1
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Duc NV, Trang VT, Tuan Anh HL, Vinh LB, Phong NV, Thuan TQ, Hieu NV, Dat NT, Nhan LV, Tuan DT, Tuan Anh L, Thao DT, Tai BH, Cuong NC, Lien LQ, Yang SY. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition studies of alkaloid components from Crinum asiaticum var. sinicum: in vitro assessments by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:652-662. [PMID: 37889019 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2023.2269541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloids are among the most important and best-known secondary metabolites as sources of new drugs from medicinal plants and marine organisms. A phytochemical investigation of the whole plant of Crinum asiaticum var. sinicum resulted in the isolation of seven alkaloids (1-7), including one new dimeric compound, bis-(-)-8-demethylmaritidine (1). Their structures were elucidated using NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The absolute configuration of new compound 1 was established by circular dichroism spectroscopy. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in vitro. Among them, compound 1 exhibited the most potent AChE inhibition. Moreover, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for the most active compound to investigate their binding interactions and dynamics behavior of the AChE protein-ligand complex. Therefore, compound 1 may be a potential candidate for effectively treating Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngo Viet Duc
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer (CRTT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Trang
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer (CRTT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Le Tuan Anh
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer (CRTT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Le Ba Vinh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, VAST, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Hanoi University of Industry, Hanoi 11900, Vietnam
| | | | - Tran Quang Thuan
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer (CRTT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Van Hieu
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer (CRTT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Dat
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer (CRTT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Nhan
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer (CRTT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Do Thanh Tuan
- ThaiBinh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh 06100, Vietnam
| | - Le Tuan Anh
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, VNMN, VAST, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Do Thi Thao
- Institute of Biotechnology, VAST, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Bui Huu Tai
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, VAST, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Cao Cuong
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacy, Yersin University, Da Lat 66100, Vietnam
| | - Le Quynh Lien
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, VAST, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Seo Young Yang
- Department of Biology Education, Teachers College and Institute for Phylogenomics and Evolution, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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2
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Berkov S, Osorio E, Viladomat F, Bastida J. Chemodiversity, chemotaxonomy and chemoecology of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2020; 83:113-185. [PMID: 32098649 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are a distinctive chemotaxonomic feature of the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the family Amaryllidaceae, which consists of 59 genera and >800 species distributed primarily in tropical and subtropical areas. Since the first isolation, ca. 140 ago, >600 structurally diverse Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have been reported from ca. 350 species (44% of all species in the subfamily). A few have been found in other plant families, but the majority are unique to the Amaryllidoideae. These alkaloids have attracted considerable research interest due to their wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, which have been extensively reviewed. In this chapter we provide a review of the 636 structures of isolated or tentatively identified alkaloids from plants of the Amaryllidoideae and their classification into 42 skeleton types, as well as a discussion on their distribution, and chemotaxonomical and chemoecological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Strahil Berkov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Edison Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francesc Viladomat
- Grup de Productes Naturals, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Grup de Productes Naturals, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Cole ER, de Andrade JP, Filho JFA, Schmitt EFP, Alves-Araújo A, Bastida J, Endringer DC, de S. Borges W, Lacerda V. Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Activities of Alkaloids from the Bulbs of Griffinia gardneriana and Habranthus itaobinus (Amaryllidaceae). Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:707-717. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190118122523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Amaryllidaceae plants are known to be a great source of alkaloids, which are considered
an extensive group of compounds encompassing a wide range of biological activities. The remarkable
cytotoxic activities observed in most of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids derivatives have prompt the chemical and
biological investigations in unexplored species from Brazil.
Objective:
To evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of alkaloids of Griffinia gardneriana and Habranthus
itaobinus bulbs and study the role of caspase-3 as a molecular apoptosis mediator.
