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Bernardus Saayman JL, Harvey BH, Wegener G, Brink CB. Sildenafil, alone and in combination with imipramine or escitalopram, display antidepressant-like effects in an adrenocorticotropic hormone-induced (ACTH) rodent model of treatment-resistant depression. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 969:176434. [PMID: 38458412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) represents a challenge with high prevalence and limited effectiveness of existing treatments, particularly in cases of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Innovative strategies and alternative drug targets are therefore necessary. Sildenafil, a selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, is known to exert neuroplastic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, and is a promising antidepressant drug candidate. AIM To investigate whether sildenafil monotherapy or in combination with a known antidepressant, can elicit antidepressant-like effects in an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-induced rodent model of TRD. METHODS ACTH-naïve and ACTH-treated male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received various sub-acute drug treatments, followed by behavioural tests and biochemical analyses conversant with antidepressant actions. RESULTS Sub-chronic ACTH treatment induced significant depressive-like behaviour in rats, evidenced by increased immobility during the forced swim test (FST). Sub-acute sildenafil (10 mg/kg) (SIL-10) (but not SIL-3), and combinations of imipramine (15 mg/kg) (IMI-15) and sildenafil (3 mg/kg) (SIL-3) or escitalopram (15 mg/kg) (ESC-15) and SIL-3, exhibited significant antidepressant-like effects. ACTH treatment significantly elevated hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serotonin, norepinephrine, kynurenic acid (KYNUA), quinolinic acid (QUINA), and glutathione. The various mono- and combined treatments significantly reversed some of these changes, whereas IMI-15 + SIL-10 significantly increased glutathione disulfide levels. ESC-15 + SIL-3 significantly reduced plasma corticosterone levels. CONCLUSION This study suggests that sildenafil shows promise as a treatment for TRD, either as a stand-alone therapy or in combination with a traditional antidepressant. The neurobiological mechanism underlying the antidepressant-like effects of the different sildenafil mono- and combination therapies reflects a multimodal action and cannot be explained in full by changes in the individually measured biomarker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juandré Lambertus Bernardus Saayman
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Brian Herbert Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit (TNU), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Christiaan Beyers Brink
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Yu X, Wang S, Wu W, Chang H, Shan P, Yang L, Zhang W, Wang X. Exploring New Mechanism of Depression from the Effects of Virus on Nerve Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1767. [PMID: 37443801 PMCID: PMC10340315 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with long-term recurrent depressed mood, pain and despair, pessimism and anxiety, and even suicidal tendencies as the main symptoms. Depression usually induces or aggravates the development of other related diseases, such as sleep disorders and endocrine disorders. In today's society, the incidence of depression is increasing worldwide, and its pathogenesis is complex and generally believed to be related to genetic, psychological, environmental, and biological factors. Current studies have shown the key role of glial cells in the development of depression, and it is noteworthy that some recent evidence suggests that the development of depression may be closely related to viral infections, such as SARS-CoV-2, BoDV-1, ZIKV, HIV, and HHV6, which infect the organism and cause some degree of glial cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. This can affect the transmission of related proteins, neurotransmitters, and cytokines, which in turn leads to neuroinflammation and depression. Based on the close relationship between viruses and depression, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the new mechanism of virus-induced depression, which is expected to provide a new perspective on the mechanism of depression and a new idea for the diagnosis of depression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Shihao Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (S.W.); (H.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenzheng Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Hongyuan Chang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (S.W.); (H.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Pufan Shan
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China;
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China;
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (S.W.); (H.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.)
