1
|
Merten T, Dandachi-FitzGerald B, Boskovic I, Puente-López E, Merckelbach H. The Self-Report Symptom Inventory. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-021-09434-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
2
|
Praus P, Schwarz S, Reinhard I, Zink M, Dreßing H. [Validity of the "Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology" [SIMS] in the Assessment of Healthy Individuals and Patients with Psychiatric Disorders Outside the Forensic Context]. FORTSCHRITTE DER NEUROLOGIE-PSYCHIATRIE 2021; 90:100-107. [PMID: 34116581 DOI: 10.1055/a-1493-2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessment of the rate of false-positive results of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) in healthy controls and authentic patients outside the forensic or rehabilitative context. METHODS Beyond the SIMS scores, further variables (PANSS, Hamilton scale, MMSE) were obtained. SIMS scores of healthy individuals were compared with the SIMS scores of the different groups of patients. Additionally, correlations between the SIMS scores and other variables were investigated. RESULTS Patients with psychotic disorders (n=30) or depressive episodes (n=32) more frequently achieved SIMS scores >16 as compared to healthy controls. In comparison, patients with amnestic disorders (n=15) had inconspicuous SIMS scores. Depressed patients with positive SIMS results were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with another psychiatric disorder and the scores of these patients on the Hamilton scale were correlated with positive results on 2 subscales of the SIMS (NI, AF). CONCLUSION If this instrument is to applied in clinical practice in the future, further validation of the SIMS is necessary. The specificity of the SIMS seems to be context-related.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Praus
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Iris Reinhard
- Abteilung Biostatistik, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Zink
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, Germany.,Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Bezirksklinikum Ansbach, Ansbach, Germany
| | - Harald Dreßing
- Forensische Psychiatrie, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wertz M, Mader E, Nedopil N, Schiltz K, Yundina E. [Response distortion or symptom severity? Symptom description by psychiatric patients and sociomedical assessment subjects]. DER NERVENARZT 2020; 92:1163-1171. [PMID: 33337503 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-020-01041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric disorders are the most frequent cause for premature retirement; however, trying to verify claims of performance deficits due to psychiatric disorders without the actual existence of the latter in sociomedical assessments is problematic. For this reason, differentiation between actual psychiatric disorders with real presence of symptoms and simulated or aggravated symptoms is of importance in sociomedical assessments. In recent years, symptom validity tests (SVT) have been increasingly utilized in psychiatric/psychological assessments; however, knowledge of the validity of these tests and the relation to symptom severity is still lacking. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the validity of different SVTs depending on symptom severity (Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS), Word Memory Test (WMT), Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90‑R), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory‑2 (MMPI-2)). MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinically treated inpatient psychiatric patients (n = 30) were compared with subjects of sociomedical assessments (n = 29) regarding their tendency to simulate or aggravate symptoms. RESULTS It could be shown that the WMT and the SIMS both failed in the differentiation between psychiatric patients and subjects of sociomedical assessments, regarding description of symptoms or (un)restricted performance motivation. Furthermore, 20% of psychiatric patients were classified as false positive in WMT. The results of the SIMS were significantly related to the severity of psychiatric symptoms in SCL-90‑R, therefore the severity of symptoms was assessed rather than the response distortion. CONCLUSION The results underline the importance of further research on SVTs in sociomedical assessments, especially regarding symptom severity and response distortion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wertz
- Abteilung für Forensische Psychiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336, München, Deutschland.
| | - Eva Mader
- Abteilung für Forensische Psychiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336, München, Deutschland
| | - Norbert Nedopil
- Abteilung für Forensische Psychiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336, München, Deutschland
| | - Kolja Schiltz
- Abteilung für Forensische Psychiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336, München, Deutschland
| | - Elena Yundina
- kbo-Isar-Amper-Klinikum München-Ost, München, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Merten T, Kaminski A, Pfeiffer W. Prevalence of overreporting on symptom validity tests in a large sample of psychosomatic rehabilitation inpatients. Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:1004-1024. [PMID: 31775575 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2019.1694073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Noncredible symptom claims, regularly expected in forensic contexts, may also occur in clinical and rehabilitation referral contexts. Hidden motives and secondary gain expectations may play a significant role in clinical patients. We studied the prevalence of noncredible symptom report in patients treated for minor mental disorders in an inpatient setting.Method: Five hundred and thirty seven clinical inpatients of a psychosomatic rehabilitation center were studied (mean age: 50.2 years; native speakers of German). They were referred for treatment of depression, anxiety, somatoform disorder, adjustment disorder, and neurasthenia. Results of two symptom validity tests (Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology, SIMS; Self-Report Symptom Inventory, SRSI) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were analyzed.Results: At screening level, 34.5% and 29.8% of the patients were found to presumably overreport symptoms on the SIMS and SRSI, respectively. At the standard cut score of the SRSI (maximum false positive rate: 5%), the proportion of diagnosed overreporting was 18.8%. SIMS and SRSI pseudosymptom endorsement correlated at .73. Highly elevated depressive symptom claims with BDI-II scores above 40, found in 9.3% of the patients, were associated with elevated pseudosymptom endorsement. Moreover, extended times of sick leave and higher expectations of disability pension were associated with elevated pseudosymptom endorsement.Conclusions: The prevalence of symptom overreporting in some clinical patient groups is a serious, yet underinvestigated problem. The current estimates yielded a high prevalence of distorted, noncredible symptom claims in psychosomatic rehabilitation patients. The challenges arising to health professionals working in such settings are immense and need more consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Merten
