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Yang WH, Meixner BJ, Sperlich B. Uncertainty in determining the optimal test duration for maximal rate of lactate accumulation during all-out sprint cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05506-2. [PMID: 38809479 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Benedikt Johannes Meixner
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Iq-Move PG Lochmann & Fraunberger, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Judenbuehlweg 11, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Judenbuehlweg 11, 97082, Würzburg, Germany.
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2
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Ryningen A, Rostad K, Ersvær E, Sjøholt G, Paulsen G, Gundersen H, Kristoffersen M, Bjørkhaug L. Acute response in circulating microRNAs following a single bout of short-sprint and heavy strength training in well-trained cyclists. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1365357. [PMID: 38532845 PMCID: PMC10963392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1365357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Heavy strength (HS) and short-sprint (SS) are commonly used training methods for competitive road cyclists, with the aim to improve the anaerobic power and short time cycling performance. Knowledge of how such training methods affects biochemical as well as molecular factors, are particularly important for determining individual recovery and long-term adaptations. The primary aim of the current study was to investigate the expression levels of small non-coding RNAs in response to HS and SS training in elite cyclists as potential biomarkers for individual optimal restitution time. Methods: Eleven well trained cyclists performed one session of HS training and one session of SS training on separate days. Blood samples were taken at baseline and 5 min, 1 h and 21 h post training. Along with physiological measurements and biochemical factors (serum creatine kinase, myoglobin, human growth hormone and plasma lactate), real-time quantitative PCR was used to explore whether HS and/or SS training influenced the abundance of 24 circulating miRNAs, in serum, associated with muscle development, angiogenesis, and/or inflammation. Results: Based on complete miRNA profiles from nine cyclists, the miRNAs showing most altered expression after both training sessions included the three striated muscle-specific miRNAs (myomiRs) miR-1-3p, 133a-3p and 133b-3p. While all three miRNAs showed significantly highest expression at 1 h post HS session, the acute effect of the SS session included a significantly higher level of miR-1-3p alone, at 5 min (highest), as well as at 1 h and 21 h post session. Correlation (negative) with biochemical markers was only shown for miR-133a-3p and CK (r = -0.786, p = 0.041) and between miR-133b-3p and [La-] (r = -0.711, p = .032), at 21 h post SS session. Conclusion: Our findings support that unique myomiRs are regulated by HS and SS training. Such knowledge may be important for individually adjusted restitution times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ryningen
- Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kari Rostad
- Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Ersvær
- Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Gry Sjøholt
- Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Gundersen
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Morten Kristoffersen
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lise Bjørkhaug
- Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
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3
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Grijota FJ, Toro-Román V, Bartolomé I, Cordero-Román E, López CS, Jiménez JM, Martínez-Guardado I. Acute Effects of 30 g Cyclodextrin Intake during CrossFit ® Training on Performance and Fatigue. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:27. [PMID: 38390927 PMCID: PMC10885023 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of carbohydrate intake (cyclodextrin) on performance during the performance of two consecutive workouts of the day (WODs) lasting 20 min each. Twenty-one male CrossFit (CF) athletes (29.5 ± 4.3 years; 72.81 ± 12.85 kg; 1.74 ± 0.06 m; 3.41 ± 1.21 years of experiences) participated in a crossover, randomized, and double-blind study. The effect of supplementation with 30 g of cyclodextrin (SG) (Cluster Dextrin®) or placebo (PG) (Bolero Advanced Hydration®) was evaluated on the performance of two specific WOD. Additionally, the effect on handgrip maximum strength, countermovement jump (CMJ), Wingate test, and 1 RM bench press test was evaluated. The effect on blood glucose and lactate was also evaluated. No differences were found in time, height, and power (W/Kg) in CMJ. However, there was a percentage improvement in CMJ jump power (W) (p < 0.05) between the groups, assuming an improvement in performance due to the intervention. Moreover, both conditions experimented differences in execution speed between sets (p < 0.05) in pre-WOD, and differences in post-WOD only in the placebo group, as well as decreases in this variable per repetition across the set (p < 0.01) in both conditions. However, no differences were found in the rest of the variables. Supplementation with 30 g of cyclodextrin did not have any metabolic or performance effects in CF tests. Although some differences between groups were observed in CMJ and power tests for bench press, the data are not conclusive and further research is needed in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franscisco Javier Grijota
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Isabel I University, C. de Fernán González, 76, 09003 Burgos, Spain
| | - Víctor Toro-Román
- Department of Health Sciences, Research Group in Technology Applied to High Performance and Health, TecnoCampus, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08302 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Education Faculty, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Henry Collet Street, 52-70, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela University, C. Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Dyas N, Green D, Thomas K, Matthew E, Howatson G. The physical determinants of maximal jumping time of flight in elite trampolining. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:2283-2290. [PMID: 37337953 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2227128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Time of flight (ToF) is an objective scoring component of elite trampolining, assessed in training by maximal jump tests. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between physical floor based performance meaures and 20-maximum ToF. Thirty-two elite level gymnasts (13 senior; 19 junior) performed a battery of floor based tests and a 20-maximum jump test. Floor based tests included cycling peak power output, reactive strength index (RSI), unloaded countermovement jumps (CMJ), and loaded CMJ's to construct a load-velocity profile for prediction of theoretical maximum force (CMJ F0). Very large and large, positive bivariate relationships were observed between CMJ F0 and ToF for the seniors (r = 0.85) and juniors (r = 0.56), respectively. Very large, positive bivariate relationships were observed between CMJ height and total ToF for both seniors (r = 0.74) and juniors (r = 0.77). Step-wise multiple regression analyses revealed CMJ F0 predicted 72% of ToF variability between seniors, and CMJ height (59%), 10 to 5 RSI (13%), and CMJ F0 (10%) predicting 82% of ToF variability between juniors. This suggests CMJ F0, lower limb maximal isometric capabilities, and CMJ height are important floor based predictors of maximal ToF in elite gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Dyas
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
- British Gymnastics, Lilleshall National Sports Centre, Shropshire, UK
| | | | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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5
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Solsona R, Méline T, Borrani F, Deriaz R, Lacroix J, Normand-Gravier T, Candau R, Racinais S, Sanchez AM. Active recovery vs hot- or cold-water immersion for repeated sprint ability after a strenuous exercise training session in elite skaters. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1126-1135. [PMID: 37722830 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2259267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the acute effects of three recovery methods: active recovery (AR), hot- and cold-water immersion (HWI and CWI, respectively), used between two training sessions in elite athletes. Twelve national-team skaters (7 males, 5 females) completed three trials according to a randomized cross-over study. Fifteen minutes after an exhaustive ice-skating training session, participants underwent 20 min of HWI (41.1 ± 0.5°C), 15 min of CWI (12.1 ± 0.7°C) or 15 min of active recovery (AR). After 1 h 30 min of the first exercise, they performed a repeated-sprint cycling session. Average power output was slightly but significantly higher for AR (767 ± 179 W) and HWI (766 ± 170 W) compared to CWI (738 ± 156 W) (p = 0.026, d = 0.18). No statistical difference was observed between the conditions for both lactatemia and rating of perceived exertion. Furthermore, no significant effect of recovery was observed on the fatigue index calculated from the repeated sprint cycling exercises (p > 0.05). Finally, a positive correlation was found between the average muscle temperature measured during the recoveries and the maximal power output obtained during cycling exercises. In conclusion, the use of CWI in between high-intensity training sessions could slightly impair the performance outcomes compared to AR and HWI. However, studies with larger samples are needed to confirm these results, especially in less trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Font-Romeu, France Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Sante Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM)
| | - Thibaut Méline
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Font-Romeu, France Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Sante Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM)
- University of Montpellier, Faculty of Sports Sciences, INRAE, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme (DMEM), Montpellier, France
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roméo Deriaz
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Font-Romeu, France Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Sante Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM)
| | - Jérôme Lacroix
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Font-Romeu, France Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Sante Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM)
- Service de médecine du sport, Centre Hospitalier Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Tom Normand-Gravier
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Font-Romeu, France Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Sante Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM)
- University of Montpellier, Faculty of Sports Sciences, INRAE, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme (DMEM), Montpellier, France
| | - Robin Candau
- University of Montpellier, Faculty of Sports Sciences, INRAE, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme (DMEM), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Anthony Mj Sanchez
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Font-Romeu, France Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Sante Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM)
