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Behrendt T, Altorjay AC, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Glazachev OS, Schega L. Influence of acute and chronic intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure prior to aerobic exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in geriatric patients-a randomized controlled trial. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1043536. [PMID: 36388103 PMCID: PMC9650443 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1043536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure (IHHE) and aerobic training have been proposed as non-pharmacological interventions to reduce age-related risk factors. However, no study has yet examined the effects of IHHE before aerobic exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of IHHE prior to aerobic cycling exercise on blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations as well as blood pressure in geriatric patients. Methods: In a randomized, controlled, and single-blinded trial, thirty geriatric patients (72-94 years) were assigned to two groups: intervention (IG; n = 16) and sham control group (CG; n = 14). Both groups completed 6 weeks of aerobic cycling training, 3 times a week for 20 min per day. The IG and CG were additionally exposed to IHHE or sham IHHE (i.e., normoxia) for 30 min prior to aerobic cycling. Blood samples were taken on three occasions: immediately before the first, ∼10 min after the first, and immediately before the last session. Blood samples were analyzed for total (tCh), high-density (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (Tgl) serum concentration. Resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was assessed within 1 week before, during (i.e., at week two and four), and after the interventions. Results: The baseline-adjusted ANCOVA revealed a higher LDL-C concentration in the IG compared to the CG after the first intervention session (ηp 2 = 0.12). For tCh, HDL-C, Tgl, and tCh/HDL-C ratio there were no differences in acute changes between the IG and the CG (ηp 2 ≤ 0.01). With regard to the chronic effects on lipids and lipoproteins, data analysis indicated no differences between groups (ηp 2 ≤ 0.03). The repeated measures ANOVA revealed an interaction effect for SBP (ηp 2 = 0.06) but not for DBP (ηp 2 ≤ 0.01). Within-group post-hoc analysis for the IG indicated a reduction in SBP at post-test (d = 0.05). Conclusion: Applying IHHE prior to aerobic cycling seems to be effective to reduce SBP in geriatric patients after 6 weeks of training. The present study suggests that IHHE prior to aerobic cycling can influence the acute exercise-related responses in LDL-C concentration but did not induce chronic changes in basal lipid or lipoprotein concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Altorjay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oleg S. Glazachev
- Departement Human Physiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Behrendt T, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Herold F, Schega L. Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia on Performance- and Health-Related Outcomes in Humans: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:70. [PMID: 35639211 PMCID: PMC9156652 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent hypoxia applied at rest or in combination with exercise promotes multiple beneficial adaptations with regard to performance and health in humans. It was hypothesized that replacing normoxia by moderate hyperoxia can increase the adaptive response to the intermittent hypoxic stimulus. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to systematically review the current state of the literature on the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia (IHH) on performance- and health-related outcomes in humans. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science™, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (January 2000 to September 2021) using the following inclusion criteria: (1) original research articles involving humans, (2) investigation of the chronic effect of IHH, (3) inclusion of a control group being not exposed to IHH, and (4) articles published in peer-reviewed journals written in English. RESULTS Of 1085 articles initially found, eight studies were included. IHH was solely performed at rest in different populations including geriatric patients (n = 1), older patients with cardiovascular (n = 3) and metabolic disease (n = 2) or cognitive impairment (n = 1), and young athletes with overtraining syndrome (n = 1). The included studies confirmed the beneficial effects of chronic exposure to IHH, showing improvements in exercise tolerance, peak oxygen uptake, and global cognitive functions, as well as lowered blood glucose levels. A trend was discernible that chronic exposure to IHH can trigger a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The evidence of whether IHH exerts beneficial effects on blood lipid levels and haematological parameters is currently inconclusive. A meta-analysis was not possible because the reviewed studies had a considerable heterogeneity concerning the investigated populations and outcome parameters. CONCLUSION Based on the published literature, it can be suggested that chronic exposure to IHH might be a promising non-pharmacological intervention strategy for improving peak oxygen consumption, exercise tolerance, and cognitive performance as well as reducing blood glucose levels, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in older patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases or cognitive impairment. However, further randomized controlled trials with adequate sample sizes are needed to confirm and extend the evidence. This systematic review was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO-ID: CRD42021281248) ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Str. 