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Olenick AA, Pearson RC, Jenkins NT. Impact of aerobic fitness status, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptive use on exercise substrate oxidation and metabolic flexibility in females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:93-104. [PMID: 37657080 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of menstrual cycle phase and fitness status on metabolism during high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) was assessed. Twenty-five females (24.4 (3.6) years) were categorized by normal menstrual cycle (n = 14) vs. oral contraceptive (OC) use (n = 11) and by aerobic fitness, high-fitness females (HFF; n = 13) vs. low-fitness females (LFF; n = 12). HIIE was four sets of four repetitions with a 3 min rest between intervals on a cycle ergometer at a power output halfway between the ventilatory threshold and V̇O2peak and performed during follicular (FOL: days 2-7 or inactive pills) and luteal phases (LUT: day ∼21 or 3rd week of active pills). Substrate oxidation was assessed via indirect calorimetry, blood lactate via finger stick, and recovery of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism (mV̇O2) via continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy. HFF oxidized more fat (g·kg-1) during the full session (FOL: p = 0.050, LUT: p = 0.001), high intervals (FOL: p = 0.048, LUT: p = 0.001), low intervals (FOL: p = 0.032, LUT: p = 0.024), and LUT recovery (p = 0.033). Carbohydrate oxidation area under the curve was greater in HFF during FOL (FOL: p = 0.049, LUT: p = 0.124). Blood lactate was lower in LFF in FOL (p ≤ 0.05) but not in LUT. Metabolic flexibility (Δ fat oxidation g·kg-1·min-1) was greater in HFF than LFF during intervals 2-3 in FOL and 1-4 in LUT (p ≤ 0.05). Fitness status more positively influences exercise metabolic flexibility during HIIE than cycle phase or OC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Olenick
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical School, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Regis C Pearson
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Cogan B, Pearson RC, Jenkins NT, Paton CM, Cooper JA. A 4-Week Pecan-Enriched Diet Improves Postprandial Lipid Peroxidation in Aging Adults. J Med Food 2023; 26:654-662. [PMID: 37638838 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pecans are rich in bioactive compounds known to reduce oxidative stress and provide glucoregulatory benefits. Few studies assessing the effect of a pecan-enriched diet on such health outcomes suggest potential improvements to cardiometabolic health; however, this has not been studied in an older adult population. Thus, we aimed to examine the effect of daily pecan consumption for 4-weeks on fasting and postmeal antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and markers of glycemia in healthy aging adults. In this randomized, parallel, controlled trial, 41 healthy adults (50-75 years) either consumed 68 g of pecans/day (pecan; n = 21) or avoided all nuts (control; n = 20). At pre- (V1) and postintervention visits (V2), blood samples were obtained at fasting, and 30, 60, and 120 min following a high saturated fat meal to assess changes in malondialdehyde, which is a measure of lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glucose, and insulin. Across the intervention, there were no differences in fasting or postprandial TAC, glucose, or insulin for pecan versus control. There was a trend for a difference in fasting lipid peroxidation from V1 to V2 by treatment (P = .06) driven by a slight reduction for pecan versus control (Δpecan: -2.0 ± 1.1 vs. Δcontrol: +0.6 ± 0.8 μM). In addition, postprandial lipid peroxidation was suppressed at V2 for pecan, and this was different from control (pecan areas under the curve (AUC): 10.6 ± 1.3 μM/h to 9.1 ± 1.2 μM/h vs. control AUC: 8.9 ± 1.3 μM/h to 9.2 ± 1.1 μM/h; P = .03). These findings suggest that a 1 month, pecan-enriched diet is protective against postmeal oxidative stress. Longer interventions or a diabetic population may be needed to observe glucoregulatory benefits. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04385537.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Cogan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Regis C Pearson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Chad M Paton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Cogan B, Pearson RC, Jenkins NT, Paton CM, Cooper JA. A pecan-enriched diet reduced postprandial appetite intensity and enhanced peptide YY secretion: A randomized control trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 56:25-35. [PMID: 37344080 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tree nuts have been shown to have satiating qualities; however, little is known concerning the effect of pecans on measures of appetite. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a pecan-enriched diet on subjective, physiological, and direct measures of appetite in older adults. METHODS This was a randomized, controlled trial in which healthy older adults (50-75 y) were randomized to either consume 68 g of pecans/day (pecan; n = 21) or avoid all nuts (control; n = 23) for 4 weeks. At pre- (V1) and post-diet (V2) visits body weight (BW) and body fat percentage (BF) were assessed and actual change in these outcomes for pecan were compared to theoretical changes if pecans were consumed without compensation. Subjective appetite was measured using visual analog scale (VAS), and blood was collected to assess changes in physiological appetite before and every 30 min for 4 h following a high-fat meal. Energy intake (EI) at a buffet meal was then assessed in the laboratory ("in-lab"). VAS assessments continued hourly for the next 7 h and EI ("at-home") was self-reported. RESULTS BW and BF did not change for pecan or control across the intervention and theoretical change in BW (theoretical: 2.2 ± 0.1 vs. actual: 0.4 ± 0.2 kg; p < 0.0001) and BF (theoretical: 0.4 ± 0.04 vs. actual: 0.2 ± 0.2%; p < 0.0001) was significantly greater than actual change for pecan. From V1 to V2, there was an increase in fasting (pecan: 77.0 ± 4.6 to 93.5 ± 6.1 vs control: 76.0 ± 5.0 to 72.5 ± 5.0 pg/mL; p = 0.01) and postprandial peptide YY for pecan vs. control (p = 0.04); however, fasting and postprandial cholecystokinin and ghrelin did not differ (p > 0.05). There were no differences in the change in subjective appetite ratings at fasting, following the high-fat meal (in-lab), at-home, or across the full day between groups (p > 0.05 for all). However, there was a significant suppression of peak desire to eat ratings for pecan vs. control (pecan: 67.9 ± 4.6 to 57.1 ± 5.2 vs. control: 61.9 ± 4.2 to 60.6 ± 4.3 mm; p = 0.04). Combined, buffet meal, and at-home EI did not differ significantly within pecan and control; however, there was a trend (p = 0.11) for a between group difference in buffet meal EI driven by increased EI for control (+137 ± 86 kcal) vs. decreased EI for pecan (-45 ± 77 kcal). CONCLUSION A 4-week pecan-enriched diet led to enhanced satietogenic metrics compared to a diet void of all nuts. As weight remained stable during the intervention, adding pecans to the daily diet may be beneficial to appetite control and weight maintenance in a healthy older population. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04385537.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Cogan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Regis C Pearson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chad M Paton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Pearson RC, Garcia SA, Jenkins NT. Comparison of a Ramp Cycle Ergometer and a Staged Assault Fitness AssaultBike Protocol for the Assessment of VO 2max. Int J Exerc Sci 2023; 16:613-619. [PMID: 37621380 PMCID: PMC10446946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new VO2max test using a progressive staged protocol on an Assault Fitness AssaultBike. Twelve healthy males performed a traditional ramp cycle ergometer test (TRAD) and a progressively staged AssaultBike protocol (AB) in a counterbalanced order. AB elicited higher immediate post-exercise lactate, absolute and relative VO2max, and maximum heart rate than TRAD (P = 0.006, P = 0.014, P = 0.007, and P = 0.001, respectively). The protocol outlined herein may provide a more accurate assessment of VO2max due to greater skeletal muscle mass recruitment that is more representative of the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis C Pearson
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA
| | - Sara A Garcia
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA
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Cogan B, Pearson RC, Paton CM, Jenkins NT, Cooper JA. Pecan-enriched diet improves cholesterol profiles and enhances postprandial microvascular reactivity in older adults. Nutr Res 2023; 111:44-58. [PMID: 36822079 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pecan-enriched diets have been linked to improved lipid metabolism; however, the impact of pecans on vascular health has yet to be examined. We hypothesized that 4 weeks of a pecan-enriched diet would improve fasting and postprandial blood lipids and vascular function compared with a nut-free diet. In this randomized control study, 44 older adults (59 ± 6 years) consumed 68 g of pecans/d (pecan; n = 21) or avoided all nuts (control; n = 23) for 4 weeks. At pre- and post-diet visits, fasting and postprandial blood lipids, macrovascular (by flow-mediated dilation), and microvascular (tissue saturation index reactive hyperemia [RH] kinetics by continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy) function were assessed. From the pre- to post-diet visit, there were greater reductions in fasting total cholesterol (pecan: -14 ± 4.0 vs control: -0.2 ± 5.4 mg/dL; P = .04), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (pecan: -15 ± 3.7 vs control: +1.9 ± 4.4 mg/dL; P = .01), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (pecan: -15 ± 3.6 vs control: -0.5 ± 4.8 mg/dL; P = .02), LDL particle number (pecan: -126 ± 51 vs control: +43 ± 42 nmol/L; P = .01), and LDL medium (pecan: -34 ± 13 vs control: +16 ± 11 nmol/L; P < .01), for pecan vs control. Further, postprandial triglyceride was suppressed for pecan (P = .01) compared with control (P = .78). Postprandial RH slope (P = .04) and RH time to half (P = .004) was different by group, driven by improvements in pecan vs control. However, fasting macro- and microvascular function was unaffected. Daily pecan consumption for 4 weeks improved fasting and postprandial blood lipids and microvascular reactivity in older adults. Because changes in microvascular function typically precipitate macrovascular changes, long-term pecan consumption may improve vascular health and reduce risk for cardiovascular events. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04385537).
