1
|
Hogwood AC, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Weeldreyer N, Clark JR, Mazzella V, Cain L, Myaing D, Love KM, Weltman A, Allen JD. The acute effects of exercise intensity and inorganic nitrate supplementation on vascular health in females after menopause. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1070-1081. [PMID: 37795531 PMCID: PMC10979835 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00559.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Menopause is associated with reduced nitric oxide bioavailability and vascular function. Although exercise is known to improve vascular function, this is blunted in estrogen-deficient females post-menopause (PM). Here, we examined the effects of acute exercise at differing intensities with and without inorganic nitrate (NO3-) supplementation on vascular function in females PM. Participants were tested in a double-blinded, block-randomized design, consuming ∼13 mmol NO3- in the form of beetroot juice (BRJ; n = 12) or placebo (PL; n = 12) for 2 days before experimental visits and 2 h before testing. Visits consisted of vascular health measures before (time point 0) and every 30 min after (time points 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180) calorically matched high-intensity exercise (HIE), moderate-intensity exercise (MIE), and a nonexercise control (CON). Blood was sampled at rest and 5-min postexercise for NO3-, NO2-, and ET-1. BRJ increased N-oxides and decreased ET-1 compared with PL, findings which were unchanged after experimental conditions (P < 0.05). BRJ improved peak Δflow-mediated dilation (FMD) compared with PL (P < 0.05), defined as the largest ΔFMD for each individual participant across all time points. FMD across time revealed an improvement (P = 0.05) in FMD between BRJ + HIE versus BRJ + CON, while BRJ + MIE had medium effects compared with BRJ + CON. In conclusion, NO3- supplementation combined with HIE improved FMD in postmenopausal females. NO3- supplementation combined with MIE may offer an alternative to those unwilling to perform HIE. Future studies should test whether long-term exercise training at high intensities with NO3- supplementation can enhance vascular health in females PM.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study compared exercise-induced changes in flow-mediated dilation after acute moderate- and high-intensity exercise in females postmenopause supplementing either inorganic nitrate (beetroot juice) or placebo. BRJ improved peak ΔFMD postexercise, and BRJ + HIE increased FMD measured as FMD over time. Neither PL + MIE nor PL + HIE improved FMD. These findings suggest that inorganic nitrate supplementation combined with high-intensity exercise may benefit vascular health in females PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Hogwood
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Joaquin Ortiz de Zevallos
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Nathan Weeldreyer
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - James R Clark
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Vincent Mazzella
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Lauren Cain
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Dylan Myaing
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Kaitlin M Love
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Arthur Weltman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Jason D Allen
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kolar L, Šušnjara P, Stupin M, Stupin A, Jukić I, Mihaljević Z, Kolobarić N, Bebek I, Nejašmić D, Lovrić M, Drenjančević I. Enhanced Microvascular Adaptation to Acute Physical Stress and Reduced Oxidative Stress in Male Athletes Who Consumed Chicken Eggs Enriched with n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Antioxidants-Randomized Clinical Trial. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2140. [PMID: 38004280 PMCID: PMC10671927 DOI: 10.3390/life13112140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This randomized interventional study aimed to determine the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, selenium, vitamin E, and lutein supplementation in the form of enriched chicken egg consumption on microvascular endothelium-dependent vasodilation, oxidative stress, and microvascular response to an acute strenuous training session (ASTS) in competitive athletes. Thirty-one male athletes were assigned to a control (n = 17) or a Nutri4 group (n = 14) who consumed three regular or enriched chicken eggs per day, respectively, for 3 weeks. Significantly enhanced endothelium-dependent responses to vascular occlusion (PORH) and iontophoresis of acetylcholine (AChID) were observed in the Nutri4 group but not in the control group after egg consumption. Formation of peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as serum concentration of 8-iso prostaglandin F2α, decreased in the Nutri4 group while remaining unchanged in controls. PORH and AChID were reduced post-ASTS compared with pre-ASTS, both before and after the diets, in both groups. However, the range of PORH responsiveness to ASTS (ΔPORH) increased after consumption of enriched eggs. These results suggest that consumption of enriched chicken eggs has a beneficial effect on microvascular endothelium-dependent vasodilation and the reduction of oxidative stress levels in competitive athletes. Also, microvascular adaptation to the ASTS was improved after consumption of Nutri4 eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luka Kolar
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Memorial Hospital Vukovar, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia;
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (A.S.); (I.J.); (Z.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Petar Šušnjara
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (A.S.); (I.J.); (Z.M.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (A.S.); (I.J.); (Z.M.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (A.S.); (I.J.); (Z.M.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (A.S.); (I.J.); (Z.M.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (A.S.); (I.J.); (Z.M.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Kolobarić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (A.S.); (I.J.); (Z.M.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Iva Bebek
- BICRO BIOCENTAR d.o.o., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.B.); (D.N.); (M.L.)
| | - Diana Nejašmić
- BICRO BIOCENTAR d.o.o., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.B.); (D.N.); (M.L.)
| | - Marija Lovrić
- BICRO BIOCENTAR d.o.o., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.B.); (D.N.); (M.L.)
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (P.Š.); (A.S.); (I.J.); (Z.M.); (N.K.)
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kranen SH, Oliveira RS, Bond B, Williams CA, Barker AR. The utility of the reperfusion rate of tissue oxygen saturation as a measure of vascular endothelial function in adolescents: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1163474. [PMID: 37781222 PMCID: PMC10533909 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1163474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived reperfusion rate of tissue oxygen saturation (slope 2 StO2) may provide a surrogate measure of vascular function, however, this has yet to be examined in a paediatric population. This study investigated in adolescents: 1) the between-day reliability of NIRS-derived measurements; 2) the relationship between slope 2 StO2 and macro- (flow-mediated dilation, FMD) and microvascular (peak reactive hyperaemia, PRH) function; and 3) the effect of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on slope 2 StO2, FMD, and PRH. Methods: Nineteen boys (13.3 ± 0.5 y) visited the laboratory on two occasions, separated by ∼ 1 week. On visit 1, participants underwent simultaneous assessment of brachial artery FMD and slope 2 StO2 and PRH on the internal face of the forearm. On visit 2, participants completed a bout of HIIE with slope 2 StO2, FMD and PRH measured pre-, immediately post- and 1.5 h post-exercise. Results: Slope 2 StO2 showed no mean bias (p = 0.18) and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.67 (p = 0.003) between visits. No significant correlation between slope 2 StO2 and FMD or PRH was observed on visit 1 (r = -0.04, p = 0.89 and r = -0.30, p = 0.23, respectively) or visit 2 pre-exercise (r = -0.28, p = 0.25 and r = -0.31, p = 0.20, respectively). Compared to pre-exercise, FMD decreased immediately post-exercise (p < 0.001) and then increased 1.5 h post-exercise (p < 0.001). No significant change was detected for slope 2 StO2 (p = 0.30) or PRH (p = 0.55) following HIIE. Conclusion: In adolescents, slope 2 StO2 can be measured reliably, however, it is not correlated with FMD or PRH and does not follow the acute time course of changes in FMD post-exercise. Hence, the use of slope 2 StO2 as a surrogate measure of vascular function in youth must be refuted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha H. Kranen
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo S. Oliveira
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Bert Bond
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Craig A. Williams
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Barker
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tryfonos A, Cocks M, Browning N, Dawson EA. Post-exercise endothelial function is not associated with extracellular vesicle release in healthy young males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:209-218. [PMID: 36462215 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise can result in temporary decrease in endothelial functions, which may represent a transient period of risk. Numerous mechanisms underpinning these responses included release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from apoptotic or activated endothelial cells and platelets. This study aims to compare the time course of endothelial responses to moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and the associations with EV release. Eighteen young healthy males (age: 22.6 ± 3.7 years, BMI: 25.6 ± 2.5 m2/kg, and VO2peak: 38.6 ± 6.5 mL/kg/min) completed two randomly assigned exercises: HIIE (10 × 1 min-@-90% heart rate reserve (HRR) and 1 min passive recovery) and MICE (30 min-@-70% HRR) on a cycle ergometer. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was used to assess endothelial function and blood samples were collected to evaluate endothelial cell-derived EV (CD62E+) and platelet-derived EV (CD41a+), 10, 60, and 120 min before and after exercise. There were similar increases but different time courses (P = 0.017) in FMD (increased 10 min post-HIIE, P < 0.0001 and 60 min post-MICE, P = 0.038). CD62E+ remained unchanged (P = 0.530), whereas overall CD41a+ release was reduced 60 min post-exercise (P = 0.040). FMD was not associated with EV absolute release or change (P > 0.05). Acute exercise resulted in similar improvements, but different time course in FMD following either exercise. Whilst EVs were not associated with FMD, the reduction in platelet-derived EVs may represent a protective mechanism following acute exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tryfonos
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Ellen A Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alali MH, Lucas RAI, Junejo RT, Fisher JP. Impact of acute dynamic exercise and arterial shear rate modification on radial artery low-flow mediated constriction in young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1885-1895. [PMID: 35551453 PMCID: PMC9287252 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Leg cycling exercise acutely augments radial artery low-flow mediated constriction (L-FMC). Herein, we sought to determine whether this is associated with exercise-induced changes in arterial shear rate (SR). Methods Ten healthy and recreationally active young men (23 ± 2 years) participated in 30 min of incremental leg cycling exercise (50, 100, 150 Watts). Trials were repeated with (Exercise + WC) and without (Exercise) the use of a wrist cuff (75 mmHg) placed distal to the radial artery to increase local retrograde SR while reducing mean and anterograde SR. Radial artery characteristics were measured throughout the trial, and L-FMC and flow mediated dilatation (FMD) were assessed before and acutely (~ 10 min) after leg cycling. Results Exercise increased radial artery mean and anterograde SR, along with radial artery diameter, velocity, blood flow and conductance (P < 0.05). Exercise + WC attenuated the exercise-induced increase in mean and anterograde SR (P > 0.05) but also increased retrograde SR (P < 0.05). In addition, increases in radial artery blood flow and diameter were reduced during Exercise + WC (Exercise + WC vs. Exercise, P < 0.05). After Exercise, L-FMC was augmented (− 4.4 ± 1.4 vs. − 13.1 ± 1.6%, P < 0.05), compared to no change in L-FMC after Exercise + WC (− 5.2 ± 2.0 vs. − 3.0 ± 1.6%, P > 0.05). In contrast, no change in FMD was observed in either Exercise or Exercise + WC trials (P > 0.05). Conclusions These findings indicate that increases in L-FMC following exercise are abolished by the prevention of increases radial artery diameter, mean and anterograde SR, and by elevation of retrograde SR, during exercise in young men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Alali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekah A I Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rehan T Junejo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - James P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Manaaki Manawa-The Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
CÈ EMILIANO, VENTURELLI MASSIMO, BISCONTI ANGELAVALENTINA, LONGO STEFANO, PEDRINOLLA ANNA, CORATELLA GIUSEPPE, SCHENA FEDERICO, ESPOSITO FABIO. Long-Term Passive Leg Stretch Improves Systemic Vascular Responsiveness as Much as Single-Leg Exercise Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:475-488. [PMID: 34690287 PMCID: PMC10097495 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study compared the local and systemic vascular responsiveness after small muscle mass endurance training or passive stretching training (PST). METHODS Thirty-six sex-matched healthy participants underwent 8-wk single-leg knee extension (SLKE) (n = 12) training or PST (n = 12), or no intervention (control, n = 12). Before and after the intervention, local and systemic vascular responsiveness was assessed by Doppler ultrasound at the femoral (local effect) and brachial artery (systemic effect) during single passive leg movement and brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) test, respectively. RESULTS After training, delta femoral blood flow (representing the local vascular responsiveness) increased after SLKE and PST by +54 (7)% (effect size, 2.72; P < 0.001) and +20 (2)% (effect size, 2.43; P < 0.001), respectively, albeit with a greater extent in SLKE (post-SLKE vs post-PST: +56 [8]% [effect size, 2.92; P < 0.001]). Interestingly, the %FMD (standing for the systemic effect) increased after SLKE and PST by +12 (2)% (effect size, 0.68; P < 0.001) and +11 (1)% (effect size, 0.83; P < 0.001), respectively, without any between-groups difference (P > 0.05). No changes occurred in control. CONCLUSIONS The present findings revealed that both active and passive training modalities induced similar improvements in the brachial artery dilatation capacity, whereas the former was more effective in improving femoral artery blood flow. Passive stretching could be used in people with limited mobility to improve vascular responsiveness both at the local and systemic level and in this latter case has similar effects as small muscle mass endurance training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- EMILIANO CÈ
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, ITALY
| | - MASSIMO VENTURELLI
- Section of Movement Science, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, ITALY
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - ANGELA VALENTINA BISCONTI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - STEFANO LONGO
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - ANNA PEDRINOLLA
- Section of Movement Science, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, ITALY
| | - GIUSEPPE CORATELLA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - FEDERICO SCHENA
- Section of Movement Science, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, ITALY
| | - FABIO ESPOSITO
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, ITALY
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Forsse JS, Papadakis Z, Peterson MN, Taylor JK, Hess BW, Schwedock N, Allison DC, Griggs JO, Wilson RL, Grandjean PW. The Influence of an Acute Bout of Aerobic Exercise on Vascular Endothelial Function in Moderate Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12010091. [PMID: 35054484 PMCID: PMC8781956 DOI: 10.3390/life12010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is directly influenced by the deleterious effects of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. The vascular endothelium may transiently respond to aerobic exercise and improve post-exercise vascular renal function in moderate stages of CKD. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a nitric-oxide-dependent measure of endothelial function that is transiently potentiated by exercise. The purpose of the study was to determine the acute influence of a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) or steady-state moderate-intensity exercise (SSE) on endothelial dysfunction in moderate stages of CKD. Twenty participants (n = 6 men; n = 14 women) completed 30 min of SSE (65%) and HIIE (90:20%) of VO2reserve in a randomized crossover design. FMD measurements and blood samples were obtained before, 1 h, and 24 h post-exercise. FMD responses were augmented 1 h post-exercise in both conditions (p < 0.005). Relative to pre-exercise measures, total antioxidant capacity increased by 4.3% 24 h post-exercise (p = 0.012), while paraoxonase-1 was maintained 1 h and elevated by 6.1% 24 h after SSE, but not HIIE (p = 0.035). In summary, FMD can be augmented by a single episode of either HIIE or SSE in moderate stages of CKD. Modest improvements were observed in antioxidant analytes, and markers of oxidative stress were blunted in response to either SSE or HIIE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Forsse
- Department of Health Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-254-710-3900
| | - Zacharias Papadakis
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA;
| | | | - James Kyle Taylor
- Clinical Laboratory Science, Auburn University-Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36117, USA;
| | - Burritt W. Hess
- Waco Family Medicine, Waco, TX 76707, USA; (B.W.H.); (N.S.); (J.O.G.)
