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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Baker JS, Davison GW, Yan X. Redox signaling and skeletal muscle adaptation during aerobic exercise. iScience 2024; 27:109643. [PMID: 38650987 PMCID: PMC11033207 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox regulation is a fundamental physiological phenomenon related to oxygen-dependent metabolism, and skeletal muscle is mainly regarded as a primary site for oxidative phosphorylation. Several studies have revealed the importance of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in the signaling process relating to muscle adaptation during exercise. To date, improving knowledge of redox signaling in modulating exercise adaptation has been the subject of comprehensive work and scientific inquiry. The primary aim of this review is to elucidate the molecular and biochemical pathways aligned to RONS as activators of skeletal muscle adaptation and to further identify the interconnecting mechanisms controlling redox balance. We also discuss the RONS-mediated pathways during the muscle adaptive process, including mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle remodeling, vascular angiogenesis, neuron regeneration, and the role of exogenous antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingsong Zhou
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Wealth Management, Ningbo University of Finance and Economics, Ningbo, China
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Gareth W. Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast BT15 IED, UK
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Juan CG, Matchett KB, Davison GW. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the SIRT1 response to exercise. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14752. [PMID: 37679377 PMCID: PMC10485048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a key physiological regulator of metabolism and a target of therapeutic interventions for cardiometabolic and ageing-related disorders. Determining the factors and possible mechanisms of acute and adaptive SIRT1 response to exercise is essential for optimising exercise interventions aligned to the prevention and onset of disease. Exercise-induced SIRT1 upregulation has been reported in animals, but, to date, data in humans have been inconsistent. This exploratory systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess various exercise interventions measuring SIRT1 in healthy participants. A total of 34 studies were included in the meta-analysis (13 single bout exercise, 21 training interventions). Studies were grouped according to tissue sample type (blood, muscle), biomarkers (gene expression, protein content, enzyme level, enzyme activity), and exercise protocols. A single bout of high-intensity or fasted exercise per se increases skeletal muscle SIRT1 gene expression as measured by qPCR or RT-PCR, while repeated resistance training alone increases blood SIRT1 levels measured by ELISA. A limited number of studies also show a propensity for an increase in muscle SIRT1 activity as measured by fluorometric or sirtuin activity assay. In conclusion, exercise acutely upregulates muscle SIRT1 gene expression and chronically increases SIRT1 blood enzyme levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Gallardo Juan
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, BT15 1AP, UK.
| | - Kyle B Matchett
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry, BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, BT15 1AP, UK
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Wang Y, Chen X, Baker JS, Davison GW, Xu S, Zhou Y, Bao X. Astaxanthin promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant capacity in chronic high-intensity interval training. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1453-1466. [PMID: 36650315 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are required for exercise-induced molecular adaptations; however, excessive exercise may cause cellular oxidative distress. We postulate that astaxanthin (ASX) can neutralize oxidative distress and stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in high-intensity exercise-trained mice. METHODS Six-week-old mice (n = 8/group) were treated with ASX (10 mg/kg BW) or placebo. Training groups participated in 30 min/day high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for 6 weeks. Gastrocnemius muscle was collected and assayed following the exercise training period. RESULTS Compared to the HIIT control mice, the ASX-treated HIIT mice reduced malonaldehyde levels and upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and FOXO3a. Meanwhile, the genes NQO1 and GCLC, modulated by Nrf2, and SOD2, regulated by FOXO3a, and GPx4, were transcriptionally upregulated in the ASX-treated HIIT group. Meanwhile, the expression of energy sensors, AMPK, SIRT1, and SIRT3, increased in the ASX-treated HIIT group compared to the HIIT control group. Additionally, PGC-1α, regulated by AMPK and SIRT1, was upregulated in the ASX-treated HIIT group. Further, the increased PGC-1α stimulated the transcript of NRF1 and Tfam and mitochondrial proteins IDH2 and ATP50. Finally, the ASX-treated HIIT mice had upregulations in the transcript level of mitochondrial fusion factors, including Mfn1, Mfn2, and OPA1. However, the protein level of AMPK, SIRT1, and FOXO3a, and the transcript level of Nrf2, NQO1, PGC-1α, NRF1, Mfn1, Mfn2, and OPA1 decreased in the HIIT control group compared to the sedentary control group. CONCLUSION Supplementation with ASX can reduce oxidative stress and promote antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial biogenesis during strenuous HIIT exercise in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Julien S Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, 999077, HK, People's Republic of China
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, BT37 0QB, UK
| | - Shujun Xu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingsong Zhou
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Global Health, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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McClean C, Davison GW. Circadian Clocks, Redox Homeostasis, and Exercise: Time to Connect the Dots? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020256. [PMID: 35204138 PMCID: PMC8868136 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling research has documented how the circadian system is essential for the maintenance of several key biological processes including homeostasis, cardiovascular control, and glucose metabolism. Circadian clock disruptions, or losses of rhythmicity, have been implicated in the development of several diseases, premature ageing, and are regarded as health risks. Redox reactions involving reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) regulate several physiological functions such as cell signalling and the immune response. However, oxidative stress is associated with the pathological effects of RONS, resulting in a loss of cell signalling and damaging modifications to important molecules such as DNA. Direct connections have been established between circadian rhythms and oxidative stress on the basis that disruptions to circadian rhythms can affect redox biology, and vice versa, in a bi-directional relationship. For instance, the expression and activity of several key antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and CAT) appear to follow circadian patterns. Consequently, the ability to unravel these interactions has opened an exciting area of redox biology. Exercise exerts numerous benefits to health and, as a potent environmental cue, has the capacity to adjust disrupted circadian systems. In fact, the response to a given exercise stimulus may also exhibit circadian variation. At the same time, the relationship between exercise, RONS, and oxidative stress has also been scrutinised, whereby it is clear that exercise-induced RONS can elicit both helpful and potentially harmful health effects that are dependent on the type, intensity, and duration of exercise. To date, it appears that the emerging interface between circadian rhythmicity and oxidative stress/redox metabolism has not been explored in relation to exercise. This review aims to summarise the evidence supporting the conceptual link between the circadian clock, oxidative stress/redox homeostasis, and exercise stimuli. We believe carefully designed investigations of this nexus are required, which could be harnessed to tackle theories concerned with, for example, the existence of an optimal time to exercise to accrue physiological benefits.
