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Keihanian F, Moohebati M, Saeidinia A, Mohajeri SA. Iranian traditional medicinal plants for management of chronic heart failure: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33636. [PMID: 37171363 PMCID: PMC10174410 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart failure is a public health problem with a high prevalence worldwide and an important topic in clinical cardiology. Despite of advances in the drug treatment strategy for heart failure, the number of deaths from this condition continues to rise. It will be a renewed focus on preventing heart failure using proven and perhaps novel drugs. Management will also focus on comorbid conditions that may influence the progression of the disease. Traditional medicine has a potential to introduce different approaches for treatment of some disorders. We here reviewed top medicinal plants, according to traditional medicine to experimental studies, and their potency for the treatment of chronic heart failure based on the evidence of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeze Keihanian
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Cardiovascular Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moohebati
- Cardiovascular Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Saeidinia
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pediatric Department, Akbar Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Sun Y, Xia X, Yuan G, Zhang T, Deng B, Feng X, Wang Q. Stachydrine, a Bioactive Equilibrist for Synephrine, Identified from Four Citrus Chinese Herbs. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093813. [PMID: 37175222 PMCID: PMC10180305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Four Chinese herbs from the Citrus genus, namely Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (Zhishi), Aurantii Fructus (Zhiqiao), Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride (Qingpi) and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi), are widely used for treating various cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. Many ingredients have already been identified from these herbs, and their various bioactivities provide some interpretations for the pharmacological functions of these herbs. However, the complex functions of these herbs imply undisclosed cholinergic activity. To discover some ingredients with cholinergic activity and further clarify possible reasons for the complex pharmacological functions presented by these herbs, depending on the extended structure-activity relationships of cholinergic and anti-cholinergic agents, a simple method was established here for quickly discovering possible choline analogs using a specific TLC method, and then stachydrine and choline were first identified from these Citrus herb decoctions based on their NMR and HRMS data. After this, two TLC scanning (TLCS) methods were first established for the quantitative analyses of stachydrine and choline, and the contents of the two ingredients and synephrine in 39 samples were determined using the valid TLCS and HPLC methods, respectively. The results showed that the contents of stachydrine (3.04‱) were 2.4 times greater than those of synephrine (1.25‱) in Zhiqiao and about one-third to two-thirds of those of Zhishi, Qingpi and Chenpi. Simultaneously, the contents of stachydrine, choline and synephrine in these herbs present similar decreasing trends with the delay of harvest time; e.g., those of stachydrine decrease from 5.16‱ (Zhishi) to 3.04‱ (Zhike) and from 1.98‱ (Qingpi) to 1.68‱ (Chenpi). Differently, the contents of synephrine decrease the fastest, while those of stachydrine decrease the slowest. Based on these results, compared with the pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetics reported for stachydrine and synephrine, it is indicated that stachydrine can be considered as a bioactive equilibrist for synephrine, especially in the cardio-cerebrovascular protection from these citrus herbs. Additionally, the results confirmed that stachydrine plays an important role in the pharmacological functions of these citrus herbs, especially in dual-directionally regulating the uterus, and in various beneficial effects on the cardio-cerebrovascular system, kidneys and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sun
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xuexue Xia
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ganjun Yuan
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tongke Zhang
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Beibei Deng
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xinyu Feng
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Qixuan Wang
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Natural Sympathomimetic Drugs: From Pharmacology to Toxicology. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121793. [PMID: 36551221 PMCID: PMC9775352 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathomimetic agents are a group of chemical compounds that are able to activate the sympathetic nervous system either directly via adrenergic receptors or indirectly by increasing endogenous catecholamine levels or mimicking their intracellular signaling pathways. Compounds from this group, both used therapeutically or abused, comprise endogenous catecholamines (such as adrenaline and noradrenaline), synthetic amines (e.g., isoproterenol and dobutamine), trace amines (e.g., tyramine, tryptamine, histamine and octopamine), illicit drugs (e.g., ephedrine, cathinone, and cocaine), or even caffeine and synephrine. In addition to the effects triggered by stimulation of the sympathetic system, the discovery of trace amine associated receptors (TAARs) in humans brought new insights about their sympathomimetic pharmacology and toxicology. Although synthetic sympathomimetic agents are mostly seen as toxic, natural sympathomimetic agents are considered more complacently in the terms of safety in the vision of the lay public. Here, we aim to discuss the pharmacological and mainly toxicological aspects related to sympathomimetic natural agents, in particular of trace amines, compounds derived from plants like ephedra and khat, and finally cocaine. The main purpose of this review is to give a scientific and updated view of those agents and serve as a reminder on the safety issues of natural sympathomimetic agents most used in the community.