| | | | - Dale C. Allison
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Waco, TX 76712, USA; (D.C.A.); (R.L.W.)
| | - Jackson O. Griggs
- Waco Family Medicine, Waco, TX 76707, USA; (B.W.H.); (N.S.); (J.O.G.)
| | - Ronald L. Wilson
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Waco, TX 76712, USA; (D.C.A.); (R.L.W.)
| | - Peter W. Grandjean
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Soltani M, Baluchi MJ, Boullosa D, Daraei A, Doyle-Baker PK, Saeidi A, Knechtle B, Dehbaghi KM, Mollabashi SS, VanDusseldorp TA, Zouhal H. Effect of Intensity on Changes in Cardiac Autonomic Control of Heart Rate and Arterial Stiffness After Equated Continuous Running Training Programs. Front Physiol 2021; 12:758299. [PMID: 34955880 PMCID: PMC8696079 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.758299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It is well known that exercise training has positive effects on both cardiac autonomic function and arterial stiffness (AS). However, it is not clear that which exercise training variables, intensity or volume, or both, play a crucial role in this regard. This study investigates the chronic effects of high-volume moderate-intensity training (HVMIT) and low-volume high-intensity training (LVHIT) on heart rate variability (HRV) and AS in sedentary adult men. Materials and Methods: Notably, 45 males (age: 42 ± 5.7 years) were randomly assigned to a control (n = 15), HVMIT (n = 15), or LVHIT (n = 15). The HVMIT group ran three times per week on a treadmill at 50–60% of VO2max for 45–60 min, while the LVHIT trained at 70–85% of VO2max for 25–40 min. Both training protocols were equated by caloric expenditure. HRV, pulse wave velocity (PWV), hemodynamic variables, and body composition were measured before and after 12 weeks. Results: Both protocols (i.e., HVMIT and LVHIT) significantly increased the SD of normal sinus beat intervals (SDNN) and high-frequency (HF) bands (p < 0.05) after 12 weeks. Whereas the low-frequency (LF)-HF ratio decreased significantly in both training protocols (p < 0.05); however, these changes were significantly greater in the LVHIT protocol (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) significantly increased only in the LVHIT (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant decrease in LF and PWV was only observed following the LVHIT protocol (p < 0.05). Some measures of HRV and PWV were significantly correlated (r = 0.275–0.559; p < 0.05). Conclusion: These results show that the LVHIT protocol was more efficient for improving HRV variables and PWV than the HVMIT protocol after 12 weeks of continuous running training. Interestingly, changes in some HRV parameters were related to changes in PWV. Further studies should elaborate on the link between central and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations after continuous and intermittent training regimens differing in intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Jokar Baluchi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Daraei
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | | | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Institute of Primary Care, University of Zūrich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé - EA 1274, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), Irodouer, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sex-Specific Impacts of Exercise on Cardiovascular Remodeling. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173833. [PMID: 34501285 PMCID: PMC8432130 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death in men and women. Biological sex plays a major role in cardiovascular physiology and pathological cardiovascular remodeling. Traditionally, pathological remodeling of cardiovascular system refers to the molecular, cellular, and morphological changes that result from insults, such as myocardial infarction or hypertension. Regular exercise training is known to induce physiological cardiovascular remodeling and beneficial functional adaptation of the cardiovascular apparatus. However, impact of exercise-induced cardiovascular remodeling and functional adaptation varies between males and females. This review aims to compare and contrast sex-specific manifestations of exercise-induced cardiovascular remodeling and functional adaptation. Specifically, we review (1) sex disparities in cardiovascular function, (2) influence of biological sex on exercise-induced cardiovascular remodeling and functional adaptation, and (3) sex-specific impacts of various types, intensities, and durations of exercise training on cardiovascular apparatus. The review highlights both animal and human studies in order to give an all-encompassing view of the exercise-induced sex differences in cardiovascular system and addresses the gaps in knowledge in the field.
Collapse
|
10
|
de Oliveira Carpes L, Domingues LB, Schimitt R, Fuchs SC, Alhalimi T, Tanaka H, Ferrari R. Sex Differences in Post-exercise Hypotension, Ambulatory Blood Pressure Variability, and Endothelial Function After a Power Training Session in Older Adults. Front Physiol 2021; 12:657373. [PMID: 34335289 PMCID: PMC8322608 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.657373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The efficacy of power training (PT) to acutely reduce blood pressure (BP) in participants with hypertension is controversial, and no studies have assessed the influence of sex on post-exercise hypotension and its mechanisms in older adults. Purpose: The aims of this secondary, exploratory analysis were to compare the effects of a single bout of PT on post-exercise hypotension, BP variability, and endothelial function between older men and women with hypertension. Methods: Twenty-four participants with hypertension (12 men and 12 women aged to >60 years old) took part in this crossover study and randomly performed two experimental sessions: power exercise training (PT) and non-exercising control session (Con). The PT protocol was composed of 3 sets of 8–10 repetitions of five exercises performed in the following order: leg press, bench press, knee extension, upright row, and knee flexion, using an intensity corresponding to 50% of one repetition maximal test (1RM) and 2-min intervals between sets and exercises. The concentric phase of exercises during each repetition was performed “as fast as possible,” while the eccentric phase lasted 1 to 2 s. During Con, the participants remained at seated rest on the same exercise machines, but without any exercise. Each protocol lasted 40 min. Office BP, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), 24-h ambulatory BP, and the average real variability (ARV) of systolic and diastolic BP were assessed before and after experimental sessions. Results: Comparing PT with Con, a reduced office BP after exercise was found in men (systolic BP—average post 1 h: −14 mmHg, p < 0.001; diastolic BP—average post 1 h: −8 mmHg, p < 0.001) and only a reduced systolic BP in women (average post 1 h: −7 mmHg, p = 0.04). Comparing men and women, a reduced systolic BP (post 60': −15 mmHg, p = 0.048; average post 1 h: −7 mmHg, p = 0.046) and diastolic BP (post 60': −9 mmHg, p = 0.049) after the first hour were found in men. In relation to 24-h ambulatory BP, ARV, and FMD, no statistically significant differences were found between men and women. Conclusion: In older adults with hypertension, the office BP response after the experimental sessions was different in men and women, showing that the PT protocol is more effective to acutely reduce BP in men. Additionally, the mechanisms behind this reduction remain unclear. This finding suggests that sex cannot be combined to analyze post-exercise hypotension. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT03615625.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro de Oliveira Carpes
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Betti Domingues
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renato Schimitt
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra C Fuchs
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Taha Alhalimi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Rodrigo Ferrari
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nyborg C, Melsom HS, Bonnevie-Svendsen M, Melau J, Seljeflot I, Hisdal J. Transient Reduction of FMD-Response and L-Arginine Accompanied by Increased Levels of E-Selectin, VCAM, and ICAM after Prolonged Strenuous Exercise. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9060086. [PMID: 34204566 PMCID: PMC8234080 DOI: 10.3390/sports9060086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed endothelial function by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), levels of the NO-precursor L-arginine, and markers of endothelial inflammation before, at the finish line, and one week after the Norseman Xtreme triathlon. The race is an Ironman distance triathlon with a total elevation of 5200 m. Nine male participants were included. They completed the race in 14.5 (13.4–15.3) h. FMD was significantly reduced to 3.1 (2.1–5.0)% dilatation compared to 8.7 (8.2–9.3)% dilatation before the race (p < 0.05) and was normalized one week after the race. L-arginine showed significantly reduced levels at the finish line (p < 0.05) but was normalized one week after the race. Markers of endothelial inflammation E-Selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 all showed a pattern with increased values at the finish line compared to before the race (all p < 0.05), with normalization one week after the race. In conclusion, we found acutely reduced FMD with reduced L-arginine levels and increased E-Selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 immediately after the Norseman Xtreme triathlon. Our findings indicate a transient reduced endothelial function, measured by the FMD-response, after prolonged strenuous exercise that could be explained by reduced NO-precursor L-arginine levels and increased endothelial inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Nyborg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-971-76-129
| | - Helene Støle Melsom
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Bonnevie-Svendsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Melau
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Prehospital Care, Vestfold Hospital Trust, 3103 Toensberg, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonny Hisdal
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sapp RM, Chesney CA, Eagan LE, Evans WS, Zietowski EM, Prior SJ, Hagberg JM, Ranadive SM. Changes in circulating microRNA and arterial stiffness following high-intensity interval and moderate intensity continuous exercise. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14431. [PMID: 32358919 PMCID: PMC7195557 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High‐intensity interval (HII) exercise elicits distinct vascular responses compared to a matched dose of moderate intensity continuous (MOD) exercise. However, the acute effects of HII compared to MOD exercise on arterial stiffness are incompletely understood. Circulating microRNAs (ci‐miRs) may contribute to the vascular effects of exercise. We sought to determine exercise intensity‐dependent changes in ci‐miR potentially underlying changes in arterial stiffness. Ten young, healthy men underwent well‐matched, 30‐min HII and MOD exercise bouts. RT‐qPCR was used to determine the levels of seven vascular‐related ci‐miRs in serum obtained immediately before and after exercise. Arterial stiffness measures including carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cf‐PWV), carotid arterial compliance and β‐stiffness, and augmentation index (AIx and AIx75) were taken before, 10min after and 60min after exercise. Ci‐miR‐21‐5p, 126‐3p, 126‐5p, 150‐5p, 155‐5p, and 181b‐5p increased after HII exercise (p < .05), while ci‐miR‐150‐5p and 221‐3p increased after MOD exercise (p = .03 and 0.056). One hour after HII exercise, cf‐PWV trended toward being lower compared to baseline (p = .056) and was significantly lower compared to 60min after MOD exercise (p = .04). Carotid arterial compliance was increased 60min after HII exercise (p = .049) and was greater than 60min after MOD exercise (p = .02). AIx75 increased 10 min after both HII and MOD exercise (p < .05). There were significant correlations between some of the exercise‐induced changes in individual ci‐miRs and changes in cf‐PWV and AIx/AIx75. These results support the hypotheses that arterial stiffness and ci‐miRs are altered in an exercise intensity‐dependent manner, and ci‐miRs may contribute to changes in arterial stiffness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Sapp
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Catalina A Chesney
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lauren E Eagan
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - William S Evans
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Evelyn M Zietowski
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Steven J Prior
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James M Hagberg