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Cogan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Regis C Pearson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chad M Paton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Green ES, Williams ER, Feito Y, Jenkins NT. Physiological and Anthropometric Differences Among Endurance, Strength, and High-Intensity Functional Training Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study. Res Q Exerc Sport 2023; 94:131-142. [PMID: 35302436 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1947468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: We compared aerobic capacity (V˙O2max), mitochondrial capacity (mV˙O2), anaerobic power, strength, and muscle endurance in healthy, active men from strength (STR), endurance (END) and high-intensity functional training (HIFT) backgrounds. Methods: Twenty-four men (n = 8/group) completed a cycle ergometer test to determine V˙O2max, followed by a 3-min all-out test to determine peak (PP) and end power (EP), and to estimate anaerobic [work done above EP (WEP)] and aerobic work capacity. Strength was determined by knee extensor maximal voluntary contraction at various flexion angles. The endurance index (EI) of the vastus lateralis (VL) was assessed by measuring muscle contraction acceleration during electrical twitch mechanomyography. mV˙O2max of the VL was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate muscle oxygen consumption during transient femoral artery occlusions. Results: V˙O2max was significantly different among groups (p < .05). PP was significantly higher in HIFT and STR versus END (p < .05). EP was significantly higher in HIFT and END compared to STR (p < .05). WEP was significantly higher in STR compared to END (p < .05), whereas total work done was significantly higher in HIFT and END compared to STR (p < .05). mV˙O2max and EI were comparable between HIFT and END but significantly lower in STR versus END (p < .05). Torque production was significantly lower in END compared to STR and HIFT at all flexion angles (p < .05), with no difference between STR and HIFT. Conclusion: HIFT participants can exert similar power outputs and absolute strength compared to strength focused participants but exhibit fatigue resistance and mitochondrial capacity comparable to those who train for endurance.
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Abstract
Aim: We compared the impact of artificially- and sugar-sweetened beverages co-ingested with a mixed meal on postprandial fat and carbohydrate oxidation, blood glucose, and plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations. Methods: Eight college-aged, healthy males completed three randomly assigned trials, which consisted of a mixed macronutrient meal test with 20oz of Diet-Coke (AS), Coca-Cola (NS), or water (CON). One week separated each trial and each participant served as his own control. Resting energy expenditure (REE) via indirect calorimetry, blood pressure, and blood samples were obtained immediately before, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after meal and beverage ingestion. A two-way (treatment × time) repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to assess REE, fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates, blood glucose, and plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations. Results: There was a significant main effect of treatment on total fat oxidation (P = 0.006), fat oxidation was significantly higher after AS (P = 0.006) and CON (P = 0.001) compared to following NS. There was a significant main effect of treatment on total carbohydrate oxidation (P = 0.005), carbohydrate oxidation was significantly lower after AS (P = 0.014) and CON (P = 0.001) compared to following NS. Plasma insulin concentration AUC was significantly lower after AS (P = 0.019) and trended lower in CON (P = 0.054) compared to following NS. Conclusion: Ingestion of a mixed meal with an artificially-sweetened beverage does not impact postprandial metabolism, whereas a sugar-sweetened beverage suppresses fat oxidation and increases carbohydrate oxidation compared to artificially-sweetened beverage and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis C Pearson
- Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Kinesiology, 1355University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Edward S Green
- Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Kinesiology, 1355University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Alyssa A Olenick
- Graduate Teaching Assistant, Department of Kinesiology, 1355University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Associate Professor, Department of Kinesiology, 1355University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
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Olenick AA, Pearson RC, Jenkins NT. Training Status Impacts Metabolic Response to A High-Protein Weight Loss Diet in Recreationally Resistance-Trained Females. Int J Exerc Sci 2023; 16:377-392. [PMID: 37124444 PMCID: PMC10128125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a novel high-protein diet template on postprandial metabolism and body composition (e.g., waist and hip circumference, body fat (%), fat mass, fat-free mass) in recreationally resistance-trained females. Fifteen females adhered to an eight-week high-protein dietary intervention (~1.5-1.6 g·kg-1·day-1) administered via template format. Pre- and post-intervention visits included anthropometrics, measurement of body composition, and an acute high-fat meal challenge. The high-fat meal challenge (61% fat) consisted of fasting postprandial blood glucose, resting metabolic rate (RMR), fat and carbohydrate oxidation assessed at 60-, 120-, and 180-minutes. Participants were split into high (HTF; 5-6 days·week-1 of resistance training; n = 8) and low-training frequency (LTF; 2-3 days·week-1 of resistance training; n = 7) groups. All metabolism data were assessed as absolute (kcal or g) and relative (kcal or g·kg·FFM-1·minutes-1) to fat-free mass. Post-intervention, there was a significant reduction in HTF waist circumference (p = 0.044), LTF body fat % (p = 0.012), and LTF fat mass (p = 0.014). Post-intervention, HTF females had significantly lower absolute RMR area under the curve (AUC) than LTF females (p = 0.036). LTF females had higher absolute fat oxidation AUC compared to HTF females' pre-intervention (p = 0.048) but a significant decrease in absolute (p = 0.050) and relative (p = 0.050) fat oxidation AUC post-intervention. LTF females had a significant increase in absolute (p = 0.032) and relative (p = 0.029) carbohydrate oxidation AUC pre- to post-intervention (p = 0.032). For blood glucose, no significant differences between groups were detected (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that a novel high-protein diet template elicits a metabolic shift favoring carbohydrate oxidation in females engaging in low-frequency resistance training but did not alter fat and carbohydrate metabolism in females engaging in HTF resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Olenick
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Rd. Athens GA 30602
| | - Regis C Pearson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Rd. Athens GA 30602
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Rd. Athens GA 30602
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Pearson RC, Olenick AA, Jenkins NT. Assessment of Metabolic Response During High‐Intensity Interval Exercise and Resting Vascular and Mitochondrial Function in Recreational CrossFit Participants. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.l7484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pearson RC, Jenkins NT. Dietary Intake of Adults Who Participate in CrossFit ® Exercise Regimens. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10030038. [PMID: 35324647 PMCID: PMC8954808 DOI: 10.3390/sports10030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The combination of high-intensity aerobic and high-load resistance training, as in CrossFit®, exerts similar or superior benefits to other exercise modalities. This study aimed to assess dietary habits and characterize the nutritional goals, exercise habits, and clinical health outcomes of individuals who participate in CrossFit®. Methods: Adults who are 19 y or older, with >6 mo of CrossFit® participation, completed an electronic survey and the dietary health questionnaire III. In separate models, multiple stepwise linear regressions were performed to detect the associations between (i) dietary intake, (ii) exercise habits, (iii) clinical measures, and a priori selected predictors (sex, weight status, age, and exercise frequency) in each case. Odds ratios were detected between nutritional and fitness goals, clinical outcomes, and predictors. Results: In total, 449 respondents completed both questionnaires. Of these, 443 respondents were used for relative macronutrients assessment due to not reporting body weight. Dietary intake was associated with sex, weight status, age, exercise frequency, and nutritional goals. Nutritional and fitness goals and clinical outcomes were associated with sex, weight status, age, and exercise frequency. Conclusion: Nutritional goals are underlying factors that affect eating behaviors in non-competitive CrossFit® participants. It is imperative to consider the sex, age, exercise habits, and nutritional goals of CrossFit® participants when investigating and prescribing dietary outcomes.
