Effects of 24 weeks of whole body vibration training on body composition and muscle strength in untrained females

Effects of 4 weeks of whole-body vibration training on energy expenditure during deep squats of male well-trained students

From the perspective of energy expenditure, this study investigated the effects of whole-body vibration training on the energy metabolism of deep squats with different weights. Twenty-two healthy male college students with sports experiences were selected and randomly assigned to perform resistance exercise vibration (REV) or resistance exercise (RE) with varying loads two times per week for 4 weeks. Oxygen uptake and heart rate were measured before, during, and after exercises using a gas analyzer, and energy expenditure was calculated. The results showed the following: 1) the oxygen uptake and energy expenditure of the REV group were significantly higher than those of the RE group during and 30 min after exercise (p < 0.01), respectively, and the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was also significantly higher than that of the RE group (p < 0.01). 2) Changes in the oxygen uptake and energy expenditure were stable with increasing exercise in both vibration and non-vibration conditions. There was no difference in energy expenditure per unit of body mass versus additional energy per kilogram of body weight (p > 0.05). 3) No significant differences in changing exercise intensity were observed in the REV group compared to those in the RE group during the adjacent incremental load phases of △ (40%-0%) and △ (80%-40%) of load during and 30 min after exercise (p > 0.05). Our results suggest that 1) vibration training can increase energy expenditure during low-intensity training and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and improve the exercise intensity. 2) The effects on energy expenditure were the same for both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing deep squats, up to 40% of body mass.

Effects of whole-body vibration training in static and dynamic semi-squat patterns on the lower limb muscle activity

The decline in physical function and the deterioration of the neuromusculoskeletal system in older people can easily lead to reduced muscle strength and slower mobility in the joints of the lower limbs, increasing the incidence of chronic diseases such as muscle wasting disorders, osteoporosis, debilitation and fall and fracture. It may also affect the quality of life and functional independence of older people, and in serious cases, even directly threaten their health. This study was conducted to determine the differences in lower limb muscle activation characteristics between static semi-squat (SSS) and dynamic semi-squat (DSS) training in middle-aged and old women at different frequencies and amplitudes and to explore a personalized whole-body vibration (WBV) training instruction program suitable for them. Fifteen healthy middle-aged and old women (60.8 ± 4.18 years old) were recruited for SSS and DSS WBV training. Their muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF) and gastrocnemius (GS) were calculated using the BTS FreeEMG300 wireless surface electromyography (EMG), which participants were completed that the two different contraction patterns of squats on WBV training. The knee flexion was maintained at 45° while the subjects were performing the SSS training, while during the DSS training, the knee flexion fluctuates between 10° and 45°. The SSS exercise requires the subject to remain stationary in the squatting position and the DSS to be performed at a rhythm of 4 s/repetition, with 2 s of squatting, 1 s of standing up, and 1 s intervals. The vibration frequencies and amplitudes were changed to the WBV training intensity, and the vibration frequencies were set to 0 Hz, 30 Hz and 40 Hz, and the amplitudes were set to 0 mm, 2 mm and 4 mm. Each subject is randomised to participate in WBV training with 5 combinations of frequency and amplitude in both static and dynamic semi-squat patterns. These were 0 Hz 0 mm, 30 Hz 2 mm, 30 Hz 4 mm, 40 Hz 2 mm, 40 Hz 4 mm for the static and dynamic demi-squat patterns of WBV training. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was applied to compare the changes in surface EMG of the lower limb muscles in different modes of SSS and DSS with WBV training. (1) Our results showed significantly interaction effects in the frequency × amplitude of root mean square (EMGrms) in GS (P < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed in the interaction effects of SSS/DSS patterns, frequencies and amplitude of RF, VM, VL and BF (P > 0.05). (2) Comparisons between groups showed that the EMGrms of the RF were significantly higher for the DSS than the SSS (P < 0.05). Additionally, the EMGrms of VL and BF at 30 Hz and 40 Hz were greater than 0 Hz (P < 0.05). Also, The EMGrms at 4 mm for the VM, VL and BF were significantly higher than 0 mm, the EMGrms at 4 mm for the VM and VL were significantly higher than 2 mm (P < 0.05), and the EMGrms at 2 mm of VL and BF were significantly higher than 0 mm (P < 0.05). (3) The results showed that WBV stimulation significantly increased the EMGrms of the GS in the SSS compared with the vibration free semi-squat alone (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between WBV training protocols for SSS patterns with different frequencies and amplitudes (frequencies and amplitudes not were 0 Hz and 0 mm) (P > 0.05). Comparison of EMGrms for WBV training of the GS in DSS patterns showed that 40 Hz/4 mm was significantly higher than 0 Hz/0 mm (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the remaining vibration conditions (P > 0.05). WBV training for DSS can significantly improve the activation of the RF compared to SSS pattern. Compared with no vibration, WBV could significantly improv the activity of the lower limb muscles. Additionally, an increase in amplitude from 2 to 4 mm could significantly improve VM and VL activation, while no significant improvement on lower limb muscle activation was observed for increasing vibration frequency from 30 to 40 Hz.

Effects of the Whole-Body Vibration Exercise on Sleep Disorders, Body Temperature, Body Composition, Tone, and Clinical Parameters in a Child with Down Syndrome Who Underwent Total Atrioventricular Septal Defect Surgery: A Case-Report

BACKGROUND

The health and developmental issues of people with Down syndrome (DS) are complex and are associated with many medical, psychological, and social problems from childhood through into adulthood. DS children have an increased risk of multiorgan comorbidities, including congenital heart disease. Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) is a congenital heart malformation that often occurs in DS people.

AIM

Physical activity and exercise are recommended for patients with cardiovascular disease and are considered to be the gold standard of cardiac rehabilitation. Whole-body vibration exercise (WBVE) is considered a form of exercises. The aim of this case report is to show the effects of WBVE on sleep disturbances, body temperature, body composition, tone, and clinical parameters in a child with DS with corrected total AVSD. The subject is a 10-year-old girl, with free-type DS, who underwent surgery to correct a total AVSD at 6 months. She underwent periodic cardiological monitoring and was released to perform any type of physical exercise, including WBVE. WBVE improved sleep quality and body composition.

CONCLUSION

WBVE leads to physiological effects that benefit the DS child.

The Effect of Vibration on the Acceleration of Wound Healing of Diabetic Neuropathic Foot Ulcer: A Prospective Experimental Study on Human Patients

Diabetic foot ulcers are a common complication that occurs in approximately 15 percent of patients with diabetes mellitus. Over 60% of diabetic foot ulcers are caused by underlying neuropathy. Former studies on diabetic animals with foot wounds found that vibration platforms significantly accelerate wound healing by catalyzing epithelization, promoting angiogenesis, and enhancing muscle bulk. This result suggests that there is evidence that vibrations may accelerate diabetic neuropathic ulcer healing in human patients. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of vibration on the enhancements of diabetic foot ulcer healing in human patients is rarely investigated. Hence, in this work, we conducted an experimental study with human subjects to investigate whether vibration therapy, as a complement to the standard wound treatment, can accelerate the wound healing rate of diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers. In this prospective experimental study, 80 participants diagnosed with Wagner grades I−III diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers were randomly distributed to experimental (n = 40) and control groups (n = 40). Patients in the intervention group received standard wound treatment and vibration wound therapy (VWT), whereas patients in the control group retrieved only standard wound treatment. The results (p = 0.024, α = 0.05) show notable differences in the median healing rate between the intervention group (25 days, 95% CI: 20.3−29.7) and control group (33 days, 95% CI: 25.6−40.4), with the effect-size r, Cohen’s d, Glass’s Δ, and Hedges’ g, respectively, being 0.810, 2.764, 2.311, and 2.772. Moreover, the nitric oxide (NO) level, wound closure area, and wound healing score after intervention significantly differed between the two groups (p < 0.05), putting the intervention group on a higher level than the control group. Furthermore, positive associations were found between the NO level and wound healing closure rates. These findings suggested that VWT enhances diabetic neuropathic foot ulcer healing in terms of healing rate, wound closure area, healing score, and elevated NO level. Considering that no clinically adverse effects were found in the patients induced with vibration intervention, VWT can be regarded as a complementary therapy to the existing ones to accelerate the healing of DFUs.

