Communicating with Vulnerable Patient Populations: A Randomized Intervention to Teach Inpatients to Use the Electronic Patient Portal

Differences by Race in Outcomes of an In-Person Training Intervention on Use of an Inpatient Portal: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance

Differences in patient use of health information technologies by race can adversely impact equitable access to health care services. While this digital divide is well documented, there is limited evidence of how health care systems have used interventions to narrow the gap.

Objective

To compare differences in the effectiveness of patient training and portal functionality interventions implemented to increase portal use among racial groups.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This secondary analysis used data from a randomized clinical trial conducted from December 15, 2016, to August 31, 2019. Data were from a single health care system and included 6 noncancer hospitals. Participants were patients who were at least 18 years of age, identified English as their preferred language, were not involuntarily confined or detained, and agreed to be provided a tablet to access the inpatient portal during their stay. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2022, to October 31, 2023.

Interventions

A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to compare the inpatient portal training intervention (touch, in-person [high] vs built-in video tutorial [low]) and the portal functionality intervention (technology, full functionality [full] vs a limited subset of functions [lite]).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary outcomes were inpatient portal use, measured by frequency and comprehensiveness of use, and use of specific portal functions. A logistic regression model was used to test the association of the estimators with the comprehensiveness use measure. Outcomes are reported as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for the frequency outcomes or odds ratios (ORs) for the comprehensiveness outcomes with corresponding 95% CIs.

Results

Of 2892 participants, 550 (19.0%) were Black individuals, 2221 (76.8%) were White individuals, and 121 (4.2%) were categorized as other race (including African, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Asian American, multiple races or ethnicities, and unknown race or ethnicity). Black participants had a significantly lower frequency (IRR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.72-0.89]) of inpatient portal use compared with White participants. Interaction effects were not observed between technology, touch, and race. Among participants who received the full technology intervention, Black participants had lower odds of being comprehensive users (OR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.62-0.91), but interaction effects were not observed between touch and race.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this study, providing in-person training or robust portal functionality did not narrow the divide between Black participants and White participants with respect to their inpatient portal use. Health systems looking to narrow the digital divide may need to consider intentional interventions that address underlying issues contributing to this inequity.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02943109.

Secure Messaging: Demonstration and Enrollment Patient Portal Program: Patient Portal Use in Vulnerable Populations

Vulnerable populations face challenges gaining access to quality healthcare, which places them at a high risk for poor health outcomes. Using patient portals and secure messaging can improve patient activation, access to care, patient follow-up adherence, and health outcomes. Developing and testing quality improvement strategies to help reduce disparities is vital to ensure patient portals benefit all, especially vulnerable populations. This quality improvement initiative aimed to increase enrollment in a patient portal, use secure messages, and adhere to follow-up appointments. Before the project, no patients were enrolled in the portal at this practice site. Over 8 weeks, 61% of invited patients were enrolled in the patient portal. Eighty-five percent were Medicaid recipients, and the others were underinsured. Eight patients utilized the portal for secure messaging. The follow-up appointment attendance rate was better in the enrolled patients than in those who did not enroll. The majority of survey respondents reported satisfaction in using the patient portal. Patient portal utilization and adoption in vulnerable groups can improve when a one-on-one, hands-on demonstration and technical assistance are provided.

Patient Portal Privacy: Perspectives of Adolescents and Emerging Adults Living with HIV and the Parental/Guardian Role in Supporting Their Care

BACKGROUND

Increasing the percentage of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including youth, who are virally suppressed to 95% is an overall goal of the ending the HIV epidemic initiative. While patient portals have become ubiquitous, questions remain about how best to operationalize parental/guardian access to youth's patient portals in alignment with optimizing HIV care outcomes and patient preferences. This qualitative study focuses on understanding perspectives among youth with HIV (YHIV) about parental access to patient portals.

METHODS

Eligible participants were YHIV aged 13 to 25 years receiving care at an urban academic hospital. Semistructured individual/paired interviews were conducted between May 2022 and March 2023. Participants were asked to discuss thoughts on parental access to patient portals, and roles parents/guardians have in supporting their HIV care. Semistructured interviews were conducted with adolescent and emerging adult health care workers (HCWs) to gain perspectives on YHIV emergent themes. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, and we conducted thematic analysis using an inductive approach to identify codes and themes.