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Giger P, Merten T. Equivalence of the German and the French Versions of the Self-Report Symptom Inventory. SWISS JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1024/1421-0185/a000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Against the background of the growing importance of symptom validity assessment both in forensic and clinical or rehabilitation contexts, a new instrument for identifying overreporting was developed. In order to study the equivalence of the German and the French versions, we divided the item pool of the Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI) into two presumably equivalent half-forms. A sample of 40 adult bilingual Swiss nationals with a mean age of 39.9 years responded honestly to one of the half-forms in German and to the other in French. In a subsequent experimental malingering condition, they were asked to simulate sequelae of a whiplash injury and to respond to the SRSI again. In both conditions, they also filled out the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). The results showed no differences between the two language versions in both conditions. Classification accuracy was very high (100% specificity, 90% sensitivity for the standard cutoff score). Reliability estimates were 0.93 for endorsement of genuine symptoms and 0.97 for pseudosymptom endorsement. In the malingering condition, the correlation between the number of reported pseudosymptoms and the SIMS scores was 0.69. The current results add to the database available for the SRSI and support the appropriateness of the French version.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Giger
- formerly Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Merten
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bodner T, Merten T, Benke T. Performance validity measures in clinical patients with aphasia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2019; 41:476-483. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1579783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bodner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Merten
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Benke
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Merten T, Rogers R. An International Perspective on Feigned Mental Disabilities: Conceptual Issues and Continuing Controversies. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2017; 35:97-112. [PMID: 28276597 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In forensic contexts, an increased prevalence of feigned symptom presentations should be expected, although it will probably vary by the context and specific forensic issue. Forensic experts should examine this possibility proactively while maintaining a balanced perspective that actively considers clinical data for both feigning and genuine responding. Psychological measures and standardized methods developed for feigning and other response styles can facilitate these often complex determinations. The current article provides an international perspective on the issue of feigned mental disabilities. In particular, important conceptual issues are discussed, such as the categorical versus dimensional approaches to feigning, and the advisability of well-defined rather than single-point cut scores for accuracy in clinical decision-making. Salient problems of differential diagnosis include a spectrum from malingering and factitious disorders to somatoform and conversion disorders. In rendering these important diagnostic distinctions, the questions of motivations and intentions remain key. However, the establishment of motivation cannot be facilely assumed from the context. Instead, forensic psychologists and psychiatrists bear the professional burden of carefully evaluating motivation and recognizing the clinical reality that sometimes the motivation in especially challenging cases may not be fully determined. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
|
8
|
The Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI): a New Instrument for the Assessment of Distorted Symptom Endorsement. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-016-9257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
9
|
Dandachi-FitzGerald B, Merten T, Ponds R, Niemann H. Europäische Umfrage zum Einsatz von Beschwerdenvalidierungstests: Ergebnisse der deutschen Teilnehmer. ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x/a000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zur Praxis der Beschwerdenvalidierung wurde 2011 eine Umfrage unter europäischen Neuropsychologen durchgeführt ( Dandachi-FitzGerald, Ponds & Merten, 2013 ). Die Ergebnisse der deutschsprachigen Teilstichprobe werden berichtet (n = 211). Obwohl die Teilnehmer die Bedeutung einer sorgfältigen Beurteilung der Beschwerdenvalidität anerkannten, dominieren nichtstandardisierte Ansätze. Die am häufigsten eingesetzten Beschwerdenvalidierungstests waren: Testbatterie zur Forensischen Neuropsychologie, Word Memory Test, Rey 15-Item-Test, Amsterdamer Kurzzeitgedächtnistest, Aggravations- und Simulationstest. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine große Streuung bezüglich der Erwartungen über die Prävalenz negativer Antwortverzerrungen sowie zum Einsatz von Beschwerdenvalidierungstests. Erhebliche Unterschiede gab es in der Praxis der Beschwerdenvalidierung in gutachtlichen gegenüber klinischen Untersuchungskontexten. Leitlinien für die Beurteilung der Beschwerdenvalidität fehlen im deutschen Sprachraum und sind in Europa bislang nur aus Großbritannien bekannt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rudolf Ponds
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Niederlande
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Merten T, Dandachi-FitzGerald B, Hall V, Schmandd BA, Santamaríae P, González-Ordi H. Symptom validity assessment in European countries: Development and state of the art. CLINICA Y SALUD 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-5274(13)70014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Giger P, Merten T. Swiss population-based reference data for six symptom validity tests. CLINICA Y SALUD 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-5274(13)70016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
Heubrock D, Scholl H, Petermann F. Die differentielle Validität neuropsychologischer Testverfahren zum Nachweis nicht-authentischer Störungen. ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x/a000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Eignung unterschiedlicher neuropsychologischer Verfahren zur Diagnostik von nicht-authentischen Störungen zu ermitteln. Darüber hinaus soll untersucht werden, ob Beschwerdenvalidierungstests (BVT) eine höhere Validität gegenüber anderen neuropsychologischen Verfahren zum Nachweis von nicht authentischen Störungen aufweisen. Dazu wurden 59 Probanden untersucht, die zwischen 2003 bis 2013 forensisch-neuropsychologisch begutachtet wurden. Sie wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Authentizität ihrer neuropsychologischen Beschwerden beurteilt. Neben neuropsychologischen Tests wurden auch BVT eingesetzt. Es zeigte sich, dass die BVT hoch signifikant mit der gutachterlichen Gesamtbeurteilung korrelieren. Zwischen den neuropsychologischen Standardverfahren und der gutachterlichen Gesamtbeurteilung konnten keine signifikanten Zusammenhänge nachgewiesen werden. Es sind demnach nur diejenigen Verfahren, die speziell für den Nachweis von nicht-authentischen Störungen entwickelt worden, dazu geeignet, die Authentizität der Beschwerdenschilderung zu messen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
| |
Collapse
|