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Zhang R, Hao Y, Xu Y, Qin J, Wang Y, Kumar Dey S, Li C, Wang H, Banerjee S. Whole exome sequencing identified a homozygous novel mutation in SUOX gene causes extremely rare autosomal recessive isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 532:115-122. [PMID: 35679912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency (ISOD) is a rare type of life-threatening neurometabolic disorders characterized by neonatal intractable seizures and severe developmental delay with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Germline mutation in SUOX gene causes ISOD. Till date, only 32 mutations of SUOX gene have been identified and reported to be associated with ISOD. METHODS Here, we investigated a 5-days old Chinese female child, presented with intermittent tremor or seizures of limbs, neonatal encephalopathy, subarachnoid cyst and haemorrhage, dysplasia of corpus callosum, neonatal convulsion, hyperlactatemia, severe metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, and hyperkalemia. RESULTS Whole exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous transition (c.1227G > A) in exon 6 of the SUOX gene in the proband. This novel homozygous variant leads to the formation of a truncated sulfite oxidase (p.Trp409*) of 408 amino acids. This variant causes partial loss of the dimerization domain of sulfite oxidase. Hence, it is a loss-of-function variant. Proband's father and mother is carrying this novel variant in a heterozygous state. This variant was not found in 200 ethnically matched normal healthy control individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our study not only expanded the mutational spectrum of SUOX gene associated with ISOD, but also strongly suggested the significance of whole exome sequencing for identifying candidate genes and novel disease-causing variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Jinan University-affiliated Shenzhen Bao'an Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Yajing Hao
- Department of Radiology, Jinan University-affiliated Shenzhen Bao'an Women's and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Jinan University-affiliated Shenzhen Bao'an Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Jiale Qin
- Department of Radiology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Jinan University-affiliated Shenzhen Bao'an Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Subrata Kumar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Genetic Studies, School of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (Formerly West Bengal University of Technology), Salt Lake City, Kolkata, India
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Wang
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Jinan University-affiliated Shenzhen Bao'an Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518102, China.
| | - Santasree Banerjee
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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Maiti BK. Cross‐talk Between (Hydrogen)Sulfite and Metalloproteins: Impact on Human Health. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104342. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Maiti
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Sikkim, Ravangla Campus Barfung Block, Ravangla Sub Division South Sikkim 737139 India
- Department of Chemistry Cluster University of Jammu Canal Road Jammu 180001
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Zhao J, An Y, Jiang H, Wu H, Che F, Yang Y. Novel Compound Heterozygous Pathogenic Variants in SUOX Cause Isolated Sulfite Oxidase Deficiency in a Chinese Han Family. Front Genet 2021; 12:607085. [PMID: 34025712 PMCID: PMC8139553 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.607085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To explore the clinical imaging, laboratory and genetic characteristics of a newborn boy with isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency (ISOD) in a Chinese mainland cohort. Methods Homocysteine and uric acid in plasma and cysteine and total homocysteine in the blood spot were assessed in a Chinese newborn patient with progressive encephalopathy, tonic seizures, abnormal muscle tone, and feeding difficulties. Whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing facilitated an accurate diagnosis. The pathogenicity predictions and conservation analysis of the identified mutations were conducted by bioinformatics tools. Results Low total homocysteine was detected in the blood spot, while homocysteine and uric acid levels were normal in the plasma. S-sulfocysteine was abnormally elevated in urine. A follow-up examination revealed several progressive neuropathological findings. Also, intermittent convulsions and axial dystonia were observed. However, the coordination of sucking and swallowing was slightly improved. A novel paternal nonsense variant c.475G > T (p.Glu159∗) and a novel maternal missense variant c.1201A > G (p.Lys401Glu) in SUOX were identified in this case by co-segregation verification. Conclusion This is the second report of early-onset ISOD case in a non-consanguineous Chinese mainland family. Combined with the clinical characteristics and biochemical indexes, we speculated that these two novel pathogenic variants of the SUOX gene underlie the cause of the disease in this patient. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger sequencing provided reliable basis for clinical and prenatal diagnoses of this family, it also enriched the mutation spectrum of the SUOX gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Zhao
- Department of Neonatology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao An
- Department of Neonatology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Haoxiang Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Haibin Wu
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Fengyu Che
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