Effects of whole-body vibration training with different frequencies on the balance ability of the older adults: a network meta-analysis

Purpose: To compare the effects of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) with different frequencies on the balance ability of older adults. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the WBVT interventions on balance ability in older adults were searched through PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Embase, Opengrey, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and China Science and Technology Journal Database (CSTJ) databases from the establishment of the database to August 2022, and all literature that met the PICOS (Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study design) criteria were enrolled. Two reviewers screened and assessed the methodological quality of the included literature according to the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 14.0 software after data extraction. Results: Twenty-five RCTs with a total of 1267 subjects were finally included. The results of the pairwise comparison of the Network Meta-analysis showed that the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) values of Low-frequency whole-body vibration training (LF-WBVT) was lower than the placebo and traditional rehabilitation groups, and the difference was statistically significant [WMD = -1.37, 95% CI (-2.53, -0.20)] [WMD = -1.84, 95% CI(-3.17,-0.51)]. The Five-repetition Sit-to-Stand Test (5STS) values of LF-WBVT, Medium-frequency whole-body vibration training (MF-WBVT), and High-frequency whole-body vibration training (HF-WBVT) were lower than the placebo and traditional rehabilitation groups, but none of them were statistically significant. In addition, the TUGT and 5STS values of HF-WBVT had a tendency to be lower than those of LF-WBVT and MF-WBVT, but neither of them was statistically different. The cumulative probability ranking results of both TUGT and 5STS showed that HF-WBVT was the best protocol. Conclusion: Current evidence shows that HF-WBVT may be the best protocol for improving balance in older adults. Due to the study's limitations, the conclusion obtained in this study still needs to be further confirmed by more high-quality studies. Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/], identifier [CRD42021250405].

Effect of whole-body vibration on neuromuscular activation and explosive power of lower limb: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The review aimed to investigate the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on neuromuscular activation and explosive power.

METHODS

Keywords related to whole-body vibration, neuromuscular activation and explosive power were used to search four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and EBSCO-MEDLINE) for relevant studies published between January 2000 and August 2021. The methodology of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses was used. The eligibility criteria for the meta-analysis were based on PICOST principles. Methodological assessment used the Cochrane scale. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed by I2 index and funnel plots, respectively. The WBV training cycle is a random effect model. Publication bias was also assessed based on funnel plots. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021279439).

RESULTS

A total of 156 participants data in 18 studies met the criteria and were included in the meta-analysis for quantitative synthesis. Results of the meta-analysis showed significant improvements in lower limb neuromuscular activation immediately after WBV compared with the baseline (SMD = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.76; p<0.001), and no significant heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 38%, p = 0.07). In addition, the highest increase in lower limb explosive power was observed (SMD = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.52; p = 0.002), and no significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, p = 0.80) was noted.

CONCLUSIONS

WBV training could improve neuromuscular activation and explosive power of the lower limb. However, due to different vibration conditions, further research should be conducted to determine standardized protocols targeting performance improvement in athletes and healthy personnel experienced in training.

Mapping the Hot Spots and Evolution Main Path of Whole-Body Vibration Training Since the 21st Century: A Bibliometric Analysis

To evaluate the global scientific output of the research on whole-body vibration training (WBVT) and explore the current status and trends in this field over the past decades using bibliometric methods, we retrieved the literature related to WBVT from 2000 to the present in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). We analyzed annual publications, citations, countries, organizations, productive authors, and source 14 journals by the Web of Science online bibliometric analysis. We visualized the WBVT research trends and explored influential organizations and authors through VOSviewer. Then, we constructed a citation chronology map by HistCite to obtain the knowledge base of this field and made a primary citation path analysis by Pajek. Finally, we mined the hot spots of WBVT by BICOMB and gCLUTO. Overall, there were 1,629 publications included in this study between 2000 and 2022. The United States contributed the most publications in this field, and the country with the most active partnership was Spain. The University of Cologne ranked highest among top productive organizations. Bernardo-Filho, Mario, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, ranked first among the top productive authors. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research topped the list of journals with the most publications on WBVT by a wide margin. The WBVT research field started from Rittweger’s study on the acute physiological effects of WBVT in 2000, which was divided into two stages. The first stage focused on improving athletic ability, and the second stage gradually turned to the application in medicine. A keyword analysis showed the exercise rehabilitation of several aging chronic diseases was the research trend and hot spot of WBVT. The current study provided a time-based development and a global network hub for WBVT research, contributing to identifying core target diseases of WBVT and providing various insights for researchers in the future.

Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training with Different Body Positions and Amplitudes on Lower Limb Muscle Activity in Middle-Aged and Older Women

Purpose

The present study was designed to investigate the electromyographic (EMG) response in leg muscles to whole-body vibration while using different body positions and vibration amplitudes.

Methods:

An experimental study with repeated measures design involved a group of community-dwelling middle-aged and older women (n = 15; mean age=60.8 ± 4.18 years). Muscle activity of the gluteus maximus (GM), rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and gastrocnemius (GS) was measured by surface electromyography, which participants were performing three different body positions during three WBV amplitudes. The body positions included static semi-squat, static semi-squat with elastic band loading, and dynamic semi-squat. Vibration stimuli tested were 0 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm amplitude and 30 Hz frequencies. And the maximum accelerations produced by vibration stimuli with amplitudes of 2 mm and 4 mm are approximately 1.83 g and 3.17 g.

Results:

Significantly greater muscle activity was recorded in VL, BF, and GS. When WBV was applied to training, compared with the same training without WBV (P < .05). There were significant main effects of body positions on EMGrms for the GM, RF, and VM (P < .05). Compared to static semi-squat, static semi-squat with elastic band significantly increased the EMGrms of GM, and dynamic semi-squat significantly increased the EMGrms of GM, RF and VM (P < .05). And there were significant main effects of amplitudes on EMGrms for the GM, RF, and VM (P < .05). The EMGrms of the VL, BF, and GS at 4 mm were significantly higher than 0 mm, and the EMGrms of the VL and BF at 4 mm were significantly higher than 2 mm. There was no significant body interaction between body positions and amplitudes (P > .05).

Conclusions:

The EMG amplitudes of most leg muscles tested were significantly greater during WBV exposure than in the no-WBV condition. The dynamic semi-squat 4 mm whole-body vibration training is recommended for middle-aged and older women to improve lower limb muscle strength and function.

Whole-Body Vibration Effects on Flexibility in Artistic Gymnastics—A Systematic Review

It is well documented that whole body-vibration training has effects on muscle strength and flexibility, blood circulation, decreases pain perception and strengthens bone and tendon. Although whole body-vibration has benefits in athletes’ flexibility, we are not sure what its actual effects are in artistic gymnastics (since they already have stunning flexibility). Hence, the aim of this study was to analyse the studies on whole-body vibration in artistic gymnastics and to present the effects on flexibility. The search and analysis were carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The databases search (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, EBSCOhost and Science Direct) yielded 18,057 potential studies. By the given inclusion criteria (studies from 2005 to 2022; full-text published in English; the study included male and female gymnasts as samples, and that participants were tested for evaluation of flexibility by whole-body vibration method), a total of 9 full-text studies were included, with a total of 210 participants, both male and female. As far as the measured flexibility tests conducted, front split, sit and reach and bridge were evaluated, while obtained results were 9.1–39.1%, 2.79–6.7%, 6.43–7.45%, respectively. All studies have conducted same vibration frequency (30 Hz) with same amplitude of displacements (2 mm), except for the one study who did not show the information of implemented amplitude. After analysing the obtained results, it can be concluded that the usage of whole-body vibration platform shows flexibility improvements in artistic gymnasts, both male and female. In addition, a combination of whole-body vibration and traditional static stretching may enhance the flexibility in artistic gymnasts. However, these results should be taken with caution. Since this review did not reveal the optimal vibrational protocol, it is necessary to invest time during the implementation of various vibrational experimental protocols, so future research is required.

