1
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Koller A, Laughlin MH, Cenko E, de Wit C, Tóth K, Bugiardini R, Trifunovits D, Vavlukis M, Manfrini O, Lelbach A, Dornyei G, Padro T, Badimon L, Tousoulis D, Gielen S, Duncker DJ. Functional and structural adaptations of the coronary macro- and micro-vasculature to regular aerobic exercise by activation of physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms: Esc Working Group on Coronary Pathophysiology & Microcirculation Position Paper. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:357-371. [PMID: 34358290 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular aerobic exercise (RAEX) elicits several positive adaptations in all organs and tissues of the body, culminating in improved health and well-being. Indeed, in over half a century, many studies have shown the benefit of RAEX on cardiovascular outcome in terms of morbidity and mortality. RAEX elicits a wide range of functional and structural adaptations in the heart and its coronary circulation, all of which are to maintain optimal myocardial oxygen and nutritional supply during increased demand. Although there is no evidence suggesting that oxidative metabolism is limited by coronary blood flow (CBF) rate in the normal heart even during maximal exercise, increased CBF and capillary exchange capacities have been reported. Adaptations of coronary macro- and microvessels include outward remodeling of epicardial coronary arteries, increased coronary arteriolar size and density, and increased capillary surface area. In addition, there are adjustments in the neural and endothelial regulation of coronary macrovascular tone. Similarly, there are several adaptations at the level of microcirculation, including enhanced smooth muscle dependent pressure-induced myogenic constriction and upregulated endothelium-dependent flow-/shear-stress-induced dilation, increasing the range of diameter change. Alterations in the signaling interaction between coronary vessels and cardiac metabolism have also been described. At the molecular and cellular level, ion channels are key players in the local coronary vascular adaptations to RAEX, with enhanced activation of influx of Ca2+ contributing to the increased myogenic tone (via voltage gated Ca2+ channels) as well as the enhanced endothelium-dependent dilation (via TRPV4 channels). Finally, RAEX elicits a number of beneficial effects on several hemorheological variables that may further improve CBF and myocardial oxygen delivery and nutrient exchange in the microcirculation by stabilizing and extending the range and further optimizing the regulation of myocardial blood flow during exercise. These adaptations also act to prevent and/or delay the development of coronary and cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Koller
- Department of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Research Center for Sports Physiology, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Edina Cenko
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cor de Wit
- Institut für Physiologie, Universitat zu Lu ¨beck, Lu beck, Germany and15DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lu ¨beck, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Kálmán Tóth
- Division of Cardiology, 1st Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Raffaele Bugiardini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Danijela Trifunovits
- Cardiology Department, Clinical Centre of Serbia and Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Vavlukis
- University Clinic for Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Ss' Cyril andMethodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Olivia Manfrini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adam Lelbach
- Departmental Group of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Dr. Rose Private Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Dornyei
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Teresa Padro
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau; IIB-Sant Pau; CiberCV-Institute Carlos III; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau; IIB-Sant Pau; CiberCV-Institute Carlos III; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Stephan Gielen
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kodippili K, Thorne PK, Laughlin MH, Duan D. Dystrophin deficiency impairs vascular structure and function in the canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Pathol 2021; 254:589-605. [PMID: 33999411 DOI: 10.1002/path.5704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a muscle-wasting disease caused by dystrophin deficiency. Vascular dysfunction has been suggested as an underlying pathogenic mechanism in DMD. However, this has not been thoroughly studied in a large animal model. Here we investigated structural and functional changes in the vascular smooth muscle and endothelium of the canine DMD model. The expression of dystrophin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS), and the structure and function of the femoral artery from 15 normal and 16 affected adult dogs were evaluated. Full-length dystrophin was detected in the endothelium and smooth muscle in normal but not affected dog arteries. Normal arteries lacked nNOS but expressed eNOS in the endothelium. NOS activity and eNOS expression were reduced in the endothelium of dystrophic dogs. Dystrophin deficiency resulted in structural remodeling of the artery. In affected dogs, the maximum tension induced by vasoconstrictor phenylephrine and endothelin-1 was significantly reduced. In addition, acetylcholine-mediated vasorelaxation was significantly impaired, whereas exogenous nitric oxide-induced vasorelaxation was significantly enhanced. Our results suggest that dystrophin plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of vascular endothelium and smooth muscle in large mammals. Vascular defects may contribute to DMD pathogenesis. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasun Kodippili
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pamela K Thorne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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3
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Baranowski BJ, Allen MD, Nyarko JN, Rector RS, Padilla J, Mousseau DD, Rau CD, Wang Y, Laughlin MH, Emter CA, MacPherson RE, Olver TD. Cerebrovascular insufficiency and amyloidogenic signaling in Ossabaw swine with cardiometabolic heart failure. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143141. [PMID: 34027891 PMCID: PMC8262360 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with heart failure (HF) frequently present with comorbidities, including obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Many patients with HF experience cardiogenic dementia, yet the pathophysiology of this disease remains poorly understood. Using a swine model of cardiometabolic HF (Western diet+aortic banding; WD-AB), we tested the hypothesis that WD-AB would promote a multidementia phenotype involving cerebrovascular dysfunction alongside evidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. The results provide evidence of cerebrovascular insufficiency coupled with neuroinflammation and amyloidosis in swine with experimental cardiometabolic HF. Although cardiac ejection fraction was normal, indices of arterial compliance and cerebral blood flow were reduced, and cerebrovascular regulation was impaired in the WD-AB group. Cerebrovascular dysfunction occurred concomitantly with increased MAPK signaling and amyloidogenic processing (i.e., increased APP, BACE1, CTF, and Aβ40 in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) in the WD-AB group. Transcriptomic profiles of the stellate ganglia revealed the WD-AB group displayed an enrichment of gene networks associated with MAPK/ERK signaling, AD, frontotemporal dementia, and a number of behavioral phenotypes implicated in cognitive impairment. These provide potentially novel evidence from a swine model that cerebrovascular and neuronal pathologies likely both contribute to the dementia profile in a setting of cardiometabolic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Baranowski
- Department of Health Sciences and.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matti D Allen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Nk Nyarko
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Darrell D Mousseau
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Christoph D Rau
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rebecca Ek MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences and.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Sheldon RD, Meers GM, Morris EM, Linden MA, Cunningham RP, Ibdah JA, Thyfault JP, Laughlin MH, Rector RS. eNOS deletion impairs mitochondrial quality control and exacerbates Western diet-induced NASH. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E605-E616. [PMID: 31361543 PMCID: PMC6842915 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00096.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated mitochondrial quality control leads to mitochondrial functional impairments that are central to the development and progression of hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here, we identify hepatocellular localized endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) as a novel master regulator of mitochondrial quality control. Mice lacking eNOS were more susceptible to Western diet-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in conjunction with decreased markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover. The hepatocyte-specific influence was verified via magnetic activated cell sorting purified primary hepatocytes and in vitro siRNA-induced knockdown of eNOS. Hepatic mitochondria from eNOS knockout mice revealed decreased markers of mitochondrial biogenesis (PPARγ coactivator-1α, mitochondrial transcription factor A) and autophagy/mitophagy [BCL-2-interacting protein-3 (BNIP3), 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3)], suggesting decreased mitochondrial turnover rate. eNOS knockout in primary hepatocytes exhibited reduced fatty acid oxidation capacity and were unable to mount a normal BNIP3 response to a mitophagic challenge compared with wild-type mice. Finally, we demonstrate that eNOS is required in primary hepatocytes to induce activation of the stress-responsive transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Thus, our data demonstrate that eNOS is an important regulator of hepatic mitochondrial content and function and NASH susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Sheldon
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Grace M Meers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - E Matthew Morris
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Melissa A Linden
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rory P Cunningham
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jamal A Ibdah
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - R Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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5
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Abstract
We present the hypothesis that exercise-induced hyperemia, perhaps through vascular shear stress, represents an important factor responsible for the effects of physical activity (PA) on vascular insulin sensitivity. Specifically, we postulate PA involving the greatest amount of skeletal muscle mass and the greatest central neural recruitment maximizes perfusion and consequently enhances vascular insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscle and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, and.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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6
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Aragonez CG, Beer VJ, Tharp DL, Bowles DK, Laughlin MH, Merkus D, Duncker DJ, Bender SB. Differential impact of severe familial hypercholesterolemia on regional skeletal muscle and organ blood flows during exercise: effects of PDE5 inhibition. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.lb457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Aragonez
- Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- ResearchHarry S Truman Memorial VA HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Vincent J Beer
- Experimental CardiologyErasmus MC, ThoraxcentreRotterdamNetherlands
| | | | - Douglas K Bowles
- Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Medical Pharmacology & PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - M. Harold Laughlin
- Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Medical Pharmacology & PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Experimental CardiologyErasmus MC, ThoraxcentreRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Experimental CardiologyErasmus MC, ThoraxcentreRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Shawn B Bender
- Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- ResearchHarry S Truman Memorial VA HospitalColumbiaMO
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7
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Bowles DK, Tharp DL, Ivey J, Laughlin MH. Endurance exercise training does not limit coronary atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemic swine. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.536.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doug K Bowles
- Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | | | - Jan Ivey
- Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - M. Harold Laughlin
- Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
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8