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Behrendt T, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Schega L. Acute performance, physiological, and perceptual changes in response to repeated cycling sprint exercise combined with systemic and local hypoxia in young males. Physiol Behav 2023; 267:114217. [PMID: 37127074 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the acute performance, physiological, and perceptual changes during repeated sprint exercise (RSE) under normobaric hypoxia and with blood flow restriction (BFR). Fourteen active males completed standardized RSE (6 × 10s cycling sprints with 30s passive rest) in three randomized conditions: under normobaric hypoxia (FiO2∼14.4%, HYP), normoxia (FiO2∼20.9%, SHAM), and with BFR (40% arterial occlusion pressure). The percentage decrement score of power output (Sdec) was used to quantify motor performance fatigue. During RSE, muscle oxygenation and activity of the right quadriceps were measured. Perceived motor fatigue, physical strain, affective valence, and arousal were queried after each sprint. Blood lactate concentration (BLC) and peripheral oxygenation (SpO2) were measured before and after RSE. Sdec was greater in HYP and BFR compared to SHAM (p≤0.008). BFR decreased mean power output (p<0.001) and muscle activity (p=0.027) compared to SHAM. Muscle oxygenation was lower in BFR during each rest (p≤0.005) and in HYP during rest 4 (p=0.006) compared to SHAM. HYP increased BLC and decreased SpO2 compared to BFR (p<0.001) and SHAM (p=0.002). There were no differences between conditions for any rating scale (p≥0.060). HYP and BFR increased motor performance fatigue but with different physiological responses, whereas perceptual responses were unaffected during RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
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7
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Moya-Ramón M, Haakonssen E, Peña-González I, Mateo-March M, Javaloyes A. Predicting BMX Performance with Laboratory Measurements in Elite Riders. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2461-2467. [PMID: 36573934 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2162755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In Bicycle Motocross (BMX) performance is determined by the riders' sprint ability and power output. Therefore, descriptive and predictive performance assessments through laboratory and field tests are of interest. Twelve members of the Spanish BMX National Team performed 4 laboratory tests, including 1RM in squat, a Wingate test, a 5x6-s repeated sprint test (RST) and a force-velocity profile test. These tests were compared with the riders' field performance using the best lap of a simulated BMX competition consisting of 6 all-out laps on a standard BMX track. Pearson's correlation and linear regression analysis showed a significant association (p < 0.05) between the riders' field performance and the 1RM (r = 0.84; R2 = 0.65), the peak power output in the RST (r = 0.87; R2 = 0.78) and the peak power, the mean power and the lactate production in the Wingate test (r = 0.68-0.77; R2 = 0.14-0.65), as well as maximal power from the force-velocity profile (r = 0.71; R2 = 0.53). The laboratory tests included in this study can show information about BMX riders' performance, with the highest values for the peak power obtained in the repeated sprint test (78% of the variance in common).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Iván Peña-González
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Manuel Mateo-March
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Spanish Cycling Federation, Spain
| | - Alejandro Javaloyes
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
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8
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Matta G, Edwards A, Roelands B, Hettinga F, Hurst P. The reproducibility of 20-min time-trial performance on a virtual cycling platform. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1190-1195. [PMID: 35537457 DOI: 10.1055/a-1848-8478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the reproducibility of mean power output during 20-min cycling time-trials, in a remote home-based setting, using the virtual-reality cycling software, Zwift. Forty-four cyclists (11 women, 33 men; 37 ± 8 years old, 180 ± 8 cm, 80.1 ± 13.2 kg) performed 3 x 20-min time-trials on Zwift, using their own setup. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV) and typical error (TE) were calculated for the overall sample, split into 4 performance groups based on mean relative power output (25% quartiles) and sex. Mean ICC, TE and CV of mean power output between time-trials were 0.97 [0.95-0.98], 9.36 W [8.02-11.28 W], and 3.7% [3.2-4.5], respectively. Women and men had similar outcomes (ICC: 0.96 [0.89-0.99] vs 0.96 [0.92-0.98]; TE: 8.30 W [6.25-13.10] vs. 9.72 W [8.20-12.23]; CV: 3.8% [2.9-6.1] vs. 3.7% [3.1-4.7], respectively), although cyclists from the first quartile showed a lower CV in comparison to the overall sample (Q1: 2.6% [1.9-4.1] vs. overall: 3.7% [3.2-4.5]). Our results indicate that power output during 20-minute cycling time-trials on Zwift are reproducible and provide sports scientists, coaches and athletes, benchmark values for future interventions in a virtual-reality environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Matta
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrew Edwards
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human physiology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Floor Hettinga
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Philip Hurst
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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9
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Hermassi S, Hayes LD, Sanal-Hayes NEM, Schwesig R. Differences in Health-Related Physical Fitness and Academic School Performance in Male Middle-School Students in Qatar: A Preliminary Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:791337. [PMID: 35391970 PMCID: PMC8980685 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.791337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the differences in the level of physical fitness and academic performance among male middle-school children based on different body status categories. A total of 69 male children [age: 12.4 ± 0.7 years; body mass: 58.5 ± 7.2 kg; height: 1.62 ± 0.09 m; and body mass index (BMI): 22.4 ± 3.3 kg/m2] participated and were divided into BMI age-adjusted groups (i.e., lowest, middle, and highest BMI). Height, mass, BMI, stork test of static balance, 10 and 15 m sprint as an indicator for speed, hand-grip strength test, agility T-half test, medicine ball throw (MBT), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) were assessed. School records were retrieved for grade point averages (GPA) of mathematics, science, and Arabic. We found significant group differences regarding anthropometric (height: ηp2 = 0.24, mass: ηp2 = 0.33, and BMI: ηp2 = 0.66), physical (sprint 10 m: ηp2 = 0.26), and academic (mathematics: ηp2 = 0.19 and science: ηp2 = 0.15) performance parameters. The largest difference (p < 0.001) was observed between the lowest and highest group for the 10 m sprint. All pairwise differences were between the lowest and highest BMI group or the lowest and middle BMI group. No relevant (r > 0.5) correlation between parameters of different dimensions (e.g., anthropometric vs. physical performance parameters) was found. In conclusion, the highest BMI group exhibited similar physical and academic performances than the lowest group. Thus, these data emphasize the importance and appropriateness to engage young Qatari schoolchildren in physical activity as it associates with superior academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Hermassi
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lawrence D Hayes
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nilihan E M Sanal-Hayes
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Hanson NJ, Scheadler CM, Katsavelis D, Miller MG. Validity of the Wattbike 3-Minute Aerobic Test: Measurement and Estimation of V̇o2max. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:400-404. [PMID: 31868811 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hanson, NJ, Scheadler, CM, Katsavelis, D, and Miller, MG. Validity of the Wattbike 3-minute aerobic test: measurement and estimation of V̇o2max. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 400-404, 2022-The Wattbike includes a 3-minute aerobic test (3mAT) along with an estimation of V̇o2max. The estimation equation that is used is from a previous study using a different protocol and sedentary subjects. The purpose of this study was to determine whether (a) the 3mAT is able to elicit V̇o2max, and (b) whether this estimation is accurate. Thirteen cyclists (10 men; age: 29.2 ± 10.0 years, height 178.7 ± 8.3 cm, and mass 75.1 ± 12.5 kg) with a range of experience volunteered for this study. At the first visit, a self-paced V̇o2max (SPV) test was performed to obtain the "true" V̇o2max. At the second session, subjects completed the 3mAT. Primary dependent variables included maximal values of oxygen consumption (V̇o2), carbon dioxide production (V̇co2), heart rate (HR), ventilation (VE), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed no difference (p = 0.367) between V̇o2max values (3mAT estimation: 54.3 ± 9.3 ml·kg-1·min-1, 3mAT measured: 52.5 ± 8.7, SPV: 54.0 ± 9.7). Paired-samples t-tests showed that HR (p = 0.027) was higher in the SPV (184.7 ± 10.6 vs. 180.9 ± 6.3 b·min-1), whereas RER and V̇co2 were both higher in the 3mAT (1.29 ± 0.10 vs. 1.19 ± 0.06 and 4.92 ± 1.01 vs. 4.62 ± 0.98, respectively; both p < 0.05). The intraclass correlation between the V̇o2max measured from the SPV and 3mAT was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.88-0.99, p < 0.001), and between the 3mAT measured and estimated values was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.71-0.97 p < 0.001). If an athlete has access to a Wattbike, they can complete the 3mAT, receive their V̇o2max estimation, and be confident of its accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hanson
- Department of Human Performance & Health Education, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
| | - Cory M Scheadler
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky; and
| | - Dimitrios Katsavelis
- Department of Exercise Science & Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Michael G Miller
- Department of Human Performance & Health Education, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
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Bouillod A, Soto-Romero G, Grappe F, Bertucci W, Brunet E, Cassirame J. Caveats and Recommendations to Assess the Validity and Reliability of Cycling Power Meters: A Systematic Scoping Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22010386. [PMID: 35009945 PMCID: PMC8749704 DOI: 10.3390/s22010386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A large number of power meters have become commercially available during the last decades to provide power output (PO) measurement. Some of these power meters were evaluated for validity in the literature. This study aimed to perform a review of the available literature on the validity of cycling power meters. PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar have been explored with PRISMA methodology. A total of 74 studies have been extracted for the reviewing process. Validity is a general quality of the measurement determined by the assessment of different metrological properties: Accuracy, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness. Accuracy was most often studied from the metrological property (74 studies). Reproducibility was the second most studied (40 studies) property. Finally, repeatability, sensitivity, and robustness were considerably less studied with only 7, 5, and 5 studies, respectively. The SRM power meter is the most used as a gold standard in the studies. Moreover, the number of participants was very different among them, from 0 (when using a calibration rig) to 56 participants. The PO tested was up to 1700 W, whereas the pedalling cadence ranged between 40 and 180 rpm, including submaximal and maximal exercises. Other exercise conditions were tested, such as torque, position, temperature, and vibrations. This review provides some caveats and recommendations when testing the validity of a cycling power meter, including all of the metrological properties (accuracy, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness) and some exercise conditions (PO range, sprint, pedalling cadence, torque, position, participant, temperature, vibration, and field test).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bouillod
- EA4660, C3S Health-Sport Department, Sports University, 25000 Besancon, France; (A.B.); (F.G.)
- French Cycling Federation, 78180 Saint Quentin, France;
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France;
- Professional Cycling Team FDJ, 77230 Moussy-le-Vieux, France
| | | | - Frederic Grappe
- EA4660, C3S Health-Sport Department, Sports University, 25000 Besancon, France; (A.B.); (F.G.)
- Professional Cycling Team FDJ, 77230 Moussy-le-Vieux, France
| | - William Bertucci
- EA7507, Laboratoire Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société, 51100 Reims, France;
| | | | - Johan Cassirame
- EA4660, C3S Health-Sport Department, Sports University, 25000 Besancon, France; (A.B.); (F.G.)