The Use of Vibration Training in Men after Myocardial Infarction

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the applied whole-body vibration training (WBV) as additional training to standard rehabilitation programme on exercise tolerance, evaluated through an exercise test, blood lipid profile, and the changes in selected echocardiographic parameters of patients after myocardial infarction. The study involved 63 males. The subjects were divided into two groups: standard—ST (27) and with vibration training—ST + WBV (36). All the subjects had undergone angioplasty with stent implantation. The standard and with vibration training group carried out a 24-day improvement program comprising 22 training units. Each session consisted of endurance, general stamina, and resistance training. Instead of resistance training, the experimental group performed exercises on the vibration platform. Statistically significant changes in both groups were observed in the parameters of the echocardiographic exercise test, such as test duration (p < 0.001), distance covered (p < 0.001), MET (p < 0.001), VO2max (p < 0.001), and HRrest (p < 0.01). The echocardiographic test revealed significant improvement of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in both groups (ST + WBV group p = 0.024, ST group p = 0.005). There were no statistically significant changes in blood lipid profile and body mass and composition.

Tissue Mobilization During Double Source of Vibration Semioccluded Vocal Tract Exercises: A Neck and Face Surface Acceleration Study

Purpose This study primarily aimed at observing the possible tissue mobilization on facial, neck, and chest tissues caused by different double source of vibration semioccluded vocal tract exercises (DSV-SOVTEs). Another goal was to inspect the degree of self-perceived sensation of a massage-like sensation. Method Fifty-five participants engaged in a set of several DSV-SOVTEs: (a) phonation with a silicone tube submerged 2 and 8 cm below water surface, (b) Acapella Choice device, (c) lip trills, and (d) tongue trills. A self-perceived massage-like sensation was also assessed. All exercises were performed at three loudness levels. Tissue mobilization signal was captured by four accelerometers placed in four different body regions: (a) over the cheek, (b) over the neck, (c) over the thyroid cartilage, and (d) over the suprasternal notch. Results There is a differential effect of all DSV-SOVTEs on tissue mobilization. All four observed dependent variables from tissue oscillation modulation (frequency, amplitude, jitter, and shimmer) showed significant three-way interactions. In general, amplitude and frequency of tissue oscillation modulation increases with loudness. A self-perceived massage-like sensation showed highly significant differences between DSV-SOVTEs. Conclusions All DSV-SOVTEs do mobilize tissues. Type of exercise, loudness level, and body region produce an effect on all tissue oscillation variables. Acapella device produces the largest amplitude of vibration, lowest frequency, and more regular oscillation of tissue. Water resistance therapy showed the most irregular tissue oscillation. Control of these variables is likely to be relevant to obtain the best outcomes in patients.

The Essential Role of Stathmin in Myoblast C2C12 for Vertical Vibration-Induced Myotube Formation

Vertical vibration (VV) is a type of whole body vibration, which induces muscle contraction through vibration to improve muscle strength and bone density. However, the mechanism of VV on muscle cell myotube formation is still unclear. In the current study, we aim to clarify the mechanism involved in VV’s stimulation of myotube formation. In order to identify the molecules regulated by VV, we performed proteomics analysis including 2D electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF Mass. Stathmin was identified as a high potential molecule responding to VV stimulation, and we found that under VV stimulation, the expression of stathmin gene and protein increased in a time-dependent manner. In addition, we also confirmed that the increase of stathmin stimulated by VV is mediated through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore, stathmin siRNA significantly down-regulated the expression of myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) MyoD, decorin, and type I collagen (Col-I), and down-regulated the cellular process regulators such as FGF7, TGFBr1 and PAK3. Taken together, our results confirm that under the stimulation of VV, PI3K/Akt and stathmin would be activated, as well as the up-regulation of MRFs, such as FGF7, TGFBr1 and PAK3 to initiate myogenesis. It also showed that the response of MRF to VV stimulation was significantly related to stathmin expression, which also confirmed the importance of stathmin in the entire myotube formation process. This study may provide evidence of stathmin as a biological indicator of VV to increase muscle strength.

Effects of whole-body vibration training on calf muscle function during maximal isometric voluntary contractions

The purposes of this study were to determine the impact of 6 weeks of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on maximum voluntary plantar flexor strength, muscle activity via surface electromyography (EMG), and muscle architecture measured at rest and during maximal contraction at different ankle joint angles in young healthy adults. Using a single-blind study design, 28 healthy men and women were randomly assigned to control (CG; N = 14, 7 women) or whole-body vibration training (WBVG; N = 14, 7 women) groups. Vibration training (20-25 minutes; standing with knees flexed) was performed 3 week^-1 for 6 weeks (18 sessions). Maximum isometric plantar flexor torque, muscle activity (medial and lateral gastrocnemius EMG) and medial gastrocnemius fascicle angle and length at rest and maximum contraction were tested at four ankle joint angles (ranging 45° to -15°; 0° = anatomical) before and after training. Significant increases (24.7%-37.5%) were observed in peak torque (N∙m∙kg^-1 ;%) at -15°, 0°, 15° and 30° joint angles from pre- to post-intervention in WBVG, which were different to CG (no change) and greater at longer muscle lengths. No between-group differences were observed in changes in EMG amplitudes measured during contraction or muscle architecture parameters at rest or during contraction. Six weeks of WBVT in young, healthy adults increased isometric plantarflexion strength at multiple joint angles, without detectible changes in EMG, muscle architecture, or body composition. Therefore, WBVT can significantly improve maximum plantar flexor strength at multiple joint angles (muscle lengths) in young healthy men, although the mechanisms underpinning the changes are currently unclear.

EFFECTS OF WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION ON MUSCLE STRENGTH, BALANCE AND FUNCTIONAL MOBILITY IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a type of degenerative syndrome that causes impaired physical function, decreased walking, imbalance, spasticity, sensory impairment, muscle weakness, fatigue, and demyelination of the central nervous system. The purpose of this review was to critically examine available studies on the efficacy of whole-body vibration (WBV) in patients with MS during rehabilitation training to increase strength, balance, and functional mobility. An organized literature search was performed on databases from various sources, including PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE, to identify relevant randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Eight studies were finally selected based on exclusion and inclusion criteria. Attempts were made to identify factors affecting the improvement in muscle strength, balance, and functional mobility in MS patients as a result of WBV. A meta-analysis was performed if two or more studies measured the same outcome of interest. The meta-analysis found that the WBV intervention showed significant improvement over control groups in Body Balance Score (BBS) (MD = [Formula: see text]2.86, 95%CI = [Formula: see text]5.29 [Formula: see text] 0.43; [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], heterogeneity ([Formula: see text]%). In addition, walking endurance (6MWT) favored control groups over WBV intervention (MD [Formula: see text], 95%CI [Formula: see text][Formula: see text] 99.41; [Formula: see text] = 2.97, [Formula: see text]). Timed-Up-and-Go Test (TUG) and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ([Formula: see text]) had no significant effect on WBV. Restoration of balance and functional mobility appeared to respond better to WBV with additional exercise protocols compared to WBV alone. Although there is evidence of an overall effect of WBV on strength and some measures of balance and mobility, its impact remains inconclusive. Therefore, more robust RCTs examining exposure to WBV on balance and functional mobility in patients with MS are warranted.