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Abe Y, Aihara Y, Endo W, Hasegawa H, Ichida K, Uematsu M, Kure S. The effect of dietary protein restriction in a case of molybdenum cofactor deficiency with MOCS1 mutation. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 26:100716. [PMID: 33552910 PMCID: PMC7859290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism that results from mutations in genes involved in molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis. MoCD is characterized clinically by intractable seizures and severe, rapidly progressing neurodegeneration leading to death in early childhood in the majority of known cases. We report on a patient with an unusual late disease onset and mild phenotype, characterized by delayed development and a decline triggered by a febrile illness and a subsequent dystonic movement disorder. Magnetic resonance imaging showed abnormal signal intensities of the bilateral basal ganglia. Blood and urine chemistry tests demonstrated remarkably low serum and urinary uric acid levels. A urine sulfite test was positive. Specific diagnostic workup showed elevated levels of xanthine and hypoxanthine in serum with increased urinary sulfocysteine (SSC) levels. Genetic analysis revealed a homozygous missense mutation at c.1510C > T (p.504R > W) in exon 10 of the MOCS1 in isoform 7 (rs1387934803). At age 1 year 4 months, the patient was placed on a low protein diet to reduce cysteine load and accumulation of sulfite and SCC in tissues. At 3 months after introduction of protein restriction, the urine sulfite test became negative and the urine SCC level was decreased. After starting the protein restriction diet, dystonic movement improved, and the patient's course progressed without regression and seizures. Electroencephalogram findings were remarkably improved. This finding demonstrates that the dietary protein restriction suppresses disease progression in mild cases of MoCD and suggests the effectiveness of dietary therapy in MoCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Aihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wakaba Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Uematsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Boyer M, Sowa M, Wang R, Abdenur J. Isolated Sulfite Oxidase Deficiency: Response to Dietary Treatment in a Patient with Severe Neonatal Presentation. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/2326-4594-jiems-2019-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raymond Wang
- CHOC Children’s Hospital, USA; University of California-Irvine, USA
| | - Jose Abdenur
- CHOC Children’s Hospital, USA; University of California-Irvine, USA
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Claerhout H, Witters P, Régal L, Jansen K, Van Hoestenberghe MR, Breckpot J, Vermeersch P. Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:101-108. [PMID: 28980090 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency (ISOD) is a life-threatening, autosomal recessive disease characterized by severe neurological impairment. As no long-term effective treatment is available, distinction from other treatable diseases, such as molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) type A, should be made. We reviewed 47 patients (45 previously reported in the literature). Cases were reviewed for consanguinity, sex, age at onset, death, clinical findings (including spasticity, seizures, psychomotor retardation, feeding difficulties, ectopia lentis, microcephaly), laboratory findings [urinary sulfite, S-sulfocysteine (in plasma and urine), plasma cystine, total homocysteine, uric acid, and oxypurines in urine] and radiological findings (including cerebral/cerebellar atrophy, cystic white matter changes, ventriculomegaly). We also aligned the published SUOX gene mutations to the reference sequence NM_000456.2. Onset occurred mostly during the first 72 h of life (57%) and within the first year of life in all but two patients (96%). All patients presented with neurological abnormalities, such as neonatal axial hypotonia and/or peripheral hypertonia (100%), (pharmacoresistant) seizures (84%), or developmental delay (97%). Feeding problems were also common. As found in our review, measurement of homocysteine in plasma, amino acids in plasma/urine, and sulfite in fresh urine supports the diagnosis of ISOD. Analysis of uric acid (plasma) and oxypurines (urine) is useful to rule out MoCD. In all patients in whom brain magnetic resonance imaging/computed tomography (MRI/CT) was performed, brain abnormalities were found. The purpose of this literature review is to provide a thorough overview of clinical, neuroimaging, biochemical, and genetic findings of patients with ISOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Claerhout
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Witters
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Régal
- Clinical Department of Pediatric Neurology and metabolism, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katrien Jansen
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Pieter Vermeersch
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Brumaru D, Guerin E, Voegeli AC, Eyer D, Maitre M. A compound heterozygote case of isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 12:99-102. [PMID: 28725568 PMCID: PMC5501915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency in the first child boy of a non-consanguineous Caucasian family. He's a compound heterozygote for the sulfite oxidase gene, presenting low cystine, undetectable homocysteine and normal uric acid blood concentrations and undetectable sulfite oxidase activity in his cultured fibroblasts. Both mutations are not reported yet. The clinical presentation was typical and severe, with generalized status epilepticus and premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brumaru
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Guerin
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Claire Voegeli
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Didier Eyer
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service de Pédiatrie 3, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Maitre
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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8
