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Foot Cooling between Interval Bouts Enhances Repeated Lower Limb Power Performance: The Role of Delaying Fatigue. J Hum Kinet 2023; 86:107-116. [PMID: 37181265 PMCID: PMC10170544 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/159623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether interbout foot cooling (FC) may enhance repeated lower limb power performance and the corresponding physiological responses based on interset FC, which has been demonstrated to enhance leg-press performance. In a repeated-measures crossover design, ten active men (aged 21.5 ± 1.5 years, exercising >3 times per week) performed four bouts of 10-s cycle ergometer sprints with interbout FC at 10°C water for 2.5 min or non-cooling (NC) with a 5-day interval. The results indicated that FC elicited higher total work (27.57 ± 5.66 kJ vs. 26.55 ± 5.76 kJ) and arousal scores than NC (p < 0.05). Furthermore, under the NC condition, participants decreased mean power (p < 0.05) with no alteration of vastus lateralis (VL) electromyography (EMG) activities after the second bout; whereas under the FC condition, participants maintained steady mean power accompanied by increased VL EMG activities in the last two bouts (p < 0.05). Jointly, participants had higher mean power ([3rd = 10.14 ± 1.15 vs. 9.37 ± 1.30; 4th= 9.79 ± 1.22 vs. 9.23 ± 1.27] W/kg) and VL EMG activities in the last two bouts under the FC than NC condition (p < 0.05). However, perceived exertion and the heart rate were comparable between the two conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, interbout FC elicited a higher arousal level and repeated lower limb power performance, which could be explained by delaying peripheral fatigue via increasing excitatory drive and recruiting additional motor units to compensate for fatigue-related responses and power decrements.
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Soltysiak SR, Colborn CE, Dichiara EJ, Patel NL, Cocco AR, Caruso JF. Palm cooling temperatures on thermal, physiological, perceptual, and ergogenic indices from rowing workouts in a thermoneutral environment. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2292-2303. [PMID: 36463544 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2151750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Gel pack temperatures were compared for responses to thermal, physiological, perceptual, and ergogenic indices from healthy women (n = 12) and men (n = 8). They did three rowing workouts to identify an ideal temperature. In a randomised sequence, and as subjects wore gloves equipped with mesh pouches during workouts, gel packs at one of the three average temperatures (10.6, 12.6, or 14.9°C) were inserted into the pouches. Data were collected before, during and after multi-stage workouts. Thermal, physiological, and perceptual data were each compared with three-factor (condition, gender, time) mixed effect model ANCOVAs, with repeated measures for condition and time, and gender as a between subjects' factor. Distance rowed was assessed with two-factor (condition, gender) mixed effect model ANCOVAs, with repeated measures for condition, and gender as a between subjects' factor. Within-subject contrasts was the post-hoc, and α = 0.05 denoted significance. Despite small differences for distance rowed, many dependent variables had significant inter-condition effects, whereby 10.6°C gel packs had the best thermal and physiological responses. The 10.6°C temperature 1): likely removed the most body heat, perhaps through cold-induced vasodilation and, 2): may be optimal, as it evoked the best thermal and physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Soltysiak
- Health and Sport Sciences Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - C E Colborn
- Health and Sport Sciences Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - E J Dichiara
- Health and Sport Sciences Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - N L Patel
- Health and Sport Sciences Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - A R Cocco
- Health and Sport Sciences Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - J F Caruso
- Health and Sport Sciences Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Wu CM, Lee MH, Wang WY, Cai ZY. Acute Effects of Intermittent Foot Cooling on 1 RM Leg Press Strength in Resistance-Trained Men: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189594. [PMID: 34574518 PMCID: PMC8465553 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inter-set peripheral cooling can improve high-intensity resistance exercise performance. However, whether foot cooling (FC) would increase 1 repetition maximum (RM) lower-limb strength is unclear. This study investigated the effect of intermittent FC on 1 RM leg press strength. Ten recreational male lifters performed three attempts of 1 RM leg press with FC or non-cooling (NC) in a repeated-measures crossover design separated by 5 days. FC was applied by foot immersion in 10 °C water for 2.5 min before each attempt. During the 1 RM test, various physiological measures were recorded. The results showed that FC elicited higher 1 RM leg press strength (Δ [95% CI]; Cohen's d effect size [ES]; 13.6 [7.6-19.5] kg; ES = 1.631) and electromyography values in vastus lateralis (57.7 [8.1-107.4] μV; ES = 0.831) and gastrocnemius (15.1 [-3.1-33.2] μV; ES = 0.593) than in NC. Higher arousal levels (felt arousal scale) were found in FC (0.6 [0.1-1.2]; ES = 0.457) than in NC. In conclusion, the preliminary findings, although limited, suggest intermittent FC has a potential ergogenic role for recreational athletes to enhance maximal lower-limb strength and may partly benefit strength-based competition events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Min Wu
