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Morgan TF, Riley LM, Tavares AAS, Sutherland A. Automated Radiosynthesis of cis- and trans-4-[ 18F]Fluoro-l-proline Using [ 18F]Fluoride. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14054-14060. [PMID: 33913318 PMCID: PMC8524414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The positron emission tomography imaging agents cis- and trans-4-[18F]fluoro-l-proline are used for the detection of numerous diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis and various carcinomas. These imaging agents are typically prepared by nucleophilic fluorination of 4-hydroxy-l-proline derivatives, with [18F]fluoride, followed by deprotection. Although effective radiofluorination reactions have been developed, the overall radiosynthesis process is suboptimal due to deprotection methods that are performed manually, require multiple steps, or involve harsh conditions. Here we describe the development of two synthetic routes that allow access to precursors, which undergo highly selective radiofluorination reactions and rapid deprotection, under mild acidic conditions. These methods were found to be compatible with automation, avoiding manual handling of radioactive intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timaeus
E. F. Morgan
- BHF-University
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne M. Riley
- WestCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana A. S. Tavares
- BHF-University
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- WestCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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2
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Bird KE, Xander C, Murcia S, Schmalstig AA, Wang X, Emanuele MJ, Braunstein M, Bowers AA. Thiopeptides Induce Proteasome-Independent Activation of Cellular Mitophagy. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2164-2174. [PMID: 32589399 PMCID: PMC7442609 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thiopeptide antibiotics are emerging clinical candidates that exhibit potent antibacterial activity against a variety of intracellular pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Many thiopeptides directly inhibit bacterial growth by disrupting protein synthesis. However, recent work has shown that one thiopeptide, thiostrepton (TSR), can also induce autophagy in infected macrophages, which has the potential to be exploited for host-directed therapies against intracellular pathogens, such as Mtb. To better define the therapeutic potential of this class of antibiotics, we studied the host-directed effects of a suite of natural thiopeptides that spans five structurally diverse thiopeptide classes, as well as several analogs. We discovered that thiopeptides as a class induce selective autophagic removal of mitochondria, known as mitophagy. This activity is independent of other biological activities, such as proteasome inhibition or antibiotic activity. We also find that many thiopeptides exhibit potent activity against intracellular Mtb in macrophage infection models. However, the thiopeptide-induced mitophagy occurs outside of pathogen-containing autophagosomes and does not appear to contribute to thiopeptide control of intracellular Mtb. These results expand basic understanding of thiopeptide biology and provide key guidance for the development of new thiopeptide antibiotics and host-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Bird
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christian Xander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sebastian Murcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alan A. Schmalstig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xianxi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael J. Emanuele
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Miriam Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Albert A. Bowers
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Piotrowska DG, Głowacka IE, Wróblewski AE, Lubowiecka L. Synthesis of nonracemic hydroxyglutamic acids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:236-255. [PMID: 30745997 PMCID: PMC6350885 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamic acid is involved in several cellular processes though its role as the neurotransmitter is best recognized. For detailed studies of interactions with receptors a number of structural analogues of glutamic acid are required to map their active sides. This review article summarizes syntheses of nonracemic hydroxyglutamic acid analogues equipped with functional groups capable for the formation of additional hydrogen bonds, both as donors and acceptors. The majority of synthetic strategies starts from natural products and relies on application of chirons having the required configuration at the carbon atom bonded to nitrogen (e.g., serine, glutamic and pyroglutamic acids, proline and 4-hydroxyproline). Since various hydroxyglutamic acids were identified as components of complex natural products, syntheses of orthogonally protected derivatives of hydroxyglutamic acids are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota G Piotrowska
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona E Głowacka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej E Wróblewski
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Liwia Lubowiecka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Zhou W, Liu X, Zhang P, Zhou P, Shi X. Effect analysis of mineral salt concentrations on nosiheptide production by Streptomyces actuosus Z-10 using response surface methodology. Molecules 2014; 19:15507-20. [PMID: 25264834 PMCID: PMC6270855 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191015507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop an optimal combination of mineral salts in the fermentation medium for nosiheptide (Nsh) production using statistical methodologies. A Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was used to evaluate the impacts of eight mineral salts on Nsh production. The results showed that among the no-significant factors, CaCO3, and K2HPO4·3H2O had positive effects, whereas FeSO4·7H2O, CuSO4·5H2O, and ZnSO4·7H2O had negative effects on Nsh production. The other three significant factors (Na2SO4, MnSO4·H2O, and MgSO4·7H2O) were further optimized by using a five-level three-factor central composite design (CCD). Experimental data were fitted to a quadratic polynomial model, which provided an effective way to determine the interactive effect of metal salts on Nsh production. The optimal values were determined to be 2.63, 0.21, and 3.37 g/L, respectively. The model also ensured a good fitting of scale-up Nsh batch fermentation with a maximum production of 1501 mg/L, representing a 1.56-fold increase compared to the original standard condition. All these results revealed that statistical optimization methodology had the potential to achieve comprehensive optimization in Nsh fermentation behaviors, which indicates a possibility to establish economical large-scale production of Nsh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xunlong Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Abstract
This paper highlights ongoing efforts toward Erythrina alkaloids, himandrine, tetrodotoxin, and thiopeptide antibiotics such as nosiheptide and describes representative spinoffs in biomedicine that emanated from the author’s research in synthetic organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Ciufolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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