- EA7507, Laboratoire Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société, 51100 Reims, France;
- Mtraining, R&D Division, 25480 Ecole Valentin, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-6-8781-8295
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12
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Effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte dissolved alkaline electrolyzed water on physiological responses during exercise under heat stress in physically active men. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:389-398. [PMID: 36193515 PMCID: PMC9525732 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the effects of 1400 mL intake of alkaline electrolyzed water (AEW) or purified water (PW) into which carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) was dissolved on improving physiological responses during exercise under heat stress. Methods This double-blinded, crossover randomized controlled trial included 10 male participants who completed two exercise trials in a hot environment (35 °C, ambient temperature, and 50% relative humidity) after consuming CE-dissolved PW (P-CE) or CE-dissolved AEW (A-CE). The exercise trial consisted of running for 30 min on a treadmill (at an intensity corresponding to 65% of heart rate reserve adjusted for heat stress conditions) and repeated sprint cycling (10 × 7-s maximal sprint cycling), with a 35-min rest interval between the two exercises, followed by a 30-min post-exercise recovery period. Before and after running, and after cycling, the participants drank P-CE (hydrogen concentration of 0 ppm, pH 3.8) or A-CE (0.3 ppm, pH 4.1). Blood samples were obtained before, during (rest interval between running and cycling), and post-exercise. Results Repeated sprint performance and oxidative stress response did not differ between the P-CE and A-CE trials. A-CE consumption significantly attenuated the increase in blood lactate concentration during the running exercise but not during repeated sprint cycling under heat stress conditions. Conclusion Our findings suggested that A-CE did not significantly affect repeated sprint performance; however, the attenuated elevation in blood lactate by A-CE ingestion implies a partial enhancement of endurance performance during submaximal exercise under heat stress. A-CE did not enhance repeated sprint performance in a hot environment. A-CE failed to decrease oxidative damage induced by exercise in a hot environment. Blood lactate response during submaximal running was attenuated by drinking A-CE.
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13
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The Validity and Reliability of a Tire Pressure-Based Power Meter for Indoor Cycling. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21186117. [PMID: 34577323 PMCID: PMC8470436 DOI: 10.3390/s21186117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of a tire pressure sensor (TPS) cycling power meter against a gold standard (SRM) during indoor cycling. Twelve recreationally active participants completed eight trials of 90 s of cycling at different pedaling and gearing combinations on an indoor hybrid roller. Power output (PO) was simultaneously calculated via TPS and SRM. The analysis compared the paired 1 s PO and 1 min average PO per trial between devices. Agreement was assessed by correlation, linear regression, inferential statistics, effect size, and Bland–Altman LoA. Reliability was assessed by ICC and CV comparison. TPS showed near-perfect correlation with SRM in 1 s (rs = 0.97, p < 0.001) and 1-min data (rs = 0.99, p < 0.001). Differences in paired 1 s data were statistically significant (p = 0.04), but of a trivial magnitude (d = 0.05). There was no significant main effect for device (F(1,9) = 0.05, p = 0.83, ηp2
= 0.97) in 1 min data and no statistical differences between devices by trial in post hoc analysis (p < 0.01–0.98; d < 0.01–0.93). Bias and LoA were −0.21 ± 16.77 W for the 1 min data. Mean TPS bias ranged from 3.37% to 7.81% of the measured SRM mean PO per trial. Linear regression SEE was 7.55 W for 1 min TPS prediction of SRM. ICC3,1 across trials was 0.96. No statistical difference (p = 0.09–0.11) in TPS CV (3.6–5.0%) and SRM CV (4.3–4.7%). The TPS is a valid and reliable power meter for estimating average indoor PO for time periods equal to or greater than 1 min and may have acceptable sensitivity to detect changes under less stringent criteria (±5%).
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14
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Broatch JR, O'Riordan SF, Keske MA, Betik AC, Bishop DJ, Halson SL, Parker L. Reduced post-exercise muscle microvascular perfusion with compression is offset by increased muscle oxygen extraction: Assessment by contrast-enhanced ultrasound. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21499. [PMID: 33811697 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002205rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The microvasculature is important for both health and exercise tolerance in a range of populations. However, methodological limitations have meant changes in microvascular blood flow are rarely assessed in humans during interventions designed to affect skeletal muscle blood flow such as the wearing of compression garments. The aim of this study is, for the first time, to use contrast-enhanced ultrasound to directly measure the effects of compression on muscle microvascular blood flow alongside measures of femoral artery blood flow and muscle oxygenation following intense exercise in healthy adults. It was hypothesized that both muscle microvascular and femoral artery blood flows would be augmented with compression garments as compared with a control condition. Ten recreationally active participants completed two repeated-sprint exercise sessions, with and without lower-limb compression tights. Muscle microvascular blood flow, femoral arterial blood flow (2D and Doppler ultrasound), muscle oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy), cycling performance, and venous blood samples were measured/taken throughout exercise and the 1-hour post-exercise recovery period. Compared with control, compression reduced muscle microvascular blood volume and attenuated the exercise-induced increase in microvascular velocity and flow immediately after exercise and 1 hour post-exercise. Compression increased femoral artery diameter and augmented the exercise-induced increase in femoral arterial blood flow during exercise. Markers of blood oxygen extraction in muscle were increased with compression during and after exercise. Compression had no effect on blood lactate, glucose, or exercise performance. We provide new evidence that lower-limb compression attenuates the exercise-induced increase in skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow following exercise, despite a divergent increase in femoral artery blood flow. Decreased muscle microvascular perfusion is offset by increased muscle oxygen extraction, a potential mechanism allowing for the maintenance of exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Broatch
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australia Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shane F O'Riordan
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australia Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew C Betik
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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15
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Differences in Fitness and Academic Attainment between Obese, and Non Obese School-Age Adolescent Handball Players: An Explorative, Cross-Sectional Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated differences in physical fitness and academic attainment in obese and non-obese adolescent handball players. A total of 31 males (age: 15.5 ± 1.2 years; body mass: 77.8 ± 17.7 kg; height: 1.71 ± 0.10 m; body mass index (BMI): 26.8 ± 6.9 kg/m2; body fat: 26.4 ± 6.34%) from the Qatar handball first division participated and were divided into two body fat percentage (%BF) groups (i.e., obese or non-obese). Anthropometrics (height, mass, BMI, and %BF) and physical performance testing ability (T-half test for change-of-direction (COD); squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 10 and 15 m sprints; medicine ball throw (MBT), and aerobic capacity (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1)) were determined. Academic attainment was determined through grade point averages (GPA). Non-obese participants had superior performances in mathematics (p < 0.001) and science (p = 0.013), agility T-half test (p = 0.001), CMJ (p < 0.001), and 15 m sprint (p = 0.019). Correlations were found between T-half test and mathematics (r = 0.500) and science (r = 0.484). To conclude, obese school-age handball players have poorer fitness and academic performances than normal body weight adolescents.