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Disease, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
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Behrendt T, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Glazachev OS, Schega L. Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Exposure Prior to Aerobic Cycling Exercise on Physical and Cognitive Performance in Geriatric Patients—A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Physiol 2022; 13:899096. [PMID: 35694402 PMCID: PMC9178199 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.899096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It was recently shown that intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure (IHHE) applied prior to a multimodal training program promoted additional improvements in cognitive and physical performance in geriatric patients compared to physical training only. However, there is a gap in the literature to which extent the addition of IHHE can enhance the effects of an aerobic training. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of IHHE applied prior to aerobic cycling exercise on cognitive and physical performance in geriatric patients. Methods: In a randomized, two-armed, controlled, and single-blinded trial, 25 geriatric patients (77–94 years) were assigned to two groups: intervention group (IG) and sham control group (CG). Both groups completed 6 weeks of aerobic training using a motorized cycle ergometer, three times a week for 20 min per day. The IG was additionally exposed to intermittent hypoxic and hyperoxic periods for 30 min prior to exercise. The CG followed the similar procedure breathing sham hypoxia and hyperoxia (i.e., normoxia). Within 1 week before and after the interventions, cognitive performance was assessed with the Dementia-Detection Test (DemTect) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), while physical performance was measured using the Timed “Up and Go” Test (TUG) and the Short-Physical-Performance-Battery (SPPB). Results: No interaction effect was found with respect to the DemTect (ηp2 = 0.02). An interaction effect with medium effect size (ηp2 = 0.08) was found for CDT performance with a higher change over time for IG (d = 0.57) compared to CG (d = 0.05). The ANCOVA with baseline-adjustment indicated between-group differences with a large and medium effect size at post-test for the TUG (ηp2 = 0.29) and SPPB (ηp2 = 0.06) performance, respectively, in favour of the IG. Within-group post-hoc analysis showed that the TUG performance was worsened in the CG (d = 0.65) and remained unchanged in the IG (d = 0.19). Furthermore, SPPB performance was increased (d = 0.58) in IG, but no relevant change over time was found for CG (d = 0.00). Conclusion: The current study suggests that an additional IHHE prior to aerobic cycling exercise seems to be more effective to increase global cognitive functions as well as physical performance and to preserve functional mobility in geriatric patients in comparison to aerobic exercise alone after a 6-week intervention period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tom Behrendt,
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oleg S. Glazachev
- Department Human Physiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Pramkratok W, Songsupap T, Yimlamai T. Repeated sprint training under hypoxia improves aerobic performance and repeated sprint ability by enhancing muscle deoxygenation and markers of angiogenesis in rugby sevens. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:611-622. [PMID: 34977961 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of repeated sprint (RS) training in hypoxia on aerobic performance, repeated sprint ability (RSA), and muscle oxygenation in Rugby Sevens. METHODS Fourteen Rugby Sevens players were randomly allocated into hypoxic (RSH, FIO2 = 14.5%, n = 7) or normoxic (RSN, FIO2 = 20.9%, n = 7) groups. Both groups underwent RS training consisting of 3 sets of 6-s × 10 sprints at 140% of velocity at peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) on a motorized treadmill, 3 days/week for 6 weeks in addition to usual training. Hematological variables, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations were measured. Aerobic performance, RSA, and muscle oxygenation during the running-based anaerobic sprint (RAS) test were analyzed. RESULTS RSH caused no changes in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit but significant improvements in [Formula: see text] (7.5%, p = 0.03, ES = 1.07), time to exhaustion (17.6%, p = 0.05, ES = 0.92), and fatigue index (FI, - 12.3%, p = 0.01, ES = 1.39) during the RSA test compared to baseline but not RSN. While ∆deoxygenated hemoglobin was significantly increased both after RSH and RSN (p < 0.05), ∆tissue saturation index (- 56.1%, p = 0.01, ES = 1.35) and ∆oxygenated hemoglobin (- 54.7%, p = 0.04, ES = 0.97) were significantly decreased after RSH. These changes were concomitant with increased levels of HIF-1α and VEGF in serum after RSH with a strong negative correlation between ∆FI and ∆deoxygenated hemoglobin after RSH (r = - 0.81, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION There was minimal benefit from adding RSH to standard Rugby Sevens training, in eliciting improvements in aerobic performance and resistance to fatigue, possibly by enhanced muscle deoxygenation and increased serum HIF-1α and VEGF concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadee Pramkratok
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tongthong Songsupap
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Tossaporn Yimlamai
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Winter C, Bjorkman T, Miller S, Nichols P, Cardinal J, O'Rourke P, Ballard E, Nasrallah F, Vegh V. Acute Mountain Sickness Following Incremental Trekking to High Altitude: Correlation With Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels and the Possible Effects of Dexamethasone and Acclimatization Following Re-exposure. Front Physiol 2021; 12:746044. [PMID: 34744786 PMCID: PMC8567072 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.746044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The recognition and treatment of high-altitude illness (HAI) is increasingly important in global emergency medicine. High altitude related hypobaric hypoxia can lead to acute mountain sickness (AMS), which may relate to increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and subsequent blood-brain barrier (BBB) compromise. This study aimed to establish the relationship between AMS and changes in plasma VEGF levels during a high-altitude ascent. VEGF level changes with dexamethasone, a commonly used AMS medication, may provide additional insight into AMS. Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers ascended Mt Fuji (3,700 m) and blood samples were obtained at distinct altitudes for VEGF analysis. Oxygen saturation (SPO2) measurements were also documented at the same time-point. Six out of the 12 study participants were prescribed dexamethasone for a second ascent performed 48 h later, and blood was again collected to establish VEGF levels. Results: Four key VEGF observations could be made based on the data collected: (i) the baseline VEGF levels between the two ascents trended upwards; (ii) those deemed to have AMS in the first ascent had increased VEGF levels (23.8–30.3 pg/ml), which decreased otherwise (23.8–30.3 pg/ml); (iii) first ascent AMS participants had higher VEGF level variability for the second ascent, and similar to those not treated with dexamethasone; and (iv) for the second ascent dexamethasone participants had similar VEGF levels to non-AMS first ascent participants, and the variability was lower than for first ascent AMS and non-dexamethasone participants. SPO2 changes were unremarkable, other than reducing by around 5% irrespective of whether measurement was taken for the first or second ascent. Conclusion: First ascent findings suggest a hallmark of AMS could be elevated VEGF levels. The lack of an exercise-induced VEGF level change strengthened the notion that elevated plasma VEGF was brain-derived, and related to AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Winter
- Kenneth Jamieson Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,UQ Center for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tracy Bjorkman
- UQ Center for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephanie Miller
- UQ Center for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Nichols
- Kenneth Jamieson Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,UQ Center for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John Cardinal
- School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter O'Rourke
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma Ballard
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fatima Nasrallah
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Viktor Vegh