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McGranahan MJ, Kibildis SW, McCully KK, Jenkins NT. Evaluation Of Inter-rater And Test-retest Reliability For Near-infrared Spectroscopy Reactive Hyperemia Measures. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000676172.81790.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pearson R, Green ES, Olenick AA, Jenkins NT. Tabata style functional exercise increases resting and postprandial fat oxidation but does not reduce triglyceride concentrations. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.09083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pearson RC, Green ES, Olenick AA, Jenkins NT. Impact of an aspartame‐containing diet soft drink on postprandial metabolism. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pearson RC, Olenick AA, Green ES, Jenkins NT. Acute exercise effects on postprandial fat oxidation: meta-analysis and systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1081-1091. [PMID: 32208104 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize and evaluate current literature examining the effects of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation, as well as to provide future direction. A quantitative review was performed using meta-analytic methods. A moderator analysis was performed to investigate potential variables that could influence the effect of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation. Fifty-six effects from 26 studies were retrieved. There was a moderate effect of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation (Cohen's d = 0.58 (95% CI, 0.39 to 0.78)). Moderator analysis revealed that sex, age, weight status, training status, exercise type, exercise intensity, timing of exercise, and composition of the meal challenge significantly affected the impact of prior exercise on postprandial fat oxidation. The moderator analysis also indicated that most previous studies have investigated the impact of prior moderate-intensity endurance exercise on postprandial fat oxidation in young, healthy, lean men. Suggested priorities for future research in this area include (i) an examination of sex differences in and/or female-specific aspects of postprandial metabolism; (ii) a comprehensive evaluation of exercise modalities, intensities, and durations; and (iii) a wider variety of test meal compositions, especially those with higher fat content. Novelty A systematic review of the impact of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation was performed using meta-analytic methods. Analysis revealed a moderate effect of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation. The presented data support a need for future studies to investigate sex differences and to include comprehensive evaluations of exercise modalities, intensities, and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis C Pearson
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alyssa A Olenick
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Edward S Green
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Hewgley RA, Moore BT, Willingham TB, Jenkins NT, McCully KK. MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIAL CAPACITY AND ENDURANCE IN ADULTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES. Med Res Arch 2020; 8. [PMID: 34222650 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v8i2.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of type 1 diabetes (T1D) on muscle endurance and oxidative capacity is currently unknown. Purpose Measure muscle endurance and oxidative capacity of adults with T1D compared to controls. Methods A cross-sectional study design with a control group was used. Subjects (19-37 years old) with T1D (n=17) and controls (n=17) were assessed with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and casual glucose. Muscle endurance was measured with an accelerometer at stimulation frequencies of 2, 4, and 6 Hz for a total of nine minutes. Mitochondrial capacity was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy after exercise as the rate constant of the rate of recovery of oxygen consumption. Results T1D and control groups were similar in age, sex, height, and race. The T1D group had slightly higher BMI values and adipose tissue thickness over the forearm muscles. Casual glucose was 150±70 mg/dL for T1D and 98±16 mg/dL for controls (P=0.006). HbA1c of T1D subjects was 7.1±0.9% and 5.0±0.4% for controls (P<0.01). Endurance indexes at 2, 4, and 6 Hz were 94.5±5.2%, 81.8±8.4%, and 68.6±13.5% for T1D and 94.6±4.1%, 85.9±6.3%, and 68.7±15.4% for controls (p = 0.97, 0.12, 0.99, respectively). There were no differences between groups in mitochondrial capacity (T1D= 1.9±0.5 min-1 and control=1.8±0.4 min-1, P=0.29) or reperfusion rate (T1D= 8.8±2.8s and control=10.3±3.0s, P=0.88). There were no significant correlations between HbA1c and either muscle endurance, mitochondrial capacity or reperfusion rate. Conclusions Adults with T1D did not have reduced oxidative capacity, muscle endurance or muscle reperfusion rates compared to controls. HbA1c also did not correlate with muscle endurance, mitochondrial capacity or reperfusion rates. Future studies should extend these measurements to older people or people with poorly-controlled T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley A Hewgley
- Dept. of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Bethany T Moore
- Dept. of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | | | - Kevin K McCully
- Dept. of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Pearson RC, Olenick AA, Green ES, Jenkins NT. Tabata-style functional exercise increases resting and postprandial fat oxidation but does not reduce triglyceride concentrations. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:468-476. [PMID: 31916294 DOI: 10.1113/ep088330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What are the metabolic impacts of high intensity functional Tabata exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? Tabata exercise with high intensity functional movements causes increases in fasted and postprandial fat oxidation the day after exercise without altering postprandial triglyceride concentrations. These results support the usage of a Tabata-style high intensity functional exercise to improve postprandial fat oxidation. ABSTRACT We evaluated the effect of a high fat meal with and without prior high intensity functional exercise executed in a Tabata-style interval pattern on resting and postprandial substrate oxidation, as well as postprandial blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations. Eleven healthy males completed two trials (Tabata exercise (TE) and non-exercise control (CON)) in random order separated by 7 days. A two-day protocol was used in which TE or CON was performed on the first day and a high fat meal was administered ∼13 h later the following morning. Power output from the TE session was quantified using a kinematic approach by calculating external work performed per unit time for each of the four exercises (rowing, dumbbell thrusters, kettlebell swings and burpees). For the meal challenge, respiratory gases and blood samples were taken fasted and at 1, 2 and 3 h postprandial. Fat oxidation was significantly higher after TE compared to CON at all time points (P < 0.05). Carbohydrate oxidation was significantly lower after TE compared to CON at 1 h postprandial (P < 0.05). There were no significant effects of TE on fasting or postprandial glucose or triglyceride concentrations. Functional exercises performed in a high intensity TE pattern enhance fasting and postprandial fat oxidation on the following day with minimal influence on blood triglycerides or glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis C Pearson
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Georgia, 330 River Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Alyssa A Olenick
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Georgia, 330 River Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Edward S Green
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Georgia, 330 River Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Georgia, 330 River Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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17
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Chung S, Nelson MD, Hamaoka T, Jacobs RA, Pearson J, Subudhi AW, Jenkins NT, Bartlett MF, Fitzgerald LF, Miehm JD, Kent JA, Lucero AA, Rowlands DS, Stoner L, McCully KK, Call J, Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Harris RA, Porcelli S, Rasica L, Marzorati M, Quaresima V, Ryan TE, Vernillo G, Millet GP, Malatesta D, Millet GY, Zuo L, Chuang CC. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Principles, insights, and potential pitfalls of the noninvasive determination of muscle oxidative capacity by near-infrared spectroscopy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 124:249-255. [PMID: 29364790 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00857.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lee Stoner
- Massey University,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Letizia Rasica
- National Research Council, Italy,University of Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Zuo
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine
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18
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McGranahan MJ, Green ES, McCully KK, Jenkins NT. Impact of Stress on Resting Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Consumption with and without Prior Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000562165.94086.0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Olenick A, Niersbach A, Pearson RC, Green ES, Jenkins NT. High‐Protein Diet‐Induced Changes in Body Composition and Metabolic Flexibility in Women: Feasibility of a Novel Template‐based Intervention Delivery Method. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.lb556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Green ES, Williams ER, McCully KK, Jenkins NT. Enhanced Strength, Power, Work Capacity, and Fatigue Resistance in High Intensity Functional Training Athletes. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.695.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Southern WM, Nichenko AS, Tehrani KF, McGranahan MJ, Krishnan L, Qualls AE, Jenkins NT, Mortensen LJ, Yin H, Yin A, Guldberg RE, Greising SM, Call JA. PGC-1α overexpression partially rescues impaired oxidative and contractile pathophysiology following volumetric muscle loss injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4079. [PMID: 30858541 PMCID: PMC6411870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury is characterized by a non-recoverable loss of muscle fibers due to ablative surgery or severe orthopaedic trauma, that results in chronic functional impairments of the soft tissue. Currently, the effects of VML on the oxidative capacity and adaptability of the remaining injured muscle are unclear. A better understanding of this pathophysiology could significantly shape how VML-injured patients and clinicians approach regenerative medicine and rehabilitation following injury. Herein, the data indicated that VML-injured muscle has diminished mitochondrial content and function (i.e., oxidative capacity), loss of mitochondrial network organization, and attenuated oxidative adaptations to exercise. However, forced PGC-1α over-expression rescued the deficits in oxidative capacity and muscle strength. This implicates physiological activation of PGC1-α as a limiting factor in VML-injured muscle's adaptive capacity to exercise and provides a mechanistic target for regenerative rehabilitation approaches to address the skeletal muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Southern
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Anna S Nichenko
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kayvan F Tehrani
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - Laxminarayanan Krishnan
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Anita E Qualls
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Luke J Mortensen
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Hang Yin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amelia Yin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Sarah M Greising
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jarrod A Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. .,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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22