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16
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Hermassi S, Chelly MS, Michalsik LB, Sanal NEM, D. Hayes L, Cadenas-Sanchez C. Relationship between fatness, physical fitness, and academic performance in normal weight and overweight schoolchild handball players in Qatar State. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246476. [PMID: 33606780 PMCID: PMC7895367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between physiological parameters (namely fatness and physical fitness) with academic performance (namely mathematics and science grade point average [GPA]) in normal weight and overweight schoolchild handball players. Thirty-six young male team handball players (age: 9±1 years; body mass: 45.5±14.2 kg; height: 1.38±9.1 m; body fat: 19.7±5.6%) at the highest national league for their age group participated. Anthropometry was examined by measuring body mass, body fat percentage (%BF), and body mass index (BMI). Fitness testing included the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (level 1), squat jumps (SJ) and counter-movement jumps (CMJ), and upper-limb throwing performance (2 kg medicine ball seated front throw), a 15 m sprint test, and a T-half test for change-of-direction (COD) ability. Academic performance was evaluated through school records of grade point average (GPA) of mathematics and science. BMI was negatively correlated with science GPA (r = -0.57, p<0.001) and mathematics GPA (r = -0.39, p<0.001). Significant correlations between Yo-Yo test performance and science GPA (r = 0.73, p<0.001) and mathematics GPA (r = 0.66, p<0.001) existed. T-half test score (less time taken meant a superior performance) was negatively correlated with science GPA (r = 0.48, p = 0.003) and mathematics GPA (r = 0.63, p<0.01). In conclusion, fatness and physical fitness (except for the upper-muscular strength) were significantly related to academic performance in in schoolchild handball players. Based on results of this study, it seems pragmatic and appropriate to engage young schoolchild in physical activity as it associates with superior academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Hermassi
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) « Sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Saîd, University of “La Manouba”, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lars Bojsen Michalsik
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Lawrence D. Hayes
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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17
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Hermassi S, van den Tillaar R, Bragazzi NL, Schwesig R. The Associations Between Physical Performance and Anthropometric Characteristics in Obese and Non-obese Schoolchild Handball Players. Front Physiol 2021; 11:580991. [PMID: 33551828 PMCID: PMC7862726 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.580991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship of body fat and fitness measures in schoolchild handball players. Twenty-eight young male handball players from handball first youth league volunteered for the present investigation (age: 10.9 ± 0.72 years; body mass: 54.8 ± 22.9 kg; height: 1.48 ± 0.10 m; body fat: 27.6 ± 9.23%). Measures included the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), jumping ability [squat and counter-movement jumps (SJ, CMJ)], and sprint tests (10 m, 15 m). Anthropometry was assessed by body mass, body mass index (BMI), and fat percentage (%BF). The power of the upper limb was measured as the total distance thrown overhead using a 2 kg medicine ball. Intrarater reliability for all parameters showed a coefficient of variation (CV) below 10% and an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) above 0.75. All ICC were excellent (ICC ≥ 0.96). Reliability as shown by the CV differed between 1.0 (sprint 15 m) and 5.6 (sprint 10 m). With the exception of medicine ball throw, we found significant differences between non-obese and obese in all performance parameters. The differences ranged from η p 2 = 0.47 (sprint 10 m) to η p 2 = 0.09 (medicine ball throw). The two-step-linear regression analysis using the predictors body height and body weight (step 1) and body fat (step 2) showed a marked increase of explained variance by adding body fat. The largest r2 changes were calculated for sprint 10 m (0.54), CMJ (0.49), and sprint 15 m (0.42). The lowest influence of the predictors was observed for medicine ball throw (step 1: r 2 = 0.03, step 2: r 2 = 0.07). With the exception of sprint parameters (β-coefficient sprint 10 m: -0.74; β-coefficient sprint 20: -0.66), a decrease of %BF leads to a higher performance in all parameters. %BF in youth handball players should be an important concern for practitioners working in this team sport in contrast to the frequently used BMI. It seems sensible and appropriate to engage very young children in physical activities such as team handball in order to improve their physical fitness. Decrease in% body fat could be considered both as a training and nutritional target to enhance and optimize sport performance-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Hermassi
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, Genoa, Italy
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Salle), Germany
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18
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Hoffmann S, Skinner TL, van Rosendal SP, Emmerton LM, Jenkins DG. Comparison of training responses and performance adaptations in endurance-trained men and women performing high-intensity interval training. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:1010-1020. [PMID: 33320059 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1853960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to elicit physiological and performance adaptations in endurance athletes has been established in men and to a lesser extent in women. This study compared lactate threshold (LT2) and performance adaptations to HIIT between men and women. Nine male and eight female cyclists and triathletes completed trials to determine their LT2 and 40 km cycling performance before, and after 10 HIIT sessions. Each HIIT session consisted of 10 × 90 s at peak power output, separated by 60 s active recovery. Main effects showed that HIIT improved peak power output (p = 0.05; ES: 0.2); relative peak power output (W.kg-1; p = 0.04; ES: 0.3 and W.kg-0.32; p = 0.04; ES: 0.3); incremental time to fatigue (p = 0.01; ES: 0.4), time trial time (p < 0.001; ES: 0.7) and time trial power output (p < 0.001; ES: 0.7) equally in both sexes. Although LT2 power output explained 77% of the performance improvement in women, no variable explained the performance improvement in men, suggesting another mechanism(s) was involved. Although HIIT improved cycling performance in men and women, it might not be appropriate to evaluate the effectiveness of HIIT using the same variables for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hoffmann
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon P van Rosendal
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lynne M Emmerton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - David G Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
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19
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Hoffmann SM, Skinner TL, van Rosendal SP, Osborne MA, Emmerton LM, Jenkins DG. The Efficacy of the Lactate Threshold: A Sex-Based Comparison. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3190-3198. [PMID: 33105370 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hoffmann, SM, Skinner, TL, van Rosendal, SP, Osborne, MA, Emmerton, LM, and Jenkins, DG. The efficacy of the lactate threshold: A sex-based comparison. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3190-3198, 2020-The second lactate threshold (LT2) has previously been associated with endurance performance; however, comparisons between sexes are lacking regarding its efficacy. The aim of this study was to compare LT2 between men and women, specifically regarding its (a) relationship with endurance performance and (b) capacity to establish training and competition intensities. Competitive male (mean ± SD: age, 27.7 ± 4.7 years; V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, 59.7 ± 5.2 ml·kg·min; n = 10) and female (mean ± SD: age, 27.3 ± 6.2 years; V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, 54.5 ± 5.3 ml·kg·min; n = 12) cyclists and triathletes completed an incremental cycle trial to volitional fatigue (for determination of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and LT2 via the modified D-max method), a constant load (±5%) exercise trial of 30 minutes at LT2 power output, and a 40-km cycle time trial. The LT2 significantly correlated with 40-km cycling performance in both men (r = -0.69 to -0.77; p < 0.01-0.05) and women (r = -0.63 to -0.75; p < 0.01-0.05). All men sustained LT2 power output for 30 minutes, compared with 82% of women. Despite LT2 reflecting a similar heart rate, V[Combining Dot Above]O2, and [La] to those elicited during a 40-km time trial in both men and women, power output at LT2 was 6% higher (p < 0.05) than mean time trial power output in women, with no significant difference in men. Based on these findings, sex-specific recommendations have been suggested in regard to the use of LT2 for establishing performance potential, prescribing endurance training intensities and setting 40-km performance intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Hoffmann
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Center for Sport Research (CSR), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon P van Rosendal
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark A Osborne
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lynne M Emmerton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - David G Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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20
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The Application of Critical Power, the Work Capacity above Critical Power (W'), and its Reconstitution: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Implications for Cycling Training Prescription. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8090123. [PMID: 32899777 PMCID: PMC7552657 DOI: 10.3390/sports8090123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-parameter critical power (CP) model is a robust mathematical interpretation of the power–duration relationship, with CP being the rate associated with the maximal aerobic steady state, and W′ the fixed amount of tolerable work above CP available without any recovery. The aim of this narrative review is to describe the CP concept and the methodologies used to assess it, and to summarize the research applying it to intermittent cycle training techniques. CP and W′ are traditionally assessed using a number of constant work rate cycling tests spread over several days. Alternatively, both the 3-min all-out and ramp all-out protocols provide valid measurements of CP and W′ from a single test, thereby enhancing their suitability to athletes and likely reducing errors associated with the assumptions of the CP model. As CP represents the physiological landmark that is the boundary between heavy and severe intensity domains, it presents several advantages over the de facto arbitrarily defined functional threshold power as the basis for cycle training prescription at intensities up to CP. For intensities above CP, precise prescription is not possible based solely on aerobic measures; however, the addition of the W′ parameter does facilitate the prescription of individualized training intensities and durations within the severe intensity domain. Modelling of W′ reconstitution extends this application, although more research is needed to identify the individual parameters that govern W′ reconstitution rates and their kinetics.
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21
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Gross M, Lüthy F. Anaerobic Power Assessment in Athletes: Are Cycling and Vertical Jump Tests Interchangeable? Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8050060. [PMID: 32397456 PMCID: PMC7281183 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Regularly assessing anaerobic power is important for athletes from sports with an explosive strength component. Understanding the differences and overlap between different assessment methods might help coaches or smaller-scale testing facilities maximize financial and temporal resources. Therefore, this study investigated the degree to which cycling sprint and vertical jump tests are interchangeable for determining peak mechanical leg power output in strength-trained athletes. Professional skiers (n = 19) performed unloaded squat jumps (SJ) and other jump forms on a force plate and a six-second cycling sprint (6sCS) test on an ergometer on six occasions over two years. Along with cross-sectional correlations between cycling and jumping power, correlations between longitudinal percent changes and agreement between magnitude-based inferences about individual changes were assessed. Among the tested jump forms, SJ reflected 6sCS best. However, despite extremely large cross-sectional correlation coefficients (0.92) between 6sCS and SJ, and moderate (Pearson’s r = 0.32 for 6sCS with SJ over one-year time spans) to large (r = 0.68 over shorter time spans) correlation coefficients on percent changes, magnitude-based inferences agreed in only around 50% of cases. Thus, for making qualitative assessments about the development of anaerobic power over time in athletes, cycling sprint and squat jump tests are not interchangeable. Rather, we recommend employing the test form that best reflects athletes’ strength and conditioning training.
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22
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The Effects of Circuit Strength Training on the Development of Physical Fitness and Performance-Related Variables in Handball Players. J Hum Kinet 2020; 71:191-203. [PMID: 32148583 PMCID: PMC7052725 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 12 weeks of circuit training on physical fitness in handball players. Subjects were randomly divided into a circuit strength training group (CT, n = 10) and a control group (CG, n = 9). Training sessions and matches were performed together, but during the 12-week intervention, the experimental group replaced part of the regular regimen with circuit strength training. Measures assessed in both groups before and after the intervention included: the agility T-half Test, the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, squat and counter-movement jumps, 15 m and 30 m sprints, and strength tests for the bench press, pull over, and the half squat. The upper limb bench press and pull-over tests along with the lower limb back half squat were performed using a 1-repetition maximum protocol. Based on the intraclass correlation coefficient and excluding the agility T-test (ICC = 0.72), we found excellent relative reliability for all variables (intraclass correlation coefficient range: 0.85-0.96, SEM range: 0.03-3.00). For absolute reliability or coefficients of variation, 71% (5/7) of the variables were excellent (CV < 5%). The circuit strength training group showed significant interaction effects and relevant effect sizes for the 12-week training period (8/9, 89%), and the mean effect size for the CT was markedly higher (d = 1.3, range: 0.41 - 2.76) than in the CG (d = - 1.0, range: -0.73 - 0.29). The largest improvements were in the Yo-Yo test (d = 2.76) and the squat jump (d = 2.05). These results show that a 12-week circuit strength training program is an effective method to increase handball-related performance characteristics.