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Yatsutani H, Mori H, Ito H, Hayashi N, Girard O, Goto K. Endocrine and Metabolic Responses to Endurance Exercise Under Hot and Hypoxic Conditions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:932. [PMID: 32973541 PMCID: PMC7466541 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We explored the effect of heat stress during an acute endurance exercise session in hypoxia on endocrine and metabolic responses. Methods A total of 12 healthy males cycled at a constant workload (60% of the power output associated with their maximal oxygen uptake under each respective condition) for 60 min in three different environments: exercise under hot and hypoxia (H+H; fraction of inspiratory oxygen or FiO2: 14.5%, 32°C), exercise under hypoxia (HYP; FiO2: 14.5%, 23°C), and exercise under normoxia (NOR; FiO2: 20.9%, 23°C). After completing the exercise, participants remained in the chamber for 3 h to evaluate metabolic and endocrine responses under each environment. Changes in muscle oxygenation (only during exercise), blood variables, arterial oxygen saturation, and muscle temperature were determined up to 3 h after exercise. Results Serum erythropoietin (EPO) level was increased to similar levels in both H+H and HYP at 3 h after exercise compared with before exercise (P < 0.05), whereas no significant increase was found under NOR. No significant difference between H+H and HYP was observed in the serum EPO level, blood lactate level, or muscle oxygenation at any time (P > 0.05). Exercise-induced serum growth hormone (GH) elevation was significantly greater in H+H compared with HYP (P < 0.05) and HYP showed significantly lower value than NOR (P < 0.05). Arterial oxygen saturation during exercise was significantly lower in H+H and HYP compared with NOR (P < 0.05). Furthermore, H+H showed higher value compared with HYP (P < 0.05). Conclusion The serum EPO level increased significantly with endurance exercise in hypoxia. However, the addition of heat stress during endurance exercise in hypoxia did not augment the EPO response up to 3 h after completion of exercise. Exercise-induced GH elevation was significantly augmented when the hot exposure was combined during endurance exercise in hypoxia. Muscle oxygenation levels during endurance exercise did not differ significantly among the conditions. These findings suggest that combined hot and hypoxic stresses during endurance exercise caused some modifications of metabolic and endocrine regulations compared with the same exercise in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ito
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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Takei N, Kakinoki K, Girard O, Hatta H. Short-Term Repeated Wingate Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Sprinters. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:43. [PMID: 33345035 PMCID: PMC7739589 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated Wingate efforts (RW) represent an effective training strategy for improving exercise capacity. Living low-training high altitude/hypoxic training methods, that upregulate muscle adaptations, are increasingly popular. However, the benefits of RW training in hypoxia compared to normoxia on performance and accompanying physiological adaptations remain largely undetermined. Our intention was to test the hypothesis that RW training in hypoxia provides additional performance benefits and more favorable physiological responses than equivalent training in normoxia. Twelve male runners (university sprinters) completed six RW training sessions (3 × 30-s Wingate “all-out” efforts with 4.5-min recovery) in either hypoxia (FiO2: 0.145, n = 6) or normoxia (FiO2: 0.209, n = 6) over 2 weeks. Before and after the intervention, participants underwent a RW performance test (3 × 30-s Wingate “all-out” efforts with 4.5-min recovery). Peak power output, mean power output, and total work for the three exercise bouts were determined. A capillary blood sample was taken for analyzing blood lactate concentration (BLa) 3 min after each of the three efforts. Peak power output (+ 11.3 ± 23.0%, p = 0.001), mean power output (+ 6.6 ± 6.8%, p = 0.001), and total work (+ 6.3 ± 5.4% p = 0.016) significantly increased from pre- to post-training, independently of condition. The time × group × interval interaction was significant (p = 0.05) for BLa. Compared to Pre-tests, BLa values during post-test were higher (+ 8.7 ± 10.3%) after about 2 in the normoxic group, although statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.08). Contrastingly, BLa values were lower (albeit not significantly) during post- compared to pre-tests after bout 2 (−9.3 ± 8.6%; p = 0.08) and bout 3 (−9.1 ± 10.7%; p = 0.09) in the hypoxic group. In conclusion, six RW training sessions over 2 weeks significantly improved RW performance, while training in hypoxia had no additional benefit over normoxia. However, accompanying BLa responses tended to be lower in the hypoxic group, while an opposite pattern was observed in the normoxic group. This indicates that different glycolytic and/or oxidative pathway adaptations were probably at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Takei