- Department of Leisure and Sports Management, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83300, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Hsien Lee
- Department of Mathematics, University of Taipei, Taipei 100234, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan;
| | - Zong-Yan Cai
- Center for Physical and Health Education, SiWan College, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-5252-000 (ext. 5872)
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O'Brien IT, Kozerski AE, Gray WD, Chen L, Vargas LJ, McEnroe CB, Vanhoover AC, King KM, Pantalos GM, Caruso JF. Use of Gloves to Examine Intermittent Palm Cooling's Impact on Rowing Ergometry. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:931-940. [PMID: 33629973 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT O'Brien, IT, Kozerski, AE, Gray, WD, Chen, L, Vargas, LJ, McEnroe, CB, Vanhoover, AC, King, KM, Pantalos, GM, and Caruso, JF. Use of gloves to examine intermittent palm cooling's impact on rowing ergometry. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 931-940, 2021-The aim of this study was to examine the use of gloves on intermittent palm cooling's impact on rowing ergometry workouts. Our methods had subjects (n = 34) complete 3 rowing ergometer workouts of up to 8 2-minute stages separated by 45- or 60-second rests. They were randomized to one of the following treatments per workout: no palm cooling (NoPC), intermittent palm cooling as they rowed (PCex), or intermittent palm cooling as they rowed and post-exercise (PCex&post). Palm cooling entailed intermittent cold (initial temperature: 8.1° C) application and totaled 10 (PCex) and 20 (PCex&post) minutes, respectively. Workouts began with 8 minutes of rest after which pre-exercise data were obtained, followed by a ten-minute warm-up and the workout, and 20 minutes of post-exercise recovery. Numerous physiological and performance variables were collected before, during, and after workouts, and each was analyzed with either a two- or three-way analysis of variance. Our results include, with a 0.05 alpha and a simple effects post hoc, the distance rowed analysis produced a significant workout effect with PCex, PCex&post > NoPC. There were also significant interworkout differences for heart rate (HR) (NoPC > PCex) and blood lactate concentration (NoPC > PCex, PCex&post). We conclude that lower HRs and blood lactate concentrations from intermittent cooling caused subjects to experience less fatigue during those workouts and enabled more work to be performed. Continued research should identify optimal cooling characteristics to expedite body heat removal. Practical applications suggest that intermittent palm cooling administered with gloves enhance performance by abating physiological markers of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T O'Brien
- Exercise Physiology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Amy E Kozerski
- Exercise Physiology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - William D Gray
- Exercise Physiology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ling Chen
- Exercise Physiology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Liliana J Vargas
- Exercise Physiology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Charles B McEnroe
- Exercise Physiology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Kristi M King
- Exercise Physiology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - George M Pantalos
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - John F Caruso
- Exercise Physiology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Effect of Acute Interset Foot Cooling on Lower Limb Strength Training Workout. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:682-687. [PMID: 33547262 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors investigated the effect of foot cooling (FC) between sets in a leg press pyramid workout with resistance-trained participants. METHODS A total of 12 resistance-trained men (age = 21.8 [0.6] y; training experience = 1.7 [1] y) performed a pyramid workout, including 4 sets of 85% to 90% 1-repetition maximum leg press exercise to exhaustion with interset FC or noncooling in a repeated-measures crossover design separated by 5 days. The authors immersed the participants' feet in 10°C water for 2.5 minutes between sets. RESULTS Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that FC elicited significantly higher repetitions and electromyography (EMG) values of the vastus lateralis (simple main effect of condition) than did noncooling (P < .05) in the second (repetitions: 11 [3.5] vs 7.75 [3.2]; EMG: 63.4% [19.4%] vs 54.5% [18.4%]), third (repetitions: 8.9 [3.2] vs 6.4 [2.1]; EMG: 71.5% [17.4%] vs 60.6% [19.4%]), and fourth (repetitions: 7.5 [2.7] vs 5.1 [2.2]; EMG: 75.2% [19.6%] vs 59.3% [23.5%]) sets. The authors also detected a simple main effect of set in the FC and noncooling conditions on repetitions (P < .05) and in the FC condition on the vastus lateralis EMG values. Although the authors observed no time × trial interactions for the rating of perceived exertion, the authors observed main effects on the sets (7.7-9.6 vs 7.9-9.3, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Interset FC provides an ergogenic effect on a leg press pyramid workout and may offset fatigue, as indicated by higher repetitions and EMG response, without increasing perceived exertion.
