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Mascarenhas M, Wachman EM, Chandra I, Xue R, Sarathy L, Schiff DM. Advances in the Care of Infants With Prenatal Opioid Exposure and Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023062871. [PMID: 38178779 PMCID: PMC10827648 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-062871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant number of advances have been made in the last 5 years with respect to the identification, diagnosis, assessment, and management of infants with prenatal opioid exposure and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) from birth to early childhood. The primary objective of this review is to summarize major advances that will inform the clinical management of opioid-exposed newborns and provide an overview of NOWS care to promote the implementation of best practices. First, advances with respect to standardizing the clinical diagnosis of NOWS will be reviewed. Second, the most commonly used assessment strategies are discussed, with a focus on presenting new quality improvement and clinical trial data surrounding the use of the new function-based assessment Eat, Sleep, and Console approach. Third, both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment modalities are reviewed, highlighting clinical trials that have compared the use of higher calorie and low lactose formula, vibrating crib mattresses, morphine compared with methadone, buprenorphine compared with morphine or methadone, the use of ondansetron as a medication to prevent the need for NOWS opioid pharmacologic treatment, and the introduction of symptom-triggered dosing compared with scheduled dosing. Fourth, maternal, infant, environmental, and genetic factors that have been found to be associated with NOWS severity are highlighted. Finally, emerging recommendations on postdelivery hospitalization follow-up and developmental surveillance are presented, along with highlighting ongoing and needed areas of research to promote infant and family well-being for families impacted by opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisha M. Wachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, and Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Iyra Chandra
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Xue
- Department of Family Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leela Sarathy
- Newborn Medicine, MassGeneral for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
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Alsaleem M, Dusin J, Akangire G. Effect of Low Lactose Formula on the Short-Term Outcomes of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Glob Pediatr Health 2021; 8:2333794X211035258. [PMID: 34368403 PMCID: PMC8312188 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x211035258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of low lactose formula (LLF) in term and near-term infants in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) has been increasing recently. However, the clinical evidence of such use is limited. Our aim in this paper was to systematically review the current literature about the use of LLF in infants with NAS. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for articles published between 2015 and 2020. Only randomized controlled trials, prospective, and retrospective studies. The risk of bias was assessed by using published tools appropriate for the study type. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Forty-one titles and/or abstracts were screened independently by 2 reviewers (MA and GA). After an indepth review, 4 studies answered the study question (1 randomized controlled trial (RCT), 2 retrospective studies, and 1 quality improvement study). A meta-analysis could not be completed due to the study type difference and how the outcomes were reported. The studies found no benefit to feeding LLF to infants with NAS regarding short-term outcomes (length of stay, duration, and need for pharmacological therapy and growth). Certainty in the evidence is low. In conclusion we found no beneficial effects regarding the need for pharmacological therapy, duration of pharmacological treatment, length of hospital stay, and growth of using LLF compared to the standard formula in infants with NAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Alsaleem
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Wichita, KS, USA.,Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Gangaram Akangire
- Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.,University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Pandey R, Kanike N, Ibrahim M, Swarup N, Super DM, Groh-Wargo S, Kumar D. Lactose-free infant formula does not change outcomes of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS): a randomized clinical trial. J Perinatol 2021; 41:598-605. [PMID: 32868858 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-00797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if lactose-free formula, compared to lactose-containing formula, decreases the cumulative morphine dose required to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). STUDY DESIGN In a double-blind clinical trial, we randomized 74 infants (36-42 weeks gestation) at risk for developing NAS due to in-utero exposure to opioids to receive either lactose-free (Similac Sensitive®) or lactose-containing (Similac Advance®) infant formula. The primary outcome measure was the cumulative dose of morphine used for the treatment of NAS during the first 14 days of life. RESULTS Data on 69 (4 withdrew consent and 1 ineligible)/74 randomized infants were analyzed. Patient characteristics between the infant groups fed lactose-free (n = 34) vs. lactose-containing (n = 35) infant formula were similar except more common maternal heroin abuse in the latter group (p = 0.013). Cumulative morphine dose (20.7 ± 19.8 vs. 23 ± 23.5 mg, p = 0.61) between the two groups were similar. CONCLUSION Lactose-free vs. lactose-containing infant formula did not change the outcomes of infants with NAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neelakanta Kanike
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Pediatrics, Deaconess Women's Hospital, Newburgh, IN, USA
| | - Mugahid Ibrahim
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Cork University Maternity Hospital (CUMH), Cork, Ireland
| | - Namita Swarup
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dennis M Super
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sharon Groh-Wargo
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Syed S, Ashwick R, Schlosser M, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Li L, Gilbert R. Predictive value of indicators for identifying child maltreatment and intimate partner violence in coded electronic health records: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 2021; 106:44-53. [PMID: 32788201 PMCID: PMC7788194 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-319027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic health records (EHRs) are routinely used to identify family violence, yet reliable evidence of their validity remains limited. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the positive predictive values (PPVs) of coded indicators in EHRs for identifying intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment (CM), including prenatal neglect. METHODS We searched 18 electronic databases between January 1980 and May 2020 for studies comparing any coded indicator of IPV or CM including prenatal neglect defined as neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), against an independent reference standard. We pooled PPVs for each indicator using random effects meta-analyses. RESULTS We included 88 studies (3 875 183 individuals) involving 15 indicators for identifying CM in the prenatal period and childhood (0-18 years) and five indicators for IPV among women of reproductive age (12-50 years). Based on the International Classification of Disease system, the pooled PPV was over 80% for NAS (16 studies) but lower for FAS (<40%; seven studies). For young children, primary diagnoses of CM, specific injury presentations (eg, rib fractures and retinal haemorrhages) and assaults showed a high PPV for CM (pooled PPVs: 55.9%-87.8%). Indicators of IPV in women had a high PPV, with primary diagnoses correctly identifying IPV in >85% of cases. CONCLUSIONS Coded indicators in EHRs have a high likelihood of correctly classifying types of CM and IPV across the life course, providing a useful tool for assessment, support and monitoring of high-risk groups in health services and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabeer Syed
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Population, Policy and Practice, University College London, London, UK
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Ashwick
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marco Schlosser
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Leah Li
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Population, Policy and Practice, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth Gilbert
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Population, Policy and Practice, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics and Health Data Research UK, University College London, London, UK
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