RESULTS

Sixteen YHIV and four HCWs participated in interviews. Parental roles in coordinating HIV care ranged from supporting YHIV needs for transportation, acquiring, and taking medications, to not having any role at all. Participants shared heterogeneous perspectives about their openness to share patient portal access with their parents/guardians. Perspectives were not strictly congruent along lines of participant age or parental roles in helping youth to manage HIV care. Sharing passwords emerged both as a pathway that YHIV grant access to their accounts and a source of confusion for clinicians when parents/guardians send messages using their child's account.

CONCLUSION

Findings suggest HCWs should initiate conversations with YHIV patients to determine preferences for parental/guardian access to their patient portal, educate on proxy access, and explain the extent of medical information that is shared with proxy accounts, regardless of age and perceived parental involvement in HIV care.

Multilevel Determinants of Digital Health Equity: A Literature Synthesis to Advance the Field

Current digital health approaches have not engaged diverse end users or reduced health or health care inequities, despite their promise to deliver more tailored and personalized support to individuals at the right time and the right place. To achieve digital health equity, we must refocus our attention on the current state of digital health uptake and use across the policy, system, community, individual, and intervention levels. We focus here on (a) outlining a multilevel framework underlying digital health equity; (b) summarizingfive types of interventions/programs (with example studies) that hold promise for advancing digital health equity; and (c) recommending future steps for improving policy, practice, and research in this space.

Characteristics of Adult Primary Care Patients Who Use the Patient Portal: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

BACKGROUND

The patient portal allows patients to engage with their health care team beyond the clinical encounter. While portals can improve patient outcomes, there may be disparities in which patients access the portal by sociodemographic factors. Understanding the characteristics of patients who use the portal could help design future interventions to expand portal adoption.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to (1) examine the socioeconomic factors, comorbid conditions, and health care utilization among patients of a large academic primary care network who are users and non-users of the patient portal; and (2) describe the portal functions most frequently utilized.

METHODS

We included all adult patients at Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist who had at least two primary care visits between 2018 and 2019. Patients' demographics, comorbidities, health care utilization, and portal function usage were extracted from the electronic health record and merged with census data (income, education, and unemployment) from the American Community Survey. A myWakeHealth portal user was defined as a patient who used a bidirectional portal function at least once during the study period. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine which patient characteristics were independently associated with being a portal user.

RESULTS

Of the 178,720 patients who met inclusion criteria, 32% (N = 57,122) were users of myWakeHealth. Compared to non-users, users were more likely to be 18 to 64 years of age, female, non-Hispanic White, married, commercially insured, have higher disease burden, and have lower health care utilization. Patients residing in areas with the highest educational attainment had 51% higher odds of being a portal user than the lowest (p <0.001). Among portal users, the most commonly used function was messaging clinic providers.

CONCLUSION

We found that patient demographics and area socioeconomic factors were associated with patient portal adoption. These findings suggest that efforts to improve portal adoption should be targeted at vulnerable patients.

Disparities in Electronic Screening for Cancer-Related Psychosocial Distress May Promote Systemic Barriers to Quality Oncologic Care

BACKGROUND

Screening for cancer-related psychosocial distress is an integral yet laborious component of quality oncologic care. Automated preappointment screening through online patient portals (Portal, MyChart) is efficient compared with paper-based screening, but unstudied. We hypothesized that patient access to and engagement with EHR-based screening would positively correlate with factors associated with digital literacy (eg, age, socioeconomic status).

METHODS

Screening-eligible oncology patients seen at our Comprehensive Cancer Center from 2014 through 2019 were identified. Patients with active Portals were offered distress screening. Portal and screening participation were analyzed via multivariable logistic regression. Household income in US dollars and educational attainment were estimated utilizing zip code and census data.

RESULTS

Of 17,982 patients, 10,279 (57%) had active Portals and were offered distress screening. On multivariable analysis, older age (odds ratio [OR], 0.97/year; P<.001); male gender (OR, 0.89; P<.001); Black (OR, 0.47; P<.001), Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (OR, 1.54; P=.007), and Native American/Alaskan Native race (OR, 0.67; P=.04); Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 0.76; P<.001); and Medicare (OR, 0.59; P<.001), Veteran's Affairs/military (OR, 0.09; P<.01), Medicaid (OR, 0.34; P<.001), or no insurance coverage (OR, 0.57; P<.001) were independently associated with lower odds of being offered distress screening; increasing income (OR, 1.05/$10,000; P<.001) and educational attainment (OR, 1.03/percent likelihood of bachelor's degree or higher; P<.001) were independently associated with higher odds. In patients offered electronic screening, participation rate was 36.6% (n=3,758). Higher educational attainment (OR, 1.01; P=.03) was independently associated with participation, whereas Black race (OR, 0.58; P=.004), Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 0.68; P=.01), non-English primary language (OR, 0.67; P=.03), and Medicaid insurance (OR, 0.78; P<.001) were independently associated with nonparticipation.