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Gad MZ, Azab SS, Khattab AR, Farag MA. Over a century since ephedrine discovery: an updated revisit to its pharmacological aspects, functionality and toxicity in comparison to its herbal extracts. Food Funct 2021; 12:9563-9582. [PMID: 34533553 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ephedrine, a sympathomimetic amine that exhibits several adrenaline actions, is a plant alkaloid that is a common ingredient in several cold, asthma and narcolepsy treatment preparations, and in obesity management and sport medicine. Its principal action mechanism relies on its direct adrenergic actions as well as indirect role that involves the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, thus increasing the activity of epinephrine and norepinephrine at the postsynaptic α and β receptors. Nevertheless, its serious side effects, including stroke, heart attack, drug abuse and interactions, have never been comprehensively reviewed. We conducted a systematic review of data on ephedrine, including its occurrence in functional foods, pharmacological aspects, metabolism, pharmaco/toxicokinetics and clinical features. Furthermore, a review of ephedrine natural structural analogues with regards to their differential adrenergic receptor binding affinities, food interaction, and their impact on the pharmacokinetics and effects relative to ephedrine are presented for the first time, and in comparison to its action when present in herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z Gad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar S Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira R Khattab
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt. .,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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de Lima LP, de Paula Barbosa A. A review of the lipolytic effects and the reduction of abdominal fat from bioactive compounds and moro orange extracts. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07695. [PMID: 34409177 PMCID: PMC8361066 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation containing Citrus sinensis extract is being widely used for weight loss due to its anti-adipogenic and antioxidant effects that regulate the metabolism of fatty acids. Bioactive compounds upregulate PPARα in the liver tissue, increasing oxidation of fatty acids and improving insulin sensitivity in addition to decreasing the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, such as LXRα and FAS. Studies on synephrine demonstrated their ability to stimulate the development of beige adipose tissue through greater expression of UCP1 and mtTFA, contributing to an increase in thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, despite its widespread use to reduce abdominal fat, few scientific studies have consensually proven the effectiveness of Moro orange extract for weight loss. This literature review summarizes the current information on the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms involved in the modulation of lipid metabolism by the bioactive compounds present in Moro orange extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Pinheiro de Lima
- Faculdade Ana Carolina Puga (FAPUGA), Av. Braz Olaia Acosta, 1.900/ 109, Ribeirão Preto, 14026-610, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antony de Paula Barbosa
- Faculdade Ana Carolina Puga (FAPUGA), Av. Braz Olaia Acosta, 1.900/ 109, Ribeirão Preto, 14026-610, São Paulo, Brazil
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The Ambivalent Role of Skin Microbiota and Adrenaline in Wound Healing and the Interplay between Them. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094996. [PMID: 34066786 PMCID: PMC8125934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After skin injury, wound healing sets into motion a dynamic process to repair and replace devitalized tissues. The healing process can be divided into four overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. Skin microbiota has been reported to participate in orchestrating the wound healing both in negative and positive ways. Many studies reported that skin microbiota can impose negative and positive effects on the wound. Recent findings have shown that many bacterial species on human skin are able to convert aromatic amino acids into so-called trace amines (TAs) and convert corresponding precursors into dopamine and serotonin, which are all released into the environment. As a stress reaction, wounded epithelial cells release the hormone adrenaline (epinephrine), which activates the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), impairing the migration ability of keratinocytes and thus re-epithelization. This is where TAs come into play, as they act as antagonists of β2-AR and thus attenuate the effects of adrenaline. The result is that not only TAs but also TA-producing skin bacteria accelerate wound healing. Adrenergic receptors (ARs) play a key role in many physiological and disease-related processes and are expressed in numerous cell types. In this review, we describe the role of ARs in relation to wound healing in keratinocytes, immune cells, fibroblasts, and blood vessels and the possible role of the skin microbiota in wound healing.