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Aragonez CG, de Beer VJ, Tharp DL, Bowles DK, Laughlin MH, Merkus D, Duncker DJ, Bender SB. Differential impact of severe familial hypercholesterolemia on regional skeletal muscle and organ blood flows during exercise: Effects of PDE5 inhibition. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12539. [PMID: 30821858 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Swine with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) exhibit attenuated exercise-induced systemic vasodilation that is restored by phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibition. Whether the impacts of FH and PDE5 inhibition to impair and restore exercise-induced vasodilation, respectively, results from tissue-specific or generalized effects remains unclear. Thus, we hypothesized that FH induces generalized impairment of skeletal muscle vasodilation that would be alleviated by PDE5 inhibition. METHODS Systemic vascular responses to exercise were assessed in chronically instrumented normal and FH swine before and after PDE5 inhibition with EMD360527. Skeletal muscle and organ blood flows and conductances were determined via the microsphere technique. RESULTS As previously reported, vs normal swine, FH swine have pronounced elevation of total cholesterol and impaired exercise-induced vasodilation that is restored by PDE5 inhibition. Blood flows to several, not all, skeletal muscle vascular beds were severely impaired by FH associated with reduced blood flow to many visceral organs. PDE5 inhibition differentially impacted skeletal muscle and organ blood flows in normal and FH swine. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that FH induces regional, not generalized, vasomotor dysfunction and that FH and normal swine exhibit unique tissue blood flow responses to PDE5 inhibition thereby adding to accumulating evidence of vascular bed-specific dysfunction in co-morbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Aragonez
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Vincent J de Beer
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Darla L Tharp
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Douglas K Bowles
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shawn B Bender
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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9
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Edwards JC, Olver TD, Thorne PK, Nourian Z, Hiemstra JA, Ivey JR, Laughlin MH, Rector RS, Padilla J, Hill MA, Emter CA. Alterations to Protein Level and Cellular Location of the BK
Ca
α‐Subunit in the Coronary Vasculature are Dependent on Sex Hormones, Metabolic Status, and Species: A Retrospective Study in Multiple Swine Models of Pressure Overload‐Induced Heart Failure. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.579.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zahra Nourian
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | | | - Jan R. Ivey
- Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | | | - R. Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Medicine ‐ GastroenterologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman VA HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Michael A. Hill
- Medical Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
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10
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Olver TD, Edwards JC, Ferguson BS, Hiemstra JA, Thorne PK, Hill MA, Laughlin MH, Emter CA. Chronic interval exercise training prevents BK Ca channel-mediated coronary vascular dysfunction in aortic-banded miniswine. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:86-96. [PMID: 29596016 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01138.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional treatments have failed to improve the prognosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of chronic interval exercise training (IT) on large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel-mediated coronary vascular function in heart failure. We hypothesized that chronic interval exercise training would attenuate pressure overload-induced impairments to coronary BKCa channel-mediated function. A translational large-animal model with cardiac features of HFpEF was used to test this hypothesis. Specifically, male Yucatan miniswine were divided into three groups ( n = 7/group): control (CON), aortic banded (AB)-heart failure (HF), and AB-interval trained (HF-IT). Coronary blood flow, vascular conductance, and vasodilatory capacity were measured after administration of the BKCa channel agonist NS-1619 both in vivo and in vitro in the left anterior descending coronary artery and isolated coronary arterioles, respectively. Skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity was decreased and left ventricular brain natriuretic peptide levels increased in HF vs. CON and HF-IT animals. A parallel decrease in NS-1619-dependent coronary vasodilatory reserve in vivo and isolated coronary arteriole vasodilatory responsiveness in vitro were observed in HF animals compared with CON, which was prevented in the HF-IT group. Although exercise training prevented BKCa channel-mediated coronary vascular dysfunction, it did not change BKCa channel α-subunit mRNA, protein, or cellular location (i.e., membrane vs. cytoplasm). In conclusion, these results demonstrate the viability of chronic interval exercise training as a therapy for central and peripheral adaptations of experimental heart failure, including BKCa channel-mediated coronary vascular dysfunction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Conventional treatments have failed to improve the prognosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients. Our findings show that chronic interval exercise training can prevent BKCa channel-mediated coronary vascular dysfunction in a translational swine model of chronic pressure overload-induced heart failure with relevance to human HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jenna C Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Brian S Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jessica A Hiemstra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Pamela K Thorne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri
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11
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Laughlin MH, Yang HT, Tharp DL, Rector RS, Padilla J, Bowles DK. Vascular cell transcriptomic changes to exercise training differ directionally along and between skeletal muscle arteriolar trees. Microcirculation 2018; 24. [PMID: 27889934 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
EXT-induced arteriolar adaptations in skeletal muscle are heterogeneous because of spatial variations in muscle fiber type composition and fiber recruitment patterns during exercise. The purpose of this report is to summarize a series of experiments conducted to test the hypothesis that changes in vascular gene expression are signaled by alterations in shear stress resulting from increases in blood flow, muscle fiber type composition, and fiber recruitment patterns. We also report results from a follow-up study of Ankrd23, one gene whose expression was changed by EXT. We expected to see differences in magnitude of changes in gene expression along arteriolar trees and between/among arteriolar trees but similar directional changes. However, transcriptional profiles of arterioles/arteries from OLETF rats exposed to END or SIT reveal that EXT does not lead to similar directional changes in the transcriptome among arteriolar trees of different skeletal muscles or along arteriolar trees within a particular muscle. END caused the most changes in gene expression in 2A arterioles of soleus and white gastrocnemius with little to no changes in the FAs. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis across vessels revealed significant changes in gene expression in 18 pathways. EXT increased expression of some genes (Shc1, desert hedgehog protein (Dhh), adenylate cyclase 4 (Adcy4), G protein-binding protein, alpha (Gnat1), and Bcl2l1) in all arterioles examined, but decreased expression of ubiquitin D (Ubd) and cAMP response element modulator (Crem). Many contractile and/or structural protein genes were increased by SIT in the gastrocnemius FA, but the same genes exhibited decreased expression in red gastrocnemius arterioles. Ankrd23 mRNA levels increased with increasing branch order in the gastrocnemius arteriolar tree and were increased 19-fold in gastrocnemius muscle FA by SIT. Follow-up experiments indicate that Ankrd23 mRNA level was increased 14-fold in cannulated gastrocnemius FA when intraluminal pressure was increased from 90 and 180 cm H2O for 4 hours. Also, Ankrd23-/- mice exhibit limited ability to form collateral arteries following femoral artery occlusion compared to WT mice (angioscore WT=0.18±0.03; Ankrd23-/- =0.04±0.01). Further research will be required to determine whether Ankrd23 plays an important role in mechanically induced vascular remodeling of the arterial tree in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hsiao T Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Darla L Tharp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Douglas K Bowles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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12
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Olver TD, Grunewald ZI, Jurrissen TJ, MacPherson REK, LeBlanc PJ, Schnurbusch TR, Czajkowski AM, Laughlin MH, Rector RS, Bender SB, Walters EM, Emter CA, Padilla J. Microvascular insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and brain occurs early in the development of juvenile obesity in pigs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R252-R264. [PMID: 29141949 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00213.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impaired microvascular insulin signaling may develop before overt indices of microvascular endothelial dysfunction and represent an early pathological feature of adolescent obesity. Using a translational porcine model of juvenile obesity, we tested the hypotheses that in the early stages of obesity development, impaired insulin signaling manifests in skeletal muscle (triceps), brain (prefrontal cortex), and corresponding vasculatures, and that depressed insulin-induced vasodilation is reversible with acute inhibition of protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ). Juvenile Ossabaw miniature swine (3.5 mo of age) were divided into two groups: lean control ( n = 6) and obese ( n = 6). Obesity was induced by feeding the animals a high-fat/high-fructose corn syrup/high-cholesterol diet for 10 wk. Juvenile obesity was characterized by excess body mass, hyperglycemia, physical inactivity (accelerometer), and marked lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle, with no evidence of overt atherosclerotic lesions in athero-prone regions, such as the abdominal aorta. Endothelium-dependent (bradykinin) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasomotor responses in the brachial and carotid arteries (wire myography), as well as in the skeletal muscle resistance and 2A pial arterioles (pressure myography) were unaltered, but insulin-induced microvascular vasodilation was impaired in the obese group. Blunted insulin-stimulated vasodilation, which was reversed with acute PKCβ inhibition (LY333-531), occurred alongside decreased tissue perfusion, as well as reduced insulin-stimulated Akt signaling in the prefrontal cortex, but not the triceps. In the early stages of juvenile obesity development, the microvasculature and prefrontal cortex exhibit impaired insulin signaling. Such adaptations may underscore vascular and neurological derangements associated with juvenile obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Zachary I Grunewald
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thomas J Jurrissen
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Paul J LeBlanc
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario , Canada
| | - Teagan R Schnurbusch
- National Swine Resource and Research Center University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Alana M Czajkowski
- National Swine Resource and Research Center University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital , Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Shawn B Bender
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Eric M Walters
- National Swine Resource and Research Center University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
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13
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Olver TD, Hiemstra JA, Edwards JC, Schachtman TR, Heesch CM, Fadel PJ, Laughlin MH, Emter CA. Loss of Female Sex Hormones Exacerbates Cerebrovascular and Cognitive Dysfunction in Aortic Banded Miniswine Through a Neuropeptide Y-Ca 2+-Activated Potassium Channel-Nitric Oxide Mediated Mechanism. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.007409. [PMID: 29089345 PMCID: PMC5721796 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Postmenopausal women represent the largest cohort of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and vascular dementia represents the most common form of dementia in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Therefore, we tested the hypotheses that the combination of cardiac pressure overload (aortic banding [AB]) and the loss of female sex hormones (ovariectomy [OVX]) impairs cerebrovascular control and spatial memory. Methods and Results Female Yucatan miniswine were separated into 4 groups (n=7 per group): (1) control, (2) AB, (3) OVX, and (4) AB‐OVX. Pigs underwent OVX and AB at 7 and 8 months of age, respectively. At 14 months, cerebral blood flow velocity and spatial memory (spatial hole‐board task) were lower in the OVX groups (P<0.05), with significant impairments in the AB‐OVX group (P<0.05). Resting carotid artery β stiffness and vascular resistance during central hypovolemia were increased in the AB‐OVX group (P<0.05), and blood flow recovery after central hypovolemia was reduced in both OVX groups (P<0.05). Isolated pial artery (pressure myography) vasoconstriction to neuropeptide Y was greatest in the AB‐OVX group (P<0.05), and vasodilation to the Ca2+‐activated potassium channel α‐subunit agonist NS‐1619 was impaired in both AB groups (P<0.05). The ratio of phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase:total endothelial nitric oxide synthase was depressed and Ca2+‐activated potassium channel α‐subunit protein was increased in AB groups (P<0.05). Conclusions Mechanistically, impaired cerebral blood flow control in experimental heart failure may be the result of heightened neuropeptide Y–induced vasoconstriction along with reduced vasodilation associated with decreased Ca2+‐activated potassium channel function and impaired nitric oxide signaling, the effects of which are exacerbated in the absence of female sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | | | - Jenna C Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Todd R Schachtman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Cheryl M Heesch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Paul J Fadel