CONCLUSIONS

Electronic portal-based screening for cancer-related psychosocial distress leads to underscreening of vulnerable populations. At institutions using electronic distress screening workflows, supplemental screening for patients unable or unwilling to engage with electronic screening is recommended to ensure efficient yet equal-opportunity distress screening.

Real-world implementation evaluation of an electronic health record-integrated consumer informatics tool that collects patient-generated contextual data

OBJECTIVE

Use the RE-AIM framework to examine the implementation of a patient contextual data (PCD) Tool designed to share patients' needs, values, and preferences with care teams ahead of clinical encounters.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Observational study that follows initial PCD Tool scaling across primary care at a Midwestern academic health network. Program invitations, enrollment, patient submissions, and clinician views were tracked over a 1-year study period. Logistic regression modeled the likelihood of using the PCD Tool, accounting for patient covariates.

RESULTS

Of 58,874 patients who could be contacted by email, 9,183 (15.6%) became PCD Tool users. Overall, 76% of primary care providers had patients who used the PCD Tool. Older age, female gender, non-minority race, patient portal activation, and Medicare coverage were significantly associated with increased likelihood of use. Number of office visits, medical issues, and behavioral health conditions also associated with use. Primary care staff viewed 18.7% of available PCD Tool summaries, 1.1% to 57.6% per clinic.

DISCUSSION

The intervention mainly reached non-minority patients and patients who used more health services. Given the requirement for an email address on file, some patients may have been underrepresented. Overall, patient reach and adoption and clinician adoption, implementation, and maintenance of this Tool were modest but stable, consistent with a non-directive approach to fostering adoption by introducing the Tool in the absence of clear expectations for use.

CONCLUSION

Healthcare organizations must implement effective methods to increase the reach, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of PCD tools across all patient populations. Assisting people, particularly racial minorities, with PCD Tool registration and actively supporting clinician use are critical steps in implementing technology that facilitates care.

Factors Associated with Reducing Disparities in Electronic Personal Heath Records Use Among Non-Hispanic White and Hispanic Adults

OBJECTIVES

Personal health records (PHR) use has improved individuals' health outcomes. The adoption of PHR remains low with documented racial disparities. We aim to determine factors associated with reducing racial and ethnic disparities among Hispanic adults in PHR use.

METHODS

Participants included non-Hispanic White (NHW) and Hispanic adults (age ≥ 18 years) enrolled in Health Information National Trends Survey in 2018 and 2019. We identified PHR use as online medical record access in the last 12 months. We considered three factors (1. accessing mHealth Apps on the phone, 2. having a usual source of care, and 3. electronically communicating (e-communication) with healthcare providers) as facilitating PHR use. Multivariable logistic regressions with replicate weights were analyzed to determine factors associated with racial/ethnic disparities in PHR use after controlling for general characteristics (i.e., sex, age, education, insurance status, and income).

RESULTS

A lower percentage of Hispanics than NHWs used PHR (42.0% vs. 53.5%, P < .001). When adjusted for individual general characteristics, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of e-communication with healthcare providers associated with PHR use was 1.49 (1.19-1.86, P < .001), AOR was 2.06 (1.62-2.6, P < .001) on accessing to mHealth App, and 2.60 (1.86-3.63, P < .001) on having a usual source of care. However, the racial difference was not statistically significant after adjusting three factors promoting PHR use (AOR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.66, 1.22, P = .48).

CONCLUSIONS

Ethnic disparities were reduced when PHR use was facilitated by having a usual source of care, active e-communication, and having access to mHealth apps. Interventions focusing on these three factors may potentially reduce racial/ethnic disparities.

Improving Provisioning of an Inpatient Portal: Perspectives from Nursing Staff

BACKGROUND

 Inpatient portals are recognized to provide benefits for both patients and providers, yet the process of provisioning tablets to patients by staff has been difficult for many hospitals.

OBJECTIVE

 Our study aimed to identify and describe practices important for provisioning an inpatient portal from the perspectives of nursing staff and provide insight to enable hospitals to address challenges related to provisioning workflow for the inpatient portal accessible on a tablet.