EFFECT OF BASIC FITNESS FUNCTION ACCORDING TO WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION STIMULUS WITH SLOPE DURING DEADLIFT

We aimed to investigate the effect of basic fitness function according to whole-body vibration (WBV) stimulus with slope during deadlift in adults. A total of 15 subjects performed deadlift exercise with a sound-wave vibrator. The subjects consisted of three groups: no slope and WBV group (control), WBV only group (group 1), and slope and WBV group (group 2). Slope was set at [Formula: see text], and the frequency and amplitude of WBV were 10[Formula: see text]Hz and 5[Formula: see text]mm, respectively. The participants performed Romanian deadlift 2 days a week for 4 weeks, including 10 trials per set and five sets a day. We measured basic fitness function factor including the isokinetic muscle contraction test using biodex system3. All groups showed an increase in strength of approximately [Formula: see text]%. Group 2 showed the highest increase. Moreover, maximal peak torque of the lumbar joint showed an increase trend similar to that of back muscle strength. An increase of 15.72%, 24.86%, and 51.44% was noted in the control, group 1, and group 2, respectively. The findings indicate that WBV exercise with slope is the most efficient exercise protocol for improving muscle function of the trunk. WBV with slope could help stimulate trunk muscles more and efficiently, could result in a more positive effect on muscle function compared with WBV only, and could be included in an exercise program for efficient patient rehabilitation.

Effects of flexi bar training model to health-related physical fitness in overweight adults

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of flexi bar training model and moderate running exercise on health-related physical fitness in overweight adults. [Participants and Methods] Forty participants were randomly assigned to an experimental (20 participant performing flexi bar training model (FBT)) and control (20 participant performing moderate running exercise (MRE) group. The participant in both groups then underwent program training 50 min/day, 3 times a week, for 12 weeks. The main outcome measures were health related physical fitness (HRPF). [Results] The result showed significant differences between FBT and MRE group. After 12 weeks FBT showed improve HRPF variable. [Conclusion] flexi bar training model can improvement health related physical fitness in overweight adults.

Effect of Whole-Body Vibration Exercise on Power Profile and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of whole-body vibration (WBV) on muscle work and bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae and femur in postmenopausal women.

METHODS

Forty-three postmenopausal women with low BMD were randomly assigned to WBV and control groups. Both groups received calcium and vitamin D supplementations once daily, while the WBV group additionally received WBV exercise (twice/wk) for 24 successive weeks. Qualisys gait analysis system was used to measure hip power generation by hip extensors (H1S) and flexors (H3S), hip power absorption by hip flexors (H2S), knee power absorption by quadriceps during loading response (K1S) and preswing (K3S), knee power absorption by hamstring (K4S), knee power generation by quadriceps (K2S), ankle power absorption by dorsiflexors (A1S) and plantar flexors (A2S), and ankle power generation by plantar flexors (A3S). Also, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure BMD of the lumbar vertebrae and femur before and after the intervention.

RESULTS

There were significant increases (P < .05) in the hip muscle work (H1S, H2S, and H3S), knee muscle work (K1S, K2S, K3S, and K4S), ankle muscle work (A1S, A2S, and A3S) during gait, and BMD of the lumbar vertebrae and femur of the WBV group. However, there were no significant changes (P > .05) in the control group. The posttreatment values of the hip, knee, and ankle muscle work and BMD of the WBV group were significantly (P < .05) higher than the posttreatment values of the control group.

CONCLUSION

Whole-body vibration training improved the leg muscle work and lumbar and femoral BMD in postmenopausal women with low BMD.

The effect of exercise load deviations in whole body vibration on improving muscle strength imbalance in the lower limb

BACKGROUND

The amount of patients with muscle imbalance of the left and right side increases rapidly due to an incorrect lifestyle.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the optimal exercise load required to improve muscle imbalance.

METHODS

Thirty participants were enrolled in the study. They performed squat exercises according to a whole body vibration (WBV) frequency protocol over a period of eight weeks. The exercises were performed three days a week and comprised five sets of fifteen trials per set per day. We validated muscle imbalance improvement using WBV by comparing and analyzing the results at different vibration frequencies. The participants were divided into three WBV protocol groups: no WBV, low-frequency WBV (25 Hz and 5 mm amplitude), and high-frequency WBV (50 Hz and 5 mm amplitude). We estimated the isokinetic muscle functions of the hip, knee, and ankle joints using BIODEX system 3. Ultimately, low-frequency WBV improved balance 10.2 ∼ 26.5% more than high-frequency WBV.

RESULTS

Continuous load-deviation motions during low-frequency WBV were more effective at improving muscle imbalance than high-frequency WBV. WBV load variation methods improved muscle function and contractility more than external weights or loads by directly transferring kinetic energy into the body.

CONCLUSION

In this clinical study, we demonstrated that low-frequency WBV was more effective at improving muscle imbalance. The WBV protocol can be used in rehabilitation programs to improve imbalance without requiring elderly or physically decompensated patients to participate in excessive exercise.

The effect of exercise load deviations in whole body vibration on improving muscle strength imbalance in the lower limb

BACKGROUND:

The amount of patients with muscle imbalance of the left and right side increases rapidly due to an incorrect lifestyle.

OBJECTIVE:

We investigated the optimal exercise load required to improve muscle imbalance.

METHODS:

Thirty participants were enrolled in the study. They performed squat exercises according to a whole body vibration (WBV) frequency protocol over a period of eight weeks. The exercises were performed three days a week and comprised five sets of fifteen trials per set per day. We validated muscle imbalance improvement using WBV by comparing and analyzing the results at different vibration frequencies. The participants were divided into three WBV protocol groups: no WBV, low-frequency WBV (25 Hz and 5 mm amplitude), and high-frequency WBV (50 Hz and 5 mm amplitude). We estimated the isokinetic muscle functions of the hip, knee, and ankle joints using BIODEX system 3. Ultimately, low-frequency WBV improved balance 10.2 ∼ 26.5% more than high-frequency WBV.

RESULTS:

Continuous load-deviation motions during low-frequency WBV were more effective at improving muscle imbalance than high-frequency WBV. WBV load variation methods improved muscle function and contractility more than external weights or loads by directly transferring kinetic energy into the body.

CONCLUSION:

In this clinical study, we demonstrated that low-frequency WBV was more effective at improving muscle imbalance. The WBV protocol can be used in rehabilitation programs to improve imbalance without requiring elderly or physically decompensated patients to participate in excessive exercise.

The Acute Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Performance

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the acute effects of whole body vibration (WBV) on isometric mid-thigh pull force–time curve (FTC) characteristics. Eleven recreationally trained subjects were randomly assigned to three treatment conditions: sham no vibration protocol (T1), vibration protocol 30 Hz 2–4 mm amplitude (T2), and vibration protocol 30 Hz 2–4 mm (T3). After completing a standardized warm-up, the subject stood on a vibration platform with the knee at a 120° angle and performed one of the three interventions. Each treatment condition required the subject to stand on the platform for thirty-second treatments, each separated by thirty seconds of recovery. Five minutes after the completion of the treatment conditions, the subjects performed the isometric mid-thigh pull. All FTCs were analyzed with standardized procedures for peak force (PF) and peak rate of force development (PRFD). A 1 × 3 repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the three treatments. Additionally, coefficients of variance (CV), as well as intraclass and interclass correlations, were performed. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) for any of the FTC analyses performed in this investigation. The CV and the 95% confidence interval (CI) indicate that the WBV protocol resulted in trivial changes in PF and beneficial changes in PRFD. A 30 Hz 2–4 mm amplitude WBV does not result in a significant increase in isometric mid-thigh pull performance.

Does whole body vibration therapy assist in reducing fat mass or treating obesity in healthy overweight and obese adults? A systematic review and meta-analyses

PURPOSE

This review describes the effects of Whole Body Vibration therapy (WBV) for reducing fat mass (%/kg) among healthy (no comorbid disease) overweight and obese adults.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Systematic literature search was conducted using Medline, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and PubMed databases up to 27^th March 2019. Studies evaluating the effects of WBV therapy on fat mass as a primary or secondary outcome among healthy (no comorbid disease), overweight or obese adults (Body Mass Index ≥25) were included.