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, TX
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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14
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Abstract
On the 400th anniversary of Harvey's Lumleian lectures, this review focuses on "hemodynamic" forces associated with the movement of blood through arteries in humans and the functional and structural adaptations that result from repeated episodic exposure to such stimuli. The late 20th century discovery that endothelial cells modify arterial tone via paracrine transduction provoked studies exploring the direct mechanical effects of blood flow and pressure on vascular function and adaptation in vivo. In this review, we address the impact of distinct hemodynamic signals that occur in response to exercise, the interrelationships between these signals, the nature of the adaptive responses that manifest under different physiological conditions, and the implications for human health. Exercise modifies blood flow, luminal shear stress, arterial pressure, and tangential wall stress, all of which can transduce changes in arterial function, diameter, and wall thickness. There are important clinical implications of the adaptation that occurs as a consequence of repeated hemodynamic stimulation associated with exercise training in humans, including impacts on atherosclerotic risk in conduit arteries, the control of blood pressure in resistance vessels, oxygen delivery and diffusion, and microvascular health. Exercise training studies have demonstrated that direct hemodynamic impacts on the health of the artery wall contribute to the well-established decrease in cardiovascular risk attributed to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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15
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Olver TD, McDonald MW, Klakotskaia D, Richardson RA, Jasperse JL, Melling CWJ, Schachtman TR, Yang HT, Emter CA, Laughlin MH. A chronic physical activity treatment in obese rats normalizes the contributions of ET-1 and NO to insulin-mediated posterior cerebral artery vasodilation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1040-1050. [PMID: 28183819 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00811.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypotheses that obesity-induced decrements in insulin-stimulated cerebrovascular vasodilation would be normalized with acute endothelin-1a receptor antagonism and that treatment with a physical activity intervention restores vasoreactivity to insulin through augmented nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent dilation. Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats were divided into the following groups: 20 wk old food controlled (CON-20); 20 wk old free food access (model of obesity, OB-20); 40 wk old food controlled (CON-40); 40 wk old free food access (OB-40); and 40 wk old free food access+RUN (RUN-40; wheel-running access from 20 to 40 wk). Rats underwent Barnes maze testing and a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC). In the 40-wk cohort, cerebellum and hippocampus blood flow (BF) were examined (microsphere infusion). Vasomotor responses (pressurized myography) to insulin were assessed in untreated, endothelin-1a receptor antagonism, and NOS inhibition conditions in posterior cerebral arteries. Insulin-stimulated vasodilation was attenuated in the OB vs. CON and RUN groups (P ≤ 0.04). Dilation to insulin was normalized with endothelin-1a receptor antagonism in the OB groups (between groups, P ≥ 0.56), and insulin-stimulated NOS-mediated dilation was greater in the RUN-40 vs. OB-40 group (P < 0.01). At 40 wk of age, cerebellum BF decreased during EHC in the OB-40 group (P = 0.02) but not CON or RUN groups (P ≥ 0.36). Barnes maze testing revealed increased entry errors and latencies in the RUN-40 vs. CON and OB groups (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that obesity-induced impairments in vasoreactivity to insulin involve increased endothelin-1 and decreased nitric oxide signaling. Chronic spontaneous physical activity, initiated after disease onset, reversed impaired vasodilation to insulin and decreased Barnes maze performance, possibly because of increased exploratory behavior.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The new and noteworthy findings are that 1) in rodents, obesity-related deficits in insulin-mediated vasodilation are associated with increased influence of insulin-stimulated ET-1 and depressed influence of insulin-stimulated NOS and 2) a physical activity intervention, initiated after the onset of disease, restores insulin-mediated vasodilation, likely by normalizing insulin-stimulated ET-1 and NOS balance. These data demonstrate that the treatment effects of chronic exercise on insulin-mediated vasodilation extend beyond active skeletal muscle vasculature and include the cerebrovasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - Matthew W McDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Klakotskaia
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - Rachel A Richardson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | | | - C W James Melling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Todd R Schachtman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - Hsiao T Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
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16
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Padilla J, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Akter S, Davis JW, Laughlin MH, Jenkins NT. Transcriptomic effects of metformin in skeletal muscle arteries of obese insulin-resistant rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:617-624. [PMID: 28114814 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216689825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of metformin, a commonly used antidiabetic drug, on gene expression in multiple arteries. Specifically, transcriptional profiles of feed arteries and second branch order arterioles in the soleus, gastrocnemius, and diaphragm muscles as well as aortic endothelial scrapes were examined from obese insulin-resistant Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats treated with ( n = 9) or without ( n = 10) metformin from 20 to 32 weeks of age. Metformin-treated rats exhibited a reduction in body weight, adiposity, and HbA1c ( P < 0.05). The greatest number of differentially expressed genes (FDR < 15%) between those treated with and without metformin was found in the red gastrocnemius 2a arterioles (93 genes), followed by the diaphragm 2a arterioles (62 genes), and soleus 2a arterioles (15 genes). We also found that two genes were differentially expressed in aortic endothelial cells (LETMD1 and HMGCS2, both downregulated), one gene in the gastrocnemius feed artery (BLNK, downregulated), and no genes in the soleus and diaphragm feed arteries and white gastrocnemius 2a arterioles. No single gene was altered by metformin across all vessels examined. This study provides evidence that metformin treatment produces distinct gene expression effects throughout the arterial tree in a rat model of obesity and insulin resistance. Genes whose expression was modulated with metformin do not appear to have a clear connection with its known mechanisms of action. These findings support the notion that vascular gene regulation in response to oral pharmacological therapy, such as metformin, is vessel specific. Impact statement This study provides evidence that metformin treatment produces artery-specific gene expression effects. The genes whose expression was modulated with metformin do not appear to have a clear connection with its known mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- 1 Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,2 Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,3 Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Pamela K Thorne
- 4 Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- 5 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36832, USA.,6 School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- 1 Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,7 Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,8 Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sadia Akter
- 9 MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - J Wade Davis
- 9 MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,10 Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,11 Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- 3 Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,4 Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,12 Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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17
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Olver TD, Hiemstra JA, Edwards JC, Ferguson BS, Laughlin MH, Emter CA. The protective role of sex hormones in females and exercise prehabilitation in males on sternotomy-induced cranial hypoperfusion in aortic banded mini-swine. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:423-429. [PMID: 27909230 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00817.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During cardiac surgery, specifically sternotomy, cranial hypoperfusion is linked to cerebral ischemia, increased risk of perioperative watershed stroke, and other neurocognitive complications. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively examine the effect of sex hormones in females and exercise prehabilitation in males on median sternotomy-induced changes in cranial perfusion in a large animal model of heart failure. Cranial blood flow (CBF) before and 10 and 60 min poststernotomy was analyzed in eight groups of Yucatan mini-swine: female control, aortic banded, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized + aortic banded; male control, aortic banded, aortic banded + continuous exercise trained, and aortic banded + interval exercise trained. A median sternotomy decreased cranial perfusion during surgery in all pigs (~24 ± 2% relative to baseline; P ≤ 0.05). CBF was 30 ± 7% lower across all time points in all females vs. all males (P ≤ 0.05) and sternotomy decreased cranial perfusion (P ≤ 0.05) independent of sex (females = 34 ± 3% and males = 14 ± 3%) and aortic banding (intact control = 31 ± 5% and intact aortic banded = 31 ± 4%). CBF recovery at 60 min tended to be better in females vs. males (relative to 10 min poststernotomy, females = 23 ± 13% vs. males = -1 ± 5%) and intact aortic banded vs. control pigs (relative to 10 min poststernotomy, aortic banded = 43 ± 20% vs. control = 6 ± 16%; P ≤ 0.05) at 60 min poststernotomy. Ovariectomy impaired CBF recovery during cranial reperfusion 60 min following sternotomy (relative to baseline, all intact females = -1 ± 9% vs. all ovariectomized females = -15 ± 4%; P ≤ 0.05). Chronic exercise training completely prevented significant sternotomy-induced cranial hypoperfusion independent of aortic banding (sternotomy-induced deficit, all sedentary males = -24 ± 6% vs. all exercise-trained males = -7 ± 3%; P ≤ 0.05). Female sex hormones protected against impaired CBF recovery during reperfusion, while chronic exercise training prevented sternotomy-induced cranial hypoperfusion despite cardiac pressure overload.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings suggest a median sternotomy may predispose patients, possibly postmenopausal women and sedentary men, to perioperative cerebral ischemia, an increased risk of cardiac surgery-related stroke, and resulting neurocognitive impairments. Specifically, data from this common surgical procedure show: 1) median sternotomy independently decreases cranial perfusion; 2) female sex hormones improve cranial blood flow recovery following sternotomy; and 3) exercise prehabilitation prevents sternotomy-induced cranial hypoperfusion. Exercise prehabilitation before cardiac surgery may be advantageous for capable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - Jessica A Hiemstra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jenna C Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Brian S Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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18