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Davison GW, McClean C. Select DNA Replication And Repair Genes Are Transcriptionally Modified By Acute Exercise In Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000763572.56210.ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to rise globally. Yet the aetiology and pathophysiology of this noncommunicable, polygenic disease, is poorly understood. Lifestyle factors, such as poor dietary intake, lack of exercise, and abnormal glycaemia, are purported to play a role in disease onset and progression, and these environmental factors may disrupt specific epigenetic mechanisms, leading to a reprogramming of gene transcription. The hyperglycaemic cell per se, alters epigenetics through chemical modifications to DNA and histones via metabolic intermediates such as succinate, α-ketoglutarate and O-GlcNAc. To illustrate, α-ketoglutarate is considered a salient co-factor in the activation of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenases, which drives DNA demethylation. On the contrary, succinate and other mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, inhibit TET activity predisposing to a state of hypermethylation. Hyperglycaemia depletes intracellular ascorbic acid, and damages DNA by enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); this compromised cell milieu exacerbates the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine alongside a destabilisation of TET. These metabolic connections may regulate DNA methylation, affecting gene transcription and pancreatic islet β-cell function in T2DM. This complex interrelationship between metabolism and epigenetic alterations may provide a conceptual foundation for understanding how pathologic stimuli modify and control the intricacies of T2DM. As such, this narrative review will comprehensively evaluate and detail the interplay between metabolism and epigenetic modifications in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Davison
- Ulster University, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Rachelle E Irwin
- Ulster University, Genomic Medicine Research Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Colum P Walsh
- Ulster University, Genomic Medicine Research Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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Thompson G, Wilson IM, Davison GW, Crawford J, Hughes CM. "Why would you not listen? It is like being given the winning lottery numbers and deciding not to take them": semi-structured interviews with post-acute myocardial infarction patients and their significant others exploring factors that influence participation in cardiac rehabilitation and long-term exercise training. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:4750-4760. [PMID: 33961501 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1919213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the clinical benefits, coronary artery disease patient participation rates in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and long-term exercise are poor. This study explored the factors related to participation in these interventions from the perspectives of post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients and their significant others. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were performed with post-AMI patients (number (n) = 10) and their significant others (n = 10) following phase-III and phase-IV CR. Reflexive thematic analysis with an inductive orientation was utilised to identify themes within the dataset (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03907293). RESULTS The overarching theme of the data was a perceived need to improve health, with the participants viewing health benefits as the principal motive for participating in CR and long-term exercise training. Three further themes were identified: motivation, extrinsic influences, and CR experience. These themes captured the underlying elements of the participants' decision to take part in CR and long-term exercise training for the purpose of health improvements. CONCLUSION An AMI collectively impacts the attitudes and beliefs of patients and their significant others in relation to CR participation, long-term exercise, and health. The factors identified in this study may inform strategies to promote patient enrollment in CR and adherence to long-term exercise.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONPost-AMI patients and their significant others reported that health benefits were the primary motive for participating in CR and long-term exercise, with aspects related to motivation, extrinsic influences, and CR experience underpinning the decision.Healthcare professionals should supply information about health benefits during the CR referral process, with insights into the experiences of CR graduates potentially improving the strength of recommendation.CR facilitators may promote long-term exercise adherence by assisting patients with the identification of an enjoyable exercise modality.Healthcare professionals should include significant others in the CR referral process, which may enable these individuals to support the patients' decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Thompson
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Iseult M Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Jacqui Crawford
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Ciara M Hughes
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
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Williamson J, Hughes CM, Cobley JN, Davison GW. The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ, attenuates exercise-induced mitochondrial DNA damage. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101673. [PMID: 32810739 PMCID: PMC7452004 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercise damages mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in skeletal muscle. Whether MitoQ - a redox active mitochondrial targeted quinone - can reduce exercise-induced mtDNA damage is unknown. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design, twenty-four healthy male participants consisting of two groups (placebo; n = 12, MitoQ; n = 12) performed an exercise trial of 4 x 4-min bouts at 90–95% of heart rate max. Participants completed an acute (20 mg MitoQ or placebo 1-h pre-exercise) and chronic (21 days of supplementation) phase. Blood and skeletal muscle were sampled immediately pre- and post-exercise and analysed for nuclear and mtDNA damage, lipid hydroperoxides, lipid soluble antioxidants, and the ascorbyl free radical. Exercise significantly increased nuclear and mtDNA damage across lymphocytes and muscle (P < 0.05), which was accompanied with changes in lipid hydroperoxides, ascorbyl free radical, and α-tocopherol (P < 0.05). Acute MitoQ treatment failed to impact any biomarker likely due to insufficient initial bioavailability. However, chronic MitoQ treatment attenuated nuclear (P < 0.05) and mtDNA damage in lymphocytes and muscle tissue (P < 0.05). Our work is the first to show a protective effect of chronic MitoQ supplementation on the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in lymphocytes and human muscle tissue following exercise, which is important for genome stability. Exercise damages mitochondrial DNA in lymphocytes and muscle tissue. Acute MitoQ ingestion has no impact on biomarkers of oxidative stress. Chronic MitoQ supplementation protects mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Williamson