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Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Baltazar-Martins G, Rodríguez I, Lara B, Ruiz-Moreno C, Aguilar-Navarro M, Del Coso J. p-Synephrine, the main protoalkaloid of Citrus aurantium, raises fat oxidation during exercise in elite cyclists. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1273-1282. [PMID: 32859142 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1817154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of p-synephrine ingestion on substrate oxidation during exercise in elite cyclists. Fifteen elite cyclists volunteered to participate in a double blind, crossover, randomized and placebo-controlled experimental trial. During two different trials, participants either ingested a placebo (cellulose) or 3 mg/kg of p-synephrine. After 60 min for substances absorption, participants performed an incremental maximal cycle ergometer test until volitional fatigue (25 W/min). Breath-by-breath gas exchange data was continuously recorded during the entire test to estimate energy expenditure, carbohydrate oxidation, and fat oxidation rates by stoichiometric equations. Heart rate was continuously measured by using a heart rate monitor. The ingestion of p-synephrine had no significant effects on energy expenditure (F = 0.71, P = 0.40) or heart rate (F = 0.66, P = 0.43) during exercise. However, there was a main effect of p-synephrine to increase the rate of fat oxidation over the placebo (F = 5.1, P = 0.04) and the rate of fat oxidation was higher with p-synephrine in the following loads: 45 ± 2%, 51 ± 3%, 62 ± 3%, 67 ± 4%, 79 ± 5% and 85 ± 5% of the maximum wattage obtained in the test (all P < 0.05). The ingestion of p-synephrine did not modify the maximal rate of fat oxidation during the ramp test (mean value; 95%CI = 0.91; 0.79-1.03 vs 1.01; 0.91-1.11 g/min, respectively, P = 0.06) nor the exercise intensity at which maximal fat oxidation was achieved (i.e. Fatmax = 49; 48-53 vs 50; 47-51% Wmax, P = 0.52). Acute p-synephrine ingestion moved the fat oxidation-exercise intensity curve upwards during an incremental cycling test without affecting Fatmax.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iván Rodríguez
- Sports performance Lab, Reebok Sport Club, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lara
- Camilo José Cela University, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Moreno
- Camilo José Cela University, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University
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8
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Trace amines produced by skin bacteria accelerate wound healing in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:277. [PMID: 32483173 PMCID: PMC7264277 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain skin bacteria are able to convert aromatic amino acids (AAA) into trace amines (TA) that act as neuromodulators. Since the human skin and sweat contain a comparatively high content of AAA one can expect that such bacteria are able to produce TA on our skin. Here we show that TA-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strains expressing SadA are predominant on human skin and that TA accelerate wound healing. In wounded skin, keratinocytes produce epinephrine (EPI) that leads to cell motility inhibition by β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) activation thus delay wound healing. As β2-AR antagonists, TA and dopamine (DOP) abrogate the effect of EPI thus accelerating wound healing both in vitro and in a mouse model. In the mouse model, the S. epidermidis wild type strain accelerates wound healing compared to its ΔsadA mutant. Our study demonstrates that TA-producing S. epidermidis strains present on our skin might be beneficial for wound healing. Arif Luqman et al. demonstrate that trace amines accelerate wound healing by antagonizing β2-adrenergic receptor whose activation inhibits cell motility. This study suggests that trace amine-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strains present on human skin may play a beneficial role for wound healing.
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Stohs SJ, Shara M, Ray SD. p-Synephrine, ephedrine, p-octopamine and m-synephrine: Comparative mechanistic, physiological and pharmacological properties. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1838-1846. [PMID: 32101364 PMCID: PMC7496387 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Confusion and misunderstanding exist regarding the lack of cardiovascular and other adverse health effects of p-synephrine and p-octopamine relative to ephedrine and m-synephrine (phenylephrine) which are known for their effects on the cardiovascular system. These four molecules have some structural similarities. However, the structural and stereochemical differences of p-synephrine and p-octopamine as related to ephedrine and m-synephrine result in markedly different adrenergic receptor binding characteristics as well as other mechanistic differences which are reviewed. p-Synephrine and p-octopamine exhibit little binding to α-1, α-2, β-1 and β-2 adrenergic receptors, nor are they known to exhibit indirect actions leading to an increase in available levels of endogenous norepinephrine and epinephrine at commonly used doses. The relative absence of these mechanistic actions provides an explanation for their lack of production of cardiovascular effects at commonly used oral doses as compared to ephedrine and m-synephrine. As a consequence, the effects of ephedrine and m-synephrine cannot be directly extrapolated to p-synephrine and p-octopamine which exhibit significantly different pharmacokinetic, and physiological/pharmacological properties. These conclusions are supported by human, animal and in vitro studies that are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J Stohs
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Kitsto Consulting LLC, Frisco, Texas
