID: 29408911 PMCID: PMC5800600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the reliability of post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) and vagal-related HR variability (HRV) after repeated-sprints (RSs), and contrasted it with the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) of these indices. Fourteen healthy male participants performed on four occasions, separated by 7 days, five 30-m sprints interspersed by 25-s of recovery. Post-exercise HR during 10 min of seated rest was measured. HRR during the first 60-s of recovery was computed (HRR60s). HRV indices were calculated in time and frequency domains during the last 5-min of the recovery. Absolute and relative reliability were assessed by typical error of measurement expressed as coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), respectively. Sensitivity was assessed comparing SWC to the typical error of measurement. CV ranged from 3.6% to 13.5% and from 6.3% to 109.2% for the HRR and HRV indices, respectively. ICCs were from 0.78 to 0.96 and from 0.76 to 0.92, respectively. HRR and HRV indices showed large discrepancies reliability. HRR60s and the square root of the mean sum of the squared differences between R-R intervals presented the highest levels of both absolute and relative reliability. However, SWC was lower than the typical error of measurement, indicating insufficient sensitivity to confidently detect small, but meaningful, changes in HRR and HRV indices.
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14
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Storniolo JL, Pavei G, Minetti AE. A "Wearable" Test for Maximum Aerobic Power: Real-Time Analysis of a 60-m Sprint Performance and Heart Rate Off-Kinetics. Front Physiol 2017; 8:868. [PMID: 29163210 PMCID: PMC5672015 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximum aerobic power (V˙O2peak) as an indicator of body fitness is today a very well-known concept not just for athletes but also for the layman. Unfortunately, the accurate measurement of that variable has remained a complex and exhaustive laboratory procedure, which makes it inaccessible to many active people. In this paper we propose a quick estimate of it, mainly based on the heart rate off-kinetics immediately after an all-out 60-m sprint run. The design of this test took into account the recent availability of wrist wearable, heart band free, multi-sensor smart devices, which could also inertially detect the different phases of the sprint and check the distance run. 25 subjects undertook the 60-m test outdoor and a V˙O2peak test on the laboratory treadmill. Running average speed, HR excursion during the sprint and the time constant (τ) of HR exponential decay in the off-kinetics were fed into a multiple regression, with measured V˙O2peak as the dependent variable. Statistics revealed that within the investigated range (25–55 ml O2/(kg min)), despite a tendency to overestimate low values and underestimate high values, the three predictors confidently estimate individual V˙O2peak (R2 = 0.65, p < 0.001). The same analysis has been performed on a 5-s averaged time course of the same measured HR off-kinetics, as these are the most time resolved data for HR provided by many modern smart watches. Results indicate that despite of the substantial reduction in sample size, predicted V˙O2peak still explain 59% of the variability of the measured V˙O2peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Storniolo
- Laboratory of Locomotion Physiomechanics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaspare Pavei
- Laboratory of Locomotion Physiomechanics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto E Minetti
- Laboratory of Locomotion Physiomechanics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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15
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Nakamura FY, Pereira LA, Esco MR, Flatt AA, Moraes JE, Cal Abad CC, Loturco I. Intraday and Interday Reliability of Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Rugby Union Players. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:548-551. [PMID: 27243917 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nakamura, FY, Pereira, LA, Esco, MR, Flatt, AA, Moraes, JE, Cal Abad, CC, and Loturco, I. Intraday and interday reliability of ultra-short-term heart rate variability in rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 548-551, 2017-The aim of this study was to examine the intraday and interday reliability of ultra-short-term vagal-related heart rate variability (HRV) in elite rugby union players. Forty players from the Brazilian National Rugby Team volunteered to participate in this study. The natural log of the root mean square of successive RR interval differences (lnRMSSD) assessments were performed on 4 different days. The HRV was assessed twice (intraday reliability) on the first day and once per day on the following 3 days (interday