RESULTS

Following the search, 2,420 studies were reviewed and 1,603 studies were selected for title and abstract screening. Of 153 studies considered for full-text review, 13 controlled trials were included in the systematic review. Two meta-analyses were performed for five studies. The first random effects (I² = 70%, p-value = 0.02) meta-analysis, revealed a statistically significant mean change for percent fat mass (-2.56, 95% CI: -3.81, -1.31). The second fixed effects meta-analysis, revealed a significant mean change (-1.91, 95% CI: -2.64, -1.18) for fat mass/kg.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review and meta-analyses indicate a positive effect of Whole Body Vibration therapy on reducing fat mass (%/kg), especially when combined with conventional weight loss interventions specifically, diet and exercise.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONWhole Body Vibration therapy may assist obese and bariatric clients with weight loss.Whole Body Vibration therapy with conventional weight loss strategies may augment reductions in fat mass among obese clients in rehabilitation setting.

Tai Chi and whole-body vibrating therapy in sarcopenic men in advanced old age: a clinical randomized controlled trial

This study was to investigate the effects of Tai Chi (TC) and whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise in sarcopenic men in advanced old age. Ninety sarcopenic men (mean age 88.6 years; age range 85-101 years) were divided into three groups: TC group, WBV group, and control (CON) group. Patients in the two treatment groups received 8 weeks of training in either TC or WBV, while the control group received reminders not to change their level of physical exercise or lifestyle. Patients in all groups also received health information related to sarcopenia. Muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance [balance, gait speed, timed-up-and-go test (TUGT), and five-times-sit-to-stand test (FTSST)] were analyzed and compared among the three groups. Finally, seventy-nine subjects completed the study (TC n = 24; WBV n = 28; and CON 27). Muscle strength was significantly increased in the TC and WBV groups compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Following 8 weeks of exercise, improvements were observed in all physical performance tests for the TC and WBV groups (P < 0.05). The improvement in balance was greater in the TC group than the WBV group. Time × Group effects revealed significant improvements in muscle strength in the lower extremities (P < 0.05) and physical performance (P < 0.01) in both the TC and WBV groups. Changes in muscle mass, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, did not significantly differ between groups. These findings indicate that TC and WBV are effective treatments for improving muscle strength and physical performance in sarcopenic men in advanced old age.

Transforming growth factor beta 1 mediates the low-frequency vertical vibration enhanced production of tenomodulin and type I collagen in rat Achilles tendon

Vertical vibration (VV) is a whole-body vibration with mechanical loading that commonly used in rehabilitation and sports training to increase athlete muscle strength. Our previous study showed that low-magnitude, low-frequency VV at 8 Hz and 10 Hz increased myoblast myogenesis. Herein, we investigated whether a VV frequency at low-frequency 5-10 Hz has anabolic effects on tenocytes and improves tendon stiffness. In primary tenocytes, 10 Hz VV treatment increased the tenogenic marker gene expression of tenomodulin and extracellular matrix type I collagen but decreased decorin expression. qPCR and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) results showed that TGF-β1 expression was increased in tenocytes after 3 days of 10 Hz VV treatment in vitro and in Achilles tendons after 3 weeks in vivo. Tenomodulin expression and Achilles tendon stiffness were significantly increased in Achilles tendons after 3 weeks in vivo. We also showed that the TGF-β1 receptor inhibitor SB431542 (10 μM) decreased the expression of tenomodulin and type I collagen but increased the decorin expression in tenocytes. These results indicated that the 10 Hz VV stimulated anabolic effects in tenocytes by increasing TGF-β1 expression that subsequently increases the expression of tenomodulin and type I collagen, and increased the Achilles tendon stiffness. This study provides insight into the low-frequency 10 Hz VV treatment improves tendon properties and can minimizes the risk of ligament/tendon reinjure during rehabilitation.

Effect of whole-body vibration on neuromuscular performance: A literature review

BACKGROUND

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a neuromuscular training method that has recently received popularity in health and fitness centers, as an additional or substitute method to conventional training and therapy, in order to improve muscle strength and power.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this review is to critically observe the effect of WBV training on neuromuscular performance in view of its ability to enhance the muscles strength, power, and flexibility; and also to investigate the influence of the different vibration characteristics (viz., method of application of vibration, frequency, and amplitude) and exercise protocols on the effect of this training.

METHOD

For this review 24 studies or articles were examined, and based on exclusion and inclusion criteria, 5 studies were finally selected; and an attempt was made to uncover the factors influencing the improvement in neuromuscular performance as a result of WBV intervention. During the review, it was considered to include and discuss as many characteristics as possible, such as, knee extension, knee flexion, counter movement jump (CMJ), squat exercise, and jumping height (JH).

RESULT

Whole-body vibration, along with additional exercise training, has a potential to induce substantial improvement in neuromuscular performance.

CONCLUSION

Whole-body vibration can bring about improvement in muscles strength, power, and flexibility. The main factors associated with the improvement in muscles performance are range of amplitude and frequency, type of vibration and its method of application, training intensity, exercise protocol, and the characteristics of the participants.

Whole Body Vibration Therapy after Ischemia Reduces Brain Damage in Reproductively Senescent Female Rats

A risk of ischemic stroke increases exponentially after menopause. Even a mild-ischemic stroke can result in increased frailty. Frailty is a state of increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes, which subsequently increases risk of cerebrovascular events and severe cognitive decline, particularly after menopause. Several interventions to reduce frailty and subsequent risk of stroke and cognitive decline have been proposed in laboratory animals and patients. One of them is whole body vibration (WBV). WBV improves cerebral function and cognitive ability that deteriorates with increased frailty. The goal of the current study is to test the efficacy of WBV in reducing post-ischemic stroke frailty and brain damage in reproductively senescent female rats. Reproductively senescent Sprague-Dawley female rats were exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and were randomly assigned to either WBV or no-WBV groups. Animals placed in the WBV group underwent 30 days of WBV (40 Hz) treatment performed twice daily for 15 min each session, 5 days each week. The motor functions of animals belonging to both groups were tested intermittently and at the end of the treatment period. Brains were then harvested for inflammatory markers and histopathological analysis. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in inflammatory markers and infarct volume with significant increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and improvement in functional activity after tMCAO in middle-aged female rats that were treated with WBV as compared to the no-WBV group. Our results may facilitate a faster translation of the WBV intervention for improved outcome after stroke, particularly among frail women.

High-Intensity Interval Training Combined With Vibration and Dietary Restriction Improves Body Composition and Blood Lipids in Obese Adults: A Randomized Trial

This study aimed to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with additional whole-body vibration (WBV) on body composition and lipid profile in obese/overweight adults on a hypocaloric diet. Forty adults were randomly assigned to (a) HIIT and vibration and hypocaloric diet (HIITWBV, n = 13), (b) HIIT and diet (HIIT, n = 14), and (c) diet only (control [CON], n = 13). High-intensity interval training WBV participants trained 3 times per week for 8 weeks (6 sets × 1 minute of HIIT, cycling at 90% heart rate peak followed by 1 minute of interset vibration, at a frequency of 18 Hz increasing until 25 Hz with a peak-to-peak displacement of 4 mm. Training volume increased 1 set every 2 weeks until 10 sets). The HIIT group performed HIIT training followed by 2 minutes of passive recovery, while the CON continued with their daily activities combined with calorie restriction. Body composition (body fat and fat-free mass) and biochemical indices (glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides) were determined. Following 8 weeks, body fat was significantly reduced by 7.5% and both triglycerides and total cholesterol decreased in the HIITWBV group only (−16.5% and −11.7% respectively). This study suggests that HIIT in combination with WBV and a hypocaloric diet can improve overall lipid profile in overweight/obese individuals.