| | - Mohd Shara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Luqman A, Nega M, Nguyen MT, Ebner P, Götz F. SadA-Expressing Staphylococci in the Human Gut Show Increased Cell Adherence and Internalization. Cell Rep 2019; 22:535-545. [PMID: 29320746 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A subgroup of biogenic amines, the so-called trace amines (TAs), are produced by mammals and bacteria and can act as neuromodulators. In the genus Staphylococcus, certain species are capable of producing TAs through the activity of staphylococcal aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (SadA). SadA decarboxylates aromatic amino acids to produce TAs, as well as dihydroxy phenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan to thus produce the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. SadA-expressing staphylococci were prevalent in the gut of most probands, where they are part of the human intestinal microflora. Furthermore, sadA-expressing staphylococci showed increased adherence to HT-29 cells and 2- to 3-fold increased internalization. Internalization and adherence was also increased in a sadA mutant in the presence of tryptamine. The α2-adrenergic receptor is required for enhanced adherence and internalization. Thus, staphylococci in the gut might contribute to gut activity and intestinal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Luqman
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Biology Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, 60111 Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mulugeta Nega
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Ebner
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Rickli A, Hoener MC, Liechti ME. Pharmacological profiles of compounds in preworkout supplements ("boosters"). Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 859:172515. [PMID: 31265842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Preworkout supplements ("boosters") are used to enhance physical and mental performance during workouts. These products may contain various chemical substances with undefined pharmacological activity. We investigated whether substances that are contained in commercially available athletic multiple-ingredient preworkout supplements exert amphetamine-type activity at norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin transporters (NET, DAT, and SERT, respectively). We assessed the in vitro monoamine transporter inhibition potencies of the substances using human embryonic kidney 293 cells that expressed the human NET, DAT, and SERT. The phenethylamines β-phenethylamine, N-methylphenethylamine, β-methylphenethylamine, N-benzylphenethylamine, N-methyl-β-methylphenethylamine, and methylsynephrine inhibited the NET and less potently the DAT similarly to D-amphetamine. β-phenethylamine was the most potent, with IC50 values of 0.05 and 1.8 μM at the NET and DAT, respectively. These IC50 values were comparable to D-amphetamine (IC50 = 0.09 and 1.3 μM, respectively). The alkylamines 1,3-dimethylbutylamine and 1,3-dimethylamylamine blocked the NET but not the DAT. Most of the phenethylamines interacted with trace amine-associated receptor 1, serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A receptor, and adrenergic α1A and α2A receptors at submicromolar concentrations. None of the compounds blocked the SERT. In conclusion, products that are used by athletes may contain substances with mainly noradrenergic amphetamine-type properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rickli
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Neuroscience Research, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Hirai T, Takagi M, Nakashima KI, Inoue M. [Evaluation of Naturally Occurring Compounds Regulating Brown/Beige Adipocyte Differentiation]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:861-866. [PMID: 31155526 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue is a critical regulator of metabolic health, and contributes to thermogenesis by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation through the action of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). Recent studies have shown that cold exposure and the stimulation of β3-adrenergic receptors induce the development of brown cell-like "beige" adipocytes in white adipose tissue. Brown and/or beige adipocyte-mediated thermogenesis suppresses high-fat diet-associated obesity. Therefore, the development of brown/beige adipocytes may prevent obesity and metabolic diseases. In the present study, we elucidated whether naturally occurring compounds contribute to regulating the cellular differentiation of brown/beige adipocytes. We screened for the up-regulated expression of Ucp1 during beige adipogenesis using extracts of crude herbal drugs frequently used in Kampo prescriptions (therapeutic drugs in Japanese traditional medicine). This screening revealed that the extract prepared from Citri Unshiu Pericarpium [the peel of Citrus unshiu (Swingle) Marcov.] increased the expression of Ucp1 in beige adipocytes. We also focused on the function of clock genes in regulating brown/beige adipogenesis. Therefore, another aim of the present study was to evaluate naturally occurring compounds that regulate brain and muscle Arnt-like 1 (Bmal1) gene expression. In this review, we focus on naturally occurring compounds that affect regulatory processes in brown/beige adipogenesis, and discuss better preventive strategies for the management of obesity and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Hirai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University
| | - Michiyo Takagi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakashima
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University
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13
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Risks associated with fat burners: A toxicological perspective. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 123:205-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Takagi M, Kimura K, Nakashima KI, Hirai T, Inoue M. Induction of beige adipocytes by naturally occurring β3-adrenoceptor agonist p-synephrine. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 836:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mladěnka P, Applová L, Patočka J, Costa VM, Remiao F, Pourová J, Mladěnka A, Karlíčková J, Jahodář L, Vopršalová M, Varner KJ, Štěrba M. Comprehensive review of cardiovascular toxicity of drugs and related agents. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1332-1403. [PMID: 29315692 PMCID: PMC6033155 DOI: 10.1002/med.21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in most developed countries of the world. Pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, and toxins can significantly contribute to the overall cardiovascular burden and thus deserve attention. The present article is a systematic overview of drugs that may induce distinct cardiovascular toxicity. The compounds are classified into agents that have significant effects on the heart, blood vessels, or both. The mechanism(s) of toxic action are discussed and treatment modalities are briefly mentioned in relevant cases. Due to the large number of clinically relevant compounds discussed, this article could be of interest to a broad audience including pharmacologists and toxicologists, pharmacists, physicians, and medicinal chemists. Particular emphasis is given to clinically relevant topics including the cardiovascular toxicity of illicit sympathomimetic drugs (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines, cathinones), drugs that prolong the QT interval, antidysrhythmic drugs, digoxin and other cardioactive steroids, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, female hormones, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, and anticancer compounds encompassing anthracyclines and novel targeted therapy interfering with the HER2 or the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Lenka Applová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Jiří Patočka