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Hermassi S, Schwesig R, Aloui G, Shephard RJ, Chelly MS. Effects of Short-Term In-Season Weightlifting Training on the Muscle Strength, Peak Power, Sprint Performance, and Ball-Throwing Velocity of Male Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:3309-3321. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hermassi S, Sellami M, Bouhafs EG, Schwesig R, De Giorgio A. Effect of Verbal Instruction on Motor Learning Ability of Anaerobic and Explosive Exercises in Physical Education University Students. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2097. [PMID: 31681055 PMCID: PMC6798030 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of motor learning with informational feedback into response to anaerobic exercises with and without motor learning tasks in handball physical education university students. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (EG, n = 10) and control group (CG, n = 10). Measurements of T-half test, 15-m and 30-m sprints, and ZIG-ZAG test were assessed in both groups before (T1), between (T2) a 4-week intervention program, and after (T3) an 8-week intervention program, which included agility and speed teaching with (EG) or without (CG) informational feedback (i.e., verbal instruction). The test-retest reliability for all tests was excellent, and the ICC ranged from 0.76 (ZIG-ZAG test) to 0.99 (Agility T test). The interday measurement error was clearly below 1% in all tests (CV range: 0.2–0.8). Time effects for the Agility T test (p = 0.012, ηp2 = 0.245) and the 15-m sprint (p = 0.035, ηp2 = 0.190) were found. For the Agility T test, a total interaction effect (p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.380) and a partial interaction effect were calculated between T2 and T3 (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.603). A large effect size (d = 0.87) was observed in the EG from T2 to T3. The second relevant (d ≥ 0.5) effect size was calculated for the parameter sprint 30 m. The CG showed a significant sprint performance reduction from T2 to T3 (d = −0.60; parameter: sprint 30 m). All other effect sizes were less than 0.44. The ZIG-ZAG test revealed the largest main and partial effect sizes for all parameters. The EG showed the largest improvement (d = 2.00) between T2 and T3. The results demonstrate that motor learning with informational feedback improves performances of Agility T test, sprint, and ZIG-ZAG performance. It appears that a well-formulated verbal instruction may induce performance enhancement in young trainees in educational environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Hermassi
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maha Sellami
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - El Ghali Bouhafs
- Department of Sports Science, Prevention Rehabilitation, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Kristoffersen M, Sandbakk Ø, Rønnestad BR, Gundersen H. Comparison of Short-Sprint and Heavy Strength Training on Cycling Performance. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1132. [PMID: 31555153 PMCID: PMC6724228 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the effects of short-sprint training (SST) and heavy-strength training (HST) following a 4-week strength-training period on sprint and endurance capacities in well-trained cyclists. Methods Twenty-eight competitive cyclists (age 29 ± 6 years) with maximal oxygen uptake () of 61.1 ± 5.9 mL⋅min-1⋅kg-1 participated. After a 4-weeks preparation strength-training period, the participants were randomized to add either HST or SST to their usual endurance training for the subsequent 6 weeks. Body composition, and power output at blood lactate concentration ([La-]) of 4 mmol⋅L-1, as well as a 100 min cycling test including 6 and 30-s sprints, 60 min cycling at [La-] of 2 mmol⋅L-1 and 5-min all-out cycling were performed before the 4-week preparation strength-training period, and before and after the 6-week intervention period. In addition, 1 repetition maximum (RM) in half-squat and 55-m maximal sprints on the cyclists' own bikes were measured before and after the 6-week intervention. Results SST was superior to HST in 6-s sprint performance, both in a fresh state (4.7 ± 2.6% vs. 1.1 ± 3.5%) and after prolong cycling (6.1 ± 1.8% vs. 1.8 ± 4.2%), in 30-s sprint (3.7 ± 2.8% vs. 1.3 ± 2.5%) and in 55-m seated sprint on own bike (4.3 ± 2.1% vs. 0.2 ± 1.8%) (all p < 0.002). HST induced a larger 1RM improvement in the half-squat test than SST (9.3 ± 3.6% vs. -3.9 ± 3.8%; p < 0.001). No group differences were revealed in the 5-min all-out test, , power output at 4 mmol⋅L-1 [La-], or in gross efficiency. Conclusion SST led to a greater increase in average and peak power output on all sprint tests compared to HST, whereas HST led to a greater increase in maximal strength. No group differences were found in relative changes in endurance capacities. Altogether, our results show a high degree of specificity in the adaptations of both SST and HST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Kristoffersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bent R Rønnestad
- Section for Sport Science, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Hilde Gundersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
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Kristoffersen M, Sandbakk Ø, Rønnestad BR, Gundersen H. Comparison of Short-Sprint and Heavy Strength Training on Cycling Performance. Front Physiol 2019. [PMID: 31555153 PMCID: PMC6724228 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01132,+10.3389/fphys.2019.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of short-sprint training (SST) and heavy-strength training (HST) following a 4-week strength-training period on sprint and endurance capacities in well-trained cyclists. METHODS Twenty-eight competitive cyclists (age 29 ± 6 years) with maximal oxygen uptake () of 61.1 ± 5.9 mL⋅min-1⋅kg-1 participated. After a 4-weeks preparation strength-training period, the participants were randomized to add either HST or SST to their usual endurance training for the subsequent 6 weeks. Body composition, and power output at blood lactate concentration ([La-]) of 4 mmol⋅L-1, as well as a 100 min cycling test including 6 and 30-s sprints, 60 min cycling at [La-] of 2 mmol⋅L-1 and 5-min all-out cycling were performed before the 4-week preparation strength-training period, and before and after the 6-week intervention period. In addition, 1 repetition maximum (RM) in half-squat and 55-m maximal sprints on the cyclists' own bikes were measured before and after the 6-week intervention. RESULTS SST was superior to HST in 6-s sprint performance, both in a fresh state (4.7 ± 2.6% vs. 1.1 ± 3.5%) and after prolong cycling (6.1 ± 1.8% vs. 1.8 ± 4.2%), in 30-s sprint (3.7 ± 2.8% vs. 1.3 ± 2.5%) and in 55-m seated sprint on own bike (4.3 ± 2.1% vs. 0.2 ± 1.8%) (all p < 0.002). HST induced a larger 1RM improvement in the half-squat test than SST (9.3 ± 3.6% vs. -3.9 ± 3.8%; p < 0.001). No group differences were revealed in the 5-min all-out test, , power output at 4 mmol⋅L-1 [La-], or in gross efficiency. CONCLUSION SST led to a greater increase in average and peak power output on all sprint tests compared to HST, whereas HST led to a greater increase in maximal strength. No group differences were found in relative changes in endurance capacities. Altogether, our results show a high degree of specificity in the adaptations of both SST and HST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Kristoffersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway,Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,*Correspondence: Morten Kristoffersen, ;
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bent R. Rønnestad
- Section for Sport Science, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Hilde Gundersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effects of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia vs in normoxia on world-level male rugby union players' repeated-sprint ability (RSA) during an international competition period. Methods: A total of 19 players belonging to an international rugby union senior male national team performed 4 sessions of cycling repeated sprints (consisting of 3 × eight 10-s sprints with 20 s passive recovery) either in normobaric hypoxia (RSH, 3000 m; n = 10) or in normoxia (RSN, 300 m; n = 9) over a 2-wk period. Before and after the training intervention, RSA was evaluated using a cycling repeated-sprint test (6 × 10-s maximal sprint and 20-s passive recovery) performed in normoxia. Results: Significant interaction effects (all P < .05, ηp2>.37 ) between condition and time were found for RSA-related parameters. Compared with Pre, maximal power significantly improved at Post in RSH (12.84 [0.83] vs 13.63 [1.03] W·kg-1, P < .01, ηp2=.15 ) but not in RSN (13.17 [0.89] vs 13.00 [1.01] W·kg-1, P = .45, ηp2=.01 ). Mean power was also significantly enhanced from Pre to Post in RSH (11.15 [0.58] vs 11.86 [0.63] W·kg-1, P < .001, ηp2=.26 ), whereas it remained unchanged in RSN (11.54 [0.61] vs 11.75 [0.65] W·kg-1, P = .23, ηp2=.03 ). Conclusion: As few as 4 dedicated specific RSH sessions were beneficial to enhance repeated power production in world-level rugby union players. Although the improvement from RSA to game behavior remains unclear, this finding appears to be of practical relevance as only a short preparation window is available prior to international rugby union games.
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Lower limb ischemic preconditioning combined with dietary nitrate supplementation does not influence time-trial performance in well-trained cyclists. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:852-857. [PMID: 30745097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation and ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) can independently improve exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to explore whether NO3- supplementation, ingested prior to an IPC protocol, could synergistically enhance parameters of exercise. DESIGN Double-blind randomized crossover trial. METHODS Ten competitive male cyclists (age 34±6years, body mass 78.9±4.9kg, V⋅O2peak 55±4 mLkgmin-1) completed an incremental exercise test followed by three cycling trials comprising a square-wave submaximal component and a 16.1km time-trial. Oxygen uptake (V⋅O2) and muscle oxygenation kinetics were measured throughout. The baseline (BASE) trial was conducted without any dietary intervention or IPC. In the remaining two trials, participants received 3×5min bouts of lower limb bilateral IPC prior to exercise. Participants ingested NO3--rich gel (NIT+IPC) 90min prior to testing in one trial and a low NO3- placebo in the other (PLA+IPC). Plasma NO3- and nitrite (NO2-) were measured immediately before and after application of IPC. RESULTS Plasma [NO3-] and [NO2-] were higher before and after IPC in NIT+IPC compared to BASE (P<0.001) but did not differ between BASE and PLA+IPC. There were no differences in V⋅O2 kinetics or muscle oxygenation parameters between trials (all P>0.4). Performance in the time-trial was similar between trials (BASE 1343±72s, PLA+IPC 1350±75s, NIT+IPC 1346±83s, P=0.98). CONCLUSIONS Pre-exercise IPC did not improve sub-maximal exercise or performance measures, either alone or in combination with dietary NO3- supplementation.