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Lee HF, Chi CS, Tsai CR, Chen HC, Lee IC. Prenatal brain disruption in isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017. [PMID: 28629418 PMCID: PMC5477159 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency (ISOD) is a very rare autosomal recessive inherited neurometabolic disease. The most striking postnatal neuroimaging finding is multicystic encephalomalacia, which occurs rapidly within days to weeks after birth and mimics severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. The aim of this study was to describe the prenatal neuroimaging features in a neonate and a fetus diagnosed with ISOD. Results We report an 11-day-old female neonate who presented with feeding difficulties, decreased activity, neonatal seizures, and movement disorders within a few days after birth. Brain MRI at 9 days of age showed cystic lesions over the left frontal and temporal areas, diffuse and evident T2 high signal intensity of bilateral cerebral cortex, and increased T2 signal intensity of the globus pallidi. A pronounced low level of plasma cysteine and normal level of plasma uric acid were noted. Mutation analysis of SUOX revealed homozygous c.1200C > G mutations, resulting in an amino acid substitution of tyrosine to a stop codon (Y400X). The diagnosis of ISOD was made. The brain MRI of a prenatally diagnosed ISOD fetus of the second pregnancy of the mother of the index case showed poor gyration and differentiation of cortical layers without formation of cystic lesions at gestational age 21 weeks. Conclusion Cystic brain destruction might occur prenatally and neurodevelopment of gyration and differentiation of the cortical layers in the developing brain could be affected by sulfite accumulation early during the second trimester in ISOD patients. This is the first description of the prenatal neurodevelopment of brain disruption in ISOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Fen Lee
- Division of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, 79-9, Sha-Luen Hu Xi-Zhou Li Hou-Loung Town, Miaoli, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650, Taiwan Boulevard Sec. 4, Taichung, 40705, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Shiang Chi
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, 699, Taiwan Boulevard Sec. 8, Wuchi, Taichung, 435, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ren Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650, Taiwan Boulevard Sec. 4, Taichung, 40705, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chieh Chen
- Department of Radiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650, Taiwan Boulevard Sec. 4, Taichung, 40705, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, 88, Sec. 1, Fengxing Rd, Tanzi Dist, Taichung, 427, Taiwan
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Structure and function of mammalian aldehyde oxidases. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:753-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Suzuki H, Rodriguez-Uribe L, Xu J, Zhang J. Transcriptome analysis of cytoplasmic male sterility and restoration in CMS-D8 cotton. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1531-42. [PMID: 23743655 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A global view of differential expression of genes in CMS-D8 of cotton was presented in this study which will facilitate the understanding of cytoplasmic male sterility in cotton. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait in higher plants which is incapable of producing functional pollen. However, the male fertility can be restored by one or more nuclear-encoded restorer genes. A genome-wide transcriptome analysis of CMS and restoration in cotton is currently lacking. In this study, Affymetrix GeneChips© Cotton Genome Array containing 24,132 transcripts was used to compare differentially expressed (DE) genes of flower buds at the meiosis stage between CMS and its restorer cotton plants conditioned by the D8 cytoplasm. A total of 458 (1.9 %) of DE genes including 127 up-regulated and 331 down-regulated ones were identified in the CMS-D8 line. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to validate 10 DE genes selected from seven functional categories. The most frequent DE gene group was found to encode putative proteins involved in cell wall expansion, such as pectinesterase, pectate lyase, pectin methylesterase, glyoxal oxidase, polygalacturonase, indole-3-acetic acid-amino synthetase, and xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase. Genes in cytoskeleton category including actin, which plays a key role in cell wall expansion, cell elongation and cell division, were also highly differentially expressed between the fertile and CMS plants. This work represents the first study in utilizing microarray to identify CMS-related genes by comparing overall DE genes between fertile and CMS plants in cotton. The results provide evidence that many CMS-associated genes are mainly involved in cell wall expansion. Further analysis will be required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of male sterility which will facilitate the development of new hybrid cultivars in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Suzuki
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
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12