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sakamoto R, Katayose M, Yamada Y, Neki T, Kamoda T, Tamai K, Yamazaki K, Iwamoto E. High-but not moderate-intensity exercise acutely attenuates hypercapnia-induced vasodilation of the internal carotid artery in young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2471-2485. [PMID: 34028613 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise-induced increases in shear rate (SR) across different exercise intensities may differentially affect hypercapnia-induced vasodilation of the internal carotid artery (ICA), a potential index of cerebrovascular function. We aimed to elucidate the effects of exercise intensity on ICA SR during exercise and post-exercise hypercapnia-induced vasodilation of the ICA in young men. METHODS Twelve healthy men completed 30 min of cycling at moderate [MIE; 65 ± 5% of age-predicted maximal heart rate (HRmax)] and high (HIE; 85 ± 5% HRmax) intensities. Hypercapnia-induced vasodilation was induced by 3 min of hypercapnia (target end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 + 10 mmHg) and was assessed at pre-exercise, 5 min and 60 min after exercise. Doppler ultrasound was used to measure ICA diameter and blood velocity during exercise and hypercapnia tests. RESULTS SR was not altered during either exercise (interaction and main effects of time; both P > 0.05). ICA conductance decreased during HIE from resting values (5.1 ± 1.3 to 3.2 ± 1.0 mL·min-1·mmHg-1; P < 0.01) but not during MIE (5.0 ± 1.3 to 4.0 ± 0.8 mL·min-1·mmHg-1; P = 0.11). Consequently, hypercapnia-induced vasodilation declined immediately after HIE (6.9 ± 1.7% to 4.0 ± 1.4%; P < 0.01), but not after MIE (7.2 ± 2.1% to 7.3 ± 1.8%; P > 0.05). Sixty minutes after exercise, hypercapnia-induced vasodilation returned to baseline values in both trials (MIE 8.0 ± 3.1%; HIE 6.4 ± 2.9%; both P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The present study showed blunted hypercapnia-induced vasodilation of the ICA immediately after high-intensity exercise, but not a moderate-intensity exercise in young men. Given that the acute response is partly linked to the adaptive response in the peripheral endothelial function, the effects of aerobic training on cerebrovascular health may vary depending on exercise intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Sakamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Katayose
- School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Neki
- School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kamoda
- School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tamai
- School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotomi Yamazaki
- School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Erika Iwamoto
- School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boidin M, Erskine RM, Thijssen DHJ, Dawson EA. Exercise modality, but not exercise training, alters the acute effect of exercise on endothelial function in healthy men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1716-1723. [PMID: 33955262 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00004.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a within-subject crossover design to examine the impact of exercise modality, i.e., resistance (RT) and endurance (END), on the acute impact of exercise on endothelial function. Then, we examined whether a 4-wk period of chronic exercise training altered the acute exercise-induced change in endothelial function in healthy individuals. Thirty-four healthy, young men (21 ± 2 yr) reported to our laboratory and completed assessment of endothelial function [using the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation test (FMD)] before and immediately after a single bout of RT (leg-extension) or END (cycling). Subsequently, participants completed a 4-wk period of training (12 sessions), followed by evaluation of the FMD before and after a single bout of exercise. Following a 3-wk washout, participants repeated these experiments with the different exercise modality (in a balanced crossover design). An exercise × modality interaction effect was found (P < 0.001). Post hoc pairwise analyses revealed a decrease in FMD after END (P < 0.001) but not after RT (P = 0.06). Four weeks of exercise training improved resting FMD after END and RT (P = 0.04) but did not alter the acute effect of exercise on FMD (exercise × modality × training effect: P = 0.63), an effect independent of the modality of exercise (exercise × training interaction: P = 0.46 and P = 0.11 in RT and END, respectively). These distinct changes in FMD following acute exercise may relate to the different prolonged physiological responses induced by endurance versus resistance exercise. Specifically, endurance exercise, but not resistance exercise, causes a decrease in brachial artery endothelial function, which was unaffected by 4 wk of chronic exercise training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that resistance and endurance exercise modalities lead to different endothelial function responses after a single bout of exercise. Endothelial function increased after an acute bout of resistance exercise, whereas it decreased after an acute bout of endurance exercise. Four weeks of chronic exercise training did not affect the acute endothelial function response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boidin
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EPIC) Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen Adele Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Individuals with controlled hypertension show endothelial integrity following a bout of moderate-intensity exercise: randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8528. [PMID: 33879820 PMCID: PMC8058090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the acute effects of aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE) or combined exercise (CE) on flow-mediated dilation (FMD), progenitor cells (PCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), oxidative stress markers and endothelial-cell derived microvesicles (EMVs) in patients with hypertension. This is a randomized, parallel-group clinical trial involving an intervention of one session of three different modalities of exercise. Thirty-three males (43 ± 2y) were randomly divided into three groups: a session of AE (n = 11, 40 min, cycle ergometer, 60% HRR); a session of RE (n = 11, 40 min, 4 × 12 lower limb repetitions, 60% 1-RM); or a session of CE (n = 11, 20-min RE + 20-min AE). FMD was assessed 10 min before and 10, 40 and 70 min post-intervention. Blood samples were collected at the same time points (except 40 min). FMD were similar in all groups and from baseline (within each group) after a single exercise bout (AE, RE or CE). At 70 min, RE group showed higher levels of PCs compared to the AE (81%) and CE group (60%). PC levels were reduced from baseline in all groups (AE: 32%, p = 0.037; RE: 15%, p = 0.003; CE: 17%, p = 0.048). The levels of EPCs, EMVs and oxidative stress were unchanged. There were no acute effects of moderate-intensity exercise on FMD, EPCs, EMVs and oxidative stress, but PCs decreased regardless of the exercise modality. Individuals with controlled hypertension do not seem to have impaired vascular function in response to a single exercise bout.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ballard KD, Timsina R, Timmerman KL. Influence of time of day and intermittent aerobic exercise on vascular endothelial function and plasma endothelin-1 in healthy adults. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1064-1071. [PMID: 33820455 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1907395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduced flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and elevated plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels may contribute to the higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular events observed in the morning hours. A single bout of intermittent exercise abolishes the diurnal variation in FMD. Studies examining the effects of exercise on vascular and plasma ET-1 responses at different times of day are lacking. We determined the effects of time of day and intermittent aerobic exercise on brachial artery FMD and plasma ET-1 levels in healthy adults. We hypothesized that lower brachial artery FMD in the morning (compared to the afternoon) will be accompanied by higher plasma ET-1 levels. Additionally, we hypothesized that the diurnal variation in brachial artery FMD and plasma ET-1 will be abolished by performing a single bout of intermittent aerobic exercise. Utilizing a randomized, cross-over design, healthy adults [n = 12; 22 ± 4 y; 25.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2] completed two separate trials: morning (08:00 h) and afternoon (16:00 h). Brachial artery FMD and plasma ET-1 were measured prior to and immediately following a bout of intermittent cycling performed at 70% peak Watts. Brachial artery FMD was lower (P < .05) at 08:00 h (4.4 ± 3.4%) compared to 16:00 h (6.3 ± 3.7%), but was unaffected by exercise (4.8 ± 3.9% and 5.7 ± 2.2% for 08:00 h and 16:00 h, respectively). Plasma ET-1 was unaffected by time of day. Compared to pre-exercise, plasma ET-1 decreased (P < .01) at both times of day. Our data indicate that circulating ET-1 levels do not explain the lower morning FMD in healthy adults. Further, a bout of intermittent exercise did not affect brachial artery FMD but decreased plasma ET-1 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Ballard
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, College of Education, Health and Society, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Roshan Timsina
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, College of Education, Health and Society, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyle L Timmerman
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, College of Education, Health and Society, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nardone M, Miner S, McCarthy M, Edgell H. Standard exercise stress testing attenuates peripheral microvascular function in patients with suspected coronary microvascular dysfunction. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:18. [PMID: 33640014 PMCID: PMC7913424 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of exercise on the microvasculature of patients with suspected coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), assessed by reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT; EndoPAT), is unknown. The present study aimed to determine if standard clinical exercise stress testing (GXT) affected peripheral microvascular function, as determined by the reactive hyperemia index (RHI and LnRHI), in patients with suspected CMD. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, patients (n = 76) were grouped based on whether the GXT was performed; 1) prior to (exercisers; n = 30), or 2) after the vascular assessment (non-exercisers; n = 46). Patients with an adenosine index of microvascular resistance > 25, adenosine coronary flow reserve (CFR) < 2.0, and/or acetylcholine CFR < 1.5 were considered to have CMD (n = 42). RHI and LnRHI quantified finger pulse amplitude hyperemia following 5 min of forearm ischemia. RESULTS LnRHI was lower in patients with CMD compared to patients without CMD, while LnRHI was also lower in exercisers compared to non-exercisers (LnRHI: CMD Non-Exercisers: 0.63 ± 0.25; CMD Exercisers: 0.54 ± 0.19; No CMD Non-Exercisers: 0.85 ± 0.23; No CMD Exercisers: 0.63 ± 0.26; Condition and Exercise Main Effects: Both P < 0.01). In patients who did not exercise prior to the vascular assessment, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) for LnRHI to predict CMD was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.62-0.91; P < 0.01). However, in patients who performed exercise prior to the vascular assessment, the ROC for LnRHI to predict CMD was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.40-0.81; P = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS CMD is associated with impaired peripheral microvascular function and preceding acute exercise is associated with further reductions of LnRHI. Further, acute exercise abolished the capacity for RH-PAT to predict the presence of CMD in patients with chest pain and non-obstructive coronary arteries. RH-PAT measurements in patients with suspected CMD should not be conducted after exercise has been performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Nardone
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 355 Norman Bethune College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Miner
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 355 Norman Bethune College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Southlake Regional Health Center, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary McCarthy
- Southlake Regional Health Center, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather Edgell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 355 Norman Bethune College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Southlake Regional Health Center, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Papadakis Z, Forsse JS, Peterson MN. Acute partial sleep deprivation and high-intensity interval exercise effects on postprandial endothelial function. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2431-2444. [PMID: 32803383 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute-total and chronic-partial sleep deprivation increase the risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiovascular function assessed by flow mediated dilation (FMD) is reduced after sleep deprivation. High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) improves postprandial FMD. Sleep-deprived individuals may practice HIIE followed by a high-fat breakfast. This study investigated the acute-partial sleep deprivation (APSD) and HIIE interaction on postprandial FMD. METHODS Fifteen healthy males (age 31 ± 5 years) participated in: (a) reference sleep (~ 9.5 h) with no HIIE (RS), (b) RS and HIIE (RSX), and (c) APSD and HIIE (SSX). HIIE was performed in 3:2 min intervals at 90% and 40% of VO2 reserve. FMD was assessed the night before (D1), the morning of the next day (D2), 1 h (1hrPE) and 4 h post HIIE (4hrPE). RESULTS FMD% change was lower at RS compared to both RSX (F1,14 = 23.96, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.631) and SSX (F1,14 = 4.8, p = 0.47, η2 = 0.253) at 1hrPE. RSX and SSX did not differ at 1hrPE (F1,14 = 0.2, p = 0.889, η2 = 0.001), but SSX elicited greater FDM responses. Absolute FMD change was lower at RS compared to both RSX (F1,14 = 21.5, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.606) and SSX (F1,14 = 7.01, p = 0.019, η2 = 0.336) at 1hrPE. RSX and SSX did not differ at 1hrPE (F1,14 = .03, p = 0.858, η2 = 0.002), but SSX elicited greater FDM responses. CONCLUSIONS HIIE short-term effects on cardiovascular function remain cardioprotective even after an acute-partial sleep deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Papadakis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Sport and Exercise Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Barry University, 11300 NE 2nd Ave, Miami Shores, FL, 33161, USA.