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Özdemir Z, Bildziukevich U, Wimmerová M, Macůrková A, Lovecká P, Wimmer Z. Plant Adaptogens: Natural Medicaments for 21st
Century? ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zülal Özdemir
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds; Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Isotope Laboratory; Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Uladzimir Bildziukevich
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds; Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Isotope Laboratory; Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Martina Wimmerová
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds; Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Isotope Laboratory; Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Anna Macůrková
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Petra Lovecká
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds; Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Isotope Laboratory; Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
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Nguyen ET, Streicher J, Berman S, Caldwell JL, Ghisays V, Estrada CM, Wulsin AC, Solomon MB. A mixed glucocorticoid/mineralocorticoid receptor modulator dampens endocrine and hippocampal stress responsivity in male rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 178:82-92. [PMID: 28093219 PMCID: PMC5511095 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant glucocorticoid secretion is implicated in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders (i.e., depression, anxiety). Glucocorticoids exert biological effects via mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors. Previous data from our laboratory indicate that GR antagonism/modulation (i.e., mifepristone, CORT 108297) regulate endocrine, behavioral, and central stress responses. Because of the dynamic interplay between MR and GR on HPA axis regulation and emotionality, compounds targeting both receptors are of interest for stress-related pathology. We investigated the effects of CORT 118335 (a dual selective GR modulator/MR antagonist) on endocrine, behavioral, and central (c-Fos) stress responses in male rats. Rats were treated for five days with CORT 118335, imipramine (positive control), or vehicle and exposed to restraint or forced swim stress (FST). CORT 118335 dampened corticosterone responses to both stressors, without a concomitant antidepressant-like effect in the FST. Imipramine decreased corticosterone responses to restraint stress; however, the antidepressant-like effect of imipramine in the FST was independent of circulating glucocorticoids. These findings indicate dissociation between endocrine and behavioral stress responses in the FST. CORT 118335 decreased c-Fos expression only in the CA1 division of the hippocampus. Imipramine decreased c-Fos expression in the basolateral amygdala and CA1 and CA3 divisions of the hippocampus. Overall, the data indicate differential effects of CORT 118335 and imipramine on stress-induced neuronal activity in various brain regions. The data also highlight a complex relationship between neuronal activation in stress and mood regulatory brain regions and the ensuing impact on endocrine and behavioral stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States.
| | - Joshua Streicher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Sarah Berman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Jody L Caldwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Valentina Ghisays
- Experimental Psychology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Christina M Estrada
- Experimental Psychology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Aynara C Wulsin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Matia B Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
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Abbas G, Rauf K, Mahmood W. Saponins: the phytochemical with an emerging potential for curing clinical depression. Nat Prod Res 2014; 29:302-7. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.942661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Inflammation: a mechanism of depression? Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:515-23. [PMID: 24838302 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, major depression has become more prevalent and research has shown that immune activation and cytokine production may be involved. This review is mainly focused on the contribution of inflammation to depression. We first briefly introduce the inflammatory biomarkers of depression, then discuss the sources of cytokines in the brain, and finally describe the neuroimmunological mechanisms underlying the association between inflammation and depression.
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Solomon MB, Wulsin AC, Rice T, Wick D, Myers B, McKlveen J, Flak JN, Ulrich-Lai Y, Herman JP. The selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist CORT 108297 decreases neuroendocrine stress responses and immobility in the forced swim test. Horm Behav 2014; 65:363-71. [PMID: 24530653 PMCID: PMC4074011 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pre-clinical and clinical studies have employed treatment with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists in an attempt to limit the deleterious behavioral and physiological effects of excess glucocorticoids. Here, we examined the effects of GR antagonists on neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responses, using two compounds: mifepristone, a GR antagonist that is also a progesterone receptor antagonist, and CORT 108297, a specific GR antagonist lacking anti-progestin activity. Given its well-documented impact on neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responses, imipramine (tricyclic antidepressant) served as a positive control. Male rats were treated for five days with mifepristone (10mg/kg), CORT 108297 (30mg/kg and 60mg/kg), imipramine (10mg/kg) or vehicle and exposed to forced swim test (FST) or restraint stress. Relative to vehicle, imipramine potently suppressed adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) responses to FST and restraint exposure. Imipramine also decreased immobility in the FST, consistent with antidepressant actions. Both doses of CORT 108297 potently suppressed peak corticosterone responses to FST and restraint stress. However, only the higher dose of CORT 108297 (60mg/kg) significantly decreased immobility in the FST. In contrast, mifepristone induced protracted secretion of corticosterone in response to both stressors, and modestly decreased immobility in the FST. Taken together, the data indicate distinct effects of each compound on neuroendocrine stress responses and also highlight dissociation between corticosterone responses and immobility in the FST. Within the context of the present study, our data suggest that CORT 108297 may be an attractive alternative for mitigating neuroendocrine and behavioral states associated with excess glucocorticoid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matia B Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