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Olver TD, Reid SM, Smith AR, Zamir M, Lemon PWR, Laughlin MH, Shoemaker JK. Effects of acute and chronic interval sprint exercise performed on a manually propelled treadmill on upper limb vascular mechanics in healthy young men. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/13/e12861. [PMID: 27405970 PMCID: PMC4945842 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interval sprint exercise performed on a manually propelled treadmill, where the hands grip the handle bars, engages lower and upper limb skeletal muscle, but little is known regarding the effects of this exercise modality on the upper limb vasculature. We tested the hypotheses that an acute bout of sprint exercise and 6 weeks of training induces brachial artery (BA) and forearm vascular remodeling, favoring a more compliant system. Before and following a single bout of exercise as well as 6 weeks of training three types of vascular properties/methodologies were examined in healthy men: (1) stiffness of the entire upper limb vascular system (pulse wave velocity (PWV); (2) local stiffness of the BA; and (3) properties of the entire forearm vascular bed (determined by a modified lumped parameter Windkessel model). Following sprint exercise, PWV declined (P < 0.01), indices of BA stiffness did not change (P ≥ 0.10), and forearm vascular bed compliance increased and inertance and viscoelasticity decreased (P ≤ 0.03). Following manually propelled treadmill training, PWV remained unchanged (P = 0.31), indices of BA stiffness increased (P ≤ 0.05) and forearm vascular bed viscoelasticity declined (P = 0.02), but resistance, compliance, and inertance remained unchanged (P ≥ 0.10) compared with pretraining values. Sprint exercise induced a more compliant forearm vascular bed, without altering indices of BA stiffness. These effects were transient, as following training the forearm vascular bed was not more compliant and indices of BA stiffness increased. On the basis of these data, we conclude that adaptations to acute and chronic sprint exercise on a manually propelled treadmill are not uniform along the arterial tree in upper limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Steph M Reid
- Exercise Nutrition Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan R Smith
- Exercise Nutrition Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mair Zamir
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Departments of Applied Mathematics and of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter W R Lemon
- Exercise Nutrition Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Linden MA, Fletcher JA, Meers GM, Thyfault JP, Laughlin MH, Rector RS. A return to ad libitum feeding following caloric restriction promotes hepatic steatosis in hyperphagic OLETF rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G387-95. [PMID: 27445343 PMCID: PMC5076013 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00089.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hyperphagic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats develop obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but lifestyle modifications, such as caloric restriction (CR), can prevent these conditions. We sought to determine if prior CR had protective effects on metabolic health and NAFLD development following a 4-wk return to ad libitum (AL) feeding. Four-week-old male OLETF rats (n = 8-10/group) were fed AL for 16 wk (O-AL), CR for 16 wk (O-CR; ∼70% kcal of O-AL), or CR for 12 wk followed by 4 wk of AL feeding (O-AL4wk). CR-induced benefit in prevention of NAFLD, including reduced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and markers of Kupffer cell activation/number, was largely lost in AL4wk rats. These findings occurred in conjunction with a partial loss of CR-induced beneficial effects on obesity and serum triglycerides in O-AL4wk rats, but in the absence of changes in serum glucose or insulin. CR-induced increases in hepatic mitochondrial respiration remained significantly elevated (P < 0.01) in O-AL4wk compared with O-AL rats, while mitochondrial [1-(14)C]palmitate oxidation, citrate synthase activity, and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity did not differ among OLETF groups. NAFLD development in O-AL4wk rats was accompanied by increases in the protein content of the de novo lipogenesis markers fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and decreases in phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (pACC)/ACC compared with O-CR rats (P < 0.05 for each). The beneficial effects of chronic CR on NAFLD development were largely lost with 4 wk of AL feeding in the hyperphagic OLETF rat, highlighting the importance of maintaining energy balance in the prevention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Linden
- 1Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri; ,3Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - Justin A. Fletcher
- 1Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri; ,3Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - Grace M. Meers
- 1Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - John P. Thyfault
- 5Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and ,6Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - M. Harold Laughlin
- 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - R. Scott Rector
- 1Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,3Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
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20
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Linden MA, Sheldon RD, Meers GM, Ortinau LC, Morris EM, Booth FW, Kanaley JA, Vieira-Potter VJ, Sowers JR, Ibdah JA, Thyfault JP, Laughlin MH, Rector RS. Aerobic exercise training in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease related fibrosis. J Physiol 2016; 594:5271-84. [PMID: 27104887 DOI: 10.1113/jp272235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Physiologically relevant rodent models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that resemble the human condition are limited. Exercise training and energy restriction are first-line recommendations for the treatment of NASH. Hyperphagic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats fed a western diet high in fat, sucrose and cholesterol for 24 weeks developed a severe NASH with fibrosis phenotype. Moderate intensity exercise training and modest energy restriction provided some improvement in the histological features of NASH that coincided with alterations in markers of hepatic stellate cell activation and extracellular matrix remodelling. The present study highlights the importance of lifestyle modification, including exercise training and energy restriction, in the regulation of advanced liver disease. ABSTRACT The incidence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is rising but the efficacy of lifestyle modifications to improve NASH-related outcomes remain unclear. We hypothesized that a western diet (WD) would induce NASH in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat and that lifestyle modification would improve this condition. Eight-week-old Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (L) and OLETF (O) rats consumed a control diet (10% kcal fat, 3.5% sucrose) or a WD (45% kcal fat, 17% sucrose, 1% cholesterol) for 24 weeks. At 20 weeks of age, additional WD-fed OLETFs were randomized to sedentary (O-SED), food restriction (O-FR; ∼25% kcal reduction vs. O-SED) or exercise training (O-EX; treadmill running 20 m min(-1) with a 15% incline, 60 min day(-1) , 5 days week(-1) ) conditions for 12 weeks. WD induced a NASH phenotype in OLETFs characterized by hepatic fibrosis (collagen 1α1 mRNA and hydroxyproline content), as well as elevated inflammation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores, and hepatic stellate cell activation (α-smooth muscle actin) compared to Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats. FR and EX modestly improved NASH-related fibrosis markers (FR: hydroxyproline content, P < 0.01; EX: collagen 1α1 mRNA, P < 0.05; both: fibrosis score, P < 0.01) and inflammation (both: inflammation score; FR: interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α) vs. O-SED. FR reduced hepatic stellate cell activation markers (transforming growth factor-β protein and α-smooth muscle actin mRNA), whereas EX increased the hepatic stellate cell senescence marker CCN1 (P < 0.01 vs. O-SED). Additionally, both FR and EX normalized extracellular matrix remodelling markers to levels similar to L-WD (P > 0.05). Although neither EX nor FR led to complete resolution of the WD-induced NASH phenotype, both independently benefitted liver fibrosis via altered hepatic stellate cell activation and extracellular matrix remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Linden
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology
| | - Grace M Meers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital.,Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | | | - E Matthew Morris
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Centre
| | | | | | - James R Sowers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital.,Medicine-Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jamal A Ibdah
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital.,Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Kansas City VA Medical Centre, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - R Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital. .,Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. .,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology.
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Olver TD, Klakotskaia D, Ferguson BS, Hiemstra JA, Schachtman TR, Laughlin MH, Emter CA. Carotid Artery Vascular Mechanics Serve as Biomarkers of Cognitive Dysfunction in Aortic-Banded Miniature Swine That Can Be Treated With an Exercise Intervention. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003248. [PMID: 27207966 PMCID: PMC4889197 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Cognitive impairment in the setting of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction remains poorly understood. Using aortic‐banded miniature swine displaying pathological features of human heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, we tested the hypothesis that increased carotid artery stiffness and altered carotid blood flow control are associated with impaired memory independent of decreased cardiac output. Furthermore, we hypothesized that chronic exercise prevents carotid artery vascular restructuring and preserves normal blood flow control and cognition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Methods and Results Yucatan pigs aged 8 months were divided into 3 groups: control (n=7), aortic‐banded sedentary (n=7), and aortic‐banded exercise trained (n=7). At 6 months following aortic‐banded or control conditions, memory was evaluated using a spatial hole‐board task. Carotid artery vascular mechanics and blood flow were assessed at rest, and blood flow control was examined during transient vena cava occlusion. Independent of decreased cardiac output, the aortic‐banded group exhibited impaired memory that was associated with carotid artery vascular stiffening, elevated carotid artery vascular resistance, and exaggerated reductions in carotid artery blood flow during vena cava occlusion. Chronic exercise augmented memory scores, normalized blood flow control, and improved indices of carotid artery vascular stiffening. Indices of vascular stiffening were significantly correlated with average memory score. Conclusions Carotid artery stiffness and altered vasomotor control correlate with impaired cognition independent of cardiac systolic dysfunction. Carotid artery vascular mechanics may serve as a biomarker for vascular cognitive impairment in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Chronic low‐intensity exercise reduces vascular stiffening and improves cognition, highlighting the utility of exercise therapy for treating vascular cognitive impairment in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Diana Klakotskaia
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Brian S Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | | | - Todd R Schachtman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Linden MA, Sheldon RD, Meers GM, Ortinau LC, Morris EM, Vieira-Potter VJ, Kanaley JA, Booth FW, Sowers JR, Ibdah JA, Thyfault JP, Laughlin MH, Scott Rector R. Exercise Training As A Mitigator Of Liver Fibrosis In Western Diet Fed OLETF Rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486456.42848.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Laughlin MH. Physical activity-induced remodeling of vasculature in skeletal muscle: role in treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 120:1-16. [PMID: 26472876 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00789.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript summarizes and discusses adaptations of skeletal muscle vasculature induced by physical activity and applies this understanding to benefits of exercise in prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Arteriolar trees of skeletal muscle are heterogeneous. Exercise training increases capillary exchange and blood flow capacities. The distribution of vascular adaptation to different types of exercise training are influenced by muscle fiber type composition and fiber recruitment patterns that produce different modes of exercise. Thus training-induced adaptations in vascular structure and vascular control in skeletal muscle are not homogeneously distributed throughout skeletal muscle or along the arteriolar tree within a muscle. Results summarized indicate that similar principles apply to vascular adaptation in skeletal muscle in T2D. It is concluded that exercise training-induced changes in vascular gene expression differ along the arteriolar tree and by skeletal muscle fiber type composition. Results suggest that it is unlikely that hemodynamic forces are the only exercise-induced signals mediating the regulation of vascular gene expression. In patients with T2D, exercise training is perhaps the most effective treatment of the many related symptoms. Training-induced changes in the vasculature and in insulin signaling in the muscle fibers and vasculature augment glucose and insulin delivery as well as glucose uptake. If these adaptations occur in a sufficient amount of muscle mass, exposure to hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia will decrease along with the risk of microvascular complications throughout the body. It is postulated that exercise sessions in programs of sufficient duration, that engage as much skeletal muscle mass as possible, and that recruit as many muscle fibers within each muscle as possible will produce the greatest benefit. The added benefit of combined resistance and aerobic training programs and of high-intensity exercise programs is not simply "more exercise is better".
