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Adeniyi IA, Oregbesan PO, Adesanya A, Olubori MA, Olayinka GS, Ajayi AM, Onasanwo SA. Olax subscorpioidea prevented scopolamine-induced memory impairment through the prevention of oxido-inflammatory damage and modulation of cholinergic transmission. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116995. [PMID: 37541399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Olax subscorpioidea oliv. is a shrub plant of the Olacaceae family with reported usage in ethnomedicine as a nootropic agent for the management of Alzheimer's-like dementia. AIM The aim of this study is to investigate the nootropic potential of methanol extract of Olax subscorpioidea (MEOS) in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's-like dementia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty male mice, assigned into six groups (n = 8), were used for this study. Group, I received distilled water, group II received scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), groups iii-v received 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, p.o. of MEOS and scopolamine (1 mg/kg/i.p.), and group vi received donepezil 5 mg/kg, p.o.and scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). The animals were pre-treated with MEOS and Donepezil for 14 days, and scopolamine from the 8th to 14th day. Followed by cognitive, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and histology assessments. RESULTS 100 mg/kg MEOS significantly reduced transfer latency and increased discrimination index in the elevated plus maze and novel object recognition test cognitive assessments. 100 mg/kg MEOS, significantly reduced oxidative stress, protect endogenous antioxidants, suppressed neuroinflammation, and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activity. The histomorphometry study of the hippocampus revealed that MEOS prevented extensive pyknosis, karyolysis, chromatolysis, and loss of hippocampal neurons that accompanied scopolamine treatment. CONCLUSION MEOS protected against Alzheimer's-like dementia via the suppression of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress associated with scopolamine-induced amnesic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaheel Akinwale Adeniyi
- Neuroscience and Oral Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | | | - Adegboyega Adesanya
- Neuroscience and Oral Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | | | - Gbenga Stanley Olayinka
- Neuroscience and Oral Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | | | - Samuel Adetunji Onasanwo
- Neuroscience and Oral Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Ahmad MH, Jatau AI, Alshargi OY, Julde SM, Mohammed M, Muhammad S, Mustapha S, Bala AA, Wada AS, Aminu M, Usman AM. Ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv (Olacaceae): a review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The plant Olax subscorpioidea Oliv (Olacaceae) is a shrub that is widely available in Africa. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases including asthma, pain, inflammation, gastrointestinal and central nervous system (CNS) disorders, cough, diabetes mellitus, cancer, infectious diseases, hepatic diseases, and many other diseases. Several phytochemical and pharmacological investigations were conducted on this plant. However, comprehensive information on this medicinally important plant is not available in the literature. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to provide comprehensive and critical information on all the reported ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and potential toxicity of Olax subscorpioidea to highlight its therapeutic potentials based on traditional usage and identify research gaps as a basis for further investigations to develop novel therapeutic compounds.
Main body
The available information about the plant was retrieved from the online bibliographic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) and published PhD dissertation using the search terms Olax subscorpioidea, traditional uses, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and safety. Phytochemical studies have shown that the plant contains several bioactive compounds such as rutin, morin, quercetin, caffeic acid, santalbic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, squalene, nonacosane, hentriacontane, and many more compounds. Also, pharmacological investigations revealed that Olax subscorpioidea has antidepressant, antiepileptic, anti-Alzheimer’s, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antiarthritic, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiulcer, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, apoptotic, antiprotease, and other CNS effects.
Conclusion
Several pharmacological studies on Olax subscorpioidea have established its ethnopharmacological uses. However, there are limited phytochemical and pharmacological studies to validate other folkloric claims of the plant. Therefore, extensive phytochemical and further pre-clinical efficacy and safety evaluations to fully establish its therapeutic potentials and elucidate its mechanisms of pharmacological actions could be necessary.