reliability). The RR interval recordings were obtained from 2-minute recordings using a portable heart rate monitor. The relative reliability of intraday and interday lnRMSSD measures was analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The typical error of measurement (absolute reliability) of intraday and interday lnRMSSD assessments was analyzed using the coefficient of variation (CV). Both intraday (ICC = 0.96; CV = 3.99%) and interday (ICC = 0.90; CV = 7.65%) measures were highly reliable. The ultra-short-term lnRMSSD is a consistent measure for evaluating elite rugby union players, in both intraday and interday settings. This study provides further validity to using this shortened method in practical field conditions with highly trained team sports athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Y Nakamura
- 1NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; 3Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama; and 4Brazilian Rugby Confederation, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Borges NR, Reaburn PR, Doering TM, Argus CK, Driller MW. Autonomic cardiovascular modulation in masters and young cyclists following high-intensity interval training. Clin Auton Res 2017; 27:83-90. [PMID: 28154947 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-017-0398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed at examining the autonomic cardiovascular modulation in well-trained masters and young cyclists following high-intensity interval training (HIT). METHODS Nine masters (age 55.6 ± 5.0 years) and eight young cyclists (age 25.9 ± 3.0 years) completed a HIT protocol of 6 x 30 sec at 175% of peak power output, with 4.5-min' rest between efforts. Immediately following HIT, heart rate and R-R intervals were monitored for 30-min during passive supine recovery. Autonomic modulation was examined by i) heart rate recovery in the first 60-sec of recovery (HRR60); ii) the time constant of the 30-min heart rate recovery curve (HRRτ); iii) the time course of the root mean square for successive 30-sec R-R interval (RMSSD30); and iv) time and frequency domain analyses of subsequent 5-min R-R interval segments. RESULTS No significant between-group differences were observed for HRR60 (P = 0.096) or HRRτ (P = 0.617). However, a significant interaction effect was found for RMSSD30 (P = 0.021), with the master cyclists showing higher RMSSD30 values following HIT. Similar results were observed in the time and frequency domain analyses with significant interaction effects found for the natural logarithm of the RMSSD (P = 0.008), normalised low-frequency power (P = 0.016) and natural logarithm of high-frequency power (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION Following high-intensity interval training, master cyclists demonstrated greater post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation compared to young cyclists, indicating that physical training at older ages has significant effects on autonomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattai R Borges
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia. .,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia.
| | - Peter R Reaburn
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
| | - Thomas M Doering
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
| | - Christos K Argus
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,ACT Brumbies Rugby, Canberra, Australia
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17
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Methods of assessment of the post-exercise cardiac autonomic recovery: A methodological review. Int J Cardiol 2017; 227:795-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Del Rosso S, Nakamura FY, Boullosa DA. Heart rate recovery after aerobic and anaerobic tests: is there an influence of anaerobic speed reserve? J Sports Sci 2016; 35:820-827. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1166391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Del Rosso
- Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Águas Claras, Brazil
- Instituto Provincial de Educación Física, Facultad de Educación y Salud, Universidad Provincial de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabio Y. Nakamura
- Centro de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Boullosa
- Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Águas Claras, Brazil
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19