| | - Jeffrey S Forsse
- Baylor Laboratories for Exercise Science and Technologies, Health Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97311, Waco, TX, 76798-7311, USA
| | - Matthew N Peterson
- Baylor Laboratories for Exercise Science and Technologies, Health Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97311, Waco, TX, 76798-7311, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Miura K, Kashima H, Morimoto M, Namura S, Yamaoka Endo M, Oue A, Fukuba Y. Effects of Unilateral Arm Warming or Cooling on the Modulation of Brachial Artery Shear Stress and Endothelial Function during Leg Exercise in Humans. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 28:271-282. [PMID: 32595193 PMCID: PMC8049146 DOI: 10.5551/jat.55731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We examined the effect of modulating the shear stress (SS) profile using forearm warming and cooling on subsequent endothelial function in the brachial artery (BA) during exercise. Methods: Twelve healthy young subjects immersed their right forearm in water (15°C or 42°C) during a leg cycling exercise at 120–130 bpm for 60 min. The same exercise without water immersion served as a control. The BA diameter and blood velocity were simultaneously recorded using Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate the antegrade, retrograde, and mean shear rates (SRs, an estimate of SS) before, during, and after exercise. The endothelial function in the right BA was evaluated using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) (%) using two-dimensional high-resolution ultrasonography before (baseline) and 15 and 60 min after exercise. Results: During exercise, compared with the control trial, higher antegrade and mean SRs and lower retrograde SRs were observed in the warm trial; conversely, lower antegrade and mean SRs and higher retrograde SRs were observed in the cool trial. At 15 min postexercise, no significant change was observed in the FMD from baseline in the warm (Δ%FMD: +1.6%, tendency to increase; p = 0.08) and control trials (Δ %FMD: +1.1%). However, in the cool trial, the postexercise FMD at 60 min decreased from baseline (Δ%FMD: −2.7%) and was lower than that of the warm (Δ%FMD: +1.5%) and control (Δ%FMD: +1.2%) trials. Accumulated changes in each SR during and after exercise were significantly correlated with postexercise FMD changes. Conclusion: Modulation of shear profiles in the BA during exercise appears to be associated with subsequent endothelial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hiroshima Shudo
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Marina Morimoto
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Saki Namura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Masako Yamaoka Endo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tymko MM, Lawley JS, Ainslie PN, Hansen AB, Hofstaetter F, Rainer S, Amin S, Moralez G, Gasho C, Vizcardo-Galindo G, Bermudez D, Villafuerte FC, Hearon CM. Global Reach 2018 Heightened α-Adrenergic Signaling Impairs Endothelial Function During Chronic Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia. Circ Res 2020; 127:e1-e13. [PMID: 32268833 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic exposure to hypoxia is associated with elevated sympathetic nervous activity and reduced vascular function in lowlanders, and Andean highlanders suffering from excessive erythrocytosis (EE); however, the mechanistic link between chronically elevated sympathetic nervous activity and hypoxia-induced vascular dysfunction has not been determined. OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of heightened sympathetic nervous activity on resistance artery endothelial-dependent dilation (EDD), and endothelial-independent dilation, in lowlanders and Andean highlanders with and without EE. METHODS AND RESULTS We tested healthy lowlanders (n=9) at sea level (344 m) and following 14 to 21 days at high altitude (4300 m), and permanent Andean highlanders with (n=6) and without (n=9) EE at high altitude. Vascular function was assessed using intraarterial infusions (3 progressive doses) of acetylcholine (ACh; EDD) and sodium nitroprusside (endothelial-independent dilation) before and after local α+β adrenergic receptor blockade (phentolamine and propranolol). Intraarterial blood pressure, heart rate, and simultaneous brachial artery diameter and blood velocity were recorded at rest and during drug infusion. Changes in forearm vascular conductance were calculated. The main findings were (1) chronic hypoxia reduced EDD in lowlanders (changes in forearm vascular conductance from sea level: ACh1: -52.7±19.6%, ACh2: -25.4±38.7%, ACh3: -35.1±34.7%, all P≤0.02); and in Andeans with EE compared with non-EE (changes in forearm vascular conductance at ACh3: -36.4%, P=0.007). Adrenergic blockade fully restored EDD in lowlanders at high altitude, and normalized EDD between EE and non-EE Andeans. (2) Chronic hypoxia had no effect on endothelial-independent dilation in lowlanders, and no differences were detected between EE and non-EE Andeans; however, EID was increased in the non-EE Andeans after adrenergic blockade (P=0.012), but this effect was not observed in the EE Andeans. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that chronic hypoxia reduces EDD via heightened α-adrenergic signaling in lowlanders and in Andeans with EE. These vascular mechanisms have important implications for understanding the physiological consequences of acute and chronic high altitude adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Tymko
- From the Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada (M.M.T., P.N.A.).,Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.M.T.)
| | - Justin S Lawley
- University of Innsbruck, Austria (J.S.L., A.B.H., F.H., S.R., S.A.)
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- From the Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada (M.M.T., P.N.A.)
| | | | | | - Simon Rainer
- University of Innsbruck, Austria (J.S.L., A.B.H., F.H., S.R., S.A.)
| | - Sachin Amin
- University of Innsbruck, Austria (J.S.L., A.B.H., F.H., S.R., S.A.)
| | - Gilbert Moralez
- Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (G.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher M Hearon
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas (C.M.H.).,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (C.M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ozemek C, Hildreth KL, Blatchford PJ, Hurt KJ, Bok R, Seals DR, Kohrt WM, Moreau KL. Effects of resveratrol or estradiol on postexercise endothelial function in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:739-747. [PMID: 32134713 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00488.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise enhances endothelial function in older men, but not consistently in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. Estradiol treatment improves basal endothelial function and restores improvements in endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation, FMD) to aerobic exercise training in postmenopausal women; however, estradiol treatment is controversial. Resveratrol, an estrogen receptor ligand, enhances exercise training effects on cardiovascular function and nitric oxide (NO) release in animal models, but impairs exercise training effects in men. We conducted a randomized cross-over, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study to determine whether acute (single dose) resveratrol (250-mg tablet) or estradiol (0.05 mg/day transdermal patch) treatment enhances FMD at rest and after a single bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in healthy estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women (n = 15, 58.1 ± 3.2 yr). FMD was measured before and after (30, 60, and 120 min) a 40-min bout of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise (60-75% peak heart rate) under the respective conditions (separated by 1-2 wk). FMD was higher (P < 0.05) before exercise and at all post-exercise time points in the resveratrol and estradiol conditions compared to placebo. FMD was increased from baseline by 120 min postexercise in the estradiol condition (P < 0.001), but not resveratrol or PL conditions. Consistent with our previous findings, estradiol also enhances endothelial function in response to acute endurance exercise. Although resveratrol improved basal FMD, there was no apparent enhancement of FMD to acute exercise and, therefore, may not act as an estradiol mimetic.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The benefits of endurance exercise training on endothelial function are diminished in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, but estradiol treatment appears to restore improvements in endothelial function in this group. We show that basal endothelial function is enhanced with both acute estradiol and resveratrol treatments in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, but endothelial function is only enhanced following acute endurance exercise with estradiol treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Ozemek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kerry L Hildreth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Patrick J Blatchford
- Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Denver, Colorado.,Colorado Biostatistical Consortium, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - K Joseph Hurt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rachael Bok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Denver, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Post-exercise hypotension and its hemodynamic determinants depend on the calculation approach. J Hum Hypertens 2020; 34:719-726. [PMID: 31965012 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-0297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) has been assessed by three calculation approaches: I = (post-exercise - pre-exercise), II = (post-exercise - post-control), and III = [(post-exercise - pre-exercise) - (post-control - pre-control)]. This study checked whether these calculation approaches influence PEH and its determinants. For that, 30 subjects underwent two exercise (cycling, 45 min, 50% VO2 peak) and two control (seated rest, 45 min) sessions. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures, cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV) were measured pre- and post-interventions in each session. The mean value for each moment in each type of session was calculated, and responses to exercise were analyzed with each approach (I, II, and III) to evaluate the occurrence of PEH and its determinants. Systolic PEH was significant when calculated by all approaches (I = -5 ± 1, II = -11 ± 2, and III = -11 ± 2 mmHg, p < 0.05), while diastolic PEH was only significant when calculated by approaches II and III (-6 ± 1 and -6 ± 1 mmHg, respectively, p < 0.05). CO decreased significantly after the exercise when calculated by approach I, but remained unchanged with approaches II and III, while SVR increased significantly with approach I, but decreased significantly with approaches II and III. HR was unchanged after the exercise with approach I, but increased significantly with approaches II and III, while SV decreased significantly with all approaches. Thus, PEH and its hemodynamic determinants are influenced by the calculation approach, which should be considered when designing, analyzing, and comparing PEH studies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Malin SK, Gilbertson NM, Eichner NZM, Heiston E, Miller S, Weltman A. Impact of Short-Term Continuous and Interval Exercise Training on Endothelial Function and Glucose Metabolism in Prediabetes. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:4912174. [PMID: 31976336 PMCID: PMC6954470 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4912174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of interval (INT) vs. continuous (CONT) exercise training on endothelial function in relation to glucose metabolism prior to clinically meaningful weight loss is unknown in adults with prediabetes. METHODS Twenty-six subjects with prediabetes (60 ± 1 y; 33 ± 1 kg/m2; 2-hr-PG OGTT: 145 ± 7 mg/dl) were randomized to 60 min of CONT (n = 12; 70% of HRpeak) or work-matched INT exercise training (n = 14; alternating 3 min at 90 and 50% HRpeak) for 2 weeks. Aerobic fitness (VO2peak) and body composition (bioelectrical impedance) were assessed before and after training. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured during a 2 h 75 g OGTT (0, 60, and 120 min) to assess endothelial function. Postprandial FMD was calculated as incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Glucose tolerance and insulin were also calculated by iAUC. Fasting plasma VCAM, ICAM, and hs-CRP were also assessed as indicators of vascular/systemic inflammation. RESULTS Both interventions increased VO2peak (P = 0.002) but had no effect on body fat (P = 0.20). Although both treatments improved glucose tolerance (P = 0.06) and insulin iAUC (P = 0.02), VCAM increased (P = 0.01). There was no effect of either treatment on ICAM, hs-CRP, or fasting as well as postprandial FMD. However, 57% of people improved fasting and iAUC FMD following CONT compared with only 42% after INT exercise (each: P = 0.04). Elevated VCAM was linked to blunted fasting FMD after training (r = -0.38, P = 0.05). But, there was no correlation between fasting FMD or postprandial FMD with glucose tolerance (r = 0.17, P = 0.39 and r = 0.02, P = 0.90, respectively) or insulin iAUC following training (r = 0.34, P = 0.08 and r = 0.04, P = 0.83, respectively). CONCLUSION Endothelial function is not improved consistently after short-term training, despite improvements in glucose and insulin responses to the OGTT in obese adults with prediabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Emily Heiston
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephanie Miller
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Arthur Weltman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lyall GK, Davies MJ, Ferguson C, Porter KE, Birch KM. In-exercise vascular shear rate during acute continuous and interval exercise: impact on endothelial function and miR-21. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1754-1762. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00156.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell phenotype and endothelial function are regulated by hemodynamic forces, particularly wall shear stress (WSS). During a single bout of exercise, the specific exercise protocol can affect in-exercise WSS patterns and, consequently, endothelial function. MicroRNAs might provide a biomarker of in-exercise WSS pattern to indicate whether a specific exercise bout will have a positive effect on endothelial function. We evaluated the effect of acute interval (IT) and continuous (CON) in-exercise WSS patterns upon postexercise endothelial function and circulating microRNA (miR)-21 expression. Methods and results: 13 participants performed CON and 3 different IT exercise protocols matched for duration and intensity on separate days. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, and brachial artery blood flow were recorded throughout the exercise. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was performed pre-exercise and 15 min postexercise. Plasma samples were acquired pre-exercise and 6 h postexercise to determine miR-21 expression. In-exercise shear rate (SR) patterns (a surrogate of WSS) differed according to the CON or IT work-rate profile. In-exercise anterograde SR was greater in CON than IT exercise ( P < 0.05), but retrograde SR was equivalent between exercise protocols ( P > 0.05). Oscillatory shear index was higher during IT versus CON exercise ( P < 0.05). Postexercise FMD increased (pre: 7.08% ± 2.95%, post: 10.54% ± 4.24%, P < 0.05), whereas miR-21 expression was unchanged (pre: 12.0% ± 20.7% cel-miR-39, post: 11.1 ± 19.3% cel-miR-39, P > 0.05) with no effect of exercise protocol ( P > 0.05). Conclusions: CON and IT exercise induced different SR patterns but equivalent improvements in acute endothelial function. The absence of change in miR-21 expression suggests that miR-21 is not a suitable biomarker of exercise-induced SR. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Interval exercise has the potential to negatively impact vascular adaptations because of repeated oscillations in vascular shear. To our knowledge, we are the first to continuously assess exercise-induced shear throughout different acute exercise protocols and examine its relationship with acute endothelial function and a circulating biomarker of shear (miR-21). These experiments provide clear data indicating enhancement of the acute vascular response from differing interval exercise protocols, with the study also providing detailed vascular and shear responses for future reference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Kate Lyall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew John Davies
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Ferguson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Porter