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Thijssen DHJ, Schreuder THA, Newcomer SW, Laughlin MH, Hopman MTE, Green DJ. Impact of 2-Weeks Continuous Increase in Retrograde Shear Stress on Brachial Artery Vasomotor Function in Young and Older Men. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e001968. [PMID: 26416875 PMCID: PMC4845130 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.001968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although acute elevation in retrograde shear rate (SR) impairs endothelial function, no previous study has explored the effect of prolonged elevation of retrograde SR on conduit artery vascular function. We examined the effect of 2-weeks elevation of retrograde SR on brachial artery endothelial function in young and in older men. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirteen healthy young (23±2 years) and 13 older men (61±5 years) were instructed to continuously wear a compression sleeve around the right forearm to chronically (2 weeks) elevate brachial artery retrograde SR in 1 arm. We assessed SR, diameter, and flow-mediated dilation in both the sleeve and contralateral control arms at baseline and after 30 minutes and 2 weeks of continuous sleeve application. The sleeve intervention increased retrograde SR after 30 minutes and 2 weeks in both young and older men (P=0.03 and 0.001, respectively). In young men, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation % was lower after 30 minutes and 2 weeks (P=0.004), while resting artery diameter was reduced after 2 weeks (P=0.005). The contralateral arm showed no change in retrograde SR or flow-mediated dilation % (P=0.32 and 0.26, respectively), but a decrease in diameter (P=0.035). In older men, flow-mediated dilation % and diameter did not change in either arm (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Thirty-minute elevation in retrograde SR in young men caused impaired endothelial function, while 2-week exposure to elevated levels of retrograde SR was associated with a comparable decrease in endothelial function. Interestingly, these vascular changes were not present in older men, suggesting age-related vascular changes to elevation in retrograde SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick H. J. Thijssen
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise ScienceLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Tim H. A. Schreuder
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maria T. E. Hopman
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Daniel J. Green
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise ScienceLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and HealthThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Olver TD, Laughlin MH. Endurance, interval sprint, and resistance exercise training: impact on microvascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H337-50. [PMID: 26408541 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00440.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) alters capillary hemodynamics, causes capillary rarefaction in skeletal muscle, and alters endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype, resulting in impaired vasodilatory responses. These changes contribute to altered blood flow responses to physiological stimuli, such as exercise and insulin secretion. T2D-induced microvascular dysfunction impairs glucose and insulin delivery to skeletal muscle (and other tissues such as skin and nervous), thereby reducing glucose uptake and perpetuating hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. In patients with T2D, exercise training (EX) improves microvascular vasodilator and insulin signaling and attenuates capillary rarefaction in skeletal muscle. EX-induced changes subsequently augment glucose and insulin delivery as well as glucose uptake. If these adaptions occur in a sufficient amount of tissue, and skeletal muscle in particular, chronic exposure to hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and the risk of microvascular complications in all vascular beds will decrease. We postulate that EX programs that engage as much skeletal muscle mass as possible and recruit as many muscle fibers within each muscle as possible will generate the greatest improvements in microvascular function, providing that the duration of the stimulus is sufficient. Primary improvements in microvascular function occur in tissues (skeletal muscle primarily) engaged during exercise, and secondary improvements in microvascular function throughout the body may result from improved blood glucose control. We propose that the added benefit of combined resistance and aerobic EX programs and of vigorous intensity EX programs is not simply "more is better." Rather, we believe the additional benefit is the result of EX-induced adaptations in and around more muscle fibers, resulting in more muscle mass and the associated microvasculature being changed. Thus, to acquire primary and secondary improvements in microvascular function and improved blood glucose control, EX programs should involve upper and lower body exercise and modulate intensity to augment skeletal muscle fiber recruitment. Under conditions of limited mobility, it may be necessary to train skeletal muscle groups separately to maximize whole body skeletal muscle fiber recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
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26
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Linden MA, Fletcher JA, Morris EM, Meers GM, Laughlin MH, Booth FW, Sowers JR, Ibdah JA, Thyfault JP, Rector RS. Treating NAFLD in OLETF rats with vigorous-intensity interval exercise training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:556-67. [PMID: 24983336 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing use of high-intensity interval-type exercise training in the management of many lifestyle-related diseases. PURPOSE This study aimed to test the hypothesis that vigorous-intensity interval exercise is as effective as traditional moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) outcomes in obese, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. METHODS OLETF rats (age, 20 wk; n = 8-10 per group) were assigned to sedentary (O-SED), moderate-intensity exercise training (O-MOD EX; 20 m·min(-1), 15% incline, 60 min·d(-1), 5 d·wk(-1) of treadmill running), or vigorous-intensity interval exercise training (O-VIG EX; 40 m·min(-1), 15% incline, 6 × 2.5 min bouts per day, 5 d·wk(-1) of treadmill running) groups for 12 wk. RESULTS Both MOD EX and VIG EX effectively lowered hepatic triglycerides, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), perivenular fibrosis, and hepatic collagen 1α1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression (vs O-SED, P < 0.05). In addition, both interventions increased hepatic mitochondrial markers (citrate synthase activity and fatty acid oxidation) and suppressed markers of de novo lipogenesis (fatty acid synthase, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, Elovl fatty acid elongase 6, and steroyl CoA desaturase-1), whereas only MOD EX increased hepatic mitochondrial Beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD) activity and hepatic triglyceride export marker apoB100 and lowered fatty acid transporter CD36 compared with O-SED. Moreover, whereas total hepatic macrophage population markers (CD68 and F4/80 mRNA) did not differ among groups, MOD EX and VIG EX lowered M1 macrophage polarization markers (CD11c, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α mRNA) and MOD EX increased M2 macrophage marker, CD206 mRNA, compared with O-SED. CONCLUSIONS The accumulation of 15 min·d(-1) of VIG EX for 12 wk had similar effectiveness as 60 min·d(-1) of MOD EX in the management of NAFLD in OLETF rats. These findings may have important health outcome implications as we work to design better exercise training programs for patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Linden
- 1Research Service-Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO; 2Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 3Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 5Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 6Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; and 7Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Olver TD, Ferguson BS, Laughlin MH. Molecular Mechanisms for Exercise Training-Induced Changes in Vascular Structure and Function: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and the Brain. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2015; 135:227-57. [PMID: 26477917 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Compared with resting conditions, during incremental exercise, cardiac output in humans is elevated from ~5 to 25 L min(-1). In conjunction with this increase, the proportion of cardiac output directed toward skeletal muscle increases from ~20% to 85%, while blood flow to cardiac muscle increases 500% and blood flow to specific brain structures increases nearly 200%. Based on existing evidence, researchers believe that blood flow in these tissues is matched to the increases in metabolic rate during exercise. This phenomenon, the matching of blood flow to metabolic requirement, is often referred to as functional hyperemia. This chapter summarizes mechanical and metabolic factors that regulate functional hyperemia as well as other exercise-induced signals, which are also potent stimuli for chronic adaptations in vascular biology. Repeated exposure to exercise-induced increases in shear stress and the induction of angiogenic factors alter vascular cell gene expression and mediate changes in vascular volume and blood flow control. The magnitude and regulation of this coordinated response appear to be tissue specific and coupled to other factors such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The cumulative effects of these adaptations contribute to increased exercise capacity, reduced relative challenge of a given submaximal exercise bout and ameliorated vascular outcomes in patient populations with pathological conditions. In the subsequent discussion, this chapter explores exercise as a regulator of vascular biology and summarizes the molecular mechanisms responsible for exercise training-induced changes in vascular structure and function in skeletal and cardiac muscle as well as the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Brian S Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Crissey JM, Padilla J, Vieira-Potter VJ, Thorne PK, Koch LG, Britton SL, Thyfault JP, Laughlin MH. Divergent role of nitric oxide in insulin-stimulated aortic vasorelaxation between low- and high-intrinsic aerobic capacity rats. Physiol Rep 2015. [PMID: 26197933 PMCID: PMC4552535 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-intrinsic aerobic capacity is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and is a strong predictor of early mortality. The effects of intrinsic aerobic capacity on the vascular response to insulin are largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that rats selectively bred for a low capacity to run (LCR) exhibit vascular dysfunction and impaired vascular reactivity to insulin compared to high capacity running (HCR) rats. Mature female LCR (n = 21) and HCR (n = 17) rats were maintained under sedentary conditions, and in vitro thoracic aortic vascular function was assessed. LCR exhibited greater body mass (13%), body fat (35%), and subcutaneous, perigonadal, and retroperitoneal adipose tissue mass, than HCR. During an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, glucose area under the curve (AUC) was not different but insulin AUC was 2-fold greater in LCR than HCR. Acetylcholine and insulin-stimulated aortic vasorelaxation was significantly greater in LCR (65.2 ± 3.8%, and 32.7 ± 4.1%) than HCR (55.0 ± 3.3%, and 16.7 ± 2.8%). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with L-NAME entirely abolished insulin-mediated vasorelaxation in the aorta of LCR, with no effect in HCR. LCR rats exhibited greater expression of Insulin Receptor protein, lower Endothelin Receptor-A protein, a down-regulation of transcripts for markers of immune cell infiltration (CD11C, CD4, and F4/80) and up-regulation of pro-atherogenic inflammatory genes (VCAM-1 and MCP-1) in the aorta wall. Contrary to our hypothesis, low-aerobic capacity was associated with enhanced aortic endothelial function and NO-mediated reactivity to insulin, despite increased adiposity and evidence of whole body insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Pamela K Thorne
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Laughlin MH, Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Akter S, Davis JW. Exercise training causes differential changes in gene expression in diaphragm arteries and 2A arterioles of obese rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:604-16. [PMID: 26183478 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00317.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed next-generation, transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to assess the effects of two different exercise training protocols on transcriptional profiles in diaphragm second-order arterioles (D2a) and in the diaphragm feed artery (DFA) from Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Arterioles were isolated from the diaphragm of OLETF rats that underwent an endurance exercise training program (EX; n = 13), interval sprint training program (SPRINT; n = 14), or remained sedentary (Sed; n = 12). Our hypothesis was that exercise training would have similar effects on gene expression in the diaphragm and soleus muscle arterioles because diaphragm blood flow increases during exercise to a similar extent as in soleus. Results reveal that several canonical pathways that were significantly altered by exercise in limb skeletal muscles were not among the pathways significantly changed in the diaphragm arterioles including actin cytoskeleton signaling, role of NFAT in regulation of immune response, protein kinase A signaling, and protein ubiquitination pathway. EX training altered the expression of a smaller number of genes than did SPRINT in the DFA but induced a larger number of genes with altered expression in the D2a than did SPRINT. In fact, FDR differential expression analysis (FDR, 10%) indicated that only two genes exhibited altered expression in D2a of SPRINT rats. Very few of the genes that exhibited altered expression in the DFA or D2a were also altered in limb muscle arterioles. Finally, results indicate that the 2a arterioles of soleus muscle (S2a) from endurance-trained animals and the DFA of SPRINT animals exhibited the largest number of genes with altered expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Pamela K Thorne
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama; Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri; Internal Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sadia Akter
- MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - J Wade Davis
- Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