- Department of Radiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health and Social StudiesUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Biomedical Research CentreUniversity HospitalHradec KraloveCzech Republic
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Fernando Remiao
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Jana Pourová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Aleš Mladěnka
- Oncogynaecologic Center, Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity HospitalOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Jana Karlíčková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Luděk Jahodář
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Marie Vopršalová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
| | - Kurt J. Varner
- Department of PharmacologyLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Martin Štěrba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzech Republic
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16
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McCoy J, Goren A, Kovacevic M, Situm M, Stanimirovic A, Shapiro J, Sinclair R. Styling without shedding: Novel topical formula reduces hair shedding by contracting the arrector pili muscle. Dermatol Ther 2017; 31. [PMID: 29193553 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 40% of women experience excessive hair shedding during styling (e.g., hair brushing). Previously, we demonstrated that topically applied phenylephrine, a potent α1 adrenergic receptor agonist, can be used to contract the arrector pili muscle of the follicular unit; thus, increasing the force required to pluck hair and reducing shedding during brushing. While demonstrating efficacy, phenylephrine has several drawbacks when applied to the scalp, including the possibility cardiovascular events. We hypothesized that a high concentration of a weak α1 agonist would allow for: (a) rapid penetration through the stratum corneum eliciting a quick response; (b) a low probability of cardiac adverse events owing to the low receptor binding affinity; and (c) an efficacy of the weak α1 agonist similar to that of phenylephrine at the local site of application. Accordingly, we developed a novel topical solution, AB-102, containing a high concentration of a weak α1 agonist. Several studies were conducted to test the safety and efficacy of AB-102. In a dose escalating safety study, utilizing a wearable holter monitor, we observed no cardiac or hemodynamic adverse events. In addition, in a controlled efficacy study, AB-102 reduced the number of hairs shed during brushing by up to 77% (average of 38%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andy Goren
- Applied Biology, Irvine, California.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Rome "G.Marconi", Rome, Italy
| | - Maja Kovacevic
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Rome "G.Marconi", Rome, Italy
| | - Mirna Situm
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Center "Sestre milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrija Stanimirovic
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jerry Shapiro
- Department of Dermatology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Rodney Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Shara M, Stohs SJ, Smadi MM. Safety evaluation of p-synephrine following 15 days of oral administration to healthy subjects: A clinical study. Phytother Res 2017; 32:125-131. [PMID: 29130542 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of bitter orange (BOE, Citrus aurantium L.) and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine are extensively consumed as dietary supplements. p-Synephrine is also present in foods and juices prepared from various Citrus species. The safety of p-synephrine has been questioned as a result of structural similarities with ephedrine. This study assessed the cardiovascular (stimulant) and hemodynamic effects of BOE (49 mg p-synephrine) daily given to 16 healthy subjects for 15 days in a placebo-controlled, cross-over, double-blinded study. A physical evaluation by a cardiologist, as well as heart rates, blood pressures, and electrocardiograms were determined, and blood samples were drawn at baseline, and Days 5, 10, and 15. Serum levels for caffeine and p-synephrine were measured at 1 and 2 weeks. Subjects completed a 10-item health and metabolic questionnaire at baseline and on Day 15. No significant changes occurred in heart rate, electrocardiograms, systolic blood or diastolic pressures, blood cell counts, or blood chemistries in either the control or p-synephrine treated groups at any time point. No adverse effects were reported in response to the bitter orange (p-synephrine). Caffeine consumed by the participants varied markedly. Under these experimental conditions, BOE and p-synephrine were without stimulant (cardiovascular) and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sidney J Stohs
- Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68178, NE, USA
| | - Mahmoud M Smadi
- Faculty of Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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18