Methods:
Methanolic crude extracts of Griffinia gardneriana and Habranthus itaobinus bulbs were submitted to
acid-base extraction to obtain alkaloid-enriched fractions. The obtained fractions were fractionated using chromatographic
techniques leading to isolation and identification of some alkaloids accomplished via HPLC and
1H-NMR, respectively. Molecular docking studies assessed the amount of free binding energy between the isolated
alkaloids with the caspase-3 protein and also calculated the theoretical value of Ki. Studies have also been
developed to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in such alkaloids and apoptosis activation via the
caspase pathway using both tumor and normal cell lines.
Results:
Seven alkaloids were isolated and identified. Among these, 11-hydroxyvittatine and 2-α-7-
dimethoxyhomolycorine were not cytotoxic, whereas tazettine, trisphaeridine, and sanguinine only showed
activity against the fibroblast lineage. Lycorine and pretazettine were 10 to 30 folds more cytotoxic than the
other alkaloids, including cancerous lines, and were genotoxic and capable of promoting apoptosis via the
caspase-3 pathway. This result supports data obtained in docking studies wherein these two compounds exhibited
the highest free energy values.
Conclusion:
The cytotoxicity assay revealed that, among the seven alkaloids isolated, only lycorine and pretazettine
were active against different cell lines, exhibiting concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic actions
alongside genotoxic action and the ability to induce apoptosis by caspase-3, a result consistent with those obtained
in docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R. Cole
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, 29.075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Jean P. de Andrade
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, 29.075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - João F. Allochio Filho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, 29.075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Elisângela F. P. Schmitt
- Pharmaceutical Science Undergraduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Rua José Dantas de Melo, 21, 29.102-770, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Alves-Araújo
- Department of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Northern of Espírito Santo University Centre (CEUNES), BR-101 Norte, Km 60, 29932-540, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona (UB), Avenida Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Denise C. Endringer
- Pharmaceutical Science Undergraduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Rua José Dantas de Melo, 21, 29.102-770, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Warley de S. Borges
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, 29.075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Lacerda
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, 29.075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Zuo XD, Guo SM, Yang R, Xie JH, Zhou QL. Bioinspired enantioselective synthesis of crinine-type alkaloids via iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of enones. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6202-6206. [PMID: 28989653 PMCID: PMC5628337 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02112g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A bioinspired enantioselective synthesis of crinine-type alkaloids was developed by iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of enones, providing 24 crinine-type alkaloids and 8 analogues with high yield and high enantioselectivity.
A bioinspired enantioselective synthesis of crinine-type alkaloids has been developed by iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of racemic cycloenones. The method features a biomimetic stereodivergent resolution of the substrates bearing a remote arylated quaternary stereocenter. Using this protocol, 24 crinine-type alkaloids and 8 analogues were synthesized in a concise and rapid way with high yield and high enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China . ;
| | - Shu-Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China . ;
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China . ;
| | - Jian-Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China . ;
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China . ; .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
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5
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Ding Y, Qu D, Zhang KM, Cang XX, Kou ZN, Xiao W, Zhu JB. Phytochemical and biological investigations of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids: a review. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2017; 19:53-100. [PMID: 27406068 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2016.1198332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amaryllidaceae is a family that includes 75 genera and about 1100 species, which have a long history of medicinal use. Many plants have been proven to possess efficacy for neurological injury and inflammatory conditions. This article summarizes 357 Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, and cites 166 174 references over the last three decades. These alkaloids are classified into 14 skeleton types, and their abundant sources are also included. Modern pharmacology studies demonstrate that alkaloids that exclusively occur in Amaryllidaceae plant possess wide-ranging pharmacological actions, especially effects on the central nervous system, as well as antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Effective monomeric compounds from Amaryllidaceae screened for pharmacological activity in vivo and in vitro are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- a School of Food Science and Technology , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
- b Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
| | - Dan Qu
- a School of Food Science and Technology , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
| | - Kai-Mei Zhang
- a School of Food Science and Technology , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
| | - Xiao-Xin Cang
- a School of Food Science and Technology , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
| | - Zi-Nong Kou
- c Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
| | - Wei Xiao
- d Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd , Lianyungang 222001 , China
| | - Jing-Bo Zhu
- a School of Food Science and Technology , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
- b Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
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6