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Hayashi N, Yatsutani H, Mori H, Ito H, Badenhorst CE, Goto K. No effect of supplemented heat stress during an acute endurance exercise session in hypoxia on hepcidin regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1331-1340. [PMID: 32303828 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a novel factor for iron deficiency in athletes, which is suggested to be regulated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) or erythropoietin (EPO). PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to compare endurance exercise-induced hepcidin elevation among "normoxia", "hypoxia" and "combined heat and hypoxia". METHODS Twelve males (21.5 ± 0.3 years, 168.1 ± 1.2 cm, 63.6 ± 2.0 kg) participated in the present study. They performed 60 min of cycling at 60% of [Formula: see text] in either "heat and hypoxia" (HHYP; FiO2 14.5%, 32 °C), "hypoxia" (HYP; FiO2 14.5%, 23 °C) or "normoxia" (NOR; FiO2 20.9%, 23 °C). After completing the exercise, participants remained in the prescribed conditions for 3 h post-exercise. Blood samples were collected before, immediately and 3 h after exercise. RESULTS Plasma IL-6 level significantly increased immediately after exercise (P < 0.05), with no significant difference among the trials. A significant elevation in serum EPO was observed 3 h after exercise in hypoxic trials (HHYP and HYP, P < 0.05), with no significant difference between HHYP and HYP. Serum hepcidin level increased 3 h after exercise in all trials (NOR, before 18.3 ± 3.9 and post180 31.2 ± 6.3 ng/mL; HYP, before 13.5 ± 2.5 and post180 23.3 ± 3.6 ng/mL, HHYP; before 15.8 ± 3.3 and post180 31.4 ± 5.3 ng/mL, P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference among the trials during post-exercise. CONCLUSION Endurance exercise in "combined heat and hypoxia" did not exacerbate exercise-induced hepcidin elevation compared with the same exercise in "hypoxia" or "normoxia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ito
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Claire E Badenhorst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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Kasperska A, Zembron-Lacny A. The effect of intermittent hypoxic exposure on erythropoietic response and hematological variables in elite athletes. Physiol Res 2020; 69:283-290. [PMID: 32199016 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the changes in the erythropoietin level and hematological variables in wrestlers after intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE). Twelve wrestlers were assigned into two groups: hypoxia (sports training combined with IHE, n=6) and control (sports training, n=6). An IHE was performed for 10 days, with one day off after 6 days, once a day for about an hour. The concentrations of hydrogen peroxide ( H(2)O(2) ), nitric oxide (NO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO), as well as total creatine kinase activity (CK) were measured. Also, the hematological markers (Hb - hemoglobin, Ht - hematocrit, RBC - red blood cell, WBC - white blood cell, Ret - reticulocytes) were analyzed. The 6-day IHE caused an increase in the levels of H(2)O(2), NO and VEGF. Similarly, the EPO level and WBC count reached the highest value after 6 days of IHE. The total Ret number increase constantly during 10 days of IHE. The hypoxia group showed a higher CK activity compared to the control. In conclusion, 10-day IHE in combination with wrestling training elevates levels of H(2)O(2), NO and VEGF, and improves the oxygen transport capacity by the release of EPO and Ret in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasperska
- Poznan University of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.
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Kasai N, Kojima C, Sumi D, Ikutomo A, Goto K. Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Angiogenic Growth Factor Responses to Repeated-Sprint Exercise in Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:844. [PMID: 31447683 PMCID: PMC6696976 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effects of repeated-sprint exercise in moderate hypoxia on inflammatory, muscle damage, oxidative stress, and angiogenic growth factor responses among athletes. Ten male college track and field sprinters [mean ± standard error (SE): age, 20.9 ± 0.1 years; height, 175.7 ± 1.9 cm; body weight, 67.3 ± 2.0 kg] performed two exercise trials in either hypoxia [HYPO; fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), 14.5%] or normoxia (NOR; FiO2, 20.9%). The exercise consisted of three sets of 5 s × 6 s maximal sprints with 30 s rest periods between sprints and 10 min rest periods between sets. After completing the exercise, subjects remained in the chamber for 3 h under the prescribed oxygen concentration (hypoxia or normoxia). The average power output during exercise did not differ significantly between trials (p = 0.17). Blood lactate concentrations after exercise were significantly higher in the HYPO trial than in the NOR trial (p < 0.05). Plasma interleukin-6 concentrations increased significantly after exercise (p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the two trials (p = 0.07). Post-exercise plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, serum myoglobin, serum lipid peroxidation, plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine concentrations did not differ significantly between the two trials (p > 0.05). In conclusion, exercise-induced inflammatory, muscle damage, oxidative stress, and VEGF responses following repeated-sprint exercise were not different between hypoxia and normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiho Ikutomo