- Ulster University, Sport and Exercise Research Institute, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ciara M Hughes
- Ulster University, Nursing and Health Research Institute, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - James N Cobley
- Free Radical Research Group, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Sciences, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Ulster University, Sport and Exercise Research Institute, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Cousins L, Davison GW, O’Donnell ME. Social Media and Online Surgical Education: A Content Analysis and Descriptive Study on Quality of Vascular Surgery Information Available on YouTube®. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Williamson J, Hughes CM, Burke G, Davison GW. A combined γ-H2AX and 53BP1 approach to determine the DNA damage-repair response to exercise in hypoxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 154:9-17. [PMID: 32360611 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the interplay between exercise and hypoxia in relation to the DNA damage-repair response; with specific interest to DNA double strand damage. Following two V̇O2max tests, 14 healthy, male participants completed two exercise trials (hypoxia; 12% FiO2, normoxia; 20.9% FiO2) consisting of cycling for 30-min at 80-85% of V̇O2max relative to the environmental condition. Blood was sampled pre-, immediately post-, 2-, and 4-h post-exercise with additional blood cultured in vitro for 24-, 48-, and 72-h following the experimental trial. Samples were analysed for single- and double-strand DNA damage, FPG-sensitive sites, lipid hydroperoxides, lipid soluble antioxidants, and the ascorbyl free radical quantified by EPR. Exercise increased single strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites (P < 0.05) which was exacerbated following hypoxia (P = 0.02) and a similar increase in DNA double strand breaks occurred as a result of hypoxia per se (P < 0.000). With respect to the DNA damage-repair response, single strand breaks, FPG-sensitive sites, and double strand lesions were fully repaired by the 4- (in vivo), 24-, and 48-h (in vitro) time-points respectively. Changes in lipid hydroperoxides (P = 0.001), the ascorbyl free radical (P = 0.02), and lipid soluble antioxidants (P > 0.05), were also observed following exercise in hypoxia. These findings highlight significant single- and double strand DNA damage and oxidative stress as a function of high-intensity exercise, which is substantially exacerbated in hypoxia and may be attributed to multiple mechanisms of ROS generation. In addition, full repair of DNA damage (SSB, DSB, and FPG-sensitive sites) was observed within 24- and 48-h of normoxic and hypoxic exercise, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Williamson
- Ulster University, Sport and Exercise Research Institute, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Ciara M Hughes
- Ulster University, Nursing and Health Research Institute, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - George Burke
- Ulster University, Engineering Research Institute, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Ulster University, Sport and Exercise Research Institute, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Davison GW, Vinaxia M, McGovern R, Novials A, Correig X, McClean C. The Superoxide Scavenger And Antioxidant, L-Propionyl-carnitine, Is Metabolically Enhanced Following Exercise In Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000687320.99053.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Thompson G, Davison GW, Crawford J, Hughes CM. Exercise and inflammation in coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:814-826. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1735684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Thompson
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, County Antrim
| | - Gareth W. Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, County Antrim
| | - Jacqui Crawford
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, County Antrim
| | - Ciara M. Hughes
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, County Antrim
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is widely recognised for its health enhancing benefits. Despite this, an overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), outstripping antioxidant defence mechanisms, can lead to a state of (chronic) oxidative stress. DNA is a vulnerable target of RONS attack and, if left unrepaired, DNA damage may cause genetic instability. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to systematically investigate and assess the overall effect of studies reporting DNA damage following acute aerobic exercise. METHODS Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched until April 2019. Outcomes included (1) multiple time-points (TPs) of measuring DNA damage post-exercise, (2) two different quantification methods (comet assay and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine; 8-OHdG), and (3) protocols of high intensity (≥ 75% of maximum rate of oxygen consumption; VO2-max) and long distance (≥ 42 km). RESULTS Literature search identified 4316 non-duplicate records of which 35 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The evidence was strong, showcasing an increase in DNA damage immediately following acute aerobic exercise with a large-effect size at TP 0 (0 h) (SMD = 0.875; 95% CI 0.5, 1.25; p < 0.05). When comparing between comet assay and 8-OHdG at TP 0, a significant difference was observed only when using the