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Cho SY, Goh DLM, Lau KC, Ong HT, Lam CW. Microarray analysis unmasked paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 12 in a patient with isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 426:13-7. [PMID: 23994568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the investigation of a proband with a biochemical diagnosis of isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency, we identified a homozygous nonsense mutation of the SUOX gene in the proband. However, the mutation was only detected in the father and not the mother. Deletion of the SUOX gene of the mother and paternal disomy of chromosome 12, where the SUOX gene is located, were suspected in view that allele dropout of the mother non-amplified wild-type allele is unlikely. METHODS To distinguish the two possible causes, we performed a genome wide microarray analysis in the patient and parents using high-density single-nucleotide microarrays. Whole genome allele sharing of the genomes of the patient and parents were performed by dChip. RESULTS In the proband, the whole genome scan showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the entire chromosome 12. However, the LOH is copy neutral and deletion of the SUOX gene of the mother was thus excluded. On whole genome allele sharing analysis, the proband showed a high degree of allele sharing with the father and a very low allele sharing with the mother only in chromosome 12. The cause of the homozygosity of the mutation of the patient is UPD (12) pat. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first UPD (12) pat causing isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency in humans. Even with one parent being a carrier of an autosomal recessive disease, a fetus with the autosomal recessive disease is still possible. This will have clinical impact on genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Cho
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Lee WT. Disorders of amino acid metabolism associated with epilepsy. Brain Dev 2011; 33:745-52. [PMID: 21803516 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Seizures are a common presenting manifestation in children with disorders of amino acid metabolism. However, seizures may be very common in some specific diseases, but are rare in other diseases. In patients with classical maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), seizures commonly occur in the neonatal stage. But in intermittent or intermediate MSUD, seizures may develop in a later stage, or are uncommon. Patients with nonketotic hyperglycinemia often present with early myoclonic encephalopathy in the first weeks of life. However, in patients with atypical variants, seizures may be rare. In addition, patients with sulfite oxidase deficiency, serine deficiency, or GABA-related disorders may also present with different types of seizures. In monoamine biosynthesis disorders, seizures are rare, but paroxysmal dystonia is frequently misdiagnosed as seizures. Therefore, the incidence of seizures in disorders of amino acid metabolism is variable. Timely diagnosis and early treatment may improve the prognosis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Tso Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei.
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14
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Sass JO, Gunduz A, Araujo Rodrigues Funayama C, Korkmaz B, Dantas Pinto KG, Tuysuz B, Yanasse Dos Santos L, Taskiran E, de Fátima Turcato M, Lam CW, Reiss J, Walter M, Yalcinkaya C, Camelo Junior JS. Functional deficiencies of sulfite oxidase: Differential diagnoses in neonates presenting with intractable seizures and cystic encephalomalacia. Brain Dev 2010; 32:544-9. [PMID: 19793632 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulfite oxidase is a mitochondrial enzyme encoded by the SUOX gene and essential for the detoxification of sulfite which results mainly from the catabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids. Decreased activity of this enzyme can either be due to mutations in the SUOX gene or secondary to defects in the synthesis of its cofactor, the molybdenum cofactor. Defects in the synthesis of the molybdenum cofactor are caused by mutations in one of the genes MOCS1, MOCS2, MOCS3 and GEPH and result in combined deficiencies of the enzymes sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase. Although present in many ethnic groups, isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency and molybdenum cofactor deficiency are rare inborn errors of metabolism, which makes awareness of key clinical and laboratory features of affected individuals crucial for early diagnosis. We report clinical, radiologic, biochemical and genetic data on a Brazilian and on a Turkish child with sulfite oxidase deficiency due to the isolated defect and impaired synthesis of the molybdenum cofactor, respectively. Both patients presented with early onset seizures and neurological deterioration. They showed no sulfite oxidase activity in fibroblasts and were homozygous for the mutations c.1136A>G in the SUOX gene and c.667insCGA in the MOCS1 gene, respectively. Widely available routine laboratory tests such as assessment of total homocysteine and uric acid are indicated in children with a clinical presentation resembling that of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and may help in obtaining a tentative diagnosis locally, which requires confirmation by specialized laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Oliver Sass
- Labor für Klinische Biochemie und Stoffwechsel, Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Pushie MJ, George GN. Active-site dynamics and large-scale domain motions of sulfite oxidase: a molecular dynamics study. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:3266-75. [PMID: 20158265 DOI: 10.1021/jp908731f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The physiologically vital enzyme sulfite oxidase employs rapid intramolecular electron transfer between a molybdenum ion in the C-terminal domain (the site of sulfite oxidation) and a heme moeity in the N-terminal domain to complete its catalytic cycle. Crystal structures of the enzyme show C- and N-terminal domain orientations that are not consistent with rapid intramolecular electron transfer. Domain motion has been postulated to explain this discrepancy. In the present work we employ molecular dynamics simulations to understand the large-scale domain motions of the enzyme. We observe motion of the N-terminal domain into an orientation similar to that postulated for rapid electron transfer. Our simulations also probe the dynamics of the active site and surrounding residues, adding a further level of structural and thermodynamic detail in understanding sulfite oxidase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jake Pushie