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Laughlin MH, Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Akter S, Davis JW. Exercise-induced differential changes in gene expression among arterioles of skeletal muscles of obese rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:583-603. [PMID: 26183477 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00316.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using next-generation, transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology we assessed the effects of exercise training on transcriptional profiles in skeletal muscle arterioles isolated from the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats that underwent an endurance exercise training program (EX; n = 13), interval sprint training program (SPRINT; n = 14), or remained sedentary (Sed; n = 12). We hypothesized that the greatest effects of exercise would be in the gastrocnemius arterioles. Results show that EX caused the largest number of changes in gene expression in the soleus and white gastrocnemius 2a arterioles with little to no changes in the feed arteries. In contrast, SPRINT caused substantial changes in gene expression in the feed arteries. IPA canonical pathway analysis revealed 18 pathways with significant changes in gene expression when analyzed across vessels and revealed that EX induces increased expression of the following genes in all arterioles examined: Shc1, desert hedgehog protein (Dhh), adenylate cyclase 4 (Adcy4), G protein binding protein, alpha (Gnat1), and Bcl2l1 and decreased expression of ubiquitin D (Ubd) and cAMP response element modulator (Crem). EX increased expression of endothelin converting enzyme (Ece1), Hsp90b, Fkbp5, and Cdcl4b in four of five arterioles. SPRINT had effects on expression of Crem, Dhh, Bcl2l1, and Ubd that were similar to EX. SPRINT also increased expression of Nfkbia, Hspa5, Tubb 2a and Tubb 2b, and Fkbp5 in all five arterioles and increased expression of Gnat1 in all but the soleus second-order arterioles. Many contractile and/or structural protein genes were increased by SPRINT in the gastrocnemius feed artery, but the same genes exhibited decreased expression in red gastrocnemius arterioles. We conclude that training-induced changes in arteriolar gene expression patterns differ by muscle fiber type composition and along the arteriolar tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Pamela K Thorne
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama; Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri; Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sadia Akter
- Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - J Wade Davis
- Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
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Arce-Esquivel AA, Bunker AK, Simmons GH, Yang HT, Laughlin MH, Terjung RL. Impaired Coronary Endothelial Vasorelaxation in a Preclinical Model of Peripheral Arterial Insufficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1. [PMID: 26726316 PMCID: PMC4696773 DOI: 10.15436/2378-6914/15/010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine whether adult swine with peripheral artery insufficiency (PAI) would exhibit vascular dysfunction in vessels distinct from the affected distal limbs, the coronary conduit arteries. Moreover, we sought to evaluate the effect of exercise training on coronary vasomotor function in PAI. Eighteen female healthy young Yucatan miniature swine were randomly assigned to either occluded exercise trained (Occl-Ex, n=7), or occluded-sedentary (Occl-Sed, n=5), or non-occluded, non-exercised control (Non-Occl-Con, n=6) groups. Occl-Ex pigs were progressively trained by running on a treadmill (5days/week, 12 weeks). The left descending artery (LAD) and left circumflex (LCX) coronary arteries were harvested. Vasorelaxation to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), bradykinin (BK), and sodium nitro-prusside (SNP) were assessed in LAD’s; while constrictor responses to phenylephrine (PE), angiotensin II (Ang II), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were assessed in LCX’s. Vasorelaxation to ADP was reduced in LADs from Occl-Sed and Occl-Ex pigs (P<0.001) as compared to Non-Occl-Con pigs; however, Occl-Ex pigs exhibited partial recovery (P<0.001) intermediate to the other two groups. BK induced relaxation was reduced in LADs from Occl-Ex and Occl-Sed pigs (P<0.001), compared to Non-Occl-Con, and exercise modestly increased responses to BK (P<0.05). In addition, SNP, PE, Ang II, and ET-1 responses were not significantly different among the groups. Our results indicate that ‘simple’ occlusion of the femoral arteries induces vascular dysfunction in conduit vessels distinct from the affected hindlimbs, as evident in blunted coronary vasorelaxation responses to ADP and BK. These findings imply that PAI, even in the absence of frank atherogenic vascular disease, contributes to vascular dysfunction in the coronary arteries that could exacerbate disease outcome in patients with peripheral artery disease. Further, regular daily physical activity partially recovered the deficit observed in the coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Arce-Esquivel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri ; Department of Health and Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | | | - G H Simmons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - H T Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M H Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - R L Terjung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Linden MA, Lopez KT, Fletcher JA, Morris EM, Meers GM, Siddique S, Laughlin MH, Sowers JR, Thyfault JP, Ibdah JA, Rector RS. Combining metformin therapy with caloric restriction for the management of type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1038-47. [PMID: 26394261 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Weight loss is recommended for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), while metformin may lower liver enzymes in type 2 diabetics. Yet, the efficacy of the combination of weight loss and metformin in the treatment of NAFLD is unclear. We assessed the effects of metformin, caloric restriction, and their combination on NAFLD in diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Male OLETF rats (age 20 weeks; n = 6-8 per group) were fed ad libitum (AL), given metformin (300 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1); Met), calorically restricted (70% of AL; CR), or calorically restricted and given metformin (CR+Met) for 12 weeks. Met lowered adiposity compared with AL but not to the same magnitude as CR or CR+Met (p < 0.05). Although only CR improved fasting insulin and glucose, the combination of CR+Met was needed to improve post-challenge glucose tolerance. All treatments lowered hepatic triglycerides, but further improvements were observed in the CR groups (p < 0.05, Met vs. CR or CR+Met) and a further reduction in serum alanine aminotransferases was observed in CR+Met rats. CR lowered markers of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1)) and increased hepatic mitochondrial activity (palmitate oxidation and β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD) activity). Changes were enhanced in the CR+Met group for ACC, SCD-1, β-HAD, and the mitophagy marker BNIP3. Met decreased total hepatic mTOR content and inhibited mTOR complex 1, which may have contributed to Met-induced reductions in de novo lipogenesis. These findings in the OLETF rat suggest that the combination of caloric restriction and metformin may provide a more optimal approach than either treatment alone in the management of type 2 diabetes and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Linden
- a Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,b Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kristi T Lopez
- a Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,c Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Justin A Fletcher
- a Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,b Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - E Matthew Morris
- a Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,c Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Grace M Meers
- a Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,c Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Sameer Siddique
- a Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,c Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- e Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- a Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,d Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - John P Thyfault
- a Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,b Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,c Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Jamal A Ibdah
- a Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,b Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,c Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- a Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,b Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,c Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Bender SB, Laughlin MH. Modulation of endothelial cell phenotype by physical activity: impact on obesity-related endothelial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1-8. [PMID: 25934096 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00177.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Increased levels of physical activity are associated with reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and mortality in obesity and diabetes. Available evidence suggests that local factors, including local hemodynamics, account for a significant portion of this CVD protection, and numerous studies have interrogated the therapeutic benefit of physical activity/exercise training in CVD. Less well established is whether basal differences in endothelial cell phenotype between/among vasculatures related to muscle recruitment patterns during activity may account for reports of nonuniform development of endothelial dysfunction in obesity. This is the focus of this review. We highlight recent work exploring the vulnerability of two distinct vasculatures with established differences in endothelial cell phenotype. Specifically, based largely on dramatic differences in underlying hemodynamics, arteries perfusing soleus muscle (slow-twitch muscle fibers) and those perfusing gastrocnemius muscle (fast-twitch muscle fibers) in the rat exhibit an exercise training-like versus an untrained endothelial cell phenotype, respectively. In the context of obesity, therefore, arteries to soleus muscle exhibit protection from endothelial dysfunction compared with vulnerable arteries to gastrocnemius muscle. This disparate vulnerability is consistent with numerous animal and human studies, demonstrating increased skeletal muscle blood flow heterogeneity in obesity coincident with reduced muscle function and exercise intolerance. Mechanistically, we highlight emerging areas of inquiry exploring novel aspects of hemodynamic-sensitive signaling in endothelial cells and the time course of physical activity-associated endothelial adaptations. Lastly, further exploration needs to consider the impact of endothelial heterogeneity on the development of endothelial dysfunction because endothelial dysfunction independently predicts CVD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn B Bender
- Research, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
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Linden MA, Sheldon RD, Meers GM, Morris EM, Thyfault JP, Laughlin MH, Rector RS. A Western Diet High In Fat, Sucrose, And Cholesterol Promotes Advanced Liver Disease In Sedentary, Oletf Rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000476796.87082.4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Olver TD, Ferguson B, Sheldon R, Linden M, Emter C, Rector RS, Laughlin MH. Type 2 Diabetes Alters Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Rat Aorta. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.793.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Dylan Olver
- Biomedical Sciences and Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUnited States
| | - Brian Ferguson
- Biomedical Sciences and Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUnited States
| | - Ryan Sheldon
- Biomedical Sciences and Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUnited States
| | - Melissa Linden
- Biomedical Sciences and Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUnited States
| | - Craig Emter
- Biomedical Sciences and Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUnited States
| | - R Scott Rector
- Biomedical Sciences and Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUnited States
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Biomedical Sciences and Nutrition and Exercise PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUnited States
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Sheldon RD, Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Laughlin MH, Rector RS. Chronic NOS inhibition accelerates NAFLD progression in an obese rat model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G540-9. [PMID: 25573175 PMCID: PMC4360049 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00247.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a serious health concern, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) via N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) would intensify liver injury in a rat model of obesity, insulin resistance, and NAFLD. Obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) and lean Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats received control or L-NAME (65-70 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1))-containing drinking water for 4 wk. L-NAME treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced serum NO metabolites and food intake in both groups. Remarkably, despite no increase in body weight, L-NAME treatment increased hepatic triacylglycerol content (+40%, P < 0.05) vs. control OLETF rats. This increase was associated with impaired (P < 0.05) hepatic mitochondrial state 3 respiration. Interestingly, the opposite effect was found in LETO rats, where L-NAME increased (P < 0.05) hepatic mitochondrial state 3 respiration. In addition, L-NAME induced a shift toward proinflammatory M1 macrophage polarity, as indicated by elevated hepatic CD11c (P < 0.05) and IL-1β (P = 0.07) mRNA in OLETF rats and reduced expression of the anti-inflammatory M2 markers CD163 and CD206 (P < 0.05) in LETO rats. Markers of total macrophage content (CD68 and F4/80) mRNA were unaffected by L-NAME in either group. In conclusion, systemic NOS inhibition in the obese OLETF rats reduced hepatic mitochondrial respiration, increased hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation, and increased hepatic inflammation. These findings suggest an important role for proper NO metabolism in the hepatic adaptation to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Sheldon
- 1Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri; ,2Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - Jaume Padilla