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Shill DD, Lansford KA, Hempel HK, Call JA, Murrow JR, Jenkins NT. Effect of exercise intensity on circulating microparticles in men and women. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:693-700. [PMID: 29469165 DOI: 10.1113/ep086644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of exercise intensity on circulating microparticle populations in young, healthy men and women? What is the main finding and its importance? Acute, moderate-intensity continuous exercise and high-intensity interval exercise altered distinct microparticle populations during and after exercise in addition to a sex-specific response in CD62E+ microparticles. The microparticles studied contribute to cardiovascular disease progression, regulate vascular function and facilitate new blood vessel formation. Thus, characterizing the impact of intensity on exercise-induced microparticle responses advances our understanding of potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial vascular adaptations to exercise. ABSTRACT Circulating microparticles (MPs) are biological vectors of information within the cardiovascular system that elicit both deleterious and beneficial effects on the vasculature. Acute exercise has been shown to alter MP concentrations, probably through a shear stress-dependent mechanism, but evidence is limited. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exercise intensity on plasma levels of CD34+ and CD62E+ MPs in young, healthy men and women. Blood samples were collected before, during and after two energy-matched bouts of acute treadmill exercise: interval exercise (10 × 1 min intervals at ∼95% of maximal oxygen uptake V̇O2max) and continuous exercise (65% V̇O2max). Continuous exercise, but not interval exercise, reduced CD62E+ MP concentrations in men and women by 18% immediately after exercise (from 914.5 ± 589.6 to 754.4 ± 390.5 MPs μl-1 ; P < 0.05), suggesting that mechanisms underlying exercise-induced CD62E+ MP dynamics are intensity dependent. Furthermore, continuous exercise reduced CD62E+ MPs in women by 19% (from 1030.6 ± 688.1 to 829.9 ± 435.4 MPs μl-1 ; P < 0.05), but not in men. Although interval exercise did not alter CD62E+ MPs per se, the concentrations after interval exercise were higher than those observed after continuous exercise (P < 0.05). Conversely, CD34+ MPs did not fluctuate in response to short-duration acute continuous or interval exercise in men or women. Our results suggest that exercise-induced MP alterations are intensity dependent and sex specific and impact MP populations differentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Shill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kasey A Lansford
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah K Hempel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jarrod A Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Murrow
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Augusta University-University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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23
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Shill DD, Polley KR, Willingham TB, Call JA, Murrow JR, McCully KK, Jenkins NT. Experimental intermittent ischemia augments exercise-induced inflammatory cytokine production. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:434-441. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01006.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise-induced inflammation is implicated in mediating the beneficial adaptations to regular exercise. Evidence suggests that reduced oxygen and/or blood flow to contracting muscle alters cytokine appearance. However, the acute inflammatory responses to hypoxic/ischemic exercise have been documented with inconsistent results and may not accurately reflect the ischemia produced during exercise in patients with ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we determined the extent to which local inflammation is involved in the response to ischemic exercise. Fourteen healthy males performed unilateral isometric forearm contractions for 30 min with and without experimental ischemia. Blood was drawn at baseline, 5 and 10 min into exercise, at the end of exercise, and 30, 60, and 120 min after exercise. Oxygen saturation levels, as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, were reduced by 10% and 41% during nonischemic and ischemic exercise, respectively. Nonischemic exercise did not affect cytokine values. Ischemia enhanced concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and vascular endothelial growth factor during exercise, but IL-8 was not influenced by ischemic exercise. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that ischemic, small-muscle endurance exercise elicits local inflammatory cytokine production compared with nonischemic exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that ischemic, small-muscle endurance exercise elicits local inflammatory cytokine production compared with nonischemic exercise. The present study advances our knowledge of the inflammatory response to exercise in a partial ischemic state, which may be relevant for understanding the therapeutic effects of exercise training for people with ischemic cardiovascular disease-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Shill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kristine R. Polley
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | | | - Jarrod A. Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; and
| | - Jonathan R. Murrow
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Augusta University-University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kevin K. McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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24
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Erickson ML, Little JP, Gay JL, McCully KK, Jenkins NT. Postmeal exercise blunts postprandial glucose excursions in people on metformin monotherapy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:444-450. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00213.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is used clinically to reduce fasting glucose with minimal effects on postprandial glucose. Postmeal exercise reduces postprandial glucose and may offer additional glucose-lowering benefit beyond that of metformin alone, yet controversy exists surrounding exercise and metformin interactions. It is currently unknown how postmeal exercise and metformin monotherapy in combination will affect postprandial glucose. Thus, we examined the independent and combined effects of postmeal exercise and metformin monotherapy on postprandial glucose. A randomized crossover design was used to assess the influence of postmeal exercise on postprandial glucose excursions in 10 people treated with metformin monotherapy (57 ± 10 yr, HbA1C = 6.3 ± 0.6%). Each participant completed the following four conditions: sedentary and postmeal exercise (5 × 10-min bouts of treadmill walking at 60% V̇o2max) with metformin and sedentary and postmeal exercise without metformin. Peak postprandial glucose within a 2-h time window and 2-h total area under the curve was assessed after a standardized breakfast meal, using continuous glucose monitoring. Postmeal exercise significantly blunted 2-h peak ( P = 0.001) and 2-h area under the curve ( P = 0.006), with the lowest peak postprandial glucose excursion observed with postmeal exercise and metformin combined ( P < 0.05 vs. all other conditions: metformin/sedentary: 12 ± 3.4, metformin/exercise: 9.7 ± 2.3, washout/sedentary: 13.3 ± 3.2, washout/exercise: 11.1 ± 3.4 mmol/l). Postmeal exercise and metformin in combination resulted in the lowest peak postprandial glucose excursion compared with either treatment modality alone. Exercise timed to the postprandial phase may be important for optimizing glucose control during metformin monotherapy. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The interactive effects of metformin and exercise on key physiological outcomes remain an area of controversy. Findings from this study show that the combination of metformin monotherapy and moderate-intensity postmeal exercise led to beneficial reductions in postprandial glucose excursions. Postmeal exercise may be a useful strategy for the management of postprandial glucose in people on metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Jennifer L. Gay
- College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kevin K. McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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25
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Kindler JM, Pollock NK, Laing EM, Oshri A, Jenkins NT, Isales CM, Hamrick MW, Ding KH, Hausman DB, McCabe GP, Martin BR, Hill Gallant KM, Warden SJ, Weaver CM, Peacock M, Lewis RD. Insulin Resistance and the IGF-I-Cortical Bone Relationship in Children Ages 9 to 13 Years. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1537-1545. [PMID: 28300329 PMCID: PMC5489353 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IGF-I is a pivotal hormone in pediatric musculoskeletal development. Although recent data suggest that the role of IGF-I in total body lean mass and total body bone mass accrual may be compromised in children with insulin resistance, cortical bone geometric outcomes have not been studied in this context. Therefore, we explored the influence of insulin resistance on the relationship between IGF-I and cortical bone in children. A secondary aim was to examine the influence of insulin resistance on the lean mass-dependent relationship between IGF-I and cortical bone. Children were otherwise healthy, early adolescent black and white boys and girls (ages 9 to 13 years) and were classified as having high (n = 147) or normal (n = 168) insulin resistance based on the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Cortical bone at the tibia diaphysis (66% site) and total body fat-free soft tissue mass (FFST) were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), respectively. IGF-I, insulin, and glucose were measured in fasting sera and HOMA-IR was calculated. Children with high HOMA-IR had greater unadjusted IGF-I (p < 0.001). HOMA-IR was a negative predictor of cortical bone mineral content, cortical bone area (Ct.Ar), and polar strength strain index (pSSI; all p ≤ 0.01) after adjusting for race, sex, age, maturation, fat mass, and FFST. IGF-I was a positive predictor of most musculoskeletal endpoints (all p < 0.05) after adjusting for race, sex, age, and maturation. However, these relationships were moderated by HOMA-IR (pInteraction < 0.05). FFST positively correlated with most cortical bone outcomes (all p < 0.05). Path analyses demonstrated a positive relationship between IGF-I and Ct.Ar via FFST in the total cohort (βIndirect Effect = 0.321, p < 0.001). However, this relationship was moderated in the children with high (βIndirect Effect = 0.200, p < 0.001) versus normal (βIndirect Effect = 0.408, p < 0.001) HOMA-IR. These data implicate insulin resistance as a potential suppressor of IGF-I-dependent cortical bone development, though prospective studies are needed. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Kindler
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Emma M Laing
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Assaf Oshri
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ke-Hong Ding
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Dorothy B Hausman
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - George P McCabe
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Berdine R Martin
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Stuart J Warden
- Department of Physical Therapy, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Connie M Weaver
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Richard D Lewis
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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26
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Lobene AJ, Kindler JM, Jenkins NT, Pollock NK, Laing EM, Grider A, Lewis RD. Zinc Supplementation Does Not Alter Indicators of Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Black and White Female Adolescents. J Nutr 2017; 147:1296-1300. [PMID: 28592518 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.248013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Zinc is a micronutrient involved in the production of, and peripheral sensitivity to, pancreatic β cell-derived insulin. To our knowledge, the effect of zinc supplementation on insulin outcomes, and potential risk of diabetes, in otherwise healthy children in the United States has not been investigated.Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the influence of zinc supplementation on insulin outcomes in black and white girls in the early stages of adolescence. A secondary objective was to determine relations between baseline zinc concentrations and insulin outcomes.Methods: Healthy black and white girls aged 9-11 y were randomly assigned to daily supplementation of zinc (9 mg elemental Zn/d; n = 75; blacks: n = 35) or placebo (n = 72; blacks: n = 32) for 4 wk. Fasting serum insulin, glucose, and C-peptide were assessed at baseline and at 4 wk. C-peptide and glucose values were used to calculate the computer model-derived homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR). Changes in outcome measures were compared by using repeated-measures, mixed-model ANOVA.Results: Baseline plasma zinc was not correlated with C-peptide (r = -0.07), insulin (r = -0.06), or HOMA2-IR (r = -0.09) (all P > 0.05) after controlling for race and age. Treatment × time interactions for C-peptide and HOMA2-IR were not significant (both P > 0.05). Although the treatment × race × time interactions for C-peptide and HOMA2-IR were not significant (both P = 0.08), black girls who received the placebo experienced slight increases in C-peptide (15.7%) and HOMA2-IR (17.7%) (P = 0.06).Conclusions: Four weeks of zinc supplementation had no effect on insulin outcomes in healthy black and white early-adolescent girls, although C-peptide and HOMA2-IR tended to increase in black girls who received placebo. Additional trials that are appropriately powered should further explore the effect of zinc on markers of diabetes risk, and whether race affects this relation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01892098.