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Ratamess NA, Bush JA, Stohs SJ, Ellis NL, Vought IT, O'Grady EA, Kuper JD, Hasan SB, Kang J, Faigenbaum AD. Acute cardiovascular effects of bitter orange extract (p-synephrine) consumed alone and in combination with caffeine in human subjects: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Phytother Res 2017; 32:94-102. [PMID: 29047215 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose was to examine cardiovascular responses to supplementation with p-synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine during quiet sitting. Sixteen subjects were given (in double-blind manner) either 103 mg of p-synephrine (S), 233 mg of caffeine +104 mg of p-synephrine (LC + S), 240 mg of caffeine (LC), 337 mg of caffeine +46 mg of p-synephrine (HC + S), 325 mg of caffeine (HC), or a placebo. The subjects sat quietly for 3 hr while heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were measured. Only HC + S and HC significantly increased mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) during the second hour and tended to increase mean SBP during the third hour. Mean diastolic blood pressure in S was significantly lower than the other trials during the first and second hours, and mean arterial pressure was significantly lower in S compared to the LC, LC + S, HC, and HC + S trials. No differences were observed in HR. Consumption of p-synephrine may acutely reduce diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure and not affect SBP or HR during quiet sitting. The addition of p-synephrine to caffeine did not augment SBP or HR indicating that consumption of up to 104 mg of p-synephrine does not induce cardiovascular stress during quiet sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Jill A Bush
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Sidney J Stohs
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Nicole L Ellis
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Ira T Vought
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Elizabeth A O'Grady
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Jeremy D Kuper
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Saif B Hasan
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
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19
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Stohs SJ. Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanistic Studies Regarding Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extract and p-Synephrine. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1463-1474. [PMID: 28752649 PMCID: PMC5655712 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Citrus aurantium L. (bitter orange) extracts that contain p-synephrine as the primary protoalkaloid are widely used for weight loss/weight management, sports performance, appetite control, energy, and mental focus and cognition. Questions have been raised about the safety of p-synephrine because it has some structural similarity to ephedrine. This review focuses on current human, animal, in vitro, and mechanistic studies that address the safety, efficacy, and mechanisms of action of bitter orange extracts and p-synephrine. Numerous studies have been conducted with respect to p-synephrine and bitter orange extract because ephedra and ephedrine were banned from use in dietary supplements in 2004. Approximately 30 human studies indicate that p-synephrine and bitter orange extracts do not result in cardiovascular effects and do not act as stimulants at commonly used doses. Mechanistic studies suggest that p-synephrine exerts its effects through multiple actions, which are discussed. Because p-synephrine exhibits greater adrenergic receptor binding in rodents than humans, data from animals cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. This review, as well as several other assessments published in recent years, has concluded that bitter orange extract and p-synephrine are safe for use in dietary supplements and foods at the commonly used doses. Copyright © 2017 The Authors Phytotherapy Research Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J. Stohs
- Creighton University Medical CenterKitsto Consulting LLCFriscoTXUSA
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20
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Gesundheitliche Risiken von Synephrin in Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2017; 60:323-331. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Shara M, Stohs SJ, Mukattash TL. Cardiovascular Safety of Oralp-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Cross-over Clinical Trial. Phytother Res 2016; 30:842-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shara
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | - Sidney J. Stohs
- Dean Emeritus; Creighton University Medical Center; Omaha NE 68178 USA
| | - Tareq L. Mukattash
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
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22
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Narang D, Kerr PM, Lunn SE, Beaudry R, Sigurdson J, Lalies MD, Hudson AL, Light PE, Holt A, Plane F. Modulation of Resistance Artery Tone by the Trace Amine β-Phenylethylamine: Dual Indirect Sympathomimetic and α1-Adrenoceptor Blocking Actions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:164-71. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.216523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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23
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Yang J, Ding X, Qin Y, Zeng Y. Safety assessment of the biogenic amines in fermented soya beans and fermented bean curd. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7947-54. [PMID: 25029555 DOI: 10.1021/jf501772s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the safety of biogenic amines, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to evaluate the levels of biogenic amines in fermented soya beans and fermented bean curd. In fermented soya beans, the total biogenic amines content was in a relatively safe range in many samples, although the concentration of histamine, tyramine, and β-phenethylamine was high enough in some samples to cause a possible safety threat, and 8 of the 30 samples were deemed unsafe. In fermented bean curd, the total biogenic amines content was more than 900 mg/kg in 19 white sufu amples, a level that has been determined to pose a safety hazard; putrescine was the only one detected in all samples and also had the highest concentration, which made samples a safety hazard; the content of tryptamine, β-phenethylamine, tyramine, and histamine had reached the level of threat to human health in some white and green sufu samples, and that may imply another potential safety risk; and 25 of the 33 samples were unsafe. In conclusion, the content of biogenic amines in all fermented soya bean products should be studied and appropriate limits determined to ensure the safety of eating these foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- College of Food Science, Chongqing Key Lab of Agricultural Product Processing, Southwest University , Chongqing 400716, People's Republic of China