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Abad C, Kobal R, Kitamura K, Gil S, Pereira L, Loturco I, Nakamura F. Heart rate variability in elite sprinters: effects of gender and body position. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 37:442-447. [PMID: 26667997 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To describe the heart rate variability (HRV) of high-level sprinters in both the supine and standing positions, the HRV of 7 male (24 ± 6 years; 80 ± 8 kg and 182 ± 7 cm) and 11 female (27 ± 5 years; 61 ± 4 kg; 167 ± 5 cm) high-level Brazilian sprinters was measured in the standing and supine body positions in both the time and frequency domains. The heart rate (HR) and the time (SDNN, RMSSD) and frequency (LF; HF and LF:HF) domains of the HRV were assessed. Natural log-transformations (ln) of all HRV indices were log-transformed prior to analysis to reduce bias arising from non-uniformity of error. The Cohen's effect size and magnitude-based inference (MBI) were obtained for comparisons. The results suggest higher cardiac autonomic stress in the standing position than in the supine for both genders. With the exception of the lnSDNN that showed possibly MBI in female athletes, all other HRV indices presented a likely or almost certainly MBI. Male athletes demonstrated a higher lnSDNN in the supine body position (very likely MBI) and a higher HR in the standing position (very likely MBI) than females. In conclusion, elite sprinters (independent of the gender) present lower HRV in the standing position than in the supine position, but males present a more notable change in cardiac autonomic stress than female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Abad
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Kobal
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Kitamura
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Saulo Gil
- Sports Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pereira
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Nakamura
- Physical Education, State University of Londrina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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20
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Brito L, Peçanha T, Tinucci T, Silva-Junior N, Costa L, Forjaz C. Time of day affects heart rate recovery and variability after maximal exercise in pre-hypertensive men. Chronobiol Int 2015; 32:1385-90. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1096277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Vernillo G, Agnello L, Barbuti A, Di Meco S, Lombardi G, Merati G, La Torre A. Postexercise autonomic function after repeated-sprints training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26215172 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effects of an 8-week repeated-sprint (RS) training protocol on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation (PNSr) in healthy adults. METHODS Eighteen male adults (24.3 ± 3.7 years) were assigned to either of two groups. One group (n = 9) performed RS training (EXP, 3 times week(-1), 18 maximal all-out 15-m sprints interspersed with 17 s of passive recovery); the other served as the control group (CON, n = 9). Performance before, during, and after was assessed by measuring RS ability time (S dec) and total sprint time. The subjects were then seated for 10 min immediately after each trial and postexercise HR recovery (HRR), and vagal-related HR variability (HRV) indices were measured. RESULTS All subjects demonstrated a decrease in S dec. However, only EXP showed a decrease in total sprint time (-10.5 % of baseline value). Using a qualitative statistical analysis method, we found a likely to almost certain positive effect of RS training on HR. The mean of each HRR and HRV index indicated a greater change in PNSr in EXP than in CON (e.g. with a 78/22/1 % chance to demonstrate a positive/trivial/negative effect on HRR60s after RS training; 74/21/5 % on LN rMSSD5-10min). Large correlations were noted between the changes in S dec [r = 0.59, 90 % CI (0.43)], total sprint time [r = -0.61 (0.42)] and HRR60s. CONCLUSION RS training seems to be an effective method to improve postexercise PNSr in healthy adults. Also, HRR60s appears to be a method for evaluating positive adaption to RS training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vernillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Kramer 4/a, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,CeRiSM, Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health, University of Verona, Roveretos, TN, Italy. .,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Luca Agnello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Kramer 4/a, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbuti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Medicina Molecolare e Biofisica Applicata (CIMMBA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Meco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Kramer 4/a, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giampiero Merati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Kramer 4/a, 20133, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Kramer 4/a, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Buchheit M, Laursen PB. High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle. Part II: anaerobic energy, neuromuscular load and practical applications. Sports Med 2014; 43:927-54. [PMID: 