Localized muscle vibration reverses quadriceps muscle hypotrophy and improves physical function: a clinical and electrophysiological study

Quadriceps weakness has been associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA). High-frequency localized muscle vibration (LMV) has been proposed recently for quadriceps strengthening in patients with knee OA. The purpose of this study was (a) to investigate the clinical effectiveness of high-frequency LMV on quadriceps muscle in patients with knee OA and (b) to disentangle, by means of surface electromyography (sEMG), the underlying mechanism. Thirty patients, aged between 40 and 65 years, and clinically diagnosed with knee OA were included in this randomized, controlled, single-blinded pilot study. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: a study group treated with LMV, specifically set for muscle strengthening (150 Hz), by means of a commercial device VIBRA, and a control group treated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Clinical outcome was measured using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Visual Analogue Scale, knee range of motion, Timed Up and Go test, and Stair climbing test. To assess changes in muscle activation and fatigue a subgroup of 20 patients was studied with the use of sEMG during a sustained isometric contraction. The LMV group showed a significant change in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score, Visual Analogue Scale score, Timed Up and Go test, Stair Climbing Test, and knee flexion. These improvements were not significant in patients treated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation. sEMG analysis suggested an increased involvement of type II muscle fibers in the group treated with LMV. In conclusion, the present study supports the effectiveness of local vibration in muscle function and clinical improvement of patients with knee OA.

Effects of whole-body vibration on heart rate variability: acute responses and training adaptations

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive and practical measure of cardiac autonomic nervous system function, mainly the sympathetic and parasympathetic modulations of heart rate. A low HRV has been shown to be indicative of compromised cardiovascular health. Interventions that enhance HRV are therefore beneficial to cardiovascular health. Whole-body vibration (WBV) training has been proposed as an alternative time-efficient exercise intervention for the improvement of cardiovascular health. In this review, we discuss the effect of WBV both acute and after training on HRV. WBV training appears to be a useful therapeutic intervention to improve cardiac autonomic function in different populations, mainly through decreases in sympathovagal balance. Although the mechanisms by which WBV training improves symphathovagal balance are not yet well understood; enhancement of baroreflex sensitivity, nitric oxide bioavailability and angiotensin II levels seem to play an important role.

Whole-Body-Vibration Training and Balance in Recreational Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability

CONTEXT

  Deficits in the propioceptive system of the ankle contribute to chronic ankle instability (CAI). Recently, whole-body-vibration (WBV) training has been introduced as a preventive and rehabilitative tool.

OBJECTIVE

  To evaluate how a 6-week WBV training program on an unstable surface affected balance and body composition in recreational athletes with CAI.

DESIGN

  Randomized controlled clinical trial.

SETTING

  Research laboratory.

PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS

  Fifty recreational athletes with self-reported CAI were randomly assigned to a vibration (VIB), nonvibration (NVIB), or control group.

INTERVENTION(S)

  The VIB and NVIB groups performed unilateral balance training on a BOSU 3 times weekly for 6 weeks. The VIB group trained on a vibration platform, and the NVIB group trained on the floor.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

  We assessed balance using the Biodex Balance System and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.

RESULTS

  After 6 weeks of training, improvements on the Biodex Balance System occurred only on the Overall Stability Index ( P = .01) and Anterior-Posterior Stability Index ( P = .03) in the VIB group. We observed better performance in the medial ( P = .008) and posterolateral ( P = .04) directions and composite score of the SEBT in the VIB group ( P = .01) and in the medial ( P < .001), posteromedial ( P = .002), and posterolateral ( P = .03) directions and composite score of the SEBT in the NVIB group ( P < .001). No changes in body composition were found for any of the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

  Only the VIB group showed improvements on the Biodex Balance System, whereas the VIB and NVIB groups displayed better performance on the SEBT.

Metabolic effect of bodyweight whole-body vibration in a 20-min exercise session: A crossover study using verified vibration stimulus

The ability of whole body vibration (WBV) to increase energy expenditure (EE) has been investigated to some extent in the past using short-term single exercises or sets of single exercises. However, the current practice in WBV training for fitness is based on the execution of multiple exercises during a WBV training session for a period of at least 20 min; nevertheless, very limited and inconsistent data are available on EE during long term WBV training session. This crossover study was designed to demonstrate, in an adequately powered sample of participants, the ability of WBV to increase the metabolic cost of exercise vs. no vibration over the time span of a typical WBV session for fitness (20 min). Twenty-two physically active young males exercised on a vibration platform (three identical sets of six different exercises) using an accelerometer-verified vibration stimulus in both the WBV and no vibration condition. Oxygen consumption was measured with indirect calorimetry and expressed as area under the curve (O_2(AUC)). Results showed that, in the overall 20-min training session, WBV increased both the O_2(AUC) and the estimated EE vs. no vibration by about 22% and 20%, respectively (P<0.001 for both, partial eta squared [η²] ≥0.35) as well as the metabolic equivalent of task (+5.5%, P = 0.043; η² = 0.02) and the rate of perceived exertion (+13%, P<0.001; ŋ² = 0.16). Results demonstrated that vibration is able to significantly increase the metabolic cost of exercise in a 20-min WBV training session.

The preliminary effect of whole-body vibration intervention on improving the skeletal muscle mass index, physical fitness, and quality of life among older people with sarcopenia

BACKGROUND

Studies have shown that sarcopenia easily leads to difficulty moving, disability, and poor quality of life. However, researches on the use of whole-body vibration for older adults with sarcopenia living in institutions have been lacking. Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of whole-body vibration intervention on improving the skeletal muscle mass index, physical fitness, and quality of life of older adults with sarcopenia living in institutions.

METHODS

This study adopted a quasi-experimental, single-group, pretest-posttest design. The whole-body vibration intervention was performed over a 3-month period, in which the older adults trained 3 times per week; each training lasted 60 s with a break of 30 s for 10 repetitions. The older adults' skeletal muscle mass index, physical fitness and quality of life before and after the intervention of the whole-body vibration was collected. Concerning the statistical methods adopted, nonparametric method-based tests were employed.

RESULTS

According to the results of analysis, after the intervention of the 12-week whole-body vibration, the skeletal muscle mass index (z = - 3.621, p = 0.000), physical fitness on standing on one foot (z = - 2.447, p = 0.014), shoulder-arm flexibility (z = - 3.159, p = 0.002), 8-ft up and go test (z = - 2.692, p = 0.009), hand grip strength (z = - 3.388, p = 0.009), and five repeated sit-to-stand tests (z = - 2.936, p = 0.003), all improved significantly. Furthermore, concerning the quality of life of the older adults in the pretest and posttest, the improvements were statistically significant (z = - 2.533, p = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONS

The study results showed the effect of whole-body vibration intervention on improving the skeletal muscle mass index, physical fitness, and quality of life of sarcopenic older people living in institutions and could serve as a crucial reference to health care professionals.

Effects of adding whole-body vibration to routine day activity program on physical functioning in elderly with mild or moderate dementia: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) added to a routine activity program on lower limb strength, balance, and mobility among community-dwelling individuals with mild or moderate dementia, compared with the routine program alone.

METHODS

Fifty-four older adults (40 women; mean (SD) age: 79.8 (6.1) years) with mild or moderate dementia were recruited from two daycare centers. The participants were randomly allocated to undergo a routine day activity program combined with WBV training (WBV at 30 Hz, 2-mm peak-to-peak amplitude) or the routine program only without WBV for 9 weeks (18 sessions). The primary outcome was functional mobility, measured using the timed up-and-go test. The following secondary outcomes were evaluated: Berg Balance Scale, Tinetti balance assessment, time to complete 5 repetitions of sit-to-stand, Quality of Life in Alzheimer's disease questionnaire, and Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale. The attendance rate and incidence of adverse events were also recorded.

RESULTS

The attendance rate for the training was high (86.0%). The incidence of adverse events was low, with only two of the 27 participants in the WBV group reporting mild knee pain. While significant improvement in timed up-and-go, Berg Balance Scale, and Tinetti balance score was found in both groups, none of the outcomes demonstrated a significant group by time interaction.