- Molecular and Environmental Science Research Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
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16
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Feng C, Tollin G, Enemark JH. Sulfite oxidizing enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:527-39. [PMID: 17459792 PMCID: PMC1993547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2007] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulfite oxidizing enzymes are essential mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) proteins involved in sulfur metabolism of animals, plants and bacteria. There are three such enzymes presently known: (1) sulfite oxidase (SO) in animals, (2) SO in plants, and (3) sulfite dehydrogenase (SDH) in bacteria. X-ray crystal structures of enzymes from all three sources (chicken SO, Arabidopsis thaliana SO, and Starkeya novella SDH) show nearly identical square pyramidal coordination around the Mo atom, even though the overall structures of the proteins and the presence of additional cofactors vary. This structural information provides a molecular basis for studying the role of specific amino acids in catalysis. Animal SO catalyzes the final step in the degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids and is critical in detoxifying excess sulfite. Human SO deficiency is a fatal genetic disorder that leads to early death, and impaired SO activity is implicated in sulfite neurotoxicity. Animal SO and bacterial SDH contain both Mo and heme domains, whereas plant SO only has the Mo domain. Intraprotein electron transfer (IET) between the Mo and Fe centers in animal SO and bacterial SDH is a key step in the catalysis, which can be studied by laser flash photolysis in the presence of deazariboflavin. IET studies on animal SO and bacterial SDH clearly demonstrate the similarities and differences between these two types of sulfite oxidizing enzymes. Conformational change is involved in the IET of animal SO, in which electrostatic interactions may play a major role in guiding the docking of the heme domain to the Mo domain prior to electron transfer. In contrast, IET measurements for SDH demonstrate that IET occurs directly through the protein medium, which is distinctly different from that in animal SO. Point mutations in human SO can result in significantly impaired IET or no IET, thus rationalizing their fatal effects. The recent developments in our understanding of sulfite oxidizing enzyme mechanisms that are driven by a combination of molecular biology, rapid kinetics, pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and computational techniques are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Feng
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Gordon Tollin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - John H. Enemark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Abstract
The advent of modern neuroimaging tools and methods has revolutionized the evaluation of the brain in neonates. The development of magnetic resonance (MR)-compatible monitoring tools and incubators has alleviated concerns regarding transportation of these unstable infants. The development of dedicated neonatal imaging coils has increased signal-to-noise ratios dramatically in images of the neonatal brain; this has made high-quality anatomic imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and proton MR spectroscopy feasible in a normal imaging time. In centers that are equipped properly for neonatal MR imaging, MR is now unquestionably the study of choice for neonates who have encephalopathy or suspected brain injury. This article discusses the application of modern MR techniques to some of the causes of encephalopathy in neonates.
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MESH Headings
- Basal Ganglia Diseases/metabolism
- Basal Ganglia Diseases/pathology
- Brain Diseases/pathology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic/pathology
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/pathology
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/metabolism
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Barkovich
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA.
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Seidahmed MZ, Alyamani EA, Rashed MS, Saadallah AA, Abdelbasit OB, Shaheed MM, Rasheed A, Hamid FA, Sabry MA. Total truncation of the molybdopterin/dimerization domains of SUOX protein in an Arab family with isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 136:205-9. [PMID: 15952210 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We ascertained a patient with the full-blown phenotype of isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency in a consanguineous Arab family. The proband's phenotype included the presence of intractable seizures in the neonatal period, some dysmorphic features, neuroradiologic findings reminiscent of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and rapidly progressive brain destruction leading to severe neurodevelopmental impairment. Biochemically, the patient excreted a large amount of S-sulfocysteine with normal amounts of xanthene and hypoxanthine and had normal plasma uric acid, which was consistent with isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency. We report the identification of the first Arab mutation in SUOX, the gene for sulfite oxidase enzyme, in the ascertained family. The newly identified Arab mutation in the SUOX gene (a single nucleotide deletion, del G1244) is predicted to cause a frame shift at amino acid 117 of the translated protein with the generation of a stop codon and total truncation of the molybdo-pterin- and the dimerizing-domain(s) of SUOX protein expressed from the mutant allele. The identification of this new Arab SUOX mutation should facilitate pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and selection of unaffected embryos for future pregnancy in the ascertained family with the mutation and related families with the same mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Seidahmed