23832851 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIT) is a well-known, time-efficient training method for improving cardiorespiratory and metabolic function and, in turn, physical performance in athletes. HIT involves repeated short (<45 s) to long (2-4 min) bouts of rather high-intensity exercise interspersed with recovery periods (refer to the previously published first part of this review). While athletes have used 'classical' HIT formats for nearly a century (e.g. repetitions of 30 s of exercise interspersed with 30 s of rest, or 2-4-min interval repetitions ran at high but still submaximal intensities), there is today a surge of research interest focused on examining the effects of short sprints and all-out efforts, both in the field and in the laboratory. Prescription of HIT consists of the manipulation of at least nine variables (e.g. work interval intensity and duration, relief interval intensity and duration, exercise modality, number of repetitions, number of series, between-series recovery duration and intensity); any of which has a likely effect on the acute physiological response. Manipulating HIT appropriately is important, not only with respect to the expected middle- to long-term physiological and performance adaptations, but also to maximize daily and/or weekly training periodization. Cardiopulmonary responses are typically the first variables to consider when programming HIT (refer to Part I). However, anaerobic glycolytic energy contribution and neuromuscular load should also be considered to maximize the training outcome. Contrasting HIT formats that elicit similar (and maximal) cardiorespiratory responses have been associated with distinctly different anaerobic energy contributions. The high locomotor speed/power requirements of HIT (i.e. ≥95 % of the minimal velocity/power that elicits maximal oxygen uptake [v/p(·)VO(2max)] to 100 % of maximal sprinting speed or power) and the accumulation of high-training volumes at high-exercise intensity (runners can cover up to 6-8 km at v(·)VO(2max) per session) can cause significant strain on the neuromuscular/musculoskeletal system. For athletes training twice a day, and/or in team sport players training a number of metabolic and neuromuscular systems within a weekly microcycle, this added physiological strain should be considered in light of the other physical and technical/tactical sessions, so as to avoid overload and optimize adaptation (i.e. maximize a given training stimulus and minimize musculoskeletal pain and/or injury risk). In this part of the review, the different aspects of HIT programming are discussed, from work/relief interval manipulation to HIT periodization, using different examples of training cycles from different sports, with continued reference to the cardiorespiratory adaptations outlined in Part I, as well as to anaerobic glycolytic contribution and neuromuscular/musculoskeletal load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Buchheit
- Physiology Unit, Football Performance and Science Department, ASPIRE, Academy for Sports Excellence, P.O. Box 22287, Doha, Qatar,
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23
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Bartels-Ferreira R, de Sousa ÉD, Trevizani GA, Silva LP, Nakamura FY, Forjaz CLM, Lima JRP, Peçanha T. Can a first-order exponential decay model fit heart rate recovery after resistance exercise? Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 35:98-103. [PMID: 24494748 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The time-constant of postexercise heart rate recovery (HRRτ ) obtained by fitting heart rate decay curve by a first-order exponential fitting has being used to assess cardiac autonomic recovery after endurance exercise. The feasibility of this model was not tested after resistance exercise (RE). The aim of this study was to test the goodness of fit of the first-order exponential decay model to fit heart rate recovery (HRR) after RE. Ten healthy subjects participated in the study. The experimental sessions occurred in two separated days and consisted of performance of 1 set of 10 repetitions at 50% or 80% of the load achieved on the one-repetition maximum test [low-intensity (LI) and high-intensity (HI) sessions, respectively]. Heart rate (HR) was continuously registered before and during exercise and also for 10 min of recovery. A monoexponential equation was used to fit the HRR curve during the postexercise period using different time windows (i.e. 30, 60, 90, … 600 s). For each time window, (i) HRRτ was calculated and (ii) variation of HR explained by the model (R(2) goodness of fit index) was assessed. The HRRτ showed stabilization from 360 and 420 s on LI and HI, respectively. Acceptable R(2) values were observed from the 360 s on LI (R(2) > 0.65) and at all tested time windows on HI (R(2) > 0.75). In conclusion, this study showed that using a minimum length of monitoring (~420 s) HRR after RE can be adequately modelled by a first-order exponential fitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhenan Bartels-Ferreira