- 2Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,3Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,4Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | | | - M. Harold Laughlin
- 4Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,5Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,6Department of Medical Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - R. Scott Rector
- 1Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri; ,2Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,7Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
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37
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Credeur DP, Holwerda SW, Restaino RM, King PM, Crutcher KL, Laughlin MH, Padilla J, Fadel PJ. Characterizing rapid-onset vasodilation to single muscle contractions in the human leg. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 118:455-64. [PMID: 25539935 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00785.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid-onset vasodilation (ROV) following single muscle contractions has been examined in the forearm of humans, but has not yet been characterized in the leg. Given known vascular differences between the arm and leg, we sought to characterize ROV following single muscle contractions in the leg. Sixteen healthy men performed random ordered single contractions at 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60% of their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using isometric knee extension made with the leg above and below heart level, and these were compared with single isometric contractions of the forearm (handgrip). Single thigh cuff compressions (300 mmHg) were utilized to estimate the mechanical contribution to leg ROV. Continuous blood flow was determined by duplex-Doppler ultrasound and blood pressure via finger photoplethysmography (Finometer). Single isometric knee extensor contractions produced intensity-dependent increases in peak leg vascular conductance that were significantly greater than the forearm in both the above- and below-heart level positions (e.g., above heart level: leg 20% MVC, +138 ± 28% vs. arm 20% MVC, +89 ± 17%; P < 0.05). Thigh cuff compressions also produced a significant hyperemic response, but these were brief and smaller in magnitude compared with single isometric contractions in the leg. Collectively, these data demonstrate the presence of a rapid and robust vasodilation to single muscle contractions in the leg that is largely independent of mechanical factors, thus establishing the leg as a viable model to study ROV in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Credeur
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Seth W Holwerda
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert M Restaino
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Phillip M King
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kiera L Crutcher
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
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Abstract
Over the last decades exercise training has evolved into an established evidence-based therapeutic strategy with prognostic benefits in many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs): In stable coronary artery disease (CAD) exercise training attenuates disease progression by beneficially influencing CVD risk factors (i.e., hyperlipidemia, hypertension) and coronary endothelial function. In heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) training prevents the progressive loss of exercise capacity by antagonizing peripheral skeletal muscle wasting and by promoting left ventricular reverse remodeling with reduction in cardiomegaly and improvement of ejection fraction. Novel areas for exercise training interventions include HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), pulmonary hypertension, and valvular heart disease. In HFpEF, randomized studies indicate a lusitropic effect of training on left ventricular diastolic function associated with symptomatic improvement of exercise capacity. In pulmonary hypertension, reductions in pulmonary artery pressure were observed following endurance exercise training. Recently, innovative training methods such as high-intensity interval training, resistance training and others have been introduced. Although their prognostic value still needs to be determined, these approaches may achieve superior improvements in aerobic exercise capacity and gain in muscle mass, respectively. In this review, we give an overview of the prognostic and symptomatic benefits of exercise training in the most common cardiac disease entities. Additionally, key guideline recommendations for the initiation of training programs are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gielen
- Martin-Luther-University Halle/Wittenberg, University Hospital, Dept. of Int. Medicine III, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000, Rotterdam, CA, The Netherlands
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Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Davis JW, Laughlin MH. Identification of genes whose expression is altered by obesity throughout the arterial tree. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:821-32. [PMID: 25271210 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00091.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology on the whole transcriptome to identify genes whose expression is consistently affected by obesity across multiple arteries. Specifically, we examined transcriptional profiles of the iliac artery as well as the feed artery, first, second, and third branch order arterioles in the soleus, gastrocnemius, and diaphragm muscles from obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) and lean Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats. Within the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, the number of genes differentially expressed with obesity tended to increase with increasing branch order arteriole number (i.e., decreasing size of the artery). This trend was opposite in the diaphragm. We found a total of 15 genes that were consistently upregulated with obesity (MIS18A, CTRB1, FAM151B, FOLR2, PXMP4, OAS1B, SREBF2, KLRA17, SLC25A44, SNX10, SLFN3, MEF2BNB, IRF7, RAD23A, LGALS3BP) and five genes that were consistently downregulated with obesity (C2, GOLGA7, RIN3, PCP4, CYP2E1). A small fraction (∼9%) of the genes affected by obesity was modulated across all arteries examined. In conclusion, the present study identifies a select number of genes (i.e., 20 genes) whose expression is consistently altered throughout the arterial network in response to obesity and provides further insight into the heterogeneous vascular effects of obesity. Although there is no known direct function of the majority of 20 genes related to vascular health, the obesity-associated upregulation of SREBF2, LGALS3BP, IRF7, and FOLR2 across all arteries is suggestive of an unfavorable vascular phenotypic alteration with obesity. These data may serve as an important resource for identifying novel therapeutic targets against obesity-related vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
| | | | - Pamela K Thorne
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri; Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - J Wade Davis
- Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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De Beer VJ, Bender SB, Merkus DL, Van Deel ED, Tharp DL, Laughlin MH, Bowles DK, Duncker DJ. 48Coronary microvascular dysfunction in a porcine model of familial hypercholesterolemia results in perturbations of myocardial oxygen balance at rest and during exercise. Cardiovasc Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu080.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Jenkins NT, Padilla J, Harold Laughlin M. Paracrine Effects Of Adipocytes From Lean And Obese Rats On Cultured Endothelial Cells. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000495623.66056.8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Linden MA, Sheldon RD, Fletcher JA, Meers GM, Harold Laughlin M, Thyfault JP, Scott Rector R. Exercise of Different Intensities Alter Hepatic mRNA Expression of M1/M2 Polarization Markers in OLETF Rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000496251.42643.cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Crissey JM, Jenkins NT, Duncan KA, Thorne PK, Bayless DS, Vieira-Potter VJ, Scott Rector R, Thyfault JP, Harold Laughlin M, Padilla J. Adipose Tissue and Vascular Phenotypic Modulation by Voluntary Physical Activity and Dietary Restriction in Obese Insulin Resistant OLETF Rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000495621.27938.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jenkins NT, Padilla J, Laughlin MH. Beneficial paracrine effects of adipocytes from obese rats on cultured endothelial cells. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2014; 1:e27-e30. [PMID: 26273566 PMCID: PMC4532428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to test the hypothesis that adipocytes from obese rats would exert pro-atherogenic paracrine effects on cultured endothelial cells compared to adipocytes from lean rats, and that the adverse obesity-associated paracrine effects of adipocytes would be more pronounced in visceral than subcutaneous adipose tissue. Epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissues were harvested from 32-wk old obese Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) and lean Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats. Cultured rat aortic endothelial cells were treated for 24 hours with media conditioned with LETO subcutaneous adipocytes (LSA), OLETF subcutaneous adipocytes (OSA), LETO epididymal adipocytes (LEA), and OLETF epididymal adipocytes (OEA). The amounts of key adipokines secreted by ATs was measured in the supernatant fluid with ELISA and mRNA levels of a number of pro- and anti-atherogenic genes was assessed in treated endothelial cells via quantitative real-time PCR. Compared to adipocytes from other depots, secretion of leptin and TNFα was highest and vaspin secretion was lowest from OEA. However, endothelial cells treated with OEA conditioned media exhibited lower expression of several pro-atherogenic genes. These data suggest that adipocytes isolated from obese visceral adipose tissue secrete some as-yet unidentified factor(s) that confers a beneficial effect on transcription of pro- and anti-atherogenic genes of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO ; Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO ; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO ; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Sheldon RD, Laughlin MH, Rector RS. Reduced hepatic eNOS phosphorylation is associated with NAFLD and type 2 diabetes progression and is prevented by daily exercise in hyperphagic OLETF rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1156-64. [PMID: 24577062 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01275.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with reduced hepatic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation status via S1177 phosphorylation (p-eNOS) and is prevented by daily voluntary wheel running (VWR). Hyperphagic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, an established model of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and NAFLD, and normophagic controls [Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO)] were studied at 8, 20, and 40 wk of age. Basal hepatic eNOS phosphorylation (p-eNOS/eNOS) was similar between LETO and OLETFs with early hepatic steatosis (8 wk of age) and advanced steatosis, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia (20 wk of age). In contrast, hepatic p-eNOS/eNOS was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in OLETF rats with T2D advancement and the transition to more advanced NAFLD with inflammation and fibrosis [increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CD68, and CD163 mRNA expression; 40 wk of age]. Reduced hepatic eNOS activation status in 40-wk OLETF rats was significantly correlated with reduced p-Akt/Akt (r = 0.73, P < 0.05), reduced serum insulin (r = 0.59, P < 0.05), and elevated serum glucose (r = -0.78, P < 0.05), suggesting a link between impaired glycemic control and altered hepatic nitric oxide metabolism. VWR by OLETF rats, in conjunction with NAFLD and T2D prevention, normalized p-eNOS/eNOS and p-Akt/Akt to LETO levels. Basal activation of hepatic eNOS and Akt are maintained until advanced NAFLD and T2D development in obese OLETF rats. The prevention of this reduction by VWR may result from maintained insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Sheldon
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, MO
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Crissey JM, Jenkins NT, Lansford KA, Thorne PK, Bayless DS, Vieira-Potter VJ, Rector RS, Thyfault JP, Laughlin MH, Padilla J. Adipose tissue and vascular phenotypic modulation by voluntary physical activity and dietary restriction in obese insulin-resistant OLETF rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R596-606. [PMID: 24523340 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00493.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT)-derived cytokines are proposed to contribute to obesity-associated vascular insulin resistance. We tested the hypothesis that voluntary physical activity and diet restriction-induced maintenance of body weight would both result in decreased AT inflammation and concomitant improvements in insulin-stimulated vascular relaxation in the hyperphagic, obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rat. Rats (aged 12 wk) were randomly assigned to sedentary (SED; n = 10), wheel running (WR; n = 10), or diet restriction (DR; n = 10; fed 70% of SED) for 8 wk. WR and DR rats exhibited markedly lower adiposity (7.1 ± 0.4 and 15.7 ± 1.1% body fat, respectively) relative to SED (27 ± 1.2% body fat), as well as improved blood lipid profiles and systemic markers of insulin resistance. Reduced adiposity in both WR and DR was associated with decreased AT mRNA expression of inflammatory genes (e.g., MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6) and markers of immune cell infiltration (e.g., CD8, CD11c, and F4/80). The extent of these effects were most pronounced in visceral AT compared with subcutaneous and periaortic AT. Markers of inflammation in brown AT were upregulated with WR but not DR. In periaortic AT, WR- and DR-induced reductions in expression and secretion of cytokines were accompanied with a more atheroprotective gene expression profile in the adjacent aortic wall. WR, but not DR, resulted in greater insulin-stimulated relaxation in the aorta; an effect that was, in part, mediated by a decrease in insulin-induced endothelin-1 activation in WR aorta. Collectively, we show in OLETF rats that lower adiposity leads to less AT and aortic inflammation, as well as an exercise-specific improvement in insulin-stimulated vasorelaxation.