- Neonatal Section, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Karakas E, Wilson HL, Graf TN, Xiang S, Jaramillo-Busquets S, Rajagopalan KV, Kisker C. Structural Insights into Sulfite Oxidase Deficiency. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:33506-15. [PMID: 16048997 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505035200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfite oxidase deficiency is a lethal genetic disease that results from defects either in the genes encoding proteins involved in molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis or in the sulfite oxidase gene itself. Several point mutations in the sulfite oxidase gene have been identified from patients suffering from this disease worldwide. Although detailed biochemical analyses have been carried out on these mutations, no structural data could be obtained because of problems in crystallizing recombinant human and rat sulfite oxidases and the failure to clone the chicken sulfite oxidase gene. We synthesized the gene for chicken sulfite oxidase de novo, working backward from the amino acid sequence of the native chicken liver enzyme by PCR amplification of a series of 72 overlapping primers. The recombinant protein displayed the characteristic absorption spectrum of sulfite oxidase and exhibited steady state and rapid kinetic parameters comparable with those of the tissue-derived enzyme. We solved the crystal structures of the wild type and the sulfite oxidase deficiency-causing R138Q (R160Q in humans) variant of recombinant chicken sulfite oxidase in the resting and sulfate-bound forms. Significant alterations in the substrate-binding pocket were detected in the structure of the mutant, and a comparison between the wild type and mutant protein revealed that the active site residue Arg-450 adopts different conformations in the presence and absence of bound sulfate. The size of the binding pocket is thereby considerably reduced, and its position relative to the cofactor is shifted, causing an increase in the distance of the sulfur atom of the bound sulfate to the molybdenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Karakas
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5115, USA
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Tan WH, Eichler FS, Hoda S, Lee MS, Baris H, Hanley CA, Grant PE, Krishnamoorthy KS, Shih VE. Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency: a case report with a novel mutation and review of the literature. Pediatrics 2005; 116:757-66. [PMID: 16140720 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency is a rare but devastating neurologic disease that usually presents in early infancy with seizures and alterations in muscle tone. Only 21 cases have been reported in the literature. We report a case of a newborn infant boy with isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency who presented with generalized seizures on his fourth day of life. Plasma total homocysteine was not detectable. Urinary sulfite, thiosulfate, and S-sulfocysteine levels were elevated. The patient began a low-methionine and low-cysteine diet and was treated with thiamine and dextromethorphan. However, he became increasingly microcephalic and was severely developmentally delayed. Mutation analysis of the sulfite oxidase gene revealed that the patient was homozygous for a novel 4-base pair deletion, and both of his parents were found to be heterozygous carriers of the same deletion. We reviewed the clinical, biochemical, neuroradiologic, and neuropathologic features in all published cases of isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency. Seizures or abnormal movements were prominent features in all cases. Developmental delays were reported in 17 cases. Ectopia lentis was detected in 9 cases. Clinical improvement with dietary therapy was seen in only 2 patients, both of whom presented after the age of 6 months and had relatively mild developmental delays. Plasma or urinary S-sulfocysteine levels were elevated in all cases. Urinary sulfite was detected in all except 1 case. Cerebral atrophy and cystic encephalomalacia were observed with neuroradiologic imaging and were noted in all 3 postmortem reports of isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency. The main alternative in the differential diagnosis of isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency is molybdenum cofactor deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hann Tan
- Genetics Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Grosskreutz Y, Betz H, Kneussel M. Rescue of molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis in gephyrin-deficient mice by a Cnx1 transgene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 301:450-5. [PMID: 12565882 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)03062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Gephyrin is a bifunctional protein which is essential for both synaptic clustering of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system and the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) in peripheral tissues. Mice deficient in gephyrin die early postnatally and display a loss of glycine receptors (GlyRs) and many GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R) subtypes from postsynaptic sites. In addition, the activities of the MoCo-dependent enzymes xanthine dehydrogenase and sulfite oxidase are reduced to background levels in the liver and intestine of these animals. To genetically separate the different consequences of gephyrin deficiency, we expressed a transgene of the plant homolog Cnx1, known to rescue mammalian MoCo deficiency, on the background of gephyrin knockout mice. Cnx1 partially restored sulfite oxidase activity in the liver of the transgenic animals, whereas early lethality and the loss of GlyR clustering were unaltered. Our data suggest that the loss of neurotransmitter receptor clustering at inhibitory synapses causes the early lethality of gephyrin deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Grosskreutz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenstrasse 46, D-60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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