comet assay. Finally, when isolating protocols of long-distance and high-intensity exercise, increased DNA damage was only observed in the latter. (SMD = 0.48; 95% CI - 0.16, 1.03; p = 0.15 and SMD = 1.18; 95% CI 0.71, 1.65; p < 0.05 respectively). CONCLUSIONS A substantial increase in DNA damage occurs immediately following acute aerobic exercise. This increase remains significant between 2 h and 1 day, but not within 5-28 days post-exercise. Such an increase was not observed in protocols of a long-distance. The relationship between exercise and DNA damage may be explained through the hormesis theory, which is somewhat one-dimensional, and thus limited. The hormesis theory describes how exercise modulates any advantageous or harmful effects mediated through RONS, by increasing DNA oxidation between the two end-points of the curve: physical inactivity and overtraining. We propose a more intricate approach to explain this relationship: a multi-dimensional model, to develop a better understanding of the complexity of the relationship between DNA integrity and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina V Tryfidou
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Conor McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Abstract
Page 17, Fig. 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina V Tryfidou
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Conor McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Tucker MA, Fox BM, Seigler N, Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Looney J, Thomas J, McKie KT, Forseen C, Davison GW, Harris RA. Endothelial Dysfunction in Cystic Fibrosis: Role of Oxidative Stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019; 2019:1629638. [PMID: 31320980 PMCID: PMC6607715 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1629638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and vascular endothelial dysfunction are established characteristics of cystic fibrosis (CF). Oxidative stress may contribute to vascular dysfunction via inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Purpose. To determine if ingestion of a single antioxidant cocktail (AOC) improves vascular endothelial function in patients with CF. Methods. In 18 patients with CF (age 8-39 y), brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed using a Doppler ultrasound prior to and two hours following either an AOC (n = 18; 1,000 mg vitamin C, 600 IU vitamin E, and 600 mg α-lipoic acid) or a placebo (n = 9). In a subgroup of patients (n = 9), changes in serum concentrations of α-tocopherol and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) were assessed following AOC and placebo. Results. A significant (p = 0.032) increase in FMD was observed following AOC (Δ1.9 ± 3.3%), compared to no change following placebo (Δ - 0.8 ± 1.9%). Moreover, compared with placebo, AOC prevented the decrease in α-tocopherol (Δ0.48 ± 2.91 vs. -1.98 ± 2.32 μM, p = 0.024) and tended to decrease LOOH (Δ - 0.2 ± 0.1 vs. 0.1 ± 0.1 μM, p = 0.063). Conclusions. These data demonstrate that ingestion of an antioxidant cocktail can improve vascular endothelial function and improve oxidative stress in patients with CF, providing evidence that oxidative stress is a key contributor to vascular endothelial dysfunction in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Tucker
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brandon M. Fox
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nichole Seigler
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Paula Rodriguez-Miguelez
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob Looney
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Thomas
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Caralee Forseen
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Gareth W. Davison
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, UK
| | - Ryan A. Harris
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, UK
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McClean CM, Brown M, Murphy MH, Davison GW. One-hour Of Moderate Intensity Exercise Does Not Attenuate DNA Single Strand Breaks And Base Oxidation Following High-fat Meal Consumption. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000562649.85564.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brown M, McClean CM, Davison GW, Brown JCW, Murphy MH. Preceding exercise and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia: effects on lymphocyte cell DNA damage and vascular inflammation. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:125. [PMID: 31138221 PMCID: PMC6540450 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise has proved effective in attenuating the unfavourable response normally associated with postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (PHTG) and accompanying oxidative stress. Yet, the acute effects of prior exercise and PHTG on DNA damage remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine if walking alters PHTG-induced oxidative damage and the interrelated inflammatory mechanisms. Methods Twelve apparently healthy, recreationally active, male participants (22.4 ± 4.1 years; 179.2 ± 6 cm; 84.2 ± 14.7 kg; 51.3 ± 8.6 ml·kg− 1·min− 1) completed a randomised, crossover study consisting of two trials: (1) a high-fat meal alone (resting control) or (2) a high-fat meal immediately following 1 h of moderate exercise (65% maximal heart rate). Venous blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately post-exercise or rest, as well as at 2, 4 and 6 h post-meal. Biomarkers of oxidative damage (DNA single-strand breaks, lipid peroxidation and free radical metabolism) and inflammation were determined using conventional biochemistry techniques. Results DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, free radical metabolism and triglycerides increased postprandially (main effect for time, p < 0.05), regardless of completing 1 h of preceding moderate intensity exercise. Plasma antioxidants (α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol) also mobilised in response to the high-fat meal (main effect for time, p < 0.05), but no changes were detected for retinol-binding protein-4. Conclusion The ingestion of a high fat meal induces postprandial oxidative stress, inflammation and a rise in DNA damage that remains unaltered by one hour of preceding exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Brown
- Sport & Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB. .,School of Nursing & Midwifery, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL.