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M. Birch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sapp RM, Evans WS, Eagan LE, Chesney CA, Zietowski EM, Prior SJ, Ranadive SM, Hagberg JM. The effects of moderate and high-intensity exercise on circulating markers of endothelial integrity and activation in young, healthy men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1245-1256. [PMID: 31487226 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00477.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial function typically exhibits a hormetic response to exercise. It is unknown whether endothelial damage occurs in response to acute exercise and could be a contributing mechanism. We sought to determine the effects of acute exercise on endothelial-derived circulating factors proposed to reflect endothelial integrity and activation. Young, healthy men (n = 10) underwent 30-min moderate continuous (MOD) and high-intensity interval (HII) cycling exercise bouts. Venous blood samples were taken immediately before and after exercise for quantification of circulating endothelial cells (CECs), circulating angiogenic cells (CACs), apoptotic and activated endothelial microvesicles (EMVs), thrombomodulin (TM), von Willebrand factor (vWF), syndecan-1, and circulating microRNAs (ci-miRs) 126-3p and 126-5p. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery before, 10 min after, and 60 min after exercise. Numbers of CECs and EMVs were unchanged by either exercise bout (P > 0.05). Numbers of all measured CAC subtypes decreased in response to MOD (21%-34%, P < 0.05), whereas only CD31+/34+/45dim/- CACs decreased following HII (21%, P < 0.05). TM and syndecan-1 increased with both exercise intensities (both ~20%, P < 0.05). HII, but not MOD, increased vWF (88%, P < 0.001), ci-miR-126-3p (92%, P = 0.009) and ci-miR-126-5p (110%, P = 0.01). The changes in several circulating factors correlated with changes in FMD following either one or both intensities. Changes in circulating factors do not support the concept of exercise-induced endothelial cell denudation, apoptosis, or activation, though slight disruption of endothelial glycocalyx and membrane integrity may occur. A related loss of mechanotransduction along with mechanisms underlying endothelial activation and ci-miR-126 secretion may relate to changes in endothelial function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using circulating endothelial-derived factors, we show that endothelial denudation, apoptosis, and activation do not appear to increase, whereas disrupted endothelial glycocalyx and membrane integrity may occur during both high-intensity interval and moderate intensity cycling. Increases in factors nonspecific to endothelial damage, including von Willebrand factor and microRNA-126, occurred only after high-intensity interval exercise. These results shed light on the hypothesis that disrupted endothelial integrity contributes to the endothelial function response to exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Sapp
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - William S Evans
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Lauren E Eagan
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Catalina A Chesney
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Evelyn M Zietowski
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Steven J Prior
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - James M Hagberg
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stupin M, Kibel A, Stupin A, Selthofer-Relatić K, Matić A, Mihalj M, Mihaljević Z, Jukić I, Drenjančević I. The Physiological Effect of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 PUFAs) Intake and Exercise on Hemorheology, Microvascular Function, and Physical Performance in Health and Cardiovascular Diseases; Is There an Interaction of Exercise and Dietary n-3 PUFA Intake? Front Physiol 2019; 10:1129. [PMID: 31543828 PMCID: PMC6728652 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has a beneficial effect on systemic hemodynamics, physical strength, and cardiac function in cardiovascular (CV) patients. Potential beneficial effects of dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid on hemorheology, vascular function, inflammation and potential to improve physical performance as well as other CV parameters are currently investigated. Recent meta-analysis suggests no effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on CV function and outcomes of CV diseases. On the other hand, some studies support beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs dietary intake on CV and muscular system, as well as on immune responses in healthy and in CV patients. Furthermore, the interaction of exercise and dietary n-3 PUFA intake is understudied. Supplementation of n-3 PUFAs has been shown to have antithrombotic effects (by decreasing blood viscosity, decreasing coagulation factor and PAI-1 levels and platelet aggregation/reactivity, enhancing fibrinolysis, but without effects on erythrocyte deformability). They decrease inflammation by decreasing IL-6, MCP-1, TNFα and hsCRP levels, expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules and significantly affect blood composition of fatty acids. Treatment with n-3 PUFAs enhances brachial artery blood flow and conductance during exercise and enhances microvascular post-occlusive hyperemic response in healthy humans, however, the effects are unknown in cardiovascular patients. Supplementation of n-3 PUFAs may improve anaerobic endurance and may modulate oxygen consumption during intense exercise, may increase metabolic capacity, enhance endurance capacity delaying the onset of fatigue, and improving muscle hypertrophy and neuromuscular function in humans and animal models. In addition, n-3 PUFAs have anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects and may attenuate delayed-onset muscle soreness and muscle stiffness, and preserve joint mobility. On the other hand, effects of n-3 PUFAs were variably observed in men and women and they vary depending on dietary protocol, type of supplementation and type of sports activity undertaken, both in healthy and cardiovascular patients. In this review we will discuss the physiological effects of n-3 PUFA intake and exercise on hemorheology, microvascular function, immunomodulation and inflammation and physical performance in healthy persons and in cardiovascular diseases; elucidating if there is an interaction of exercise and diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Stupin
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Kibel
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Selthofer-Relatić
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Dermatology, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukić
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Croatian National Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bisconti AV, Cè E, Longo S, Venturelli M, Coratella G, Shokohyar S, Ghahremani R, Rampichini S, Limonta E, Esposito F. Evidence of Improved Vascular Function in the Arteries of Trained but Not Untrained Limbs After Isolated Knee-Extension Training. Front Physiol 2019; 10:727. [PMID: 31244682 PMCID: PMC6581732 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial function is a strong marker of cardiovascular health and it refers to the ability of the body to maintain the homeostasis of vascular tone. The endothelial cells react to mechanical and chemical stimuli modulating the smooth muscle cells relaxation. The extent of the induced vasodilation depends on the magnitude of the stimulus. During exercise, the peripheral circulation is mostly controlled by the endothelial cells response that increases the peripheral blood flow in body districts involved but also not involved with exercise. However, whether vascular adaptations occur also in the brachial artery as a result of isolated leg extension muscles (KE) training is still an open question. Repetitive changes in blood flow occurring during exercise may act as vascular training for vessels supplying the active muscle bed as well as for the vessels of body districts not directly involved with exercise. This study sought to evaluate whether small muscle mass (KE) training would induce improvements in endothelial function not only in the vasculature of the lower limb (measured at the femoral artery level in the limb directly involved with training), but also in the upper limb (measured at the brachial artery level in the limb not directly involved with training) as an effect of repetitive increments in the peripheral blood flow during training sessions. Ten young healthy participants (five females, and five males; age: 23 ± 3 years; stature: 1.70 ± 0.11 m; body mass: 66 ± 11 kg; BMI: 23 ± 1 kg ⋅ m-2) underwent an 8-week KE training study. Maximum work rate (MWR), vascular function and peripheral blood flow were assessed pre- and post-KE training by KE ergometer, flow mediated dilatation (FMD) in the brachial artery (non-trained limb), and by passive limb movement (PLM) in femoral artery (trained limb), respectively. After 8 weeks of KE training, MWR and PLM increased by 44% (p = 0.015) and 153% (p = 0.003), respectively. Despite acute increase in brachial artery blood flow during exercise occurred (+25%; p < 0.001), endothelial function did not change after training. Eight weeks of KE training improved endothelial cells response only in the lower limb (measured at the femoral artery level) directly involved with training, likely without affecting the endothelial response of the upper limb (measured at the brachial artery level) not involved with training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Valentina Bisconti
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centre, Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sheida Shokohyar
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Reza Ghahremani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The number of adults with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or related dementia is expected to increase exponentially. Interventions aimed to reduce the risk and progression of AD and dementia are critical to the prevention and treatment of this devastating disease. Aging and cardiovascular disease risk factors are associated with reduced vascular function, which can have important clinical implications, including brain health. The age-associated increase in blood pressure and impairment in vascular function may be attenuated or even reversed through lifestyle behaviors. Greater volumes of habitual exercise and higher cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with beneficial effects on vascular health and cognition. Exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness may be most important during midlife, as physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness during the middle-aged years are associated with future cognitive function. The extent to which exercise, and more specifically aerobic exercise, influences the cerebral circulation is not well established. In this review, we present our working hypothesis showing how cerebrovascular function may be a mediating factor underlying the association between exercise and cognition, as well as discuss recent studies evaluating the effect of exercise interventions on the cerebral circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill N Barnes
- Department of Kinesiology, Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam T Corkery
- Department of Kinesiology, Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lima JBD, Silveira ADD, Saffi MAL, Menezes MG, Piardi DS, Ramm LDCR, Zanini M, Stein RMNR. Vasodilation and Reduction of Systolic Blood Pressure after One Session of High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients With Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Arq Bras Cardiol 2018; 111:699-707. [PMID: 30365604 PMCID: PMC6248251 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20180202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by a limited exercising capacity. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an emerging strategy for exercise rehabilitation in different settings. In patients with HFpEF, HIIT subacute effects on endothelial function and blood pressure are still unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the subacute effect of one HIIT session on endothelial function and blood pressure in patients with HFpEF. METHODS Sixteen patients with HFpEF underwent a 36-minute session of HIIT on a treadmill, alternating four minutes of high-intensity intervals with three minutes of active recovery. Brachial artery diameter, flow-mediated dilation, and blood pressure were assessed immediately before and 30 minutes after the HIIT session. In all analyses, p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS There was an increase in brachial artery diameter (pre-exercise: 3.96 ± 0.57 mm; post-exercise: 4.33 ± 0.69 mm; p < 0.01) and a decrease in systolic blood pressure (pre-exercise: 138 ± 21 mmHg; post-exercise: 125 ± 20 mmHg; p < 0.01). Flow-mediated dilation (pre-exercise: 5.91 ± 5.20%; post-exercise: 3.55 ± 6.59%; p = 0.162) and diastolic blood pressure (pre-exercise: 81 ± 11 mmHg; post-exercise: 77 ± 8 mmHg; p = 1.000) did not change significantly. There were no adverse events throughout the experiment. CONCLUSIONS One single HIIT session promoted an increase in brachial artery diameter and reduction in systolic blood pressure, but it did not change flow-mediated dilation and diastolic blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Beust de Lima
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil
| | | | | | - Márcio Garcia Menezes
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil
| | - Diogo Silva Piardi
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil
| | | | - Maurice Zanini
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hashimoto Y, Okamoto T. Acute effects of walking in water on vascular endothelial function and heart rate variability in healthy young men. Clin Exp Hypertens 2018; 41:452-459. [PMID: 30141976 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2018.1506468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Aquatic exercise might improve endothelial function due to hydrostatic pressure increasing blood flow and causing shear stress to the endothelium. However, the acute effect of aerobic exercise in water on endothelial function is unclear. The present study compares the acute effect of aerobic exercise at moderate intensity in water and on land on endothelial function. METHODS Nine healthy young men walked on a treadmill for 30 min while immersed in water up to the xiphoid at 30.0 ± 0.2°C and on land at an intensity equivalent to 60% heart rate reserve in a crossover trial. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured at baseline and at 30 and 60 min after exercise. Autonomic nervous activity was compared among conditions at the heart rate variability (HRV) during exercise. RESULTS FMD significantly decreased at 30 min after exercise on land trial (p < 0.05), but did not change after the aquatic trial. However, FMD was significantly higher after aquatic trial than land trial (p < 0.05) at 30 and 60 min after exercise, whereas heart rate, blood pressure, and HRV did not significantly differ between them. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that aerobic exercise in water suppressed the decrease in FMD compared with that on land, regardless of autonomic nervous activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Hashimoto
- a Department of Health and Sport Science , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takanobu Okamoto
- b Department of Exercise Physiology , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Carotid Arterial Stiffness and Hemodynamic Responses to Acute Cycling Intervention at Different Times during 12-Week Supervised Exercise Training Period. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2907548. [PMID: 30112375 PMCID: PMC6077594 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2907548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper studied the alterations in arterial stiffness and hemodynamic responses during resting state and immediately following acute cycling intervention at different times across 12-week supervised exercise training. Twenty-six sedentary young males participated in the exercise training program at moderate intensity. Arterial stiffness and hemodynamic variables of the right common carotid artery were measured and computed during resting state and immediately following acute cycling intervention at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. Across the 12-week exercise training, carotid arterial stiffness was decreased at weeks 8 and 12 and hemodynamic variables were improved at week 12 during resting state. In response to acute cycling intervention, carotid arterial stiffness exhibited an acute increase foremost at 8 weeks, and arterial maximal and mean diameters showed acute decreases at weeks 0 and 4. Despite significant differences in arterial stiffness and hemodynamic variables between resting state and immediately after acute intervention for each time period, these differences presented a progressive decrease across the 12-week exercise training. In conclusion, long-term exercise training not only improved carotid arterial stiffness and hemodynamic alterations when at rest but also negated the acute responses of carotid arterial stiffness and hemodynamic variables to acute cycling intervention.