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Gray WD, Jett DM, Cocco AR, Vanhoover AC, Colborn CE, Pantalos GM, Stumbo J, Quesada PM, Caruso JF. Ergogenic and Physiological Outcomes Derived From a Novel Skin Cooling Device. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:391-403. [PMID: 33278269 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gray, WD, Jett, DM, Cocco, AR, Vanhoover, AC, Colborn, CE, Pantalos, GM, Stumbo, J, Quesada, PM, and Caruso, JF. Ergogenic and physiological outcomes derived from a novel skin cooling device. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 391-403, 2021-Our study's purpose assessed a cooling headband's ergogenic and physiological impacts. Subjects (15 women and 13 men) completed six visits; the final 3 entailed rowing workouts with the following treatment conditions: no head cooling (NoHC), intermittent head cooling during exercise (HCex), and intermittent head cooling during exercise and post-exercise recovery (HCex&post). Data collection occurred at the following times (a) pre-exercise and post-warm-up, (b) between stages of up to eight 2-minute bouts, and (c) at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes post-exercise. In addition to distance rowed, thermal, cardiovascular, perceptual, and metabolic measurements were obtained. Results included a small yet significant intertreatment difference (HCex, HCex&post > NoHC) for distance rowed. Our cardiovascular and metabolic indices exhibited sex and time differences but likely did not contribute to the ergogenic effect. Yet, left hand temperatures (LHT) exhibited significant 2-way and 3-way interactions that were the likely source of the ergogenic effect. Auditory canal temperature (AUDT) results suggest the head is sensitive to heat increases, yet LHT data show headband use evoked significantly greater temperature increases at the hand's palmar surface, indicative of heat transfer. We conclude, and our practical applications suggest, the headband's ergogenic effect was manifested by cold-induced vasodilation at the hand's palmar surface, rather than heat losses through the head.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter M Quesada
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Douzi W, Dupuy O, Theurot D, Smolander J, Dugué B. Per-Cooling (Using Cooling Systems during Physical Exercise) Enhances Physical and Cognitive Performances in Hot Environments. A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1031. [PMID: 32041228 PMCID: PMC7036802 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are many important sport events that are organized in environments with a very hot ambient temperature (Summer Olympics, FIFA World Cup, Tour de France, etc.) and in hot locations (e.g., Qatar). Additionally, in the context of global warming and heat wave periods, athletes are often subjected to hot ambient temperatures. It is known that exercising in the heat induces disturbances that may provoke premature fatigue and negatively affects overall performance in both endurance and high intensity exercises. Deterioration in several cognitive functions may also occur, and individuals may be at risk for heat illnesses. To train, perform, work and recover and in a safe and effective way, cooling strategies have been proposed and have been routinely applied before, during and after exercise. However, there is a limited understanding of the influences of per-cooling on performance, and it is the subject of the present review. This work examines the influences of per-cooling of different areas of the body on performance in terms of intense short-term exercises ("anaerobic" exercises), endurance exercises ("aerobic" exercises), and cognitive functioning and provides detailed strategies that can be applied when individuals train and/or perform in high ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Benoit Dugué
- University of Poitiers, Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)-EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences, 8 Allée Jean Monnet, 86000 Poitiers, France; (W.D.); (O.D.); (D.T.); (J.S.)
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Latella C, Grgic J, Van der Westhuizen D. Effect of Interset Strategies on Acute Resistance Training Performance and Physiological Responses: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S180-S193. [PMID: 30946261 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Latella, C, Grgic, J, and Van der Westhuizen, D. Effect of interset strategies on acute resistance training performance and physiological responses: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence surrounding the implementation of interset strategies to optimize acute resistance training performance. Searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus electronic databases were conducted. Studies that met the following criteria were included: (a) compared an interset strategy with a traditional passive rest interval in resistance training, (b) the assessed outcomes included performance or physiological responses, (c) resistance training was performed in a traditional dynamic fashion, (d) the study had an acute design, and (e) was published in English and in a peer-reviewed journal. A total of 26 studies were included in the review. When a given interset strategy was used, several studies reported improvements in the number of performed repetitions (i.e., greater total volume load), attenuation of the loss in velocity and power, reduced lactate levels, and in some cases, a decrease in perceived exertion. Dynamic agonist/static antagonist stretching, cooling, aerobic exercise, vibration, and individualized heart rate-based intervals seem to be the most effective strategies. However, the heterogeneity between study designs and methodologies suggests that careful consideration should be given to the type and specific application of the interset method being used. Given the acute nature of studies, extrapolation to any long-term benefits of using a given interset strategy remains limited. Collectively, coaches and sports scientists may consider using the most effective strategies based on practicality and equipment availability to optimize performance during the resistance training component of strength and conditioning programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Latella
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dan Van der Westhuizen