| | - Aynara C Wulsin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Taylor Rice
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Dayna Wick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Brent Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Jessica McKlveen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Jonathan N Flak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Yvonne Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - James P Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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Nilsson A, Stroth N, Zhang X, Qi H, Fälth M, Sköld K, Hoyer D, Andrén PE, Svenningsson P. Neuropeptidomics of mouse hypothalamus after imipramine treatment reveal somatostatin as a potential mediator of antidepressant effects. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:347-57. [PMID: 21856315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Excessive activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been associated with numerous diseases, including depression, and the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine has been shown to suppress activity of the HPA axis. Central hypothalamic control of the HPA axis is complex and involves a number of neuropeptides released from multiple hypothalamic subnuclei. The present study was therefore designed to determine the effects of imipramine administration on the mouse hypothalamus using a peptidomics approach. Among the factors found to be downregulated after acute (one day) or chronic (21 days) imipramine administration were peptides derived from secretogranin 1 (chromogranin B) as well as peptides derived from cerebellin precursors. In contrast, peptides SRIF-14 and SRIF-28 (1-11) derived from somatostatin (SRIF, somatotropin release inhibiting factor) were significantly upregulated by imipramine in the hypothalamus. Because diminished SRIF levels have long been known to occur in depression, a second part of the study investigated the roles of individual SRIF receptors in mediating potential antidepressant effects. SRA880, an antagonist of the somatostatin-1 autoreceptor (sst1) which positively modulates release of endogenous SRIF, was found to synergize with imipramine in causing antidepressant-like effects in the tail suspension test. Furthermore, chronic co-administration of SRA880 and imipramine synergistically increased BDNF mRNA expression in the cerebral cortex. Application of SRIF or L054264, an sst2 receptor agonist, but not L803807, an sst4 receptor agonist, increased phosphorylation of CaMKII and GluR1 in cerebrocortical slices. Our present experiments thus provide evidence for antidepressant-induced upregulation of SRIF in the brain, and strengthen the notion that augmented SRIF expression and signaling may counter depressive-like symptoms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Pintér O, Domokos Á, Mergl Z, Mikics É, Zelena D. Do stress hormones connect environmental effects with behavior in the forced swim test? Endocr J 2011; 58:395-407. [PMID: 21505269 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k10e-375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Forced swim test (FST) is a widely used test for antidepressant development. Depression is a stress related disease, as hormones of the stress-axis can modify mood. However it is not clear, how the appearance of depressive-like behavior (floating) in FST is connected with changes in the stress-hormone levels. We hypothesized, that different manipulations would alter the behavior through changes in stress-hormone levels. First the effect of environmental alterations was studied. Increasing water-temperature enhanced floating time together with a decrease in adrenocorticotropin levels. During the dark phase of the day rats spent more time with floating independently from the actual lighting. Neither the phase nor the actual lighting had significant effect on adrenocorticotropin concentrations with higher corticosterone levels during the dark phase. At greater water depth rats float less but the size of animals had no effect. Water depth did not influence adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone responses, but the size of the rats significantly affected both factors. Secondly, administration of imipramine reduced floating and adrenocorticotropin level without affecting corticosterone. Despite the known connection between depression and stress we did not find a correlation between floating behavior and hormone levels. As an alternative mechanism imipramine-induced heart rate and core body temperature decrease was found by telemetric approach. This study is the first summary in rats examining the effect of wide range of environmental alterations during FST. It seems likely that both brain monoamines and stress-axis take part in the development of depression, but these pathways are regulated independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottó Pintér
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Zhou D, Jin H, Lin HB, Yang XM, Cheng YF, Deng FJ, Xu JP. Antidepressant effect of the extracts from Fructus Akebiae. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 94:488-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bornstein SR, Schuppenies A, Wong ML, Licinio J. Approaching the shared biology of obesity and depression: the stress axis as the locus of gene-environment interactions. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:892-902. [PMID: 16880826 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and depression are serious public health problems and also constitute cardiovascular disease risk factors. Research organizations have called for efforts to explore the interrelationship between obesity and depression. A useful starting point is the fact that in both disorders there is dysregulation of stress systems. We review molecular and clinical evidence indicating that the mediators of the stress response are a key locus for gene-environment interactions in the shared biology of depression and obesity. Scientific milestones include translational paradigms such as mice knockouts, imaging and pharmacogenomic approaches that can identify new therapeutic strategies for those burdened by these two afflictions of contemporary civilization. Perspectives for the future are promising. Our ability to dissect the underpinnings of common and complex diseases with shared substrates will be greatly enhanced by the Genes and Environment Initiative, the emerging Large Scale Studies of Genes and Environment in Common Disease, and the UK Biobank Project.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
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