Collapse
|
32
|
Elliott RO, Alsalahi S, Fisher JP. Impact of acute dynamic exercise on radial artery low-flow mediated constriction in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1463-1472. [PMID: 29748721 PMCID: PMC6028889 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose A “low-flow mediated constriction” (L-FMC) is evoked in the radial artery by the inflation of an ipsilateral wrist cuff to a supra-systolic pressure. We sought to test the hypothesis that the radial artery L-FMC response is augmented immediately following acute dynamic leg exercise in young healthy individuals. Methods Ten healthy and recreationally active men (23 ± 4 years) undertook a 30-min trial of incremental dynamic leg cycling exercise (10 min at 50, 100 and 150 W) and a 30-min time control trial (seated rest). Trials were randomly assigned and performed on separate days. Radial artery characteristics (diameter, blood flow and shear rate) were assessed throughout each trial, with L-FMC and flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) assessments conducted prior to and immediately following (10 min) trials. Results Dynamic leg cycling exercise increased radial artery blood flow, along with mean, retrograde and anterograde shear rate (P < 0.05). Blood flow profiles were unchanged during the time control trial (P > 0.05). Following exercise L-FMC was increased (mean [SD]; − 5.6 [3.3] vs. − 10.1 [3.8] %, P < 0.05), while it was not different in the time control condition (− 8.1 [3.2] vs. − 6.7 [3.4] %, P > 0.05). FMD was not different following either the exercise or time control trials (P > 0.05), but the composite end-point of L-FMC + FMD was enhanced post-exercise (P < 0.05). Conclusions Dynamic exercise with a large muscle mass acutely augments the vasoconstrictor response of the radial artery in response to a reduction in blood flow (L-FMC) in young healthy individuals. The time course of this post-exercise response and the underlying vasoregulatory mechanisms require elucidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Elliott
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sultan Alsalahi
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - James P Fisher
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Iwamoto E, Bock JM, Casey DP. Blunted shear-mediated dilation of the internal but not common carotid artery in response to lower body negative pressure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:1326-1332. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01011.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear-mediated dilation in peripheral conduit arteries is blunted with sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation; however, the effect of SNS activation on shear-mediated dilation in carotid arteries is unknown. We hypothesized that SNS activation reduces shear-mediated dilation in common and internal carotid arteries (CCA and ICA, respectively), and this attenuation is greater in the ICA compared with the CCA. Shear-mediated dilation in the CCA and ICA were measured in nine healthy men (24 ± 1 yr) with and without SNS activation. Shear-mediated dilation was induced by 3 min of hypercapnia (end‐tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide +10 mmHg from individual baseline); SNS activity was increased with lower body negative pressure (LBNP; −20 mmHg). CCA and ICA measurements were made using Doppler ultrasound during hypercapnia with (LBNP) or without (Control) SNS activation. LBNP trials began with 5 min of LBNP with subjects breathing hypercapnic gas during the final 3 min. Shear-mediated dilation was calculated as the percent rise in peak diameter from baseline diameter. Sympathetic activation attenuated shear-mediated dilation in the ICA (Control vs. LBNP, 5.5 ± 0.7 vs. 1.8 ± 0.4%, P < 0.01), but not in the CCA (5.1 ± 1.2 vs. 4.2 ± 1.0%, P = 0.31). Moreover, absolute reduction in shear-mediated dilation via SNS activation was greater in the ICA than the CCA (−3.6 ± 0.7 vs. −0.9 ± 0.8%, P = 0.02). Our data indicate that shear-mediated dilation is attenuated during LBNP to a greater extent in the ICA compared with the CCA. These results potentially provide insight into the role of SNS activation on cerebral perfusion, as the ICA is a key supplier of blood to the brain. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We explored the effect of acute sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation on shear-mediated dilation in the common and internal carotid arteries (CCA and ICA, respectively) in young healthy men. Our data demonstrate that hypercapnia-induced vasodilation of the ICA is attenuated during lower body negative pressure to a greater extent than the CCA. These data may provide novel information related to the role of SNS activation on cerebral perfusion in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iwamoto
- Human Integrative and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Joshua M. Bock
- Human Integrative and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Darren P. Casey
- Human Integrative and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cocking S, Cable NT, Wilson MG, Green DJ, Thijssen DHJ, Jones H. Conduit Artery Diameter During Exercise Is Enhanced After Local, but Not Remote, Ischemic Preconditioning. Front Physiol 2018; 9:435. [PMID: 29740345 PMCID: PMC5928322 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The ability of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) to enhance exercise capacity may be mediated through altering exercise-induced blood flow and/or vascular function. This study investigated the hypothesis that (local) IPC enhances exercise-induced blood flow responses and prevents decreases in vascular function following exercise. Methods: Eighteen healthy, recreationally trained, male participants (mean ±SD: age 32 ± 8 years; BMI 24.2 ± 2.3; blood pressure 122 ± 10/72 ± 8 mmHg; resting HR 58 ± 9 beats min-1) received IPC (220 mmHg; 4 × 5-min bilateral arms), REMOTE IPC (220 mmHg; 4 × 5-min bilateral legs), or SHAM (20 mmHg; 4 × 5-min bilateral arms) in a counterbalanced order prior to 30-min of submaximal (25% maximal voluntary contraction) unilateral rhythmic handgrip exercise. Brachial artery diameter and blood flow were assessed every 5-min throughout the 30-min submaximal exercise using high resolution ultrasonography. Pre- and post-exercise vascular function was measured using flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Results: IPC resulted in enlarged brachial artery diameter during exercise [0.016 cm (0.003–0.03 cm), P = 0.015] compared to REMOTE IPC, but blood flow during exercise was similar between conditions (P > 0.05). Blood flow (l/min) increased throughout exercise (time: P < 0.005), but there was no main effect of condition (P = 0.29) or condition ∗ time interaction (P = 0.83). Post-exercise FMD was similar between conditions (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Our data show that local (but not remote) IPC, performed as a strategy prior to exercise, enhanced exercise-induced conduit artery diameter dilation, but these changes do not translate into increased blood flow during exercise nor impact post-exercise vascular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Cocking
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - N T Cable
- Department of Sport Science, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew G Wilson
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Green
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Sport and Exercise Science, School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Iwamoto E, Bock JM, Casey DP. High-Intensity Exercise Enhances Conduit Artery Vascular Function in Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:124-130. [PMID: 28817509 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Modulation of vascular function follows an exercise intensity-dependent pattern in young adults. This study aimed to investigate the potential intensity-dependent effects of an acute bout of exercise on conduit and resistance artery function in healthy older adults. METHODS Eleven healthy older adults (five males/six females, 66 ± 1 yr) completed 30 min of recumbent cycling at 50%-55% (low intensity) and 75%-80% (high intensity) of their age-predicted HRmax on two separate study visits. Doppler ultrasound measures of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and reactive hyperemia were taken at baseline, 10 min postexercise, and 1 h postexercise. In addition, cardiovascular hemodynamics and brachial shear rate were measured every 5 min during exercise. RESULTS Brachial artery FMD was enhanced 10 min after high-intensity exercise (4.8% ± 0.2% to 9.1% ± 0.3%, P < 0.01), but not low-intensity (4.7% ± 0.2% to 6.2% ± 0.3%, P = 0.54) exercise. Peak and total (area under the curve) blood flow during reactive hyperemia (measures of resistance artery function) were enhanced 10 min postexercise for both intensities (peak low intensity, 372 ± 31 to 444 ± 37 mL·min; peak high intensity, 391 ± 30 to 455 ± 28 mL·min; total low intensity, 142 ± 16 to 205 ± 20 mL; total high intensity, 158 ± 14 to 240 ± 25 mL; main effect of time for both, P < 0.05). However, the magnitude of change in peak and the total blood flow were not different between exercise intensities (interaction effect; P = 0.56 and P = 0.97, respectively). Independent of exercise intensity, FMD returned to baseline 1 h after exercise (high, 5.9% ± 0.3%; low, 5.1% ± 0.1%; both P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that high-intensity exercise acutely enhances conduit artery function in healthy older adults. In addition, an acute bout of exercise enhances resistance artery function independent of intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iwamoto
- 1Human Integrative and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; 2School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, JAPAN; 3Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 4Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Adams V. Rebuttal from Volker Adams. J Physiol 2018; 596:545. [PMID: 29355946 DOI: 10.1113/jp275553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Adams
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Adams V. CrossTalk proposal: Acute exercise elicits damage to the endothelial layer of systemic blood vessels in healthy individuals. J Physiol 2018; 596:537-539. [PMID: 29355949 DOI: 10.1113/jp274750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Adams
- Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital at the Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Stupin M, Stupin A, Rasic L, Cosic A, Kolar L, Seric V, Lenasi H, Izakovic K, Drenjancevic I. Acute exhaustive rowing exercise reduces skin microvascular dilator function in young adult rowing athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:461-474. [PMID: 29270903 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of acute exhaustive exercise session on skin microvascular reactivity was assessed in professional rowers and sedentary subjects. A potential involvement of altered hemodynamic parameters and/or oxidative stress level in the regulation of skin microvascular blood flow by acute exercise were determined. METHODS Anthropometric, biochemical, and hemodynamic parameters were measured in 18 young healthy sedentary men and 20 professional rowers who underwent a single acute exercise session. Post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH), endothelium-dependent acetylcholine (ACh), and endothelium-independent sodium nitroprusside (SNP) microvascular responses were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry in skin microcirculation before and after acute exercise. Serum lipid peroxidation products and plasma antioxidant capacity were measured using spectrophotometry. RESULTS At baseline, rowers had significantly lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR), and higher stroke volume (SV), PORH, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation than sedentary. Acute exercise caused a significant increase in systolic blood pressure, DBP, HR, and SV and a decrease in total peripheral resistance in both groups. Acute exercise induced a significant impairment in PORH and ACh-induced response in rowers, but not in sedentary, whereas the SNP-induced vasodilation was not affected by acute exercise in any group. Antioxidant capacity significantly increased only in sedentary after acute exercise. CONCLUSION Single acute exercise session impaired microvascular reactivity and endothelial function in rowers but not in sedentary, possibly due to (1) more rowing grades and higher exercise intensity achieved by rowers; (2) a higher increase in arterial pressure in rowers than in sedentary men; and (3) a lower antioxidant capacity in rowers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Stupin
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lidija Rasic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Cosic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Luka Kolar
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vatroslav Seric
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Helena Lenasi
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kresimir Izakovic
- Module of Physical Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dawson EA, Cable NT, Green DJ, Thijssen DHJ. Do acute effects of exercise on vascular function predict adaptation to training? Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:523-530. [PMID: 29234916 PMCID: PMC5805792 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose No previous study has explored the importance of exercise-induced changes in vascular function to prolonged adaptations. Therefore, the purpose was to explore the within-subject relationship between the acute post-exercise change in brachial artery endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation, FMD) and the change in resting FMD after a 2-week exercise training in healthy volunteers. Methods Twenty one healthy, young men (24 ± 5 years) underwent assessment of brachial artery FMD using high-resolution ultrasound before and after 30-min of moderate-intensity cycle exercise (80% maximal heart rate). Subsequently, subjects performed five 30-min cycle exercise bouts at 80% maximal heart rate across a 2-week period, followed by repeat assessment of resting brachial FMD post-training. Results Correcting for changes in diameter and shear, FMD did not change after the initial exercise bout (P = 0.26). However, a significant correlation was found between post-exercise changes in FMD and adaptation in resting FMD after training (r = 0.634, P = 0.002), where an acute decrease in post-exercise FMD resulted in a decrease in baseline FMD after 2 weeks and vice versa. We also found a positive correlation between antegrade shear rate during exercise and change in FMD% after acute exercise and after exercise training (r = 0.529 and 0.475, both P < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggest that acute post-exercise changes in vascular function are related to changes in resting FMD after a 2-week endurance exercise training period in healthy men, an effect that may be related to exercise-induced increases in antegrade shear rate. This provides further insight into the relevance of acute changes in shear and FMD for subsequent adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - N Timothy Cable
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.,School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Sports Science, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Daniel J Green