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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Törpel A, Peter B, Hamacher D, Schega L. Dose-response relationship of intermittent normobaric hypoxia to stimulate erythropoietin in the context of health promotion in young and old people. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1065-1074. [PMID: 30756167 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Erythropoietin (EPO) has multifactorial positive effects on health and can be increased by intermittent normobaric hypoxia (IH). Recommendations about the intensity and duration of IH to increase EPO exist, but only for young people. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the dose-response relationship regarding the duration of hypoxia until an EPO expression and the amount of EPO expression in old vs. young cohorts. METHODS 56 young and 67 old people were assigned to two separate investigations with identical study designs (3-h hypoxic exposure) but with different approaches to adjust the intensity of hypoxia: (i) the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) was 13.5%; (ii) the FiO2 was individually adjusted to an oxygen saturation of the blood of 80%. Age groups were randomly assigned to a hypoxia or control group (normoxic exposure). EPO was assessed before, during (90 and 180 min), and 30 min after the hypoxia. RESULTS EPO increased significantly after 180 min in both cohorts and in both investigations [old: (i) + 16%, p = 0.007 and (ii) + 14%, p < 0.001; young: (i) + 27%, p < 0.001 and (ii) + 45%, p = 0.007]. In investigation (i), EPO expression was significantly higher in young than in old people after 180 min of hypoxic exposure (p = 0.024) and 30 min afterwards (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION The results indicate that after a normobaric hypoxia of 180 min, EPO increases significantly in both age cohorts. The amount of EPO expression is significantly higher in young people during the same internal intensity of hypoxia than in old people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Törpel
- Institute III: Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Beate Peter
- Institute III: Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Hamacher
- Institute III: Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Institute III: Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
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Goto K, Kasai N, Kojima C, Ishibashi A. Postexercise serum hepcidin response to repeated sprint exercise under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:221-226. [PMID: 28961407 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We determined the effects of repeated sprint exercise under normoxic and hypoxic conditions on serum hepcidin levels. Ten male athletes (age: 20.9 ± 0.3 years; height: 175.7 ± 6.0 cm; weight: 67.3 ± 6.3 kg) performed 2 exercise trials under normoxic (NOR; fraction of inspiratory oxygen (FiO2): 20.9%) or hypoxic conditions (HYPO; FiO2: 14.5%). The exercise consisted of 3 sets of 5 × 6 s of maximal pedaling (30-s rest periods between sprints, 10-min rest periods between sets). Blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 1 and 3 h after exercise. Serum hepcidin levels were significantly elevated after exercise in both trials (both P < 0.01), with no significant difference between the trials. The postexercise blood lactate levels were significantly higher in the HYPO than the NOR (P < 0.05). Both trials caused similar increases in plasma interleukin-6 and serum iron levels (P < 0.001), with no significant difference between the trials. A significant interaction (trial × time) was apparent in terms of serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels (P = 0.003). The EPO level was significantly higher in the HYPO than the NOR at 3 h after exercise (P < 0.05). In conclusion, repeated sprint exercise significantly increased serum hepcidin levels to similar extent in 2 trials, despite differences in the inspired oxygen concentrations during both the exercise and the 3-h postexercise period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Goto
- a Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Kasai
- a Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- a Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Aya Ishibashi
- a Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.,b Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Science, Kitaku, Tokyo, 525-8577, Japan