- Clinical Exercise Science and Rehabilitation, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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MacRae BA, Annaheim S, Spengler CM, Rossi RM. Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29441024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00029, 10.3389/fpls.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin temperature (Tskin) is commonly measured using Tskin sensors affixed directly to the skin surface, although the influence of setup variables on the measured outcome requires clarification. Objectives: The two distinct objectives of this systematic review were (1) to examine measurements from contact Tskin sensors considering equilibrium temperature and temperature disturbance, sensor attachments, pressure, environmental temperature, and sensor type, and (2) to characterise the contact Tskin sensors used, conditions of use, and subsequent reporting in studies investigating sports, exercise, and other physical activity. Data sources and study selection: For the measurement comparison objective, Ovid Medline and Scopus were used (1960 to July 2016) and studies comparing contact Tskin sensor measurements in vivo or using appropriate physical models were included. For the survey of use, Ovid Medline was used (2011 to July 2016) and studies using contact temperature sensors for the measurement of human Tskinin vivo during sport, exercise, and other physical activity were included. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: For measurement comparisons, assessments of risk of bias were made according to an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Comparisons of temperature measurements were expressed, where possible, as mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Meta-analyses were not performed due to the lack of a common reference condition. For the survey of use, extracted information was summarised in text and tabular form. Results: For measurement comparisons, 21 studies were included. Results from these studies indicated minor (<0.5°C) to practically meaningful (>0.5°C) measurement bias within the subgroups of attachment type, applied pressure, environmental conditions, and sensor type. The 95% LoA were often within 1.0°C for in vivo studies and 0.5°C for physical models. For the survey of use, 172 studies were included. Details about Tskin sensor setup were often poorly reported and, from those reporting setup information, it was evident that setups widely varied in terms of type of sensors, attachments, and locations used. Conclusions: Setup variables and conditions of use can influence the measured temperature from contact Tskin sensors and thus key setup variables need to be appropriately considered and consistently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braid A MacRae
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Annaheim
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christina M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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MacRae BA, Annaheim S, Spengler CM, Rossi RM. Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values. Front Physiol 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29441024 PMCID: PMC5797625 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin temperature (Tskin) is commonly measured using Tskin sensors affixed directly to the skin surface, although the influence of setup variables on the measured outcome requires clarification. Objectives: The two distinct objectives of this systematic review were (1) to examine measurements from contact Tskin sensors considering equilibrium temperature and temperature disturbance, sensor attachments, pressure, environmental temperature, and sensor type, and (2) to characterise the contact Tskin sensors used, conditions of use, and subsequent reporting in studies investigating sports, exercise, and other physical activity. Data sources and study selection: For the measurement comparison objective, Ovid Medline and Scopus were used (1960 to July 2016) and studies comparing contact Tskin sensor measurements in vivo or using appropriate physical models were included. For the survey of use, Ovid Medline was used (2011 to July 2016) and studies using contact temperature sensors for the measurement of human Tskinin vivo during sport, exercise, and other physical activity were included. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: For measurement comparisons, assessments of risk of bias were made according to an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Comparisons of temperature measurements were expressed, where possible, as mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Meta-analyses were not performed due to the lack of a common reference condition. For the survey of use, extracted information was summarised in text and tabular form. Results: For measurement comparisons, 21 studies were included. Results from these studies indicated minor (<0.5°C) to practically meaningful (>0.5°C) measurement bias within the subgroups of attachment type, applied pressure, environmental conditions, and sensor type. The 95% LoA were often within 1.0°C for in vivo studies and 0.5°C for physical models. For the survey of use, 172 studies were included. Details about Tskin sensor setup were often poorly reported and, from those reporting setup information, it was evident that setups widely varied in terms of type of sensors, attachments, and locations used. Conclusions: Setup variables and conditions of use can influence the measured temperature from contact Tskin sensors and thus key setup variables need to be appropriately considered and consistently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braid A. MacRae
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Annaheim
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christina M. Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René M. Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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11
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Bongers CCWG, Hopman MTE, Eijsvogels TMH. Cooling interventions for athletes: An overview of effectiveness, physiological mechanisms, and practical considerations. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 4:60-78. [PMID: 28349095 PMCID: PMC5356217 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1277003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced increases in core body temperature could negative impact performance and may lead to development of heat-related illnesses. The use of cooling techniques prior (pre-cooling), during (per-cooling) or directly after (post-cooling) exercise may limit the increase in core body temperature and therefore improve exercise performance. The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive overview of current scientific knowledge in the field of pre-cooling, per-cooling and post-cooling. Based on existing studies, we will discuss 1) the effectiveness of cooling interventions, 2) the underlying physiological mechanisms and 3) practical considerations regarding the use of different cooling techniques. Furthermore, we tried to identify the optimal cooling technique and compared whether cooling-induced performance benefits are different between cool, moderate and hot ambient conditions. This article provides researchers, physicians, athletes and coaches with important information regarding the implementation of cooling techniques to maintain exercise performance and to successfully compete in thermally stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen C W G Bongers
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Department of Physiology , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Department of Physiology , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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