CONCLUSIONS

WBV training is feasible and safe to use with people with mild or moderate dementia. However, it did not lead to further improvement in physical function and quality of life than the usual activity program provided at the daycare centers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Do 6 months of whole-body vibration training improve lean mass and bone mass acquisition of adolescent swimmers?

Swimming has little effect on bone mass. Therefore, adolescent swimmers should complement their water training with a short and intense weight-bearing training, aiming to increase their bone acquisition. Forty swimmers performed a six-month whole-body vibration (WBV) training. WBV had no effect on adolescent swimmers' bone mass or lean mass.

PURPOSE

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of a whole-body vibration (WBV) intervention on bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and lean mass (LM) in adolescent swimmers.

METHODS

Forty male and female adolescent swimmers (VIB; mean age 14.2 ± 1.9 years) completed the WBV protocol that consisted of 15 min of training 3 days per week during a 6-month period (ranging from 3.6 to 11.6 g), while 23 swimmers (SWI; mean age 15.0 ± 2.2 years) continued with their regular swimming training alone. VIB were divided into tertiles according to training compliance in order to evaluate if any dose-effect relation existed. BMD, BMC and LM were measured longitudinally by dual energy X-ray at the whole body, lumbar-spine and hip.

RESULTS

No group by time interactions and no differences in change percentage were found for BMD, BMC or LM in any of the measured variables. The mean change percentage of the subtotal body (whole body minus the head) for VIB and SWI, respectively, was 2.3 vs. 2.4% for BMD, 5.7 vs 5.7% for BMC and 7.3 vs. 8.0% for lean mass. Moreover, no indication for dose-response was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed WBV protocol had no effect on BMD, BMC and LM in adolescent swimmers. Other types of training should be used in this population to improve both bone and lean mass.

The effect of whole-body vibration training on lean mass: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Whole-body vibration training (WBVT) confers a continuous vibration stimuli to the body. Although some reports have discussed the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on bone mineral density and muscle strength, study of WBV effects on lean mass have not been determined. The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to evaluate published, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of WBVT on lean mass.

METHODS

We identified only RCTs by searching databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to March 2017. Data extraction, quality assessment, and meta-analysis were performed.

RESULTS

Ten RCTs with 5 RCTs concentrating on older people, 3 on young adults, and 2 on children and adolescents were included. We additionally explored the effect of WBVT on postmenopausal women (6 trials from the 10 trials). Significant improvements in lean mass with WBVT were merely found in young adults (P = .02) but not in other populations compared to control group.

CONCLUSION

The effect of WBVT found in the present meta-analysis may be used in counteracting the loss of muscle mass in younger adults. Moreover, optimal WBVT protocols for greater muscle hypertrophy are expected to be investigated.

Effect of localised vibration on muscle strength in healthy adults: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of local vibration on muscle strength in healthy adults.

DATA SOURCES

The electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science were searched using a combination of the following keywords: vibration, vibration therapy, power, maximal voluntary contraction, performance, rate of force development and vibratory exercise. In addition, the Medical Subject Headings 'vibration', 'strength' and 'exercise' were used. The bibliographical search was limited to articles published in English.

STUDY SELECTION

Trials that evaluated the effect of localised vibration on muscle strength in healthy humans were included.

DATA EXTRACTION

Two independent evaluators verified the quality of the selected studies using the PEDro Scale and the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias. Muscle strength was calculated for each intervention.

RESULTS

In total, 29 full-text studies were assessed for eligibility. Eighteen studies did not match the inclusion criteria, and were excluded. The 11 studies included in this review had an average PEDro score of 5.36/10. Most of the studies reported significant improvements in muscle strength after the application of local vibration. There was considerable variation in the vibration training parameters and target muscle location.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of local vibration on the target muscle can enhance muscle strength in healthy adults. Further well-designed controlled studies are required to confirm the effect of local vibration training on muscle strength.

Various performance-enhancing effects from the same intensity of whole-body vibration training

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an 8-week whole-body vibration training program in various frequency and amplitude settings under the same acceleration on the strength and power of the knee extensors.

METHODS

Sixty-four young participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups with the same acceleration (4 g): high frequency and low amplitude (n = 16, 32 Hz, 1 mm) group, medium frequency and medium amplitude (n = 16, 18 Hz, 3 mm) group, low frequency and high amplitude (n = 16, 3 Hz, 114 mm) group, and control (n = 16, no vibration) group. All participants underwent 8 weeks of training with body mass dynamic squats, 3 sessions a week.

RESULTS

The results showed that the high frequency and low amplitude group increased significantly in isometric contraction strength and 120°/s isokinetic concentric contraction strength; the medium frequency and medium amplitude group increased significantly in 60°/s and 120°/s isokinetic strength of both concentric and eccentric contraction; and the low frequency and high amplitude group increased significantly in 60°/s and 120°/s isokinetic eccentric contraction strength.

CONCLUSION

All frequency and amplitude settings in the 8-week whole-body vibration training increased muscle strength, but different settings resulted in various neuromuscular adaptations despite the same intensity.

Acute and chronic neuromuscular adaptations to local vibration training

Vibratory stimuli are thought to have the potential to promote neural and/or muscular (re)conditioning. This has been well described for whole-body vibration (WBV), which is commonly used as a training method to improve strength and/or functional abilities. Yet, this technique may present some limitations, especially in clinical settings where patients are unable to maintain an active position during the vibration exposure. Thus, a local vibration (LV) technique, which consists of applying portable vibrators directly over the tendon or muscle belly without active contribution from the participant, may present an alternative to WBV. The purpose of this narrative review is (1) to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature related to the acute and chronic neuromuscular changes associated with LV, and (2) to show that LV training may be an innovative and efficient alternative method to the 'classic' training programs, including in the context of muscle deconditioning prevention or rehabilitation. An acute LV application (one bout of 20-60 min) may be considered as a significant neuromuscular workload, as demonstrated by an impairment of force generating capacity and LV-induced neural changes. Accordingly, it has been reported that a training period of LV is efficient in improving muscular performance over a wide range of training (duration, number of session) and vibration (frequency, amplitude, site of application) parameters. The functional improvements are principally triggered by adaptations within the central nervous system. A model illustrating the current research on LV-induced adaptations is provided.

Both Baseline and Change in Lower Limb Muscle Strength in Younger Women Are Independent Predictors of Balance in Middle Age: A 12-Year Population-Based Prospective Study

Poor balance is a risk factor for falls and fracture in older adults, but little is known about modifiable factors affecting balance in younger women. This study aimed to examine whether lower limb muscle strength (LMS) in young women and changes in LMS are independent predictors of balance in middle age. This was an observational 10-year follow-up of 470 women aged 25 to 44 years at baseline who had previously participated in a 2-year population-based randomized controlled trial of osteoporosis education interventions. Linear regression was used to examine the association between baseline LMS (by dynamometer) and change in LMS over 12 years with balance at 12 years (timed up and go test [TUG], step test [ST], functional reach test [FRT], and lateral reach test [LRT]). LMS declined by a mean of 17.3 kg over 12 years. After adjustment for potential confounders, baseline and change in LMS were independently beneficially associated with TUG (β = -0.008 sec/kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.01 to -0.006, and β = -0.006 sec/kg, 95% CI -0.009 to -0.003 for baseline and change, respectively), FRT (β = 0.057 cm/kg, 95% CI 0.030 to 0.084, and β = 0.071 cm/kg, 95% CI 0.042 to 0.101, respectively), and LRT (β = 0.030 cm/kg, 95% CI 0.012 to 0.049, and β = 0.022 cm/kg, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.043, respectively) 12 years later. There was an association between baseline LMS and ST (β = 0.044 steps/kg, 95% CI 0.022 to 0.067) but not between change in LMS and ST. Among young women, greater LMS at baseline and slower decline over time are both associated with better balance in midlife. Analogous to the contributions of peak bone mass and bone loss to fracture risk in older adults, this suggests that both improvement of muscle strength in younger age and prevention of age-related loss of muscle strength could be potentially useful strategies to improve balance and reduce falls in later life. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Effect of 6-weeks WBVT on the behaviour of the lower limb muscle fibres during vertical jumping