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Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Thorne PK, Lansford KA, Fleming NJ, Bayless DS, Sheldon RD, Rector RS, Laughlin MH. Differential regulation of adipose tissue and vascular inflammatory gene expression by chronic systemic inhibition of NOS in lean and obese rats. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00225. [PMID: 24744894 PMCID: PMC3966247 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that a decrease in bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) would result in
increased adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. In particular, we utilized the obese Otsuka Long Evans
Tokushima Fatty rat model (n = 20) and lean Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka
counterparts (n = 20) to determine the extent to which chronic inhibition of
NO synthase (NOS) with
Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl
ester (L‐NAME) treatment (for 4 weeks) upregulates expression of inflammatory genes and
markers of immune cell infiltration in retroperitoneal white AT, subscapular brown AT, periaortic AT
as well as in its contiguous aorta free of perivascular AT. As expected, relative to lean rats
(% body fat = 13.5 ± 0.7), obese rats (% body fat = 27.2 ±
0.8) were hyperlipidemic (total cholesterol 77.0 ± 2.1 vs. 101.0 ± 3.3 mg/dL),
hyperleptinemic (5.3 ± 0.9 vs. 191.9 ± 59.9 pg/mL), and
insulin‐resistant (higher HOMA IR index [3.9 ± 0.8 vs. 25.2 ± 4.1]). Obese rats
also exhibited increased expression of proinflammatory genes in perivascular, visceral, and brown
ATs. L‐NAME treatment produced a small but statistically significant decrease in percent body
fat (24.6 ± 0.9 vs. 27.2 ± 0.8%) and HOMA IR index (16.9 ± 2.3 vs. 25.2
± 4.1) in obese rats. Further, contrary to our hypothesis, we found that expression of
inflammatory genes in all AT depots examined were generally unaltered with L‐NAME treatment
in both lean and obese rats. This was in contrast with the observation that L‐NAME produced a
significant upregulation of inflammatory and proatherogenic genes in the aorta. Collectively, these
findings suggest that chronic NOS inhibition alters transcriptional regulation of proinflammatory
genes to a greater extent in the aortic wall compared to its adjacent perivascular AT, or visceral
white and subscapular brown AT depots. We tested the hypothesis that a decrease in bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) would result in
increased adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. Our findings suggest that chronic NOS inhibition alters
transcriptional regulation of proinflammatory genes to a greater extent in the aortic wall compared
to its adjacent perivascular AT, or visceral white and subscapular brown AT depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri ; Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Pamela K Thorne
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | | | - David S Bayless
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri ; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri ; Harry S Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri ; Harry S Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri ; Internal Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri ; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri ; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Linden MA, Fletcher JA, Morris EM, Meers GM, Kearney ML, Crissey JM, Laughlin MH, Booth FW, Sowers JR, Ibdah JA, Thyfault JP, Rector RS. Combining metformin and aerobic exercise training in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and NAFLD in OLETF rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E300-10. [PMID: 24326426 PMCID: PMC3920010 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00427.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we sought to compare the efficacy of combining exercise and metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in hyperphagic, obese, type 2 diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. OLETF rats (age: 20 wk, hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic; n = 10/group) were randomly assigned to sedentary (O-SED), SED plus metformin (O-SED + M; 300 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)), moderate-intensity exercise training (O-EndEx; 20 m/min, 60 min/day, 5 days/wk treadmill running), or O-EndEx + M groups for 12 wk. Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (L-SED) rats served as nonhyperphagic controls. O-SED + M, O-EndEx, and O-EndEx + M were effective in the management of type 2 diabetes, and all three treatments lowered hepatic steatosis and serum markers of liver injury; however, O-EndEx lowered liver triglyceride content and fasting hyperglycemia more than O-SED + M. In addition, exercise elicited greater improvements compared with metformin alone on postchallenge glycemic control, liver diacylglycerol content, hepatic mitochondrial palmitate oxidation, citrate synthase, and β-HAD activities and in the attenuation of markers of hepatic fatty acid uptake and de novo fatty acid synthesis. Surprisingly, combining metformin and aerobic exercise training offered little added benefit to these outcomes, and in fact, metformin actually blunted exercise-induced increases in complete mitochondrial palmitate oxidation and β-HAD activity. In conclusion, aerobic exercise training was more effective than metformin administration in the management of type 2 diabetes and NAFLD outcomes in obese hyperphagic OLETF rats. Combining therapies offered little additional benefit beyond exercise alone, and findings suggest that metformin potentially impairs exercise-induced hepatic mitochondrial adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Linden
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital
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Zhou Z, de Beer VJ, Bender SB, Jan Danser AH, Merkus D, Laughlin MH, Duncker DJ. Phosphodiesterase-5 activity exerts a coronary vasoconstrictor influence in awake swine that is mediated in part via an increase in endothelin production. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H918-27. [PMID: 24464751 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00331.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO)-induced coronary vasodilation is mediated through production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and through inhibition of the endothelin-1 (ET) system. We previously demonstrated that phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5)-mediated cGMP breakdown and ET each exert a vasoconstrictor influence on coronary resistance vessels. However, little is known about the integrated control of coronary resistance vessel tone by these two vasoconstrictor mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of PDE5 and ET to the regulation of coronary resistance vessel tone in swine both in vivo, at rest and during graded treadmill exercise, and in vitro. ETA/ETB receptor blockade with tezosentan (3 mg/kg iv) and PDE5 inhibition with EMD360527 (300 μg·min(-1)·kg(-1) iv) each produced coronary vasodilation at rest and during exercise as well as in preconstricted isolated coronary small arteries. In contrast, tezosentan failed to produce further coronary vasodilation in the presence of EMD360527, both in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, EMD360527 (3 μM) and cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP (100 μM) had no significant effects on ET-induced contractions of isolated porcine coronary small arteries, suggesting unperturbed ET receptor responsiveness. In contrast, PDE5 inhibition and cGMP blunted the contractions produced by the ET precursor Big ET, but only in vessels with intact endothelium, suggesting that PDE5 inhibition limited ET production in the endothelium of small coronary arteries. In conclusion, PDE5 activity exerts a vasoconstrictor influence on coronary resistance vessels that is mediated, in part, via an increase in endothelial ET production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Cardiovascular Research School COEUR, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Jenkins NT, Padilla J, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Davis JW, Laughlin MH. Transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing analysis of rat skeletal muscle feed arteries. I. Impact of obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1017-32. [PMID: 24436298 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01233.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We employed next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to determine the influence of obesity on global gene expression in skeletal muscle feed arteries. Transcriptional profiles of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle feed arteries (GFA and SFA, respectively) and aortic endothelial cell-enriched samples from obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) and lean Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats were examined. Obesity produced 282 upregulated and 133 downregulated genes in SFA and 163 upregulated and 77 downregulated genes in GFA [false discovery rate (FDR) < 10%] with an overlap of 93 genes between the arteries. In LETO rats, there were 89 upregulated and 114 downregulated genes in the GFA compared with the SFA. There were 244 upregulated and 275 downregulated genes in OLETF rats (FDR < 10%) in the GFA compared with the SFA, with an overlap of 76 differentially expressed genes common to both LETO and OLETF rats in both the GFA and SFA. A total of 396 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed between LETO and OLETF in aortic endothelial cell-enriched samples. Overall, we found 1) the existence of heterogeneity in the transcriptional profile of the SFA and GFA within healthy LETO rats, 2) that this between-vessel heterogeneity was markedly exacerbated in the hyperphagic, obese OLETF rat, and 3) a greater number of genes whose expression was altered by obesity in the SFA compared with the GFA. Also, results indicate that in OLETF rats the GFA takes on a relatively more proatherogenic phenotype compared with the SFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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