Graphical abstract
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Ovais M, Ayaz M, Khalil AT, Shah SA, Jan MS, Raza A, Shahid M, Shinwari ZK. HPLC-DAD finger printing, antioxidant, cholinesterase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials of a novel plant Olax nana. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:1. [PMID: 29295712 PMCID: PMC5751879 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medicinal importance of a novel plant Olax nana Wall. ex Benth. (family: Olacaceae) was revealed for the first time via HPLC-DAD finger printing, qualitative phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, cholinesterase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. METHODS The crude methanolic extract of O. nana (ON-Cr) was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis and HPLC-DAD finger printing. The antioxidant potential of ON-Cr was assessed via 1,1-diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) free radical scavenging assays. Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) & butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities were performed using Ellman's assay, while α- glucosidase inhibitory assay was carried out using a standard protocol. RESULTS The qualitative phytochemical analysis of ON-Cr revealed the presence of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, saponins and terpenoids. The HPLC-DAD finger printing revealed the presence of 40 potential compounds in ON-Cr. Considerable anti-radical activities was revealed by ON-Cr in the DPPH, ABTS and H2O2 free radical scavenging assays with IC50 values of 71.46, 72.55 and 92.33 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ON-Cr showed potent AChE and BChE inhibitory potentials as indicated by their IC50 values of 33.2 and 55.36 μg/mL, respectively. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, ON-Cr exhibited moderate inhibitory propensity with an IC50 value of 639.89 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS This study investigated Olax nana for the first time for detailed qualitative phytochemical tests, HPLC-DAD finger printing analysis, antioxidant, anticholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. The antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory results were considerable and can provide scientific basis for further studies on the neuroprotective and anti-Alzheimer's potentials of this plant. ON-Cr may further be subjected to fractionation and polarity guided fractionation to narrow down the search for isolation of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ovais
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Chakdara, 18000 Pakistan
| | - Ali Talha Khalil
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Qarshi University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sayed Afzal Shah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed Jan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Chakdara, 18000 Pakistan
| | - Abida Raza
- National Institute for Lasers and Optronics (NILOP), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Zabta Khan Shinwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
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Johansson M, Månsson M, Lins LE, Scharschmidt B, Doverskog M, Bäckström T. GR3027 reversal of neurosteroid-induced, GABA-A receptor-mediated inhibition of human brain function: an allopregnanolone challenge study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1533-1543. [PMID: 29492615 PMCID: PMC5919995 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE GR3027 is a novel small molecule GABA-A receptor-modulating steroid antagonist, which in non-clinical studies has shown promise for treatment of human disorders due to allosteric over-activation of GABA-A receptors by neurosteroids, such as allopregnanolone. We here studied its safety, pharmacokinetics, and ability to inhibit allopregnanolone effects in humans. METHODS Safety and pharmacokinetics were studied in healthy adult males receiving ascending single or multiple oral GR3027 vs. placebo. GR3027-mediated reversal of allopregnanolone effect on maximal saccadic eye velocity (SEV), and self-rated somnolence was studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-part cross-over study in which 3 or 30 mg oral GR3027 preceded 0.05 mg/kg of i.v. allopregnanolone. RESULTS GR3027 was well tolerated, adverse events were generally mild and transient, and no dose-limiting toxicity or grade 3 adverse events were observed up to the highest single (200 mg) or multiple (100 mg every 12 h for 5 days) doses. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and systemic exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from dose extrapolated to infinity [AUC0-∞] and/or AUC during the dosing interval [AUCτ]) varied linearly with dose; with dose-dependent accumulation ratios of 1.3-1.6. Allopregnanolone decreased SEV and induced somnolence in most, but not all subjects. By predefined analyses, 30 mg GR3027 significantly inhibited allopregnanolone-induced decrease in SEV (p = 0.03); 3 and 30 mg GR3027 non-significantly inhibited allopregnanolone-induced sedation. By post hoc analyses restricted to subjects with allopregnanolone-induced changes and the time period over which they occurred, GR3027 dose dependently inhibited allopregnanolone-induced decrease in SEV (p = 0.04 at 30 mg, non-significant at 3 mg) and allopregnanolone-induced sedation (p = 0.01/0.05 at 3/30 mg doses). CONCLUSION Oral GR3027 mitigates inhibition of brain function induced by allopregnanolone at doses which are clinically well tolerated and associated with linear pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Johansson
- Umecrine Cognition AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Fogdevreten 2, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Maria Månsson
- Umecrine Cognition AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Fogdevreten 2, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Lars-Eric Lins
- Umecrine Cognition AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Fogdevreten 2, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Bruce Scharschmidt
- Umecrine Cognition AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Fogdevreten 2, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Magnus Doverskog
- Umecrine Cognition AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Fogdevreten 2, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Bäckström
- Umecrine Cognition AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Fogdevreten 2, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden ,Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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