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24
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Correlation Analysis between Visceral Manifestation Theories on Xuanfa and Effect of Adrenergic Receptors. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(14)60013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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25
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Kaats GR, Miller H, Preuss HG, Stohs SJ. A 60day double-blind, placebo-controlled safety study involving Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:358-62. [PMID: 23354394 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine are widely consumed in dietary supplements for weight management and sports performance. p-Synephrine is also present in foods derived from a variety of Citrus species. Bitter orange extract is commonly used in combination with multiple herbal ingredients. Most clinical studies conducted on bitter orange extract alone have involved single doses. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of bitter orange extract (approximately 49mg p-synephrine) alone or in combination with naringin and hesperidin twice daily given to 25 healthy subjects per group for 60days in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled protocol. No significant changes occurred in systolic or diastolic blood pressures, blood chemistries or blood cell counts in control or p-synephrine treated groups. Small, clinically insignificant differences in heart rates were observed between the p-synephrine plus naringin and hesperidin group and the p-synephrine alone as well as the placebo group. No adverse effects were reported in the three groups. Bitter orange extract and p-synephrine appear to be without adverse effects at a dose of up to 98mg daily for 60days based on the parameters measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert R Kaats
- Integrative Health Technologies, Inc., 5170 Broadway, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
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26
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Hong NY, Cui ZG, Kang HK, Lee DH, Lee YK, Park DB. p-Synephrine stimulates glucose consumption via AMPK in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:720-4. [PMID: 22306011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interest in p-synephrine, the primary protoalkaloid in the extract of bitter orange and other citrus species, has increased due to its various pharmacological effects and related adverse effects. The lipolytic activity of p-synephrine has been repeatedly revealed by in vitro and in vivo studies and p-synephrine is currently marketed as a dietary supplement for weight loss. The present study investigated the effect of p-synephrine on glucose consumption and its action mechanism in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Treatment of L6 skeletal muscle cells with p-synephrine (0-100μM) did not affect cell viability and increased basal glucose consumption up to 50% over the control in a dose-dependent manner. The basal- or insulin-stimulated lactic acid production as well as glucose consumption was significantly increased by the addition of p-synephrine. p-Synephrine stimulated the phosphorylation of AMPK but not of Akt. p-Synephrine-induced glucose consumption was sensitive to the inhibition of AMPK but not to the inhibition of PI3 kinase. p-Synephrine also stimulated the translocation of Glut4 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane; this stimulation was suppressed by the inhibition of AMPK, but not of PI3 kinase. Taken together, p-synephrine can stimulate glucose consumption (Glut4-dependent glucose uptake) by stimulating AMPK activity, regardless of insulin-stimulated PI3 kinase-Akt activity in L6 skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Hong
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University, 690-756 Jeju, Republic of Korea
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27
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Stohs SJ, Preuss HG. Stereochemical and pharmacological differences between naturally occurring p-synephrine and synthetic p-synephrine. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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28
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Differential modulation of Beta-adrenergic receptor signaling by trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonists. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27073. [PMID: 22073124 PMCID: PMC3205048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAAR) are rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). TAAR are involved in modulation of neuronal, cardiac and vascular functions and they are potentially linked with neurological disorders like schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Subtype TAAR1, the best characterized TAAR so far, is promiscuous for a wide set of ligands and is activated by trace amines tyramine (TYR), phenylethylamine (PEA), octopamine (OA), but also by thyronamines, dopamine, and psycho-active drugs. Unfortunately, effects of trace amines on signaling of the two homologous β-adrenergic receptors 1 (ADRB1) and 2 (ADRB2) have not been clarified yet in detail. We, therefore, tested TAAR1 agonists TYR, PEA and OA regarding their effects on ADRB1/2 signaling by co-stimulation studies. Surprisingly, trace amines TYR and PEA are partial allosteric antagonists at ADRB1/2, whereas OA is a partial orthosteric ADRB2-antagonist and ADRB1-agonist. To specify molecular reasons for TAAR1 ligand promiscuity and for observed differences in signaling effects on particular aminergic receptors we compared TAAR, tyramine (TAR) octopamine (OAR), ADRB1/2 and dopamine receptors at the structural level. We found especially for TAAR1 that the remarkable ligand promiscuity is likely based on high amino acid similarity in the ligand-binding region compared with further aminergic receptors. On the other hand few TAAR specific properties in the ligand-binding site might determine differences in ligand-induced effects compared to ADRB1/2. Taken together, this study points to molecular details of TAAR1-ligand promiscuity and identified specific trace amines as allosteric or orthosteric ligands of particular β-adrenergic receptor subtypes.