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Goto K, Sumi D, Kojima C, Ishibashi A. Post-exercise serum hepcidin levels were unaffected by hypoxic exposure during prolonged exercise sessions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183629. [PMID: 28829838 PMCID: PMC5567555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of hypoxic exposure during prolonged endurance exercise sessions (79 min in total) on post-exercise hepcidin levels in trained male endurance athletes. Ten endurance athletes (mean ± standard deviation; height: 169.8 ± 7.1 cm, weight: 57.1 ± 5.0 kg) conducted two endurance exercise sessions under either a normobaric hypoxic condition [inspired O2 fraction (FiO2) = 14.5%] or a normoxic condition (FiO2 = 20.9%). Exercise consisted of 10 × 3 min running on a treadmill at 95% of maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) with 60s of active rest at 60% of [Formula: see text]. After 10 min of rest, they subsequently performed 30 min of continuous running at 85% of [Formula: see text]. Running velocities were significantly lower in the HYPO than in the NOR (P < 0.0001). Exercise-induced blood lactate elevation was significantly greater in the HYPO (P < 0.01). There were significant increases in plasma interleukin-6, serum iron, and blood glucose levels after exercise, with no significant difference between the trials [interaction (trial × time) or main effect for trial, P > 0.05]. Serum hepcidin levels increased significantly 120 min after exercise (HYPO: from 10.7 ± 9.4 ng/mL to 15.8 ± 11.2 ng/mL; NOR: from 7.9 ± 4.7 ng/mL to 13.2 ± 7.9 ng/mL, P < 0.05), and no difference was observed between the trials. In conclusion, endurance exercise at lower running velocity in hypoxic conditions resulted in similar post-exercise hepcidin elevations as higher running velocity in normoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Aya Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kitaku, Tokyo, Japan
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Shill DD, Polley KR, Willingham TB, Call JA, Murrow JR, McCully KK, Jenkins NT. Experimental intermittent ischemia augments exercise-induced inflammatory cytokine production. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:434-441. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01006.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise-induced inflammation is implicated in mediating the beneficial adaptations to regular exercise. Evidence suggests that reduced oxygen and/or blood flow to contracting muscle alters cytokine appearance. However, the acute inflammatory responses to hypoxic/ischemic exercise have been documented with inconsistent results and may not accurately reflect the ischemia produced during exercise in patients with ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we determined the extent to which local inflammation is involved in the response to ischemic exercise. Fourteen healthy males performed unilateral isometric forearm contractions for 30 min with and without experimental ischemia. Blood was drawn at baseline, 5 and 10 min into exercise, at the end of exercise, and 30, 60, and 120 min after exercise. Oxygen saturation levels, as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, were reduced by 10% and 41% during nonischemic and ischemic exercise, respectively. Nonischemic exercise did not affect cytokine values. Ischemia enhanced concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and vascular endothelial growth factor during exercise, but IL-8 was not influenced by ischemic exercise. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that ischemic, small-muscle endurance exercise elicits local inflammatory cytokine production compared with nonischemic exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that ischemic, small-muscle endurance exercise elicits local inflammatory cytokine production compared with nonischemic exercise. The present study advances our knowledge of the inflammatory response to exercise in a partial ischemic state, which may be relevant for understanding the therapeutic effects of exercise training for people with ischemic cardiovascular disease-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Shill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kristine R. Polley
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | | | - Jarrod A. Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; and
| | - Jonathan R. Murrow
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Augusta University-University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kevin K. McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Liu KL, Yu RJ, Feng GS, Wu J. Expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in colorectal cancer: Relationship with angiogenesis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:3384-3389. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i21.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and clinicopathological parameters, as well as tumor angiogenesis in colorectal cancer.
METHODS: The expression of IGF-1 was detected using immunohistochemical method in 56 colorectal carcinoma and 20 normal colon tissues. Microvessel density (MVD) was counted by evaluating the expression of endothelial marker CD34.
RESULTS: The positive rates of IGF-1 in colorectal carcinoma and normal mucosa were 85.71% and 35%, respectively. The expression of IGF-1 correlated with lymph node metastasis significantly (P < 0.05). MVD values were 8.76±2.67 and 35.55 ± 7.78 in normal colon tissue and colorectal cancer, respectively. MVD correlated significantly with differentiation degree, invasion depth, Duke's stage and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05 for all).
CONCLUSION: IGF-1 is highly expressed in colorectal adenocarcinoma and may be involved in the progression of colorectal cancer through enhancing tumor angiogenesis.
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