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Nair JJ, Van Staden J, Bastida J. Cytotoxic Alkaloid Constituents of the Amaryllidaceae. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63601-0.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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7
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Nair JJ, Rárová L, Strnad M, Bastida J, van Staden J. Mechanistic Insights to the Cytotoxicity of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With over 500 individual compounds, the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids represent a large and structurally diverse group of phytochemicals. Coupled to this structural diversity is the significant array of biological properties manifested by many of its members, of which their relevance in motor neuron disease and cancer chemotherapy has attracted considerable attention. To this extent, galanthamine has evolved into a successful commercial drug for Alzheimer's disease since its approval by the FDA in 2001. Concurrently, there have been several positive indicators for the emergence of an anticancer drug from the Amaryllidaceae due to the potency of several of its representatives as cell line specific antiproliferative agents. In this regard, the phenanthridones such as pancratistatin and narciclasine have offered most promise since their advancement into clinical trials, following which there has been renewed interest in the cytotoxic properties of these alkaloids. Given this background, this review seeks to highlight the various mechanisms which have been invoked to corroborate the cytotoxic effects of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J. Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Lucie Rárová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University α Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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8
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Four new Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from Zephyranthes candida. J Nat Med 2014; 68:610-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-014-0819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Neuroprotective compounds from the bulbs of Lycoris radiata. Fitoterapia 2013; 88:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Nair JJ, Bastida J, Viladomat F, van Staden J. Cytotoxic Agents of the Crinane Series of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the alkaloid galanthamine, the plant family Amaryllidaceae has endowed the pharmaceutical community with a potent and selective inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinestersae (AChE), of prominence in the chemotherapeutic approach towards motor neuron diseases. Following on the commercial success of this prescription drug in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, it is anticipated that other drug candidates will in future emerge from the family. In this regard, the phenanthridones, exemplified by narciclasine and pancratistatin, of the lycorine series of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have shown much promise as remarkably potent and selective anticancer agents, with a drug target of the series destined for the clinical market within the next decade. Given these interesting biological properties and their natural abundance, plants of the Amaryllidaceae have provided a diverse and accessible platform for phytochemical-based drug discovery. The crinane series of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are also enriched with a significant array of biological properties. As a consequence of their close structural similarity to the anticancer agents of the lycorine series, the cytotoxic potential of crinane alkaloids has been realized through structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies involving targets of both semi-synthetic and natural origin, which has identified several members as leads with promising antiproliferative profiles. As the first of its kind, this review seeks to collate such information from the past few decades in advancing the crinane group as a viable platform for anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J. Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viladomat
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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11
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Nair JJ, Bastida J, Viladomat F, van Staden J. Cytotoxic Agents of the Crinane Series of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200701234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the alkaloid galanthamine, the plant family Amaryllidaceae has endowed the pharmaceutical community with a potent and selective inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinestersae (AChE), of prominence in the chemotherapeutic approach towards motor neuron diseases. Following on the commercial success of this prescription drug in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, it is anticipated that other drug candidates will in future emerge from the family. In this regard, the phenanthridones, exemplified by narciclasine and pancratistatin, of the lycorine series of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have shown much promise as remarkably potent and selective anticancer agents, with a drug target of the series destined for the clinical market within the next decade. Given these interesting biological properties and their natural abundance, plants of the Amaryllidaceae have provided a diverse and accessible platform for phytochemical-based drug discovery. The crinane series of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are also enriched with a significant array of biological properties. As a consequence of their close structural similarity to the anticancer agents of the lycorine series, the cytotoxic potential of crinane alkaloids has been realized through structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies involving targets of both semi-synthetic and natural origin, which has identified several members as leads with promising antiproliferative profiles. As the first of its kind, this review seeks to collate such information from the past few decades in advancing the crinane group as a viable platform for anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J. Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viladomat
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Cedrón JC, Del Arco-Aguilar M, Estévez-Braun A, Ravelo AG. Chemistry and biology of Pancratium alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2010; 68:1-37. [PMID: 20334035 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(10)06801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Cedrón
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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