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27
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Erickson ML, Little JP, Gay JL, McCully KK, Jenkins NT. Effects of postmeal exercise on postprandial glucose excursions in people with type 2 diabetes treated with add-on hypoglycemic agents. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 126:240-247. [PMID: 28284168 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Type 2 diabetes treatment primarily focuses on reducing hyperglycemia, including postprandial glucose excursions. Hypoglycemic agents are used clinically to lower fasting and postprandial glucose. Metformin is the first-line therapy; however, if metformin is inadequate then 'add-on' hypoglycemic agents are implemented. Postmeal exercise has been shown to lower postprandial glucose. The aim of this study was to assess if postmeal exercise provides additional glucose-lowering benefit, beyond medication alone, in those on add-on hypoglycemic agents. METHODS Postprandial glucose excursions in eight participants with type 2 diabetes (Age: 60±10.7, HbA1C: 7.9±2.3) being treated with add-on hypoglycemic agents were assessed during both drug-treated sedentary and drug-treated postmeal exercise conditions. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to assess peak and area under the glucose curve (AUC) during exercise, as well as peak within a 2-h time window, 2-h total and 2-h incremental AUC after a standardized breakfast meal. Postmeal exercise consisted of 3×10-min intervals of treadmill walking at 50% maximal oxygen uptake. RESULTS Glucose peak (drug only: 13.8±3.7, drug/exercise: 9.9±2.7mmol/L; p=0.02) and AUC (drug only: 500±136, drug/exercise: 357±89mmol/L×40min; p=0.03) were reduced during postmeal exercise. Breakfast 2-h incremental AUC was also reduced (drug only: 585±291, drug/exercise: 330±294; p=0.047). DISCUSSION Post-breakfast exercise lowered glucose during the exercise bout, although this effect was not sustained on later meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Erickson
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Gay
- College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kevin K McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Southern WM, Nichenko AS, Shill DD, Spencer CC, Jenkins NT, McCully KK, Call JA. Skeletal muscle metabolic adaptations to endurance exercise training are attainable in mice with simvastatin treatment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172551. [PMID: 28207880 PMCID: PMC5313210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that a 6-week regimen of simvastatin would attenuate skeletal muscle adaptation to low-intensity exercise. Male C57BL/6J wildtype mice were subjected to 6-weeks of voluntary wheel running or normal cage activities with or without simvastatin treatment (20 mg/kg/d, n = 7-8 per group). Adaptations in in vivo fatigue resistance were determined by a treadmill running test, and by ankle plantarflexor contractile assessment. The tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and plantaris muscles were evaluated for exercised-induced mitochondrial adaptations (i.e., biogenesis, function, autophagy). There was no difference in weekly wheel running distance between control and simvastatin-treated mice (P = 0.51). Trained mice had greater treadmill running distance (296%, P<0.001), and ankle plantarflexor contractile fatigue resistance (9%, P<0.05) compared to sedentary mice, independent of simvastatin treatment. At the cellular level, trained mice had greater mitochondrial biogenesis (e.g., ~2-fold greater PGC1α expression, P<0.05) and mitochondrial content (e.g., 25% greater citrate synthase activity, P<0.05), independent of simvastatin treatment. Mitochondrial autophagy-related protein contents were greater in trained mice (e.g., 40% greater Bnip3, P<0.05), independent of simvastatin treatment. However, Drp1, a marker of mitochondrial fission, was less in simvastatin treated mice, independent of exercise training, and there was a significant interaction between training and statin treatment (P<0.022) for LC3-II protein content, a marker of autophagy flux. These data indicate that whole body and skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance exercise training are attainable with simvastatin treatment, but simvastatin may have side effects on muscle mitochondrial maintenance via autophagy, which could have long-term implications on muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Southern
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anna S. Nichenko
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniel D. Shill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Corey C. Spencer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nathan T. Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kevin K. McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jarrod A. Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Padilla J, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Akter S, Davis JW, Laughlin MH, Jenkins NT. Transcriptomic effects of metformin in skeletal muscle arteries of obese insulin-resistant rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:617-624. [PMID: 28114814 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216689825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of metformin, a commonly used antidiabetic drug, on gene expression in multiple arteries. Specifically, transcriptional profiles of feed arteries and second branch order arterioles in the soleus, gastrocnemius, and diaphragm muscles as well as aortic endothelial scrapes were examined from obese insulin-resistant Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats treated with ( n = 9) or without ( n = 10) metformin from 20 to 32 weeks of age. Metformin-treated rats exhibited a reduction in body weight, adiposity, and HbA1c ( P < 0.05). The greatest number of differentially expressed genes (FDR < 15%) between those treated with and without metformin was found in the red gastrocnemius 2a arterioles (93 genes), followed by the diaphragm 2a arterioles (62 genes), and soleus 2a arterioles (15 genes). We also found that two genes were differentially expressed in aortic endothelial cells (LETMD1 and HMGCS2, both downregulated), one gene in the gastrocnemius feed artery (BLNK, downregulated), and no genes in the soleus and diaphragm feed arteries and white gastrocnemius 2a arterioles. No single gene was altered by metformin across all vessels examined. This study provides evidence that metformin treatment produces distinct gene expression effects throughout the arterial tree in a rat model of obesity and insulin resistance. Genes whose expression was modulated with metformin do not appear to have a clear connection with its known mechanisms of action. These findings support the notion that vascular gene regulation in response to oral pharmacological therapy, such as metformin, is vessel specific. Impact statement This study provides evidence that metformin treatment produces artery-specific gene expression effects. The genes whose expression was modulated with metformin do not appear to have a clear connection with its known mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- 1 Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,2 Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,3 Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Pamela K Thorne
- 4 Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- 5 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36832, USA.,6 School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- 1 Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,7 Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,8 Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sadia Akter
- 9 MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - J Wade Davis
- 9 MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,10 Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,11 Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- 3 Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,4 Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,12 Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Abstract
We discuss a novel hypothesis: the effect size of postmeal exercise for attenuating postprandial glucose will be a function of the exercise bout vs. the size of the postprandial glucose response, specifically peak and duration of the postprandial glucose excursion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Erickson
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Melissa L. Erickson,
| | - Nathan T. Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kevin K. McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Shill DD, Southern WM, Willingham TB, Lansford KA, McCully KK, Jenkins NT. Mitochondria-specific antioxidant supplementation does not influence endurance exercise training-induced adaptations in circulating angiogenic cells, skeletal muscle oxidative capacity or maximal oxygen uptake. J Physiol 2016; 594:7005-7014. [PMID: 27501153 DOI: 10.1113/jp272491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Reducing excessive oxidative stress, through chronic exercise or antioxidants, can decrease the negative effects induced by excessive amounts of oxidative stress. Transient increases in oxidative stress produced during acute exercise facilitate beneficial vascular training adaptations, but the effects of non-specific antioxidants on exercise training-induced vascular adaptations remain elusive. Circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) are an exercise-inducible subset of white blood cells that maintain vascular integrity. We investigated whether mitochondria-specific antioxidant (MitoQ) supplementation would affect the response to 3 weeks of endurance exercise training in CACs, muscle mitochondrial capacity and maximal oxygen uptake in young healthy men. We show that endurance exercise training increases multiple CAC types, an adaptation that is not altered by MitoQ supplementation. Additionally, MitoQ does not affect skeletal muscle or whole-body aerobic adaptations to exercise training. These results indicate that MitoQ supplementation neither enhances nor attenuates endurance training adaptations in young healthy men. ABSTRACT Antioxidants have been shown to improve endothelial function and cardiovascular outcomes. However, the effects of antioxidants on exercise training-induced vascular adaptations remain elusive. General acting antioxidants combined with exercise have not impacted circulating angiogenic cells (CACs). We investigated whether mitochondria-specific antioxidant (MitoQ) supplementation would affect the response to 3 weeks of endurance exercise training on CD3+ , CD3+ /CD31+ , CD14+ /CD31+ , CD31+ , CD34+ /VEGFR2+ and CD62E+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), muscle mitochondrial capacity, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max ) in healthy men aged 22.1 ± 0.7 years, with a body mass index of 26.9 ± 0.9 kg m-2 , and 24.8 ± 1.3% body fat. Analysis of main effects revealed that training induced 33, 105 and 285% increases in CD14+ /CD31+ , CD62E+ and CD34+ /VEGFR2+ CACs, respectively, and reduced CD3+ /CD31- PBMCs by 14%. There was no effect of MitoQ on CAC levels. Also independent of MitoQ supplementation, exercise training significantly increased quadriceps muscle mitochondrial capacity by 24% and VO2 max by roughly 7%. In conclusion, endurance exercise training induced increases in multiple CAC types, and this adaptation is not modified by MitoQ supplementation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant does not influence skeletal muscle or whole-body aerobic adaptations to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Shill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Kasey A Lansford