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.,School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Principal Research Fellow, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, Canberra, Australia
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.,Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tymko MM, Tremblay JC, Steinback CD, Moore JP, Hansen AB, Patrician A, Howe CA, Hoiland RL, Green DJ, Ainslie PN. UBC-Nepal Expedition: acute alterations in sympathetic nervous activity do not influence brachial artery endothelial function at sea level and high altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1386-1396. [PMID: 28860174 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00583.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that increases in sympathetic nervous activity (SNA), and acclimatization to high altitude (HA), may reduce endothelial function as assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD); however, it is unclear whether such changes in FMD are due to direct vascular constraint, or consequential altered hemodynamics (e.g., shear stress) associated with increased SNA as a consequence of exposure to HA. We hypothesized that 1) at rest, SNA would be elevated and FMD would be reduced at HA compared with sea-level (SL); and 2) at SL and HA, FMD would be reduced when SNA was acutely increased, and elevated when SNA was acutely decreased. Using a novel, randomized experimental design, brachial artery FMD was assessed at SL (344 m) and HA (5,050 m) in 14 participants during mild lower-body negative pressure (LBNP; -10 mmHg) and lower-body positive pressure (LBPP; +10 mmHg). Blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography), heart rate (electrocardiogram), oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry), and brachial artery blood flow and shear rate (Duplex ultrasound) were recorded during LBNP, control, and LBPP trials. Muscle SNA was recorded (via microneurography) in a subset of participants (n = 5). Our findings were 1) at rest, SNA was elevated (P < 0.01), and absolute FMD was reduced (P = 0.024), but relative FMD remained unaltered (P = 0.061), at HA compared with SL; and 2) despite significantly altering SNA with LBNP (+60.3 ± 25.5%) and LBPP (-37.2 ± 12.7%) (P < 0.01), FMD was unaltered at SL (P = 0.448) and HA (P = 0.537). These data indicate that acute and mild changes in SNA do not directly influence brachial artery FMD at SL or HA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The role of the sympathetic nervous system on endothelial function remains unclear. We used lower-body negative and positive pressure to manipulate sympathetic nervous activity at sea level and high altitude and measured brachial endothelial function via flow-mediated dilation. We found that acutely altering sympathetic nervous activity had no effect on endothelial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada;
| | - Joshua C Tremblay
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig D Steinback
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Moore
- Extremes Research Group, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Alex B Hansen
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | | | - Connor A Howe
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; and.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bailey TG, Perissiou M, Windsor M, Russell F, Golledge J, Green DJ, Askew CD. Cardiorespiratory fitness modulates the acute flow-mediated dilation response following high-intensity but not moderate-intensity exercise in elderly men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1238-1248. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00935.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired endothelial function is observed with aging and in those with low cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇o2peak). Improvements in endothelial function with exercise training are somewhat dependent on the intensity of exercise. While the acute stimulus for this improvement is not completely understood, it may, in part, be due to the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) response to acute exercise. We examined the hypothesis that exercise intensity alters the brachial (systemic) FMD response in elderly men and is modulated by V̇o2peak. Forty-seven elderly men were stratified into lower (V̇o2peak = 24.3 ± 2.9 ml·kg−1·min−1; n = 27) and higher fit groups (V̇o2peak = 35.4 ± 5.5 ml·kg−1·min−1; n = 20) after a test of cycling peak power output (PPO). In randomized order, participants undertook moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE; 40% PPO) or high-intensity interval cycling exercise (HIIE; 70% PPO) or no-exercise control. Brachial FMD was assessed at rest and 10 and 60 min after exercise. FMD increased after MICE in both groups {increase of 0.86% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.17–1.56], P = 0.01} and normalized after 60 min. In the lower fit group, FMD was reduced after HIIE [reduction of 0.85% (95% CI, 0.12–1.58), P = 0.02] and remained decreased at 60 min. In the higher fit group, FMD was unchanged immediately after HIIE and increased after 60 min [increase of 1.52% (95% CI, 0.41–2.62), P < 0.01, which was correlated with V̇o2peak, r = 0.41; P < 0.01]. In the no-exercise control, FMD was reduced in both groups after 60 min ( P = 0.05). Exercise intensity alters the acute FMD response in elderly men and V̇o2peak modulates the FMD response following HIIE but not MICE. The sustained decrease in FMD in the lower fit group following HIIE may represent a signal for vascular adaptation or endothelial fatigue. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to show that moderate-intensity continuous cycling exercise increased flow-mediated dilation (FMD) transiently before normalization of FMD after 1 h, irrespective of cardiorespiratory fitness level in elderly men. Interestingly, we show increased FMD after high-intensity cycling exercise in higher fit men, with a sustained reduction in FMD in lower fit men. The prolonged reduction in FMD after high-intensity cycling exercise may be associated with future vascular adaptation but may also reflect a period of increased cardiovascular risk in lower fit elderly men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom G. Bailey
- VasoActive Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria Perissiou
- VasoActive Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Windsor
- VasoActive Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fraser Russell
- VasoActive Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, James Cook University and the Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D. Askew
- VasoActive Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Le Roux-Mallouf T, Vibert F, Doutreleau S, Verges S. Effect of acute nitrate and citrulline supplementation on muscle microvascular response to ischemia-reperfusion in healthy humans. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:901-908. [PMID: 28460182 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in vasomotor control mechanisms altering the diameter of the vessels under various physiological and pathological conditions. There are 2 main NO production pathways, 1 NO synthase (NOS) independent (nitrate-nitrite-NO) and the other is NOS dependent (citrulline-arginine-NO). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of acute nitrate and citrulline supplementation on post-ischemic vascular response in healthy subjects. Fourteen subjects performed 2-leg vascular occlusion tests, 3 days apart. They were randomly assigned to consume a drink containing 1200 mg (19.4 mmol) of nitrate and 6 g of citrulline (N+C) or a placebo (Pl). Changes in total hemoglobin (Hbtot) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) concentrations were recorded by near-infrared spectroscopy on the thigh and calf muscles. No differences between N+C and Pl were observed during the ischemic period. Hbtot increased to a larger extent during the reperfusion period for the thigh (e.g., area under the curve, 821 ± 324 vs. 627 ± 381 mmol·s-1, p = 0.003) and the calf (515 ± 285 vs. 400 ± 275 mmol·s-1, p = 0.029) in the N+C versus Pl conditions. Similar results were found regarding HbO2 for the thigh (e.g., area under the curve, 842 ± 502 vs. 770 ± 491 mmol·s-1, p = 0.077) and the calf (968 ± 536 vs. 865 ± 275 mmol·s-1, p = 0.075). The larger postocclusive Hbtot and HbO2 responses observed after N+C intake suggests a greater post-ischemic vasodilation, which may be due to increased NO availability, via the activation of the 2 main NO production pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Le Roux-Mallouf
- U1042, INSERM, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France; HP2 Laboratory, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France.,U1042, INSERM, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France; HP2 Laboratory, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Vibert
- U1042, INSERM, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France; HP2 Laboratory, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France.,U1042, INSERM, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France; HP2 Laboratory, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Doutreleau
- U1042, INSERM, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France; HP2 Laboratory, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France.,U1042, INSERM, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France; HP2 Laboratory, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Verges
- U1042, INSERM, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France; HP2 Laboratory, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France.,U1042, INSERM, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France; HP2 Laboratory, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Jean Roget Building, Faculty of Medicine, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Haynes A, Linden MD, Chasland LC, Nosaka K, Maiorana A, Dawson EA, Dembo LH, Naylor LH, Green DJ. Acute impact of conventional and eccentric cycling on platelet and vascular function in patients with chronic heart failure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1418-1424. [PMID: 28302709 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01057.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence-based guidelines recommend exercise therapy for patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Such patients have increased atherothrombotic risk. Exercise can transiently increase platelet activation and reactivity and decrease vascular function in healthy participants, although data in CHF are scant. Eccentric (ECC) cycling is a novel exercise modality that may be particularly suited to patients with CHF, but the acute impacts of ECC cycling on platelet and vascular function are currently unknown. Our null hypothesis was that ECC and concentric (CON) cycling, performed at matched external workloads, would not induce changes in platelet or vascular function in patients with CHF. Eleven patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) took part in discrete bouts of ECC and CON cycling. Before and immediately after exercise, vascular function was assessed by measuring diameter and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Platelet function was measured by the flow cytometric determination of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa activation and granule exocytosis in the presence and absence of platelet agonists. ECC cycling increased baseline artery diameter (pre: 4.0 ± 0.8 mm vs. post: 4.2 ± 0.7 mm; P = 0.04) and decreased FMD%. When changes in baseline artery diameter were accounted for, the decrease in FMD post-ECC cycling was no longer significant. No changes were apparent after CON. Neither ECC nor CON cycling resulted in changes to any platelet-function measures (all P > 0.05). These results suggest that both ECC and CON cycling, at a moderate intensity and short duration, can be performed by patients with HFrEF without detrimental impacts on vascular or platelet function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first evidence to indicate that eccentric (ECC) cycling can be performed relatively safely by patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), as it did not result in impaired vascular or platelet function compared with conventional cycling. This is important, as acute exercise can transiently increase atherothrombotic risk, and ECC cycling is a novel exercise modality that may be particularly suited to patients with CHF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Haynes
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Matthew D Linden
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Lauren C Chasland
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia
| | - Andrew Maiorana
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia.,Allied Health Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Ellen A Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lawrence H Dembo
- Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Louise H Naylor
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia.,Allied Health Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; .,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Green DJ, Hopman MTE, Padilla J, Laughlin MH, Thijssen DHJ. Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:495-528. [PMID: 28151424 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
On the 400th anniversary of Harvey's Lumleian lectures, this review focuses on "hemodynamic" forces associated with the movement of blood through arteries in humans and the functional and structural adaptations that result from repeated episodic exposure to such stimuli. The late 20th century discovery that endothelial cells modify arterial tone via paracrine transduction provoked studies exploring the direct mechanical effects of blood flow and pressure on vascular function and adaptation in vivo. In this review, we address the impact of distinct hemodynamic signals that occur in response to exercise, the interrelationships between these signals, the nature of the adaptive responses that manifest under different physiological conditions, and the implications for human health. Exercise modifies blood flow, luminal shear stress, arterial pressure, and tangential wall stress, all of which can transduce changes in arterial function, diameter, and wall thickness. There are important clinical implications of the adaptation that occurs as a consequence of repeated hemodynamic stimulation associated with exercise training in humans, including impacts on atherosclerotic risk in conduit arteries, the control of blood pressure in resistance vessels, oxygen delivery and diffusion, and microvascular health. Exercise training studies have demonstrated that direct hemodynamic impacts on the health of the artery wall contribute to the well-established decrease in cardiovascular risk attributed to physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