| | - Conor M McClean
- Sport & Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport & Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB
| | - John C W Brown
- Sport & Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB
| | - Marie H Murphy
- Sport & Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT37 0QB
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19
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Leeder JDC, Godfrey M, Gibbon D, Gaze D, Davison GW, Van Someren KA, Howatson G. Cold water immersion improves recovery of sprint speed following a simulated tournament. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1166-1174. [PMID: 30957673 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1585478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is a common requirement in tournament scenarios for athletes to compete multiple times in a relatively short time period, with insufficient recovery time not allowing full restoration of physical performance. This study aimed to develop a greater understanding of the physiological stress experienced by athletes in a tournament scenario, and how a commonly used recovery strategy, cold water immersion (CWI), might influence these markers. Twenty-one trained male games players (age 19 ± 2; body mass 78.0 ± 8.8 kg) were randomised into a CWI group (n = 11) or a control group (n = 10). To simulate a tournament, participants completed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) on three occasions in five days. Recovery was assessed at specific time points using markers of sprint performance, muscle function, muscle soreness and biochemical markers of damage (creatine kinase, CK), inflammation (IL-6 and C-Reactive Protein) and oxidative stress (lipid hydroperoxides and activity of 6 lipid-soluble antioxidants). The simulated tournament was associated with perturbations in some, but not all, markers of physiological stress and recovery. Cold water immersion was associated with improved recovery of sprint speed 24 h after the final LIST (ES = 0.83 ± 0.59; p = .034) and attenuated the efflux of CK pre- and post-LIST 3 (p < .01). The tournament scenario resulted in an escalation of physiological stress that, in the main, cold water immersion was ineffective at managing. These data suggest that CWI is not harmful, and provides limited benefits in attenuating the deleterious effects experienced during tournament scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D C Leeder
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK.,English Institute of Sport , London , UK
| | - Matthew Godfrey
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Daniel Gibbon
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - David Gaze
- Biomedical Sciences, Westminster University , London , UK
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster , Belfast , UK
| | - Ken A Van Someren
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK.,Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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20
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Jackman JS, Bell PG, Gill S, van Someren K, Davison GW, Cockburn E. Assessing the usefulness of acute physiological responses following resistance exercise: sensitivity, magnitude of change, and time course of measures. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:309-319. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A variety of strategies exist to modulate the acute physiological responses following resistance exercise aimed at enhancing recovery and/or adaptation processes. To assess the true impact of these strategies, it is important to know the ability of different measures to detect meaningful change. We investigated the sensitivity of measures used to quantify acute physiological responses to resistance exercise and constructed a physiological profile to characterise the magnitude of change and the time course of these responses. Eight males accustomed to regular resistance exercise performed experimental sessions during a “control week”, void of an exercise stimulus. The following week, termed the “exercise week”, participants repeated this sequence of experimental sessions, and they also performed a bout of lower-limb resistance exercise following the baseline assessments. Assessments were conducted at baseline and at 2, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after the intervention. On the basis of the signal-to-noise ratio, the most sensitive measures were maximal voluntary isometric contraction, 20-m sprint, countermovement jump peak force, rate of force development (100–200 ms), muscle soreness, Daily Analysis Of Life Demands For Athletes part B, limb girth, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukin-6, creatine kinase, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with ratios >1.5. Clear changes in these measures following resistance exercise were determined via magnitude-based inferences. These findings highlight measures that can detect real changes in acute physiological responses following resistance exercise in trained individuals. Researchers investigating strategies to manipulate acute physiological responses for recovery and/or adaptation can use these measures, as well as the recommended sampling points, to be confident that their interventions are making a worthwhile impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip G. Bell
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Simone Gill
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UR, UK
| | - Ken van Someren
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Gareth W. Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Ulster BT37 0QB, UK
| | - Emma Cockburn
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
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21
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Jeong JH, Lee N, Tucker MA, Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Looney J, Thomas J, Derella CC, El-Marakby A, Musall JB, Sullivan JC, McKie KT, Forseen C, Davison GW, Harris RA. Tetrahydrobiopterin improves endothelial function in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:60-66. [PMID: 30433862 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00629.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a major role in maintaining vascular function, and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a critical determinant of NO bioavailability. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oral administration of BH4 on endothelial function in patients with CF. Twenty-nine patients with CF (18 ± 8 yr old) and 29 healthy matched controls were recruited. Patients with CF participated in a randomized trial where they received a 5 mg/kg dose of oral BH4 (BH4-5; n = 17) or a 20 mg/kg dose of oral BH4 (BH4-20; n = 12). On a separate visit, a subset of patients from each group was retested following a placebo (PLC; n = 9). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was used to evaluate vascular endothelial function, and a plasma sample was obtained before and 3 h after treatment. Cultured endothelial cells were treated with plasma to assess NO bioavailability. Baseline FMD was lower in patients compared with controls (5.7 ± 3.4 vs. 8.4 ± 3.5%, respectively, P = 0.005). No change in FMD was observed following PLC or BH4-5 (∆FMD: -0.8 ± 1.9% and -0.5 ± 2.5%; P = 0.273 and 0.132, respectively). Treatment with BH4-20, however, resulted in significant improvements in FMD (∆FMD: 1.1 ± 1.4%) compared with BH4-5 ( P = 0.023) and PLC ( P = 0.017). Moreover, BH4-20 significantly decreased endothelial cell superoxide production and increased NO production. These data suggest that a single oral dose of BH4 at 20 mg/kg improves vascular endothelial function in patients with CF, likely via increased endothelial NO synthase coupling. These findings support the hypothesis that loss of BH4 bioactivity contributes, in part, to endothelial dysfunction in patients with CF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, the present study documents that a single dose of oral BH4 can improve vascular endothelial function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), and our in vitro data suggest this is via decreasing uncoupled nitric oxide. These data provide insight into the important role of BH4 bioactivity in vascular dysfunction and provide the foundation for further investigation into the chronic effects of BH4 treatment in patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Jeong
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Nichole Lee
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Matthew A Tucker