METHODS

 Qualitative interviews were conducted with 210 nursing staff members across 26 inpatient units in six hospitals within The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (OSUWMC) following the introduction of tablets providing access to an inpatient portal, MyChart Bedside (MCB). Interviews asked questions focused on nursing staffs' experiences relative to MCB tablet provisioning. Verbatim interview transcripts were coded using thematic analysis to identify factors associated with tablet provisioning. Unit provisioning performance was established using data stored in the OSUWMC electronic health record about provisioning status. Provisioning rates were divided into tertiles to create three levels of provisioning performance: (1) higher; (2) average; and (3) lower.

RESULTS

 Three themes emerged as critical strategies contributing to MCB tablet provisioning success on higher-performing units: (1) establishing a feasible process for MCB provisioning; (2) having persistent unit-level MCB tablet champions; and (3) having unit managers actively promote MCB tablets. These strategies were described differently by staff from the higher-performing units when compared with characterizations of the provisioning process by staff from lower-performing units.

CONCLUSION

 As inpatient portals are recognized as a powerful tool that can increase patients' access to information and enhance their care experience, implementing the strategies we identified may help hospitals' efforts to improve provisioning and increase their patients' engagement in their health care.

Patient portals for the adolescent and young adult population: Benefits, risks and guidance for use

Patient portals are the primary means by which electronic health information (EHI) is shared with patients and families. The use of patient portals increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and may continue to rise with the implementation and enforcement of the 21^st Century Cures Act that encourages facilitation of access to EHI and prohibits information blocking. Research on the use of patient portals by adolescents and their families is limited. Potential benefits of portal use to adolescents include increased engagement in their own health care, direct communication with their health care clinicians, and facilitation of transition of care to new clinicians in adulthood. Clinicians need to educate adolescents on the functions available through the portal, appropriate use and expectations for messaging through the portal, and the pros and cons of viewing EHI such as test results independently. Parental proxy access to the adolescent's portal should be carefully and thoughtfully implemented, because it poses a potential breach to confidential care via disclosure of sensitive or protected information. Adolescents who choose to deny their parents proxy access to the portal should be supported in that decision. It is important that all clinicians understand portal functionality and have strategies to optimize use within their practice. This paper provides the reader considerations and tips for portal use within this population.

The Impact of Digital Patient Portals on Health Outcomes, System Efficiency, and Patient Attitudes: Updated Systematic Literature Review

Background

Patient portals are becoming increasingly popular worldwide even though their impact on individual health and health system efficiency is still unclear.

Objective

The aim of this systematic review was to summarize evidence on the impact of patient portals on health outcomes and health care efficiency, and to examine user characteristics, attitudes, and satisfaction.

Methods

We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for articles published from January 1, 2013, to October 31, 2019. Eligible studies were primary studies reporting on the impact of patient portal adoption in relation to health outcomes, health care efficiency, and patient attitudes and satisfaction. We excluded studies where portals were not accessible for patients and pilot studies, with the exception of articles evaluating patient attitudes.

Results

Overall, 3456 records were screened, and 47 articles were included. Among them, 11 studies addressed health outcomes reporting positive results, such as better monitoring of health status, improved patient-doctor interaction, and improved quality of care. Fifteen studies evaluated the impact of digital patient portals on the utilization of health services with mixed results. Patient characteristics were described in 32 studies, and it was reported that the utilization rate usually increases with age and female gender. Finally, 30 studies described attitudes and defined the main barriers (concerns about privacy and data security, and lack of time) and facilitators (access to clinical data and laboratory results) to the use of a portal.

Conclusions

Evidence regarding health outcomes is generally favorable, and patient portals have the potential to enhance the doctor-patient relationship, improve health status awareness, and increase adherence to therapy. It is still unclear whether the use of patient portals improves health service utilization and efficiency.

Who is more likely to adopt and comply with the electronic patient-reported outcome measure (ePROM) mobile application? A real-world study with cancer patients undergoing active treatment

PURPOSE

This study aims to identify factors associated with the adoption and compliance of electronic patient-reported outcome measure (ePROM) use among cancer patients in a real-world setting.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Samsung Medical Center in Seoul, Korea, from September 2018 to January 2019. Cancer patients aged 18 years or older who owned smartphones and who were receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy were eligible for this study. Patients were asked to use the app to report their symptoms every 7 days for a total of 21 days (3 weeks). Logistic regression was performed to identify the factors associated with the adoption and compliance.