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of 6 weeks of whole body vibration training (WBVT) on body composition, muscle activity of the gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius muscle architecture (static and dynamic) and ground reaction forces (performance jump) during the take-off phase of a countermovement jump in young healthy adult males. A total of 33 men (23.31 ± 5.62 years) were randomly assigned to a whole body vibration group (experimental group, EG_WBVT: n = 17; 22.11 ± 4.97 years) or a control group (CG: n = 16; 24.5 ± 6.27 years). The total duration of the intervention phase (WBVT) was 6 weeks with a frequency of 3 sessions per week. Statistically significant differences were observed (P ≤ 0.05) between pre- and post-test in the power peak (Δ 1.91 W · kg^-1; P = 0.001), take-off velocity (0.1 cm · s^-1; P = 0.002) and jump height (Δ 0.4 cm; P = 0.002) for EG_WBVT. There were no statistically significant differences in any of the body composition and muscle architecture variables. Moreover, no significant differences were found between EG_WBVT and CG nor changes in muscle activity during take-off phase of the gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis pre- versus post-training. This study suggests that a 6-week WBVT programme with increasing intensity improves jump performance but does not alter muscle activity nor muscle architecture in healthy young men.

Comparison of 2 Multimodal Interventions With and Without Whole Body Vibration Therapy Plus Traction on Pain and Disability in Patients With Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this secondary data analysis was to compare the effect of 2 multimodal exercise-based physical therapy interventions (one with and one without whole-body vibration [WBV] therapy plus traction) on pain and disability in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP).

METHODS

We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 2 distinct samples. One sample was from the Focus on Therapeutic Outcomes Inc. (FOTO) group (n = 55, age 55.1 ± 19.0 years), and the other was the Illinois Back Institute (IBI) (n = 70, age 47.5 ± 13.4 years). Both groups of patients had NSCLBP for more than 3 months and a pain numeric rating scale (NRS) score of ≥7. Both groups received treatment consisting of flexibility or stretching exercises, core stability training, functional training, and postural exercises and strengthening exercises. However, the IBI group also received WBV plus traction. NSCLBP was measured before and after therapeutic trials using the NRS for pain and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).

RESULTS

The NRS scores were significantly improved in both groups, decreasing by 2 points in the FOTO group and by 5 points in the IBI group. The ODI scores were significantly improved in both groups; the FOTO group score improved by 9 points and the IBI group improved by 22 points.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this preliminary study suggest that NPS and ODI scores statistically improved for both NSCLBP groups receiving multimodal care. However, the group that included WBV therapy plus traction in combination with multimodal care had greater clinical results. This study had several limitations making it difficult to generalize the results from this study sample to the entire population.

Review of the Mechanisms and Effects of Noninvasive Body Contouring Devices on Cellulite and Subcutaneous Fat

CONTEXT

Today, different kinds of non-invasive body contouring modalities, including cryolipolysis, radiofrequency (RF), low-level laser therapy (LLLT), and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) are available for reducing the volume of subcutaneous adipose tissue or cellulite. Each procedure has distinct mechanisms for stimulating apoptosis or necrosis adipose tissue. In addition to the mentioned techniques, some investigations are underway for analyzing the efficacy of other techniques such as whole body vibration (WBV) and extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT). In the present review the mechanisms, effects and side effects of the mentioned methods have been discussed. The effect of these devices on cellulite or subcutaneous fat reduction has been assessed.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

We searched pubmed, google scholar and the cochrane databases for systemic reviews, review articles, meta-analysis and randomized clinical trials up to February 2015. The keywords were subcutaneous fat, cellulite, obesity, noninvasive body contouring, cryolipolysis, RF, LLLT, HIFU, ESWT and WBV with full names and abbreviations.

RESULTS

We included seven reviews and 66 original articles in the present narrative review. Most of them were applied on normal weight or overweight participants (body mass index < 30 kg/m2) in both genders with broad range of ages (18 to 50 years on average). In the original articles, the numbers of included methods were: 10 HIFU, 13 RF, 22 cryolipolysis, 11 LLLT, 5 ESWT and 4 WBV therapies. Six of the articles evaluated combination therapies and seven compared the effects of different devices.

CONCLUSIONS

Some of the noninvasive body contouring devices in animal and human studies such as cryolipolysis, RF, LLLT and HIFU showed statistical significant effects on body contouring, removing unwanted fat and cellulite in some body areas. However, the clinical effects are mild to moderate, for example 2 - 4 cm circumference reduction as a sign of subcutaneous fat reduction during total treatment sessions. Overall, there is no definitive noninvasive treatment method for cellulite. Additionally, due to the methodological differences in the existing evidence, comparing the techniques is difficult.

Whole-body vibration as a potential countermeasure for dynapenia and arterial stiffness

Age-related decreases in muscle mass and strength are associated with decreased mobility, quality of life, and increased cardiovascular risk. Coupled with the prevalence of obesity, the risk of death becomes substantially greater. Resistance training (RT) has a well-documented beneficial impact on muscle mass and strength in young and older adults, although the high-intensity needed to elicit these adaptations may have a detrimental or negligible impact on vascular function, specifically on arterial stiffness. Increased arterial stiffness is associated with systolic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and myocardial ischemia. Therefore, improvements of muscle strength and arterial function are important in older adults. Recently, whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise, a novel modality of strength training, has shown to exhibit similar results on muscle strength as RT in a wide-variety of populations, with the greatest impact in elderly individuals with limited muscle function. Additionally, WBV training has been shown to have beneficial effects on vascular function by reducing arterial stiffness. This article reviews relevant publications reporting the effects of WBV on muscle strength and/or arterial stiffness. Findings from current studies suggest the use of WBV training as an alternative modality to traditional RT to countermeasure the age-related detriments in muscle strength and arterial stiffness in older adults.

Acute effects of whole-body vibration with resistance exercise on postexercise blood pressure and oxygen consumption in prehypertensive adults

Background/Objective

Research on the acute health effects of whole-body vibration with resistance exercise (WBV + RE) for clinical populations is limited. This randomized crossover trial evaluated postexercise hypotension and excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in response to three conditions: WBV + RE, RE alone, and control (CON) in 11 prehypertensive (systolic/diastolic blood pressure: 120-139/80-89 mmHg) adults.

Methods

Following a 12-hour fast with no exercise for the previous 24 hours, resting VO₂ and blood pressure (BP) were measured. WBV + RE was performed while standing barefoot on a vibration platform (Pneumex Pro-Vibe) and lifting a bar of 10% body weight. Fifteen repetitions of nine exercises were performed using a 1-minute-to-30-second exercise:rest ratio. RE was identical to WBV + RE but without vibration. During CON, participants remained seated for 15 minutes. Following exercise, VO₂ was measured continuously and BP every 15 minutes for 3 hours.

Results

Postexercise hypotension and EPOC were significantly different for WBV + RE compared with RE and CON (p <0.001). Postexercise systolic BP was significantly lower for WBV + RE as compared with RE or CON, while diastolic BP was lower for both WBV + RE and RE compared with CON (p < 0.001; WBV + RE: 124 ± 2/72 ± 6 mmHg; RE: 126 ± 2/71 ± 6 mmHg; CON: 128 ± 2/73 ± 6 mmHg). EPOC was significantly (p < 0.001) higher at 15 minutes postexercise for WBV + RE as compared with RE.

Conclusion

Compared with RE alone, a single bout of WBV + RE resulted in a greater postexercise hypotension response and higher EPOC.