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kevin K McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Serviente C, Troy LM, de Jonge M, Shill DD, Jenkins NT, Witkowski S. Endothelial and inflammatory responses to acute exercise in perimenopausal and late postmenopausal women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R841-R850. [PMID: 27534876 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00189.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are characteristics of subclinical atherosclerosis and may increase through progressive menopausal stages. Evaluating endothelial responses to acute exercise can reveal underlying dysfunction not apparent in resting conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate markers of endothelial function and inflammation before and after acute exercise in healthy low-active perimenopausal (PERI) and late postmenopausal (POST) women. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), CD31+/CD42b- and CD62E+ endothelial microparticles (EMPs), and the circulating inflammatory factors monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured before and 30 min after acute exercise. Before exercise, FMD was not different between groups (PERI: 6.4 ± 0.9% vs. POST: 6.5 ± 0.8%, P = 0.97); however, after acute exercise PERI tended to improve FMD (8.5 ± 0.9%, P = 0.09), whereas POST did not (6.2 ± 0.8%, P = 0.77). Independent of exercise, we observed transient endothelial dysfunction in POST with repeated FMD measures. There was a group × exercise interaction for CD31+/CD42b- EMPs (P = 0.04), where CD31+/CD42b- EMPs were similar before exercise (PERI: 57.0 ± 6.7 EMPs/μl vs. POST: 58.5 ± 5.3 EMPs/μl, P = 0.86) but were higher in POST following exercise (PERI: 48.2 ± 6.7 EMPs/μl vs. POST: 69.4 ± 5.3 EMPs/μl, P = 0.023). CD62E+ EMPs were lower in PERI compared with POST before exercise (P < 0.001) and increased in PERI (P = 0.04) but did not change in POST (P = 0.68) in response to acute exercise. After acute exercise, MCP-1 (P = 0.055), TNF-α (P = 0.02), and IL-8 (P < 0.001) were lower in PERI but only IL-8 decreased in POST (P < 0.001). Overall, these data suggest that perimenopausal and late postmenopausal women display different endothelial and inflammatory responses to acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Serviente
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa M Troy
- Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts; and
| | - Maxine de Jonge
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel D Shill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Sarah Witkowski
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts;
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Jenkins NT, Shill DD, Marshburn MP, Hempel HK, Lansford KA, Jenkins NT. Heterogeneous Circulating Angiogenic Cell Responses to Maximal Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486093.45546.f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shill DD, Lansford KA, Southern WM, Willingham TB, McCully KK, Jenkins NT. Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant Supplementation Does Not Impact Training-induced Changes in Circulating Angiogenic Cells. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000485187.28786.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Southern WM, Shill DD, Lansford KA, Willingham TB, McCully KK, Jenkins NT. Effects of Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant Supplementation on Mitochondrial Adaptations to Endurance Training in Healthy Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000485185.21162.4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kindler JM, Pollock NK, Laing EM, Jenkins NT, Oshri A, Isales C, Hamrick M, Lewis RD. Insulin Resistance Negatively Influences the Muscle-Dependent IGF-1-Bone Mass Relationship in Premenarcheal Girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:199-205. [PMID: 26574958 PMCID: PMC4701844 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT IGF-1 promotes bone growth directly and indirectly through its effects on skeletal muscle. Insulin and IGF-1 share a common cellular signaling process; thus, insulin resistance may influence the IGF-1-muscle-bone relationship. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the effect of insulin resistance on the muscle-dependent relationship between IGF-1 and bone mass in premenarcheal girls. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a cross-sectional study conducted at a university research center involving 147 girls ages 9 to 11 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Glucose, insulin, and IGF-1 were measured from fasting blood samples. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated from glucose and insulin. Fat-free soft tissue (FFST) mass and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Our primary outcome was BMC/height. RESULTS In our path model, IGF-1 predicted FFST mass (b = 0.018; P = .001), which in turn predicted BMC/height (b = 0.960; P < .001). IGF-1 predicted BMC/height (b = 0.001; P = .002), but not after accounting for the mediator of this relationship, FFST mass. The HOMA-IR by IGF-1 interaction negatively predicted FFST mass (b = -0.044; P = .034). HOMA-IR had a significant and negative effect on the muscle-dependent relationship between IGF-1 and BMC/height (b = -0.151; P = .047). CONCLUSIONS Lean body mass is an important intermediary factor in the IGF-1-bone relationship. For this reason, bone development may be compromised indirectly via suboptimal IGF-1-dependent muscle development in insulin-resistant children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kindler
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - N K Pollock
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - E M Laing
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - N T Jenkins
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - A Oshri
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - C Isales
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - M Hamrick
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - R D Lewis
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (J.M.K., E.M.L., R.D.L.), College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Kinesiology, College of Education (N.T.J.), and Department of Health and Human Development, College of Family and Consumer Sciences (O.A.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (C.I.), and Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy (M.H.), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
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Lansford KA, Shill DD, Dicks AB, Marshburn MP, Southern WM, Jenkins NT. Effect of acute exercise on circulating angiogenic cell and microparticle populations. Exp Physiol 2015; 101:155-67. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel D. Shill
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - Andrew B. Dicks
- Georgia Regents University-University of Georgia Medical Partnership; Athens GA USA
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Young HJ, Jenkins NT, Zhao Q, Mccully KK. Measurement of intramuscular fat by muscle echo intensity. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52:963-71. [PMID: 25787260 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to compare ultrasound echo intensity (EI) with high-resolution T1 -weighted MRI and to establish calibration equations to estimate percent intramuscular fat from EI. METHODS Thirty-one participants underwent both ultrasound and MRI testing of 4 muscles: rectus femoris (RF); biceps femoris (BF); tibialis anterior (TA); and medial gastrocnemius (MG). RESULTS Strong correlations were found between MRI percent fat and muscle EI after correcting for subcutaneous fat thickness (r = 0.91 in RF, r = 0.80 in BF, r = 0.80 in TA, r = 0.76 in MG). Three types of calibration equations were established. CONCLUSIONS Muscle ultrasound is a practical and reproducible method that can be used as an imaging technique for examination of percent intramuscular fat. Future ultrasound studies are needed to establish equations for other muscle groups to enhance its use in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Young
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Physics and BioImaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kevin K Mccully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Laughlin MH, Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Akter S, Davis JW. Exercise training causes differential changes in gene expression in diaphragm arteries and 2A arterioles of obese rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:604-16. [PMID: 26183478 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00317.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed next-generation, transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to assess the effects of two different exercise training protocols on transcriptional profiles in diaphragm second-order arterioles (D2a) and in the diaphragm feed artery (DFA) from Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Arterioles were isolated from the diaphragm of OLETF rats that underwent an endurance exercise training program (EX; n = 13), interval sprint training program (SPRINT; n = 14), or remained sedentary (Sed; n = 12). Our hypothesis was that exercise training would have similar effects on gene expression in the diaphragm and soleus muscle arterioles because diaphragm blood flow increases during exercise to a similar extent as in soleus. Results reveal that several canonical pathways that were significantly altered by exercise in limb skeletal muscles were not among the pathways significantly changed in the diaphragm arterioles including actin cytoskeleton signaling, role of NFAT in regulation of immune response, protein kinase A signaling, and protein ubiquitination pathway. EX training altered the expression of a smaller number of genes than did SPRINT in the DFA but induced a larger number of genes with altered expression in the D2a than did SPRINT. In fact, FDR differential expression analysis (FDR, 10%) indicated that only two genes exhibited altered expression in D2a of SPRINT rats. Very few of the genes that exhibited altered expression in the DFA or D2a were also altered in limb muscle arterioles. Finally, results indicate that the 2a arterioles of soleus muscle (S2a) from endurance-trained animals and the DFA of SPRINT animals exhibited the largest number of genes with altered expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Pamela K Thorne
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama; Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri; Internal Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sadia Akter
- MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - J Wade Davis
- Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
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Laughlin MH, Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Akter S, Davis JW. Exercise-induced differential changes in gene expression among arterioles of skeletal muscles of obese rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:583-603. [PMID: 26183477 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00316.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using next-generation, transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology we assessed the effects of exercise training on transcriptional profiles in skeletal muscle arterioles isolated from the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats that underwent an endurance exercise training program (EX; n = 13), interval sprint training program (SPRINT; n = 14), or remained sedentary (Sed; n = 12). We hypothesized that the greatest effects of exercise would be in the gastrocnemius arterioles. Results show that EX caused the largest number of changes in gene expression in the soleus and white gastrocnemius 2a arterioles with little to no changes in the feed arteries. In contrast, SPRINT caused substantial changes in gene expression in the feed arteries. IPA canonical pathway analysis revealed 18 pathways with significant changes in gene expression when analyzed across vessels and revealed that EX induces increased expression of the following genes in all arterioles examined: Shc1, desert hedgehog protein (Dhh), adenylate cyclase 4 (Adcy4), G protein binding protein, alpha (Gnat1), and Bcl2l1 and decreased expression of ubiquitin D (Ubd) and cAMP response element modulator (Crem). EX increased expression of endothelin converting enzyme (Ece1), Hsp90b, Fkbp5, and Cdcl4b in four of five arterioles. SPRINT had effects on expression of Crem, Dhh, Bcl2l1, and Ubd that were similar to EX. SPRINT also increased expression of Nfkbia, Hspa5, Tubb 2a and Tubb 2b, and Fkbp5 in all five arterioles and increased expression of Gnat1 in all but the soleus second-order arterioles. Many contractile and/or structural protein genes were increased by SPRINT in the gastrocnemius feed artery, but the same genes exhibited decreased expression in red gastrocnemius arterioles. We conclude that training-induced changes in arteriolar gene expression patterns differ by muscle fiber type composition and along the arteriolar tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Pamela K Thorne