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Chorley A, Lamb KL. The Effects of a Cycling Warm-up Including High-Intensity Heavy-Resistance Conditioning Contractions on Subsequent 4-km Time Trial Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:57-65. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Robinson DT, Cloak R, Lahart IM, Lane AM. Do I focus on the process of cycling or try to put my mind elsewhere? A comparison of concentration strategies for use in pacing by novice riders. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 240:127-140. [PMID: 30390827 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability to hold a pace is a key skill for endurance athletes. The present study compared the influence of different strategies on how athletes learn to pace at 80% of their maximum performance for a 3-min cycle time trial. Participants first completed three maximal 3-min tests to establish maximal performance. During subsequent visits we asked participants to ride at 80% of their average maximal 3-min power output for four 3-min efforts under different conditions. Participants were blinded to feedback for three of the four conditions with participants (a) riding on feel (all feedback blinded), (b) associating on the task by focusing attention on the skills needed for efficient cycling, and (c) dissociating from the task by intentionally focusing concentration elsewhere (d) and finally, participants rode with full feedback where pace could be regulated via observation. All participants completed the blind condition first, the full feedback condition last, with association focus and dissociation focus rides being alternated. As expected, results showed participants rode close to the 80% goal when observing full feedback. Participants rode at 82% of maximum in the blind "ride on feel" condition, 79% in the associative condition, and 70% in the dissociative condition. We suggest results show that simple strategies related to concentration can influence the accuracy of pacing efforts. The difference in the ability to pace while using an associative or dissociative attentional focus was consistent with theory. The differences we observed occurred with minimal input from participants in terms of actively learning psychological skills. Future research is needed to investigate how athletes learn to use pacing strategies to help performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross Cloak
- University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Lahart
- University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Lane
- University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom.
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Whittle C, Smith N, Jobson SA. Validity of PowerTap P1 Pedals during Laboratory-Based Cycling Time Trial Performance. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6030092. [PMID: 30189585 PMCID: PMC6162600 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of mobile power measuring devices has become widespread within cycling, with a number of manufacturers now offering power measuring pedals. This study aimed to investigate the validity of PowerTap P1 pedals by comparing them with the previously validated Wattbike ergometer. Ten trained cyclists performed three simulated 10-mile (16-km) time trials on a Wattbike, while using PowerTap P1 pedals. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between PowerTap P1 pedals and a Wattbike for maximum, minimum, and mean power output, or for maximum, minimum, and mean cadence. There were good to excellent levels of agreement between the PowerTap P1 pedals and Wattbike (ICC > 0.8) for all measured variables except minimum cadence (ICC = 0.619). This suggests that PowerTap P1 pedals provide a valid measurement of power output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Whittle
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Winchester, Sparkford Road, Winchester SO22 4NR, UK.
| | - Neal Smith
- Department of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK.
| | - Simon A Jobson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Winchester, Sparkford Road, Winchester SO22 4NR, UK.
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Saito A, Goda M, Yamagishi T, Kawakami Y. Riding posture affects quadriceps femoris oxygenation during an incremental cycle exercise in cycle-based athletes. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13832. [PMID: 30125046 PMCID: PMC6100503 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although oxygenation levels and muscle recruitment patterns of the quadriceps femoris during an incremental cycling exercise has been reported, oxygenation and activation profiles of the quadriceps femoris in racing posture in cycle-based athletes remain unknown. This study aimed to examine the effects of riding posture on oxygenation and neuromuscular activation of quadriceps femoris during an incremental cycling exercise in cycle-based athletes. Nine cycle-based athletes and nine nonathletic subjects performed an incremental cycling exercise at a constant cadence of 90 rpm. Riding postures were the racing posture using an aero-handle bar (aero posture) and the usual upright racing posture as the control (upright posture). Near-infrared spectroscopy and surface electromyography were recorded from vastus lateralis and rectus femoris. Changes in the tissue oxygenation index of the near-infrared spectroscopy from baseline were calculated, and the amplitudes of electromyographic signals were normalized to the initial values of the exercise in each muscle. In cycle-based athletes, changes in the tissue oxygenation index of vastus lateralis and rectus femoris in the aero posture were significantly lower than those obtained in the upright posture throughout the exercise, whereas no significant differences between the postures were observed in the normalized electromyographic amplitudes of vastus lateralis and rectus femoris. A significant difference between the postures was only occurred in changes of the tissue oxygenation index of rectus femoris in the final phase of exercise in nonathletic subjects. It appears that riding posture affects the oxygenation pattern of quadriceps femoris during incremental cycling exercise in cycle-based athletes. The main results of this study suggest that aero posture during incremental cycle exercise enhanced the muscular oxygen consumption of the quadriceps femoris in the trained cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Saito
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceKojimachiTokyoJapan
- Graduate School of Arts and SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Mitsuki Goda
- School of Sport SciencesWaseda UniversitySaitamaJapan
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Interactions between perceived exertion and thermal perception in the heat in endurance athletes. J Therm Biol 2018; 76:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To validate the new drive indoor trainer Hammer designed by Cycleops®. METHODS A total of 11 cyclists performed 44 randomized and counterbalanced graded exercise tests (100-500 W) at 70-, 85-, and 100-rpm cadences in seated and standing positions on 3 different Hammer units, while a scientific SRM system continuously recorded cadence and power output data. RESULTS No significant differences were detected between the 3 Hammer devices and the SRM for any workload, cadence, or pedaling condition (P value between 1.00 and .350), except for some minor differences (P = .03 and .04) found in the Hammer 1 at low workloads and for Hammer 2 and 3 at high workloads, all in seated position. Strong intraclass correlation coefficients were found between the power output values recorded by the Hammers and the SRM (≥.996; P = .001), independently from the cadence condition and seated position. Bland-Altman analysis revealed low bias (-5.5 to 3.8) and low SD of bias (2.5-5.3) for all testing conditions, except marginal values found for the Hammer 1 at high cadences and seated position (9.6 [6.6]). High absolute reliability values were detected for the 3 Hammers (150-500 W; coefficient of variation <1.2%; SEM <2.1). CONCLUSIONS This new Cycleops trainer is a valid and reliable device to drive and measure power output in cyclists, providing an alternative to larger and more expensive laboratory ergometers and allowing cyclists to use their own bicycles.
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Pneumatic Compression Fails to Improve Performance Recovery in Trained Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:490-495. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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McSwiney FT, Wardrop B, Hyde PN, Lafountain RA, Volek JS, Doyle L. Keto-adaptation enhances exercise performance and body composition responses to training in endurance athletes. Metabolism 2018; 81:25-34. [PMID: 29108901 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-carbohydrate diets have recently grown in popularity among endurance athletes, yet little is known about the long-term (>4wk) performance implications of consuming a low-carbohydrate high fat ketogenic diet (LCKD) in well-trained athletes. METHODS Twenty male endurance-trained athletes (age 33±11y, body mass 80±11kg; BMI 24.7±3.1kg/m2) who habitually consumed a carbohydrate-based diet, self-selected into a high-carbohydrate (HC) group (n=11, %carbohydrate:protein:fat=65:14:20), or a LCKD group (n=9, 6:17:77). Both groups performed the same training intervention (endurance, strength and high intensity interval training (HIIT)). Prior to and following successful completion of 12-weeks of diet and training, participants had their body composition assessed, and completed a 100km time trial (TT), six second (SS) sprint, and a critical power test (CPT). During post-intervention testing the HC group consumed 30-60g/h carbohydrate, whereas the LCKD group consumed water, and electrolytes. RESULTS The LCKD group experienced a significantly greater decrease in body mass (HC -0.8kg, LCKD -5.9kg; P=0.006, effect size (ES): 0.338) and percentage body fat percentage (HC -0.7%, LCKD -5.2%; P=0.008, ES: 0.346). Fasting serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) significantly increased from 0.1 at baseline to 0.5mmol/L in the LCKD group (P=0.011, ES: 0.403) in week 12. There was no significant change in performance of the 100km TT between groups (HC -1.13min·s, LCKD -4.07min·s, P=0.057, ES: 0.196). SS sprint peak power increased by 0.8 watts per kilogram bodyweight (w/kg) in the LCKD group, versus a -0.1w/kg reduction in the HC group (P=0.025, ES: 0.263). CPT peak power decreased by -0.7w/kg in the HC group, and increased by 1.4w/kg in the LCKD group (P=0.047, ES: 0.212). Fat oxidation in the LCKD group was significantly greater throughout the 100km TT. CONCLUSIONS Compared to a HC comparison group, a 12-week period of keto-adaptation and exercise training, enhanced body composition, fat oxidation during exercise, and specific measures of performance relevant to competitive endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionn T McSwiney
- Department of Sport, and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Bruce Wardrop
- Department of Sport, and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Parker N Hyde
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard A Lafountain
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lorna Doyle
- Department of Sport, and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
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Kristoffersen M, Sandbakk Ø, Tønnessen E, Svendsen I, Paulsen G, Ersvær E, Nygård I, Rostad K, Ryningen A, Iversen VV, Skovereng K, Rønnestad BR, Gundersen H. Power Production and Biochemical Markers of Metabolic Stress and Muscle Damage Following a Single Bout of Short-Sprint and Heavy Strength Exercise in Well-Trained Cyclists. Front Physiol 2018; 9:155. [PMID: 29556201 PMCID: PMC5845014 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Although strength and sprint training are widely used methods in competitive cycling, no previous studies have compared the acute responses and recovery rates following such sessions among highly trained cyclists. The primary aim of the current study was to compare power production and biochemical markers of metabolic stress and muscle damage following a session of heavy strength (HS) and short-sprint training (SS). Methods: Eleven well-trained male cyclists (18 ± 2 years with maximal oxygen uptake of 67.2 ± 5.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed one HS session and one SS session in a randomized order, separated by 48 h. Power production and biochemical variables were measured at baseline and at different time points during the first 45 h post exercise. Results: Lactate and human growth hormone were higher 5 min, 30 min and 1 h post the SS compared to the HS session (all p ≤ 0.019). Myoglobin was higher following the HS than the SS session 5 min, 30 min and 1 h post exercise (all p ≤ 0.005), while creatine kinase (CK) was higher following the HS session 21 and 45 h post exercise (p ≤ 0.038). Counter movement jump and power production during 4 sec sprint returned to baseline levels at 23 and 47 h with no difference between the HS and SS session, whereas the delayed muscle soreness score was higher 45 h following the HS compared to the SS session (p = 0.010). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that SS training provides greater metabolic stress than HS training, whereas HS training leads to more muscle damage compared to that caused by SS training. The ability to produce power remained back to baseline already 23 h after both training sessions, indicating maintained performance levels although higher CK level and muscle soreness were present 45 h post the HS training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Kristoffersen
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Elisabeth Ersvær
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Irene Nygård
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kari Rostad
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anita Ryningen
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vegard V Iversen
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut Skovereng
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bent R Rønnestad
- Section for Sport Science, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Hilde Gundersen
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
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Reliability of Power Settings of the Wahoo KICKR Power Trainer After 60 Hours of Use. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:119-121. [PMID: 28459298 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the reliability of power-output measurements of a Wahoo KICKR Power Trainer (KICKR) on 2 separate occasions separated by 14 mo of regular use (∼1 h/wk). METHODS Using the KICKR to set power outputs, powers of 100-600 W in increments of 50 W were assessed at cadences of 80, 90, and 100 rpm that were controlled and validated by a dynamic calibration rig. RESULTS A small ratio bias of 1.002 (95% limits of agreement [LoA] 0.992-1.011) was observed over 100-600 W at 80-100 rpm between trials 1 and 2. Similar ratio biases with acceptable limits of agreement were observed at 80 rpm (1.003 [95% LoA 0.987-1.018]), 90 rpm (1.000 [0.996-1.005]), and 100 rpm (1.002 [0.997-1.007]). The intraclass correlation coefficient with 95% confidence interval (CI) for mean power between trials was 1.00 (95% CI 1.00-1.00) with a typical error (TE) of 3.1 W and 1.6% observed between trials 1 and 2. CONCLUSION When assessed at 2 separate time points 14 mo apart, the KICKR has acceptable reliability for combined power outputs of 100-600 W at 80-100 rpm, reporting overall small ratio biases with acceptable LoA and low TE. Coaches and sport scientists should feel confident in the power output measured by the KICKR over an extended period of time when performing laboratory training and performance assessments.