McLay KM, Murias JM, Paterson DH. Similar pattern of change in V̇o 2 kinetics, vascular function, and tissue oxygen provision following an endurance training stimulus in older and young adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R467-R476. [PMID: 28122720 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00399.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the time course of changes in the oxygen uptake (V̇o2) kinetics response subsequent to short-term exercise training (i.e., 24, 48, 72, and 120 h posttraining) and examine the relationship with the time course of changes in microvascular [deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([HHb])-to-V̇o2 ratio ([HHb])/V̇o2)] and macrovascular [flow-mediated dilation (FMD)] O2 delivery to the active tissues/limbs. Seven healthy older [OA; 74 ± 6 (SD) yr] and young men (YA; 25 ± 3 yr) completed three endurance cycling exercise training sessions at 70% V̇o2peak Moderate-intensity exercise on-transient V̇o2 (measured breath by breath) and [HHb] (measured by near-infrared spectroscopy) were modeled with a monoexponential and normalized (0-100% of response), and the [HHb])/V̇o2 was calculated. Ultrasound-derived FMD of the popliteal artery was assessed after 5 min of cuff occlusion. %FMD was calculated as the greatest percent change in diameter from baseline. Time constant of V̇o2 (τV̇o2) was significantly reduced in both OA (~18%) and YA (~23%) at 24 h (P < 0.001) posttraining and remained decreased at 48 h before returning toward pretraining (PRE) values. Both groups showed a significant decrease in the [HHb])/V̇o2 at 24, 48, and 72 h (P = 0.001, 0.01, and 0.03, respectively) posttraining before returning toward PRE values at 120 h. %FMD followed a similar time course to that of changes in the [HHb])/V̇o2, being significantly greater in both OA (by ~64%) and YA (by ~26%) at 24 h (P < 0.001), remaining increased at 48 and 72 h (P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively), and returning toward PRE values at 120 h. These data suggest the rate of adjustment of V̇o2 may be constrained by O2 availability in the active tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M McLay
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, London, Ontario, Canada.,School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Juan M Murias
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and .,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Donald H Paterson
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, London, Ontario, Canada.,School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tymko MM, Tremblay JC, Hansen AB, Howe CA, Willie CK, Stembridge M, Green DJ, Hoiland RL, Subedi P, Anholm JD, Ainslie PN. The effect of α 1 -adrenergic blockade on post-exercise brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation at sea level and high altitude. J Physiol 2016; 595:1671-1686. [PMID: 28032333 DOI: 10.1113/jp273183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Our objective was to quantify endothelial function (via brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation) at sea level (344 m) and high altitude (3800 m) at rest and following both maximal exercise and 30 min of moderate-intensity cycling exercise with and without administration of an α1 -adrenergic blockade. Brachial endothelial function did not differ between sea level and high altitude at rest, nor following maximal exercise. At sea level, endothelial function decreased following 30 min of moderate-intensity exercise, and this decrease was abolished with α1 -adrenergic blockade. At high altitude, endothelial function did not decrease immediately after 30 min of moderate-intensity exercise, and administration of α1 -adrenergic blockade resulted in an increase in flow-mediated dilatation. Our data indicate that post-exercise endothelial function is modified at high altitude (i.e. prolonged hypoxaemia). The current study helps to elucidate the physiological mechanisms associated with high-altitude acclimatization, and provides insight into the relationship between sympathetic nervous activity and vascular endothelial function. ABSTRACT We examined the hypotheses that (1) at rest, endothelial function would be impaired at high altitude compared to sea level, (2) endothelial function would be reduced to a greater extent at sea level compared to high altitude after maximal exercise, and (3) reductions in endothelial function following moderate-intensity exercise at both sea level and high altitude are mediated via an α1 -adrenergic pathway. In a double-blinded, counterbalanced, randomized and placebo-controlled design, nine healthy participants performed a maximal-exercise test, and two 30 min sessions of semi-recumbent cycling exercise at 50% peak output following either placebo or α1 -adrenergic blockade (prazosin; 0.05 mg kg -1 ). These experiments were completed at both sea-level (344 m) and high altitude (3800 m). Blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography), heart rate (electrocardiogram), oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry), and brachial artery blood flow and shear rate (ultrasound) were recorded before, during and following exercise. Endothelial function assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was measured before, immediately following and 60 min after exercise. Our findings were: (1) at rest, FMD remained unchanged between sea level and high altitude (placebo P = 0.287; prazosin: P = 0.110); (2) FMD remained unchanged after maximal exercise at sea level and high altitude (P = 0.244); and (3) the 2.9 ± 0.8% (P = 0.043) reduction in FMD immediately after moderate-intensity exercise at sea level was abolished via α1 -adrenergic blockade. Conversely, at high altitude, FMD was unaltered following moderate-intensity exercise, and administration of α1 -adrenergic blockade elevated FMD (P = 0.032). Our results suggest endothelial function is differentially affected by exercise when exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. These findings have implications for understanding the chronic impacts of hypoxaemia on exercise, and the interactions between the α1 -adrenergic pathway and endothelial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Joshua C Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Alex B Hansen
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Connor A Howe
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Chris K Willie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Prajan Subedi
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Section, Medical Service, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - James D Anholm
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Section, Medical Service, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Haynes A, Linden MD, Robey E, Watts GF, Barrett H, Naylor LH, Green DJ. Impact of commonly prescribed exercise interventions on platelet activation in physically inactive and overweight men. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/20/e12951. [PMID: 27798349 PMCID: PMC5099958 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The exercise paradox infers that, despite the well‐established cardioprotective effects of repeated episodic exercise (training), the risk of acute atherothrombotic events may be transiently increased during and soon after an exercise bout. However, the acute impact of different exercise modalities on platelet function has not previously been addressed. We hypothesized that distinct modalities of exercise would have differing effects on in vivo platelet activation and reactivity to agonists which induce monocyte‐platelet aggregate (MPA) formation. Eight middle‐aged (53.5 ± 1.6 years) male participants took part in four 30 min experimental interventions (aerobic AE, resistance RE, combined aerobic/resistance exercise CARE, or no‐exercise NE), in random order. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 1 h after each intervention, and incubated with one of three agonists of physiologically/clinically relevant pathways of platelet activation (thrombin receptor activating peptide‐6 TRAP, arachidonic acid AA, and cross‐linked collagen‐related peptide xCRP). In the presence of AA, TRAP, and xCRP, both RE and CARE evoked increases in MPAs immediately post‐exercise (P < 0.01), whereas only AA significantly increased MPAs immediately after AE (P < 0.01). These increases in platelet activation post‐exercise were transient, as responses approached pre‐exercise levels by 1 h. These are the first data to suggest that exercise involving a resistance component in humans may transiently increase platelet‐mediated thrombotic risk more than aerobic modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Haynes
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew D Linden
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elisa Robey
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Cardiometabolic Services, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hugh Barrett
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology Royal Perth Hospital Unit University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louise H Naylor
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia .,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Principal Research Fellow, National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
McLay KM, Nederveen JP, Pogliaghi S, Paterson DH, Murias JM. Repeatability of vascular responsiveness measures derived from near-infrared spectroscopy. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/9/e12772. [PMID: 27147496 PMCID: PMC4873629 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)‐derived measures of tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) have been recently shown to significantly correlate with the widely used method for noninvasively assessing vascular endothelial function, flow‐mediated dilation (FMD). The purpose of this study was to examine the intraday and interday reliability of the reperfusion slope of StO2 (slope 2 StO2) and compare it to FMD. Ultrasound‐derived FMD was quantified following 5 min of distal cuff occlusion of the popliteal artery in nine healthy young men (26 ± 3 years). An FMD test was performed each of 4 days, with a fifth involving three tests. FMD was calculated as the greatest percent change in diameter from baseline (%FMD). StO2 was measured using NIRS throughout each test, with slope 2 StO2 being calculated as the upslope of 10‐sec following cuff release. Reliability was determined using repeatability, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and coefficient of variation (CV). Repeatability of slope 2 StO2 was better than %FMD for both intraday (0.43 and 5.65, respectively) and interday (0.48 and 4.82, respectively) comparisons; approximately 30% of mean values for slope 2 StO2 could be attributed to measurement error, whereas 100% of mean FMD could be for both intraday and interday comparisons. Similarly, ICC and CV values indicated stronger reliability of slope 2 StO2 compared to %FMD for both intraday (ICC 0.92 and 0.36, respectively; CV 9 ± 4% and 44 ± 24%, respectively) and interday (ICC 0.94 and 0.25, respectively; CV 14 ± 5% and 40 ± 22%, respectively) comparisons. In conclusion, NIRS‐derived slope 2 StO2 can be used as a reliable measure of vascular reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M McLay
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josh P Nederveen
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Pogliaghi
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Donald H Paterson
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan M Murias
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Malin SK, Rynders CA, Weltman JY, Roberts LJ, Barrett EJ, Weltman A. Endothelial function following glucose ingestion in adults with prediabetes: Role of exercise intensity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1515-21. [PMID: 27221649 PMCID: PMC4925188 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether high intensity exercise (HIE) would improve endothelial function more than an isocaloric bout of moderate intensity exercise (MIE) following glucose ingestion in adults with prediabetes. METHODS Twelve subjects with prediabetes completed all three conditions: time-course matched control and isocaloric exercise (∼200 kcal) at moderate (MIE; at lactate threshold) and high intensity (HIE; 75% of difference between lactate threshold and VO2 peak). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured before exercise (baseline), within 30 min postexercise, and 1 and 2 hr following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Plasma F2-isoprostanes were also assessed during the protocol (i.e., baseline to 2 hr OGTT) as a biomarker of oxidative stress. RESULTS MIE reduced postexercise F2-isoprostanesAUC compared with time-course matched control and HIE. Although exercise had no statistical effect on FMD postexercise or during the OGTT, elevations in FMDAUC after MIE and HIE were associated with reduced postexercise F2-isoprostanesAUC . CONCLUSIONS Exercise at either intensity had no effect on FMD immediately postexercise following glucose administration. However, individuals with reduced oxidative stress responses to exercise had greater exercise-induced improvement in FMD. Further work is required to identify the mechanism by which exercise alters oxidative stress to enhance endothelial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
- Exercise Physiology Core Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
| | - Corey A. Rynders
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Judy Y. Weltman
- Exercise Physiology Core Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
| | - L. Jackson Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN
| | - Eugene J. Barrett
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
| | - Arthur Weltman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
- Exercise Physiology Core Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sawyer BJ, Tucker WJ, Bhammar DM, Ryder JR, Sweazea KL, Gaesser GA. Effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on endothelial function and cardiometabolic risk markers in obese adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:279-88. [PMID: 27255523 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) would be more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) at improving endothelial function and maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max) in obese adults. Eighteen participants [35.1 ± 8.1 (SD) yr; body mass index = 36.0 ± 5.0 kg/m(2)] were randomized to 8 wk (3 sessions/wk) of either HIIT [10 × 1 min, 90-95% maximum heart rate (HRmax), 1-min active recovery] or MICT (30 min, 70-75% HRmax). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) increased after HIIT (5.13 ± 2.80% vs. 8.98 ± 2.86%, P = 0.02) but not after MICT (5.23 ± 2.82% vs. 3.05 ± 2.76%, P = 0.16). Resting artery diameter increased after MICT (3.68 ± 0.58 mm vs. 3.86 ± 0.58 mm, P = 0.02) but not after HIIT (4.04 ± 0.70 mm vs. 4.09 ± 0.70 mm; P = 0.63). There was a significant (P = 0.02) group × time interaction in low flow-mediated constriction (L-FMC) between MICT (0.63 ± 2.00% vs. -2.79 ± 3.20%; P = 0.03) and HIIT (-1.04 ± 4.09% vs. 1.74 ± 3.46%; P = 0.29). V̇o2 max increased (P < 0.01) similarly after HIIT (2.19 ± 0.65 l/min vs. 2.64 ± 0.88 l/min) and MICT (2.24 ± 0.48 l/min vs. 2.55 ± 0.61 l/min). Biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and endothelial function were unchanged. HIIT and MICT produced different vascular adaptations in obese adults, with HIIT improving FMD and MICT increasing resting artery diameter and enhancing L-FMC. HIIT required 27.5% less total exercise time and ∼25% less energy expenditure than MICT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Sawyer
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Wesley J Tucker
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Dharini M Bhammar
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Justin R Ryder
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Karen L Sweazea
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Glenn A Gaesser
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|