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama; Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri; Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sadia Akter
- Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - J Wade Davis
- Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
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Landers-Ramos RQ, Sapp RM, Jenkins NT, Murphy AE, Cancre L, Chin ER, Spangenburg EE, Hagberg JM. Chronic endurance exercise affects paracrine action of CD31+ and CD34+ cells on endothelial tube formation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H407-20. [PMID: 26055789 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00123.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine if chronic endurance-exercise habits affected redox status and paracrine function of CD34(+) and CD34(-)/CD31(+) circulating angiogenic cells (CACs). Subjects were healthy, nonsmoking men and women aged 18-35 yr and categorized by chronic physical activity habits. Blood was drawn from each subject for isolation and culture of CD34(+) and CD34(-)/CD31(+) CACs. No differences in redox status were found in any group across either cell type. Conditioned media (CM) was generated from the cultured CACs and used in an in vitro human umbilical vein endothelial cell-based tube assay. CM from CD34(+) cells from inactive individuals resulted in tube structures that were 29% shorter in length (P < 0.05) and 45% less complex (P < 0.05) than the endurance-trained group. CD34(-)/CD31(+) CM from inactive subjects resulted in tube structures that were 26% shorter in length (P < 0.05) and 42% less complex (P < 0.05) than endurance-trained individuals. Proteomics analyses identified S100A8 and S100A9 in the CM. S100A9 levels were 103% higher (P < 0.05) and S100A8 was 97% higher in the CD34(-)/CD31(+) CM of inactive subjects compared with their endurance-trained counterparts with no significant differences in either protein in the CM of CD34(+) CACs as a function of training status. Recombinant S100A8/A9 treatment at concentrations detected in inactive subjects' CD34(-)/CD31(+) CAC CM also reduced tube formation (P < 0.05). These findings are the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate a differential paracrine role in CD34(+) and CD34(-)/CD31(+) CACs on tube formation as a function of chronic physical activity habits and identifies a differential secretion of S100A9 by CD34(-)/CD31(+) CACs due to habitual exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rian Q Landers-Ramos
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland; and
| | - Ryan M Sapp
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland; and
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Anna E Murphy
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland; and
| | - Lucile Cancre
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland; and
| | - Eva R Chin
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland; and
| | - Espen E Spangenburg
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland; and
| | - James M Hagberg
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland; and
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Lansford KA, Shill DD, Dicks A, Southern WM, Jenkins NT. Effect of Acute Endurance Exercise on Circulating Angiogenic Cell and Microparticle Subpopulations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000479100.74171.d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shill DD, Lansford KA, Marshburn MP, Jenkins NT. Impact of Acute Exercise on Angiogenesis- and Inflammation-related Gene Expression in Circulating Angiogenic Cell Subpopulations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000479101.74171.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Durrer CG, Wan Z, Lewis N, Ainslie PN, Jenkins NT, Little JP. Effects of a Seven Day High-Fat Diet on Oral Glucose Tolerance and Endothelial Function in Young Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000477212.67046.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sheldon RD, Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Laughlin MH, Rector RS. Chronic NOS inhibition accelerates NAFLD progression in an obese rat model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G540-9. [PMID: 25573175 PMCID: PMC4360049 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00247.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a serious health concern, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) via N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) would intensify liver injury in a rat model of obesity, insulin resistance, and NAFLD. Obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) and lean Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats received control or L-NAME (65-70 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1))-containing drinking water for 4 wk. L-NAME treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced serum NO metabolites and food intake in both groups. Remarkably, despite no increase in body weight, L-NAME treatment increased hepatic triacylglycerol content (+40%, P < 0.05) vs. control OLETF rats. This increase was associated with impaired (P < 0.05) hepatic mitochondrial state 3 respiration. Interestingly, the opposite effect was found in LETO rats, where L-NAME increased (P < 0.05) hepatic mitochondrial state 3 respiration. In addition, L-NAME induced a shift toward proinflammatory M1 macrophage polarity, as indicated by elevated hepatic CD11c (P < 0.05) and IL-1β (P = 0.07) mRNA in OLETF rats and reduced expression of the anti-inflammatory M2 markers CD163 and CD206 (P < 0.05) in LETO rats. Markers of total macrophage content (CD68 and F4/80) mRNA were unaffected by L-NAME in either group. In conclusion, systemic NOS inhibition in the obese OLETF rats reduced hepatic mitochondrial respiration, increased hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation, and increased hepatic inflammation. These findings suggest an important role for proper NO metabolism in the hepatic adaptation to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Sheldon
- 1Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri; ,2Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - Jaume Padilla
- 2Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,3Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,4Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | | | - M. Harold Laughlin
- 4Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,5Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,6Department of Medical Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - R. Scott Rector
- 1Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri; ,2Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,7Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
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Durrer C, Robinson E, Wan Z, Martinez N, Hummel ML, Jenkins NT, Kilpatrick MW, Little JP. Differential impact of acute high-intensity exercise on circulating endothelial microparticles and insulin resistance between overweight/obese males and females. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115860. [PMID: 25710559 PMCID: PMC4339732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An acute bout of exercise can improve endothelial function and insulin sensitivity when measured on the day following exercise. Our aim was to compare acute high-intensity continuous exercise (HICE) to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs) and insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese men and women. Methods Inactive males (BMI = 30 ± 3, 25 ± 6 yr, n = 6) and females (BMI = 28 ± 2, 21 ± 3 yr, n = 7) participated in three experimental trials in a randomized counterbalanced crossover design: 1) No exercise control (Control); 2) HICE (20 min cycling @ just above ventilatory threshold); 3) HIIE (10 X 1-min @ ∼90% peak aerobic power). Exercise conditions were matched for external work and diet was controlled post-exercise. Fasting blood samples were obtained ∼18 hr after each condition. CD62E+ and CD31+/CD42b- EMPs were assessed by flow cytometry and insulin resistance (IR) was estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Results There was a significant sex X exercise interaction for CD62E+ EMPs, CD31+/CD42b- EMPs, and HOMA-IR (all P<0.05). In males, both HICE and HIIE reduced EMPs compared to Control (P≤0.05). In females, HICE increased CD62E+ EMPs (P<0.05 vs. Control) whereas CD31+/CD42b- EMPs were unaltered by either exercise type. There was a significant increase in HOMA-IR in males but a decrease in females following HIIE compared to Control (P<0.05). Conclusions Overweight/obese males and females appear to respond differently to acute bouts of high-intensity exercise. A single session of HICE and HIIE reduced circulating EMPs measured on the morning following exercise in males but in females CD62E+ EMPs were increased following HICE. Next day HOMA-IR paradoxically increased in males but was reduced in females following HIIE. Future research is needed to investigate mechanisms responsible for potential differential responses between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Durrer
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily Robinson
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zhongxiao Wan
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nic Martinez
- College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Hummel
- College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nathan T. Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marcus W. Kilpatrick
- College of Education, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bender SB, DeMarco VG, Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Habibi J, Garro M, Pulakat L, Aroor AR, Jaffe IZ, Sowers JR. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism treats obesity-associated cardiac diastolic dysfunction. Hypertension 2015; 65:1082-8. [PMID: 25712719 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus exhibit a high prevalence of cardiac diastolic dysfunction (DD), an independent predictor of cardiovascular events for which no evidence-based treatment exists. In light of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation in obesity and the cardioprotective action of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists in systolic heart failure, we examined the hypothesis that MR blockade with a blood pressure-independent low-dose spironolactone (LSp) would treat obesity-associated DD in the Zucker obese (ZO) rat. Treatment of ZO rats exhibiting established DD with LSp normalized cardiac diastolic function, assessed by echocardiography. This was associated with reduced cardiac fibrosis, but not reduced hypertrophy, and restoration of endothelium-dependent vasodilation of isolated coronary arterioles via a nitric oxide-independent mechanism. Further mechanistic studies revealed that LSp reduced cardiac oxidative stress and improved endothelial insulin signaling, with no change in arteriolar stiffness. Infusion of Sprague-Dawley rats with the MR agonist aldosterone reproduced the DD noted in ZO rats. In addition, improved cardiac function in ZO-LSp rats was associated with attenuated systemic and adipose inflammation and an anti-inflammatory shift in cardiac immune cell mRNAs. Specifically, LSp increased cardiac markers of alternatively activated macrophages and regulatory T cells. ZO-LSp rats had unchanged blood pressure, serum potassium, systemic insulin sensitivity, or obesity-associated kidney injury, assessed by proteinuria. Taken together, these data demonstrate that MR antagonism effectively treats established obesity-related DD via blood pressure-independent mechanisms. These findings help identify a particular population with DD that might benefit from MR antagonist therapy, specifically patients with obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn B Bender
- From the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (S.B.B., V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., L.P., A.R.A., J.R.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.B.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (S.B.B., J.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., A.R.A., J.R.S.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.P.), Department of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D.M., L.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Child Health (J.P.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (N.T.J.); and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.).