RESULTS

Among 580 patients, 417 (71.9%) adopted the ePROM app and 159 (27.4%) out of 417 had good compliance. Patients who had greater expectations regarding the ease of use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.67, 95% CI: 1.28-5.57) and usefulness (aOR 1.69, 95% CI: 1.05-2.72) of the ePROM app were more likely to adopt the app than those who did not. Patients who had greater satisfaction with usefulness (aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.10-3.25) were more likely to comply with using the app, but satisfaction with ease of use was not related to the compliance.

CONCLUSION

While expectation regarding the ease of use and usefulness of the ePROM app was associated with the adoption of the app, satisfaction with ease of use was not related to compliance with the ePROM app. Satisfaction with usefulness was associated with the compliance of ePROM app use.

Vulnerable patients' attitudes towards sharing medical data and granular control in patient portal systems: an interview study

BACKGROUND

The collection, storage and exchange of medical information are becoming increasingly complex. More parties are involved in this process, and the data are expected to serve many different purposes beside patient care. This raises several ethical questions regarding privacy, data ownership, security and confidentiality. It is vital to consider patients' moral attitudes and preferences in this digital information exchange. The voice of vulnerable patients is rarely heard in research addressing these questions. This study aims to address this void.

METHOD

Fourteen vulnerable patients without prior experience with patient portal systems were interviewed for this study. First, participants were introduced to the portal and given time to read their personal medical data. Afterwards, semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed thematically to explore participants' first experience with the portal and their views on sharing medical information with care providers and other parties.

RESULTS

Data analysis resulted in four themes: barriers to and benefits of portal access, emotional responses to reading medical information, diverging views on sharing information with third parties and balancing granular control and the best possible care. First, participants appreciated access to their health information in the portal despite experiencing obstacles. Second, reading medical information online could evoke emotional responses. Third, patients were generally unaware of the meaning and value of medical data to third parties, resulting in inconsistent views on data sharing. Finally, although patients generally supported granular control, they were willing to give up on their autonomy if that would ensure them to receive the best possible care.

CONCLUSIONS

Patient portal design should take into consideration the obstacles that discourage vulnerable patients' access and hamper meaningful use. There is a need for more transparency on secondary use of medical data by third parties. Patients should be better informed about the potential consequences of sharing data with them.

Interventions to increase patient portal use in vulnerable populations: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

More than 100 studies document disparities in patient portal use among vulnerable populations. Developing and testing strategies to reduce disparities in use is essential to ensure portals benefit all populations.

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review the impact of interventions designed to: (1) increase portal use or predictors of use in vulnerable patient populations, or (2) reduce disparities in use.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A librarian searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Reviews for studies published before September 1, 2018. Two reviewers independently selected English-language research articles that evaluated any interventions designed to impact an eligible outcome. One reviewer extracted data and categorized interventions, then another assessed accuracy. Two reviewers independently assessed risk of bias.

RESULTS

Out of 18 included studies, 15 (83%) assessed an intervention's impact on portal use, 7 (39%) on predictors of use, and 1 (6%) on disparities in use. Most interventions studied focused on the individual (13 out of 26, 50%), as opposed to facilitating conditions, such as the tool, task, environment, or organization (SEIPS model). Twelve studies (67%) reported a statistically significant increase in portal use or predictors of use, or reduced disparities. Five studies (28%) had high or unclear risk of bias.

CONCLUSION

Individually focused interventions have the most evidence for increasing portal use in vulnerable populations. Interventions affecting other system elements (tool, task, environment, organization) have not been sufficiently studied to draw conclusions. Given the well-established evidence for disparities in use and the limited research on effective interventions, research should move beyond identifying disparities to systematically addressing them at multiple levels.

Analysis of Employee Patient Portal Use and Electronic Health Record Access at an Academic Medical Center

BACKGROUND

Patient portals provide patients and their caregivers online access to limited health results. Health care employees with electronic health record (EHR) access may be able to view their health information not available in the patient portal by looking in the EHR.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we examine how employees use the patient portal when they also have access to the tethered EHR.

METHODS

We obtained patient portal and EHR usage logs corresponding to all employees who viewed their health data at our institution between January 1, 2013 and November 1, 2017. We formed three cohorts based on the systems that employees used to view their health data: employees who used the patient portal only, employees who viewed health data in the EHR only, and employees who used both systems. We compared system accesses and usage patterns for each employee cohort.