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Fieseler G, Laudner KG, Irlenbusch L, Meyer H, Schulze S, Delank KS, Hermassi S, Bartels T, Schwesig R. Inter- and intrarater reliability of goniometry and hand held dynamometry for patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:704-710. [PMID: 29326903 PMCID: PMC5747206 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1735110.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the intra- and interrater reliability of measuring shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength among patients diagnosed with subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS). Twenty-five patients (14 female patients; mean age, 60.4± 7.84 years) diagnosed with SAIS were assessed to determine the intrarater reliability for glenohumeral ROM. Twenty-five patients (16 female patients; mean age, 60.4± 7.80 years) and 76 asymptomatic volunteers (52 female volunteers; mean age, 29.4± 14.1 years) were assessed for interrater reliability. Dependent variables were active shoulder ROM and isometric strength. Intrarater reliability was fair-to-excellent for the SAIS patients (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], 0.52–0.97; standard error of measurement [SEM], 4.4°–9.9° N; coefficient of variation [CV], 7.1%–44.9%). Based on the ICC, 11 of 12 parameters (92%) displayed an excellent reliability (ICC> 0.75). The interrater reliability showed fair-to-excellent results (SAIS patients: ICC, 0.13–0.98; SEM, 2.3°–8.8°; CV, 3.6%–37.0%; controls: ICC, 0.11–0.96; SEM, 3.0°–35.4°; CV, 5.6%–26.4%). In accordance with the intrarater reliability, glenohumeral adduction ROM was the only parameter with an ICC below 0.75 for both samples. Painful shoulder ROM in the SAIS patients showed no influence on the quality of reliability for measurement. Therefore, these protocols should be considered reliable assessment techniques in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of painful shoulder conditions such as SAIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Fieseler
- Division for Shoulder Surgery and Sports Orthopedics, Helios Clinic, Warburg/Westfalen, Germany
| | - Kevin G Laudner
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Lars Irlenbusch
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Henrike Meyer
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephan Schulze
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Karl-Stefan Delank
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Souhail Hermassi
- Tunisian Researches Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Bartels
- SportsClinic Halle, Center for Joint Surgery, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Schwesig R, Hollstein L, Plontke SK, Delank KS, Fieseler G, Rahne T. Comparison of intraobserver single-task reliabilities of the Interactive Balance System (IBS) and Vertiguard in asymptomatic subjects. Somatosens Mot Res 2016; 34:9-14. [PMID: 27915498 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2016.1260541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The intraobserver reliabilities of the Interactive Balance System (IBS) and Vertiguard were compared in 30 asymptomatic volunteers. Relative reliability for all IBS single tasks and parameters in the IBS was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC ≥0.75). The ICC values ranged from 0.78 to 0.89. The ICC values of the Vertiguard system ranged from 0 to 0.75. The cumulative measure of injury risk of the Vertiguard system was highly reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Schwesig
- a Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Lisa Hollstein
- b Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Stefan K Plontke
- b Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Karl-Stefan Delank
- a Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Georg Fieseler
- c Helios Clinic Warburg, Division for Shoulder Surgery and Sports Medicine , Warburg , Germany
| | - Torsten Rahne
- b Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
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41
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Kell DT, Greer BK. Use of the Wattbike Cycle Ergometer for Attenuation of Bilateral Pedaling Asymmetry in Trained Cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:468-473. [PMID: 27879519 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kell, DT and Greer, BK. Use of the Wattbike cycle ergometer for attenuation of bilateral pedaling asymmetry in trained cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 468-473, 2017-Experienced cyclists typically pedal with a 5-20% bilateral asymmetry in regards to power output. The aim of this study was to determine if visual feedback (VF) through the Wattbike cycle ergometer is an effective tool in reducing bilateral pedaling asymmetry in trained cyclists. Twelve subjects completed three 10-minute cycling trials on the Wattbike at a power output consistent with 60% V[Combining Dot Above]O2 peak. The 3 trials consisted of a baseline (BASE) trial in which cyclists pedaled without instruction, a conscious control (CC) trial during which cyclists attempted to pedal symmetrically, and another trial in which cyclists attempted to pedal symmetrically while using VF of their bilateral power outputs (%) through the Wattbike. Although the BASE trial was always performed first, the order of the CC and VF trials was counterbalanced to minimize the influence of the order effect. For the primary analysis, the Asymmetry Index percentages (AI%s) for the 3 trials were not significantly different (p > 0.05). However, secondary analysis of subjects who had baseline AI%s within the normal, reported range showed significantly decreased AI%s during the VF trial as compared with BASE (p ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that cyclists with normal AI%s can pedal more symmetrically while using VF of their asymmetry as opposed to merely attempting conscious correction without feedback. It is currently unknown whether adopting a more bilaterally symmetrical pedaling style will improve cycling performance or decrease injury rates in cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Kell
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut
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Farley ORL, Abbiss CR, Sheppard JM. Testing Protocols for Profiling of Surfers' Anaerobic and Aerobic Fitness: A Review. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Wainwright B, Cooke CB, O’Hara JP. The validity and reliability of a sample of 10 Wattbike cycle ergometers. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1451-1458. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1215495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Schwesig R, Koke A, Fischer D, Fieseler G, Jungermann P, Delank KS, Hermassi S. Validity and Reliability of the New Handball-Specific Complex Test. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:476-86. [PMID: 26815176 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the intraobserver reliability (IR) of the handball-specific complex test (HBKT) and the validity of the HBKT and nonspecific tests. Thirty experienced players (25.7 ± 3.9 years) executed the HBKT twice (time interval: 2 days). Lactate, heart rate (HR), time, throwing velocity and number of errors were measured. Afterwards, players' match performances (MPs) in 30 matches were evaluated using video analysis to compare it with the test parameters. Resting HR between first half and second half (r(2) = 0.26), standing long jump (r(2) = 0.18), jump and reach (r(2) = 0.16), and HR before second half (r(2) = 0.14) were proven to be the most valid tests or parameters. The amounts of explained variance concerning the MP of all other tests/parameters were below 10%. Overall, 41% (12/29) of the parameters showed a high relative intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC > 0.75) and absolute coefficient of variation (CV ≤ 5%) IR. Results suggest that the HBKT can be certified with an insufficient validity and a sufficient absolute (∅CV = 11.3%) and relative (∅ICC = 0.67) IR. The reasons could be insufficient tests or insufficient score of MP. The current findings suggest that the coaches and scientists should recognize a lot of effort is necessary to measure MP and to develop valid tests. Additional research should aim to connect test and MP with each other. Before a coach applies a test, he should thoroughly check whether the test is valid (gold standard: MP) and reliable. The frequent and long-term test application (very common argument of the coaches in practice) is not a proof of validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Schwesig
- Departments of 1Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery; and2Sports Science, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany;3Institute for Applied Training Science Department Technique-Tactics, Leipzig, Germany;4Center for Orthopedic Surgery (ZOC), Muenden, Germany; and5Tunisian Researches Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimization, Tunis, Tunisia
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Wehbe GM, Gabbett TJ, Hartwig TB, Mclellan CP. Reliability of a Cycle Ergometer Peak Power Test in Running-based Team Sport Athletes: A Technical Report. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:2050-5. [PMID: 25559911 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Given the importance of ensuring athletes train and compete in a nonfatigued state, reliable tests are required to regularly monitor fatigue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of a cycle ergometer to measure peak power during short maximal sprint cycle efforts in running-based team sport athletes. Fourteen professional male Australian rules footballers performed a sprint cycle protocol during 3 separate trials, with each trial separated by 7 days. The protocol consisted of a standardized warm-up, a maximal 6-second sprint cycle effort, a 1-minute active recovery, and a second maximal 6-second sprint cycle effort. Peak power was recorded as the highest power output of the 2 sprint cycle efforts. Absolute peak power (mean ± SD) was 1502 ± 202, 1498 ± 191, and 1495 ± 210 W for trials 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The mean coefficient of variation, intraclass correlation coefficient, and SE of measurement for peak power between trials was 3.0% (90% confidence intervals [CIs] = 2.5-3.8%), 0.96 (90% CIs = 0.91-0.98), and 39 W, respectively. The smallest worthwhile change for relative peak power was 6.0%, which equated to 1.03 W·kg⁻¹. The cycle ergometer sprint test protocol described in this study is highly reliable in elite Australian rules footballers and can be used to track meaningful changes in performance over time, making it a potentially useful fatigue-monitoring tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Wehbe