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Paula Rodriguez-Miguelez
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jacob Looney
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey Thomas
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Casandra C Derella
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ahmed El-Marakby
- Department of Oral Biology and Pharmacology, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - Caralee Forseen
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan A Harris
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University , Augusta, Georgia
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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22
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Nevill AM, Williams AM, Boreham C, Wallace ES, Davison GW, Abt G, Lane AM, Winter EM. Can we trust "Magnitude-based inference"? J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2769-2770. [PMID: 30392465 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1516004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Sañudo B, Muñoz T, Davison GW, Lopez-Lluch G, Del Pozo-Cruz J. High-Intensity Interval Training Combined With Vibration and Dietary Restriction Improves Body Composition and Blood Lipids in Obese Adults: A Randomized Trial. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818797015. [PMID: 30202251 PMCID: PMC6125858 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818797015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with additional whole-body vibration (WBV) on body composition and lipid profile in obese/overweight adults on a hypocaloric diet. Forty adults were randomly assigned to (a) HIIT and vibration and hypocaloric diet (HIITWBV, n = 13), (b) HIIT and diet (HIIT, n = 14), and (c) diet only (control [CON], n = 13). High-intensity interval training WBV participants trained 3 times per week for 8 weeks (6 sets × 1 minute of HIIT, cycling at 90% heart rate peak followed by 1 minute of interset vibration, at a frequency of 18 Hz increasing until 25 Hz with a peak-to-peak displacement of 4 mm. Training volume increased 1 set every 2 weeks until 10 sets). The HIIT group performed HIIT training followed by 2 minutes of passive recovery, while the CON continued with their daily activities combined with calorie restriction. Body composition (body fat and fat-free mass) and biochemical indices (glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides) were determined. Following 8 weeks, body fat was significantly reduced by 7.5% and both triglycerides and total cholesterol decreased in the HIITWBV group only (−16.5% and −11.7% respectively). This study suggests that HIIT in combination with WBV and a hypocaloric diet can improve overall lipid profile in overweight/obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Tamara Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Ulster, Ireland
| | - Guillermo Lopez-Lluch
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesus Del Pozo-Cruz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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24
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Brown M, McClean CM, Davison GW, Brown JCW, Murphy MH. The acute effects of walking exercise intensity on systemic cytokines and oxidative stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2111-2120. [PMID: 30008038 PMCID: PMC6153601 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Oxidative stress is associated with tissue cytokine secretion although the precise mechanism(s) underpinning this relationship during high intensity intermittent exercise remains unclear. This study investigates the acute response to a bout of high intensity intermittent walking (HIIW), compared to continuous moderate intensity walking (CMW), on various cytokines and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Methods Seventeen (n = 17) apparently healthy male participants (aged 22.6 ± 4.6 years; \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \max$$\end{document}V˙O2max: 53.7 ± 7.1 ml kg−1 min−1) undertook a randomised crossover study consisting of two exercise trials: (1) HIIW requiring 3 × 5 min bursts at 80% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \max$$\end{document}V˙O2max (each separated by 5 min of walking at 30% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \max$$\end{document}V˙O2max) and (2) CMW (60% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \max$$\end{document}V˙O2max for 30 min). Each trial was separated by 7 days. Venous blood samples were obtained pre-exercise, post-exercise and at 2, 4, 24 and 48 h post-exercise for determination of systemic inflammation (IL-6 and TNF-α), lipid soluble antioxidants and oxidative stress (LOOH, H2O2 and the ascorbyl free radical). Results Both IL-6 and TNF-α increased immediately post exercise, regardless of intensity and remained elevated until at least 4 h (main effect for time; p < 0.05). While there was no change in either lipid peroxidation or free radical metabolism (Asc· and H2O2), α-tocopherol increased (pooled HIIW and CMW, p < 0.05), whereas lycopene decreased at 2 h post HIIW (p < 0.05). Conclusion Bouts of both HIIW and CMW promote cytokine secretion post exercise, and this seems to be independent of oxidative stress. Further investigation is required to assess how such changes may underpin some of the transient health benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Brown
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK. .,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Conor M McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - John C W Brown
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Marie H Murphy
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
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25
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Rose GA, Davies RG, Davison GW, Adams RA, Williams IM, Lewis MH, Appadurai IR, Bailey DM. The cardiopulmonary exercise test grey zone; optimising fitness stratification by application of critical difference. Br J Anaesth 2018; 120:1187-1194. [PMID: 29793585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness can inform patient care, although to what extent natural variation in CRF influences clinical practice remains to be established. We calculated natural variation for cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) metrics, which may have implications for fitness stratification. METHODS In a two-armed experiment, critical difference comprising analytical imprecision and biological variation was calculated for cardiorespiratory fitness and thus defined the magnitude of change required to claim a clinically meaningful change. This metric was retrospectively applied to 213 patients scheduled for colorectal surgery. These patients underwent CPET and the potential for misclassification of fitness was calculated. We created a model with boundaries inclusive of natural variation [critical difference applied to oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (V˙O2-AT): 11 ml O2 kg-1 min-1, peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2 peak): 16 ml O2 kg-1 min-1, and ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide at AT (V̇E/V̇CO2-AT): 36]. RESULTS The critical difference for V˙O2-AT, V˙O2 peak, and V˙E/V˙CO2-AT was 19%, 13%, and 10%, respectively, resulting in false negative and false positive rates of up to 28% and 32% for unfit patients. Our model identified boundaries for unfit and fit patients: AT <9.2 and ≥13.6 ml O2 kg-1 min-1, V˙O2 peak <14.2 and ≥18.3 ml kg-1 min-1, V˙E/V˙CO2-AT ≥40.1 and <32.7, between which an area of indeterminate-fitness was established. With natural variation considered, up to 60% of patients presented with indeterminate-fitness. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a reappraisal of current clinical interpretation of cardiorespiratory fitness highlighting the potential for incorrect fitness stratification when natural variation is not accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Rose
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK.
| | - R G Davies
- Department of Anaesthetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - G W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, NI, UK
| | - R A Adams
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - I M Williams
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - M H Lewis
- Department of Surgery, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Llantrisant, UK
| | - I R Appadurai
- Department of Anaesthetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - D M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK.