RESULTS

During the study period, 35,172 employees accessed the EHR as part of patients' treatment and 28,631 employees accessed their health data: 25,193 of them used the patient portal and 13,318 accessed their clinical data in EHR. All employees who accessed their records in the EHR viewed their clinical notes at least once. Among EHR accesses, clinical note accesses comprised more than 42% of all EHR accesses. Provider messaging and appointment scheduling were the most commonly used functions in the patient portal. Employees who had access to their health data in both systems were more likely to engage with providers through portal messages.

CONCLUSION

Employees at a large medical center accessed clinical notes in the EHR to obtain information about their health. Employees also viewed other health data not readily available in the patient portal.

Using Electronic Health Record Portals to Improve Patient Engagement: Research Priorities and Best Practices

Ninety percent of health care systems now offer patient portals to access electronic health records (EHRs) in the United States, but only 15% to 30% of patients use these platforms. Using PubMed, the authors identified 53 studies published from September 2013 to June 2019 that informed best practices and priorities for future research on patient engagement with EHR data through patient portals, These studies mostly involved outpatient settings and fell into 3 major categories: interventions to increase use of patient portals, usability testing of portal interfaces, and documentation of patient and clinician barriers to portal use. Interventions that used one-on-one patient training were associated with the highest portal use. Patients with limited health or digital literacy faced challenges to portal use. Clinicians reported a lack of workflows to support patient use of portals in routine practice. These studies suggest that achieving higher rates of patient engagement through EHR portals will require paying more attention to the needs of diverse patients and systematically measuring usability as well as scope of content. Future work should incorporate implementation science approaches and directly address the key role of clinicians and staff in promoting portal use.

Facilitating Organizational Change to Accommodate an Inpatient Portal

BACKGROUND

Patient portals are becoming more commonly used in the hospital inpatient setting. While the potential benefits of inpatient portals are acknowledged, there is a need for research that examines the challenges of portal implementation and the development of best practice approaches for successful implementation.

OBJECTIVE

We conducted this study to improve our understanding of the impact of the implementation of an inpatient portal on care team members in the context of a large academic medical center. Our study focused on the perspectives of nursing care team members about the inpatient portal.

METHODS

We interviewed care team members (n = 437) in four phases throughout the 2 years following implementation of an inpatient portal to learn about their ongoing perspectives regarding the inpatient portal and its impact on the organization.

RESULTS

The perspectives of care team members demonstrated a change in acceptance of the inpatient portal over time in terms of buy-in, positive workflow changes, and acknowledged benefits of the portal for both care team members and patients. There were also changes over time in perspectives of the care team in regards to (1) challenges with new technology, (2) impact of the portal on workflow, and (3) buy-in. Six strategies were identified as important for implementation success: (1) convene a stakeholder group, (2) offer continual portal training, (3) encourage shared responsibility, (4) identify champions, (5) provide provisioning feedback, and (6) support patient use.

CONCLUSION

Inpatient portals are recognized as an important tool for both patients and care team members, but the implementation of such a technology can create challenges. Given the perspectives care team members had about the impact of the inpatient portal, our findings suggest implementation requires attention to organizational changes that are needed to accommodate the tool and the development of strategies that can address challenges associated with the portal.

Is research on patient portals attuned to health equity? A scoping review

OBJECTIVE

Our scoping review examined how research on patient portals addresses health equity. Questions guiding our review were: 1) What health equity concepts are addressed in patient portal research-both explicitly and implicitly? 2) What are the gaps? 3) Is the potential for ehealth-related health inequities explicitly acknowledged in studies on patient portals? 4) What novel approaches and interventions to reduce health inequities are tested in patient portal research?

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We searched 4 databases. Search terms included "patient portal" in combination with a comprehensive list of health equity terms relevant in ehealth context. Authors independently reviewed the papers during initial screening and full-text review. We applied the eHealth Equity Framework to develop search terms and analyze the included studies.

RESULTS

Based on eHealth Equity Framework categories, the main findings generated from 65 reviewed papers were governance structures, ehealth policies, and cultural and societal values may further inequities; social position of providers and patients introduces differential preferences in portal use; equitable portal implementation can be supported through diverse user-centered design; and intermediary strategies are typically recommended to encourage portal use across populations.

DISCUSSION

The predominant focus on barriers in portal use may be inadvertently placing individual responsibility in addressing these barriers on patients already experiencing the greatest health disparities. This approach may mask the impact of the socio-technical-economic-political context on outcomes for different populations.

CONCLUSION

To support equitable health outcomes related to patient portals we need to look beyond intermediary initiatives and develop equitable strategies across policy, practice, research, and implementation.