- 1School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia; 2School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; 3School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia; and 4Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Nimmerichter A, Williams CA. Comparison of power output during ergometer and track cycling in adolescent cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1049-56. [PMID: 25353075 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish the level of agreement between test performance of young elite cyclists in a laboratory and a track field-based trial. Fourteen adolescent cyclists (age: 14.8 ± 1.1 years; (Equation is included in full-text article.): 63.5 ± 5.6 ml·min(-1)·kg(-1)) performed 3 tests of 10 seconds, 1 minute, and 3 minutes on an air-braked ergometer (Wattbike) and on a 250-m track using their own bikes mounted with mobile power meters (SRM). The agreement between the maximum and mean power output (Pmax and Pmean) measured on the Wattbike and SRM was assessed with the 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Power output was strongly correlated between Wattbike and SRM for all tests (r = 0.94-0.96; p < 0.001). However, power output was significantly higher on the Wattbike compared with track cycling during all tests. The bias and 95% LoA were 76 ± 78 W (8.8 ± 9.5%; p = 0.003, d = 0.38) for Pmax10s and 82 ± 55 W (10.9 ± 7.9%; p < 0.001, d = 0.46) for Pmean10s. During the 1- and 3-minute test, the bias and 95% LoA were 72 ± 30 W (17.9 ± 7.1%; p < 0.001, d = 0.84) and 28 ± 20 W (9.6 ± 6.1%; p < 0.001, d = 0.51), respectively. Laboratory tests, as assessed using a stationary ergometer, resulted in maximal and mean power output scores that were consistently higher than a track field-based test using a mobile ergometer. These results might be attributed to the technical ability of the riders and their experience to optimize gearing and cadence to maximize performance. Prediction of field-based testing on the track from laboratory tests should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Nimmerichter
- 1Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Wiener Neustadt, Austria; and 2Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Muscle oxygen changes following Sprint Interval Cycling training in elite field hockey players. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120338. [PMID: 25807517 PMCID: PMC4373931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of Sprint Interval Cycling (SIT) on muscle oxygenation kinetics and performance during the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT). Twenty-five women hockey players of Olympic standard were randomly selected into an experimental group (EXP) and a control group (CON). The EXP group performed six additional SIT sessions over six weeks in addition to their normal training program. To explore the potential training-induced change, EXP subjects additionally completed 5 x 30s maximal intensity cycle testing before and after training. During these tests near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measured parameters; oxyhaemoglobin + oxymyoglobin (HbO2+ MbO2), tissue deoxyhaemoglobin + deoxymyoglobin (HHb+HMb), total tissue haemoglobin (tHb) and tissue oxygenation (TSI %) were taken. In the EXP group (5.34 ± 0.14 to 5.50 ± 0.14 m.s(-1)) but not the CON group (pre = 5.37 ± 0.27 to 5.39 ± 0.30 m.s(-1)) significant changes were seen in the 30-15 IFT performance. EXP group also displayed significant post-training increases during the sprint cycling: ΔTSI (-7.59 ± 0.91 to -12.16 ± 2.70%); ΔHHb+HMb (35.68 ± 6.67 to 69.44 ± 26.48 μM.cm); and ΔHbO2+ MbO2 (-74.29 ± 13.82 to -109.36 ± 22.61 μM.cm). No significant differences were seen in ΔtHb (-45.81 ± 15.23 to -42.93 ± 16.24). NIRS is able to detect positive peripheral muscle oxygenation changes when used during a SIT protocol which has been shown to be an effective training modality within elite athletes.
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Comparison of Between-Training-Sessions Recovery Strategies for World-Class BMX Pilots. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015; 10:219-23. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To assess the impact of between-training-sessions recovery strategies (passive [PAS], active [ACT], cold-water immersion [CWI], and ingestion of a recovery drink [NUTR]) on maximal cycling performance, perceptions of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue in world-class BMX riders.Methods:Eleven elite BMX athletes, members of the French national team (top country in the 2011 international ranking, 4 medals at the 2012 World Championships, top European country), participated in the study, which involved standardized training periods. Athletes performed 3 maximal-sprint power tests: the first day of the week before the training session and before and after training on the third day of the week (D3). The recovery strategy was randomly assigned to each participant on day 2 immediately after the last training period of the day. Perceptions of DOMS and general fatigue were recorded on D3.Results:After training on D3, the decrease in maximal-sprint power (Pmax) was significantly greater for PAS than with CWI (P = .02) and NUTR (P = .018). Similar results were found with ACT (vs CWI P = .044, and vs NUTR P = .042). Self-reported DOMS and fatigue were significantly greater after PAS than after other strategies.Conclusions:For elite BMX riders, between training days, nutritional and/or CWI recovery strategies appear to be best for reducing muscle fatigue and increasing the capacity to withstand the training schedule.
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Herbert P, Sculthorpe N, Baker JS, Grace FM. Validation of a six second cycle test for the determination of peak power output. Res Sports Med 2015; 23:115-25. [PMID: 25720917 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2015.1005294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the agreement between peak power output during a standard Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) and a six second 'all-out' test on a Wattbike Pro. Nine males (40.7 ± 19.4 yrs, 1.76 ± 0.03 cm, 82.11 ± 8.9 kg) underwent three testing protocols on separate days. The protocols consisted 30 second WAnT (WAnT30), a modified WAnT over 6 seconds (WAnT6) and a 6 second peak power test (PPT6). PPT6 was correlated with WAnT30 (r = 0.9; p < 0.001) with a mean bias of 105 W. PPT6 correlated with WAnT6 (r = 0.95; p < 0.001) with a mean bias of 74 W. WAnT6 correlated with WAnT30 (r = 0.99; p < 0.001) with a mean bias of 31 W. There was no difference in time to peak power between any trial. PPT6 resulted in significantly greater power outputs than in WAnT30 and WAnT6 (p < 0.001). We conclude that PPT6 and WAnT6 are valid measures of peak power output compared with WAnT30. This identifies that PPT6 and WAnT6 as short duration 'all-out' tests that have practical applications for researchers and coaches who wish to assess peak power output without the fatiguing effects associated with a standard WAnT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Herbert
- a University of Wales Trinity St David's, Carmarthen, South Wales , Swansea SA31 3EP , UK
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Gross mechanical efficiency of the combined arm-leg (Cruiser) ergometer: a comparison with the bicycle ergometer and handbike. Int J Rehabil Res 2014; 38:61-7. [PMID: 25419689 DOI: 10.1097/mrr.0000000000000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The combined arm-leg (Cruiser) ergometer is assumed to be a relevant testing and training instrument in the rehabilitation of patients with a lower limb amputation. The efficiency and submaximal strain have not been established and thus cannot be compared with alternative common modes of exercise. A total of 22 healthy able-bodied men (n=10) and women (n=12) were enrolled in four discontinuous submaximal graded exercise tests. Each test consisted of seven bouts of 3 min exercise ranging from 20 to 45 W and was performed on, respectively, the Cruiser ergometer, a bicycle ergometer, a handbike, and again the Cruiser ergometer. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured and rate of perceived exertion was determined. Gross mechanical efficiency (GE) was determined from power output and submaximal steady-state energy cost. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (P<0.05) was used to evaluate the effects of exercise mode, exercise intensity, and sex. No differences in GE and cardiorespiratory strain were found between both Cruiser tests (GE 45 W: men 13.0%, women 15%) and the bicycle test (GE 45 W: men 13.2%, women 14.6%). GEs of handbiking (45 W: men 11.2%, women 12.2%) were lower compared with the Cruiser and bicycle test results, whereas cardiorespiratory strain in handbiking was consistently higher. Apart from a lower rate of perceived exertion at the second Cruiser test, no differences were found between the repeated Cruiser tests. It can be concluded that GE and cardiorespiratory strain in submaximal Cruiser exercise are comparable with leg cycling, the repeatability was good, and no obvious learning effects were observed. The results of this study form a base for further research in patients with a lower limb amputation.
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