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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24
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Blasco-Lafarga C, Martínez-Navarro I, Mateo-March M. Is baseline cardiac autonomic modulation related to performance and physiological responses following a supramaximal Judo test? PLoS One 2013; 8:e78584. [PMID: 24205273 PMCID: PMC3799641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Little research exists concerning Heart Rate (HR) Variability (HRV) following supramaximal efforts focused on upper-body explosive strength-endurance. Since they may be very demanding, it seems of interest to analyse the relationship among performance, lactate and HR dynamics (i.e. HR, HRV and complexity) following them; as well as to know how baseline cardiac autonomic modulation mediates these relationships. The present study aimed to analyse associations between baseline and post-exercise HR dynamics following a supramaximal Judo test, and their relationship with lactate, in a sample of 22 highly-trained male judoists (20.70±4.56 years). A large association between the increase in HR from resting to exercise condition and performance suggests that individuals exerted a greater sympathetic response to achieve a better performance (Rating of Perceived Exertion: 20; post-exercise peak lactate: 11.57±2.24 mmol/L; 95.76±4.13 % of age-predicted HRmax). Athletes with higher vagal modulation and lower sympathetic modulation at rest achieved both a significant larger ∆HR and a faster post-exercise lactate removal. A enhanced resting parasympathetic modulation might be therefore related to a further usage of autonomic resources and a better immediate metabolic recovery during supramaximal exertions. Furthermore, analyses of variance displayed a persistent increase in α1 and a decrease in lnRMSSD along the 15 min of recovery, which are indicative of a diminished vagal modulation together with a sympathovagal balance leaning to sympathetic domination. Eventually, time-domain indices (lnRMSSD) showed no lactate correlations, while nonlinear indices (α1 and lnSaEn) appeared to be moderate to strongly correlated with it, thus pointing to shared mechanisms between neuroautonomic and metabolic regulation.
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Barbero-Álvarez J, Pedro R, Nakamura F. Validity of a repeated-sprint ability test in young soccer players. Sci Sports 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dellal A, Varliette C, Owen A, Chirico EN, Pialoux V. Small-sided games versus interval training in amateur soccer players: effects on the aerobic capacity and the ability to perform intermittent exercises with changes of direction. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 26:2712-20. [PMID: 22130398 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31824294c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of small-sided games (SSGs) in soccer versus high-intensity intermittent training (HIT) on a continuous aerobic test (Vameval) and the performance in an intermittent test with changes of direction (CODs; 30-15 intermittent fitness test [30-15(IFT)]). Twenty-two amateur soccer players (mean age ± SD: 26.3 ± 4.7 years) were assigned to 3 different groups for 6 weeks: SSG group (n = 8), HIT group (n = 8), and control group (CG; n = 6). In addition to the usual technical and tactical sessions and competitive games, the SSG group performed 9 sessions of 2 versus 2 and 1 versus 1 SSGs, whereas the HIT group performed 9 sessions of intermittent runs in the form of 30 seconds of effort interspersed with 30 seconds of passive recovery (30s-30s), 15s-15s, and 10s-10s. The HIT and SSG groups showed performance improvements in the Vameval test (5.1 and 6.6%, respectively) and the 30-15(IFT) intermittent test with CODs (5.1 and 5.8%, respectively), whereas there was no change in the performance of the CG. Players from HIT and SSG groups showed similar increase in their performance in the 30-15(IFT) and the Vameval tests during the 6-week training period, especially with an increase significantly different to that in a traditional training as in the CG (p < 0.05). This investigation demonstrates that both SSG and HIT interventions are equally effective in developing the aerobic capacity and the ability to perform intermittent exercises with CODs in male amateur soccer players. Furthermore, these 2 methods of training applied during the 6 weeks induce similar effect on the recovery capacity and on the ability to repeat directional changes of 180°. Coaches will now be able to choose between these two methods according to the objective of the training and to optimize the training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dellal
- Department of Fitness Training and Research, Olympic Lyon FC (Soccer), Lyon, France.