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29
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Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:482973. [PMID: 21904645 PMCID: PMC3166186 DOI: 10.1155/2011/482973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine are used widely in weight loss/weight management and sports performance products. Because of structural similarities, the pharmacological effects of p-synephrine are widely assumed to be similar to those of ephedrine, m-synephrine (phenylephrine), and endogenous amine neurotransmitters as norepinephrine and epinephrine. However, small structural changes result in the receptor binding characteristics of these amines that are markedly different, providing a plausible explanation for the paucity of adverse effects associated with the wide-spread consumption of p-synephrine in the form of dietary supplements as well as in various Citrus foods and juices. This paper summarizes the adrenoreceptor binding characteristics of p-synephrine relative to m-synephrine, norepinephrine, and other amines as related to the observed pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J Stohs
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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30
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J. S. Synephrine: From trace concentrations to massive consumption in weight-loss. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1472-3; author reply 1474-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. The safety of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1421-8. [PMID: 21480414 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its principal protoalkaloidal constituent p-synephrine are widely used in weight loss and weight management as well as in sports performance products. However, questions are raised frequently regarding the safety of these ingredients. The potential inherent dangers associated with the use of products containing C. aurantium extract are frequently touted, while conversely, millions of doses of dietary supplements have been consumed by possibly millions of individuals in recent years. Furthermore, millions of people consume on a daily basis various juices and food products from Citrus species that contain p-synephrine. This review summarizes current information regarding the safety of C. aurantium (bitter orange) extract and p-synephrine based on human, animal and in vitro assessments as well as receptor binding and mechanistic studies. The data indicate that based on current knowledge, the use of bitter orange extract and p-synephrine appears to be exceedingly safe with no serious adverse effects being directly attributable to these ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J Stohs
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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32
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Mercader J, Wanecq E, Chen J, Carpéné C. Isopropylnorsynephrine is a stronger lipolytic agent in human adipocytes than synephrine and other amines present in Citrus aurantium. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 67:443-52. [PMID: 21336650 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The weight loss observed in consumers of extracts of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) has been tentatively attributed to the lipolytic and thermogenic effects of the alkaloids abundant in the unripe fruit. Synephrine, octopamine, tyramine, and other alkaloids have been repeatedly identified and quantified in Citrus members of the Rutaceae family or in their extracts incorporated in dietary supplements for weight management. However, there are only scarce reports on their lipolytic action. This study aimed at comparing the acute lipolytic activity of synephrine, octopamine, tyramine, and N-methyltyramine in rat and human adipocytes. Maximal response to the prototypical β-adrenergic agonist isoprenaline was taken as reference in both species. In rat, octopamine was slightly more active than synephrine while tyramine and N-methyl tyramine did not stimulate-and even inhibited-lipolysis. In human adipocytes, none of these amines stimulated lipolysis when tested up to 10 μg/ml. At higher doses (≥100 μg/ml), tyramine and N-methyl tyramine induced only 20% of the maximal lipolysis and exhibited antilipolytic properties. Synephrine and octopamine were partially stimulatory at high doses. Since synephrine is more abundant than octopamine in C. aurantium, it should be the main responsible for the putative lipolytic action of the extracts claimed to mitigate obesity. Noteworthy, their common isopropyl derivative, isopropylnorsynephrine (also named isopropyloctopamine or betaphrine), was clearly lipolytic: active at 1 μg/ml and reproducing more than 60% of isoprenaline maximal effect in human adipocytes. This compound, not detected in C. aurantium, and which has few reported adverse effects to date, might be useful for in vivo triglyceride breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Mercader
- INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Médecine, Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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33
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Assessment of the adverse event reports associated with Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) from April 2004 to October 2009. J Funct Foods 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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