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- From the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (S.B.B., V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., L.P., A.R.A., J.R.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.B.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (S.B.B., J.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., A.R.A., J.R.S.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.P.), Department of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D.M., L.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Child Health (J.P.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (N.T.J.); and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.)
| | - Jaume Padilla
- From the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (S.B.B., V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., L.P., A.R.A., J.R.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.B.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (S.B.B., J.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., A.R.A., J.R.S.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.P.), Department of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D.M., L.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Child Health (J.P.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (N.T.J.); and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.)
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- From the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (S.B.B., V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., L.P., A.R.A., J.R.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.B.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (S.B.B., J.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., A.R.A., J.R.S.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.P.), Department of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D.M., L.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Child Health (J.P.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (N.T.J.); and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.)
| | - Javad Habibi
- From the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (S.B.B., V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., L.P., A.R.A., J.R.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.B.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (S.B.B., J.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., A.R.A., J.R.S.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.P.), Department of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D.M., L.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Child Health (J.P.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (N.T.J.); and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.)
| | - Mona Garro
- From the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (S.B.B., V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., L.P., A.R.A., J.R.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.B.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (S.B.B., J.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., A.R.A., J.R.S.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.P.), Department of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D.M., L.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Child Health (J.P.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (N.T.J.); and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.)
| | - Lakshmi Pulakat
- From the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (S.B.B., V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., L.P., A.R.A., J.R.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.B.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (S.B.B., J.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., A.R.A., J.R.S.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.P.), Department of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D.M., L.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Child Health (J.P.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (N.T.J.); and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.)
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- From the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (S.B.B., V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., L.P., A.R.A., J.R.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.B.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (S.B.B., J.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., A.R.A., J.R.S.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.P.), Department of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D.M., L.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Child Health (J.P.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (N.T.J.); and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.)
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- From the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (S.B.B., V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., L.P., A.R.A., J.R.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.B.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (S.B.B., J.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., A.R.A., J.R.S.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.P.), Department of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D.M., L.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Child Health (J.P.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (N.T.J.); and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.)
| | - James R Sowers
- From the Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO (S.B.B., V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., L.P., A.R.A., J.R.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.B.B.), Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (S.B.B., J.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (V.G.D.M., J.H., M.G., A.R.A., J.R.S.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.P.), Department of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (V.G.D.M., L.P., J.R.S.), and Department of Child Health (J.P.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (N.T.J.); and Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.)
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Vieira-Potter VJ, Padilla J, Park YM, Welly RJ, Scroggins RJ, Britton SL, Koch LG, Jenkins NT, Crissey JM, Zidon T, Morris EM, Meers GME, Thyfault JP. Female rats selectively bred for high intrinsic aerobic fitness are protected from ovariectomy-associated metabolic dysfunction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R530-42. [PMID: 25608751 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00401.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ovariectomized rodents model human menopause in that they rapidly gain weight, reduce spontaneous physical activity (SPA), and develop metabolic dysfunction, including insulin resistance. How contrasting aerobic fitness levels impacts ovariectomy (OVX)-associated metabolic dysfunction is not known. Female rats selectively bred for high and low intrinsic aerobic fitness [high-capacity runners (HCR) and low-capacity runners (LCR), respectively] were maintained under sedentary conditions for 39 wk. Midway through the observation period, OVX or sham (SHM) operations were performed providing HCR-SHM, HCR-OVX, LCR-SHM, and LCR-OVX groups. Glucose tolerance, energy expenditure, and SPA were measured before and 4 wk after surgery, while body composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and adipose tissue distribution, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and skeletal muscle phenotype, hepatic lipid content, insulin resistance via homeostatic assessment model of insulin resistance and AdipoIR, and blood lipids were assessed at death. Remarkably, HCR were protected from OVX-associated increases in adiposity and insulin resistance, observed only in LCR. HCR rats were ∼30% smaller, had ∼70% greater spontaneous physical activity (SPA), consumed ∼10% more relative energy, had greater skeletal muscle proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1-alpha, and ∼40% more BAT. OVX did not increase energy intake and reduced SPA to the same extent in both HCR and LCR. LCR were particularly affected by an OVX-associated reduction in resting energy expenditure and experienced a reduction in relative BAT; resting energy expenditure correlated positively with BAT across all animals (r = 0.6; P < 0.001). In conclusion, despite reduced SPA following OVX, high intrinsic aerobic fitness protects against OVX-associated increases in adiposity and insulin resistance. The mechanism may involve preservation of resting energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Young-Min Park
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rebecca J Welly
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rebecca J Scroggins
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline M Crissey
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Terese Zidon
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - E Matthew Morris
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medicine Division of GI and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - Grace M E Meers
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medicine Division of GI and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - John P Thyfault
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medicine Division of GI and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
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Crissey JM, Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Martin JS, Rector RS, Thyfault JP, Harold Laughlin M. Metformin does not enhance insulin-stimulated vasodilation in skeletal muscle resistance arteries of the OLETF rat. Microcirculation 2014; 20:764-75. [PMID: 23879830 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that chronic metformin treatment enhances insulin-induced vasodilation in skeletal muscle resistance arteries and arterioles. METHODS We assessed the effect of metformin treatment (from 20 to 32 weeks of age) of obese Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats and lean LETO rats (300 mg/kg) on insulin-stimulated vasodilation in isolated skeletal muscle feed arteries and arterioles. RESULTS Metformin treatment significantly lowered food intake, body weight, percent body fat, and HbA1c in OLETF rats. Metformin resulted in a ~30% reduction in insulin-induced vasodilation of soleus feed arteries (SFA) from OLETF rats. Inhibition of endothelin-1 (ET-1) signaling produced 20% dilation and eliminated the difference between metformin-treated and untreated OLETF rats in insulin-induced dilation of SFA. In contrast to the SFA, metformin did not alter insulin-stimulated vasodilation in gastrocnemius feed arteries (GFA), or second-order arterioles in the red (G2A-R) or white (G2A-W) portions of the gastrocnemius muscle of OLETF rats. Metformin had no effects on vasomotor responses of arteries from LETO. CONCLUSIONS Although metformin exerts favorable effects on body composition and HbA1c, it does not enhance the vasodilatory responses to insulin in the skeletal muscle feed arteries or arterioles of the obese OLETF rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Crissey
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Davis JW, Laughlin MH. Identification of genes whose expression is altered by obesity throughout the arterial tree. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:821-32. [PMID: 25271210 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00091.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology on the whole transcriptome to identify genes whose expression is consistently affected by obesity across multiple arteries. Specifically, we examined transcriptional profiles of the iliac artery as well as the feed artery, first, second, and third branch order arterioles in the soleus, gastrocnemius, and diaphragm muscles from obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) and lean Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats. Within the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, the number of genes differentially expressed with obesity tended to increase with increasing branch order arteriole number (i.e., decreasing size of the artery). This trend was opposite in the diaphragm. We found a total of 15 genes that were consistently upregulated with obesity (MIS18A, CTRB1, FAM151B, FOLR2, PXMP4, OAS1B, SREBF2, KLRA17, SLC25A44, SNX10, SLFN3, MEF2BNB, IRF7, RAD23A, LGALS3BP) and five genes that were consistently downregulated with obesity (C2, GOLGA7, RIN3, PCP4, CYP2E1). A small fraction (∼9%) of the genes affected by obesity was modulated across all arteries examined. In conclusion, the present study identifies a select number of genes (i.e., 20 genes) whose expression is consistently altered throughout the arterial network in response to obesity and provides further insight into the heterogeneous vascular effects of obesity. Although there is no known direct function of the majority of 20 genes related to vascular health, the obesity-associated upregulation of SREBF2, LGALS3BP, IRF7, and FOLR2 across all arteries is suggestive of an unfavorable vascular phenotypic alteration with obesity. These data may serve as an important resource for identifying novel therapeutic targets against obesity-related vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | | | - Pamela K Thorne
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri; Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - J Wade Davis
- Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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