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Heart-rate responses by playing position during ball drills in basketball. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2012; 8:410-8. [PMID: 23237782 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.4.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The physiological load experienced during basketball drills is crucial to understand players' adaptation to team-sport training and plan physical-conditioning programs. PURPOSE To compare mean heart-rate (HRmean) responses by playing position during 2-a-side (2v2) and 3-a-side (3v3) ball drills in male junior basketball players and explore the relationship between HRmean and repeated-sprint ability (RSA). METHODS Thirty- one players volunteered to participate in this study. On separate occasions, they performed 2v2 and 3v3 ball drills and 6 repetitions of shuttle-run sprints of 20 m (10+10 m), departing every 20 s (RSA). Ball drills took place on the full length but only half the width of the court and were three 4-min bouts separated by 1-min rest periods. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) assessed the effect of the number of players on court (2v2 vs 3v3) and playing position (guards vs forwards vs centers) on HRmean, and a Pearson correlation coefficient evaluated the relation between HRmean and RSA. RESULTS The main results showed greater HRmean in 2v2 than in 3v3 ball drills (P < .001) in all playing positions (90.7% ± 1.3% vs 87.6% ± 3% of HRpeak in guards, 91.3% ± 2.1% vs 87.5% ± 3.7% of HRpeak for forwards, and 88.2% ± 3.5% vs 82.2% ± 5.6% of HRpeak in centers, respectively, for 2v2 and 3v3). In addition, centers were characterized by lower HRmean than guards and forwards in 3v3 only (P = .018). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that 2v2 drills should be preferred to 3v3 drills for aerobic conditioning, in particular for centers. Finally, RSA does not seem to influence players' acute responses to ball drills.
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Oliveira R, Vitor da Costa M, Pedro R, Polito M, Avelar A, Cyrino E, Nakamura F. Acute cardiac autonomic responses after a bout of resistance exercise. Sci Sports 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Buchheit M, Haydar B, Ahmaidi S. Repeated sprints with directional changes: do angles matter? J Sports Sci 2012; 30:555-62. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.658079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Buchheit M, Al Haddad H, Mendez-Villanueva A, Quod MJ, Bourdon PC. Effect of maturation on hemodynamic and autonomic control recovery following maximal running exercise in highly trained young soccer players. Front Physiol 2011; 2:69. [PMID: 22013423 PMCID: PMC3189602 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of maturation on post-exercise hemodynamic and autonomic responses. Fifty-five highly trained young male soccer players (12-18 years) classified as pre-, circum-, or post-peak height velocity (PHV) performed a graded running test to exhaustion on a treadmill. Before (Pre) and after (5th-10th min, Post) exercise, heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), arterial pressure (AP), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were monitored. Parasympathetic (high frequency [HF(RR)] of HR variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity [Ln BRS]) and sympathetic activity (low frequency [LF(SAP)] of systolic AP variability) were estimated. Post-exercise blood lactate [La](b), the HR recovery (HRR) time constant, and parasympathetic reactivation (time-varying HRV analysis) were assessed. In all three groups, exercise resulted in increased HR, CO, AP, and LF(SAP) (P < 0.001), decreased SV, HF(RR), and Ln BRS (all P < 0.001), and no change in TPR (P = 0.98). There was no "maturation × time" interaction for any of the hemodynamic or autonomic variables (all P > 0.22). After exercise, pre-PHV players displayed lower SV, CO, and [La](b), faster HRR and greater parasympathetic reactivation compared with circum- and post-PHV players. Multiple regression analysis showed that lean muscle mass, [La](b), and Pre parasympathetic activity were the strongest predictors of HRR (r(2) = 0.62, P < 0.001). While pre-PHV players displayed a faster HRR and greater post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation, maturation had little influence on the hemodynamic and autonomic responses following maximal running exercise. HRR relates to lean muscle mass, blood acidosis, and intrinsic parasympathetic function, with less evident impact of post-exercise autonomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Buchheit
- Physiology Unit, Sport Science Department, ASPIRE Academy for Sports ExcellenceDoha, Qatar
| | - Hani Al Haddad
- Physiology Unit, Sport Science Department, ASPIRE Academy for Sports ExcellenceDoha, Qatar
| | | | - Marc J. Quod
- Physiology Unit, Sport Science Department, ASPIRE Academy for Sports ExcellenceDoha, Qatar
| | - Pitre C. Bourdon
- Physiology Unit, Sport Science Department, ASPIRE Academy for Sports ExcellenceDoha, Qatar
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