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26
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Cobley JN, Close GL, Bailey DM, Davison GW. Exercise redox biochemistry: Conceptual, methodological and technical recommendations. Redox Biol 2017; 12:540-548. [PMID: 28371751 PMCID: PMC5377294 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise redox biochemistry is of considerable interest owing to its translational value in health and disease. However, unaddressed conceptual, methodological and technical issues complicate attempts to unravel how exercise alters redox homeostasis in health and disease. Conceptual issues relate to misunderstandings that arise when the chemical heterogeneity of redox biology is disregarded: which often complicates attempts to use redox-active compounds and assess redox signalling. Further, that oxidised macromolecule adduct levels reflect formation and repair is seldom considered. Methodological and technical issues relate to the use of out-dated assays and/or inappropriate sample preparation techniques that confound biochemical redox analysis. After considering each of the aforementioned issues, we outline how each issue can be resolved and provide a unifying set of recommendations. We specifically recommend that investigators: consider chemical heterogeneity, use redox-active compounds judiciously, abandon flawed assays, carefully prepare samples and assay buffers, consider repair/metabolism, use multiple biomarkers to assess oxidative damage and redox signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Cobley
- Department for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, 40 Bell Street, Dundee, Scotland DD1 1HG, UK.
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool, England L3 3AF, UK
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Wales, CF37 4AT, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Reichwald Health Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, BT37 OQB, UK
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27
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Shah Y, Bass L, Davison GW, Seigler N, Pollock JS, Thomas J, Harris RA. BH4 improves postprandial endothelial function after a high-fat meal in men and postmenopausal women. Menopause 2017; 24:555-562. [PMID: 28002202 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The timing and duration of menopause is important when evaluating the risk for cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women, likely related in part to nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. The flow-mediated dilation (FMD) test is a noninvasive assessment of NO bioavailability in humans, and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is essential for NO synthesis. A high-fat meal (HFM) has been used to increase lipemia and reduce NO bioavailability. Thus, this study sought to determine if menopausal transition has any impact on the postprandial endothelial function response to a HFM, and evaluate the effect of BH4 on postprandial endothelial function in postmenopausal women and men. METHODS Utilizing a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, sex-steroid hormones and FMD were determined in 30 older adults (10 postmenopausal women aged below 3 y [W < 3], 10 postmenopausal women aged above 10 y [W > 10], and 10 men) at baseline and 4 hours after the ingestion of a HFM alone or a HFM with BH4 (HFM + BH4; 5 mg/kg). RESULTS Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Independent of treatment, postprandial testosterone was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in men (-64 ± 11 ng/dL), whereas no changes were observed in W < 3 or W > 10 group. In addition, concentrations of progesterone were higher (P = 0.019) and the testosterone/estradiol ratio was lower (P = 0.026) in all groups after the ingestion of HFM + BH4 compared with the ingestion of HFM alone. Overall, an increase in FMD was observed after the ingestion of HFM + BH4 (Δ1.9% ± 0.6%), whereas no change in FMD was observed after the ingestion of HFM alone (Δ-0.7% ± 0.6%). CONCLUSIONS Co-ingestion of BH4 with a HFM not only alters the sex-steroid hormone ratio, it improves postprandial FMD after a HFM regardless of postmenopause status or sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashesh Shah
- 1Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 2Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, UK 3Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Drummy C, Murtagh EM, McKee DP, Breslin G, Davison GW, Murphy MH. The effect of a classroom activity break on physical activity levels and adiposity in primary school children. J Paediatr Child Health 2016; 52:745-9. [PMID: 27168479 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Despite recognition that regular physical activity is essential for good health, many children do not accumulate sufficient daily physical activity. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a classroom-based activity break on accelerometer-determined moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and adiposity in primary school children. METHODS One hundred twenty children from seven primary schools in Northern Ireland participated in the study. In each school, one class of children was randomly assigned to an intervention group and another class to a control group. Teachers of the intervention classes led a 5-min activity break three times per day for 12 weeks. Accelerometer-determined MVPA, height, weight and four skinfolds were measured at baseline and post-intervention. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the intervention group significantly increased weekday MVPA (+9.5 min) from baseline to post-intervention. There were no significant changes in BMI; however, an increase in sum-of-skinfolds of the intervention group was observed. CONCLUSIONS Classroom-based activity breaks led by the teacher are successful in increasing children's physical activity levels. The programme shows a positive step in improving overall physical activity levels and contributing to the goal of 60 min daily MVPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Drummy
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine M Murtagh
- Department of Arts Education and Physical Education, Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - David P McKee
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Stranmillis University College, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Breslin
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marie H Murphy
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Davison GW. Exercise and Oxidative Damage in Nucleoid DNA Quantified Using Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis: Present and Future Application. Front Physiol 2016; 7:249. [PMID: 27445841 PMCID: PMC4916202 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High intensity exercise can enhance the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen free radical species, which may cause a number of perturbations to cellular integrity, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) modification. In the absence of adequate DNA repair, it is theoretically possible that several biological disorders may ensue, in addition to premature aging. This striking hypothesis and supposition can only be realized in the presence of sound methodology for the quantification of DNA damage and repair. The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis or "comet assay" is a simple and reliable method for measuring the components of DNA stability in eukaryotic cells. The assay is commonly used in research associated with genotoxicology and in human bio-monitoring studies concerned with gene-environment interactions; but is currently less appreciated and under-utilized in the domain of exercise science. No exercise related study for example, has incorporated the comet assay combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization methodology to detect and investigate whole genome, telomeric DNA, or gene region-specific DNA damage and repair in cells. Our laboratory and others have used the comet assay in conjunction with lesion-specific endonucleases to measure DNA strand breaks and oxidized bases to confirm that high intensity exercise can damage and destabilize DNA. Thus, the primary function of this review is to highlight recent advances and innovation with the comet assay, in order to enhance our future understanding of the complex interrelationship between exercise and DNA modification in eukaryotic cells. A brief synopsis of the current literature addressing DNA stability as a function of continuous aerobic exercise is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University Belfast, UK
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McClean CM, Brown WM, Davison GW, Murphy MH. Effects Of Intensity On Post Exercise Cytokine And Oxidative Stress Levels. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486105.06536.1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Clifford T, Berntzen B, Davison GW, West DJ, Howatson G, Stevenson EJ. Effects of Beetroot Juice on Recovery and Performance Between Bouts of Repeated Sprint Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000485770.05754.b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Medlow P, McEneny J, Murphy MH, Trinick T, Duly E, Davison GW. Lipoprotein subfraction oxidation in acute exercise and ageing. Free Radic Res 2015; 50:345-53. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1109084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Brown WMC, Davison GW, McClean CM, Murphy MH. A Systematic Review of the Acute Effects of Exercise on Immune and Inflammatory Indices in Untrained Adults. Sports Med Open 2015; 1:35. [PMID: 26512338 PMCID: PMC4612317 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality. Although the incidence may be reduced with regular exercise, the health benefits of a single bout of exercise on selected CVD risk factors are not well understood. The primary objective of this review is to consider the transient effects of exercise on immune (neutrophil count) and inflammatory (interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP]) markers in untrained adults. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sports Discus and Cochrane were searched for relevant studies published from January 1946 to May 2013. Randomised controlled or crossover studies which measured any of these parameters in untrained but otherwise healthy participants in the 48 h following about of exercise, less than 1 h in duration were included. RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicate a single bout of aerobic or resistance exercise of moderate to high intensity promotes an increase in IL-6 (145 %) and neutrophil counts (51 %). It appears that 30-60 min of moderate to high intensity exercise is necessary to elicit such changes although variables such as the mode, intensity and pattern of exercise also affect the response. The acute response of CRP within the included studies is equivocal. CONCLUSIONS Although responses to CRP are inconsistent, a single bout of exercise can increase the activity of both circulating IL-6 and neutrophil counts in untrained adults. These immune and inflammatory responses to a single bout of exercise may be linked to a range of health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M C Brown
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
| | - Conor M McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
| | - Marie H Murphy
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
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Fielding J, Brantley L, Seigler N, McKie KT, Davison GW, Harris RA. Oxygen uptake kinetics and exercise capacity in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2015; 50:647-54. [PMID: 25847281 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exercise capacity, an objective measure of exercise intolerance, is known to predict quality of life and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). The mechanisms for exercise intolerance in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), however, have yet to be fully elucidated. Accordingly, this study sought to investigate oxygen uptake kinetics and the impact of fat-free mass (FFM) on exercise capacity in young patients with CF. 16 young patients with CF (age 13 ± 4 years; 10 female) and 15 matched controls (age 14 ± 3 years; nine female) participated. Pulmonary function and a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer using the Godfrey protocol were performed. Exercise capacity (VO2 peak), VO2 response time (VO2 RT), and functional VO2 gain (ΔVO2 /ΔWR) were all determined. Lung function was the only demographic parameter significantly lower (P < 0.05) in CF compared to controls. Exercise capacity was lower in CF (P < 0.014) only when VO2 peak was normalized for FFM (43.5 ± 7.7 vs. 50.6 ± 7.4 ml/kg-FFM/min) or expressed as % predicted (70.1 ± 14.3 vs. 85.4 ± 16.0%). The VO2 RT was slower (36.1 ± 15.1 vs. 25.0 ± 12.4 sec; P = 0.03) and the ΔVO2 /ΔWR slope was lower (8.4 ± 3 ml/min/watt vs. 10.1 ± 1.4 ml/min/watt; P = 0.02) in patients compared to controls, respectively. In conclusion, a delayed VO2 response time coupled with the lower functional VO2 gain (ΔVO2 /ΔWR) suggest that young patients with CF have impairment in oxygen transport and oxygen utilization by the muscles. These data in addition to differences in VO2 peak normalized for FFM provide some insight that muscle mass and muscle metabolism contribute to exercise intolerance in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Fielding
- Division of Clinical Translational Science, Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Lucy Brantley
- Division of Clinical Translational Science, Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Nichole Seigler
- Division of Clinical Translational Science, Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Katie T McKie
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ryan A Harris
- Division of Clinical Translational Science, Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia.,Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, UK
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Bell PG, Walshe IH, Davison GW, Stevenson EJ, Howatson G. Recovery facilitation with Montmorency cherries following high-intensity, metabolically challenging exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:414-23. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impact of Montmorency tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) concentrate (MC) on physiological indices and functional performance was examined following a bout of high-intensity stochastic cycling. Trained cyclists (n = 16) were equally divided into 2 groups (MC or isoenergetic placebo (PLA)) and consumed 30 mL of supplement, twice per day for 8 consecutive days. On the fifth day of supplementation, participants completed a 109-min cycling trial designed to replicate road race demands. Functional performance (maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), cycling efficiency, 6-s peak cycling power) and delayed onset muscle soreness were assessed at baseline, 24, 48, and 72 h post-trial. Blood samples collected at baseline, immediately pre- and post-trial, and at 1, 3, 5, 24, 48, and 72 h post-trial were analysed for indices of inflammation (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)), oxidative stress (lipid hydroperoxides), and muscle damage (creatine kinase). MVIC (P < 0.05) did not decline in the MC group (vs. PLA) across the 72-h post-trial period and economy (P < 0.05) was improved in the MC group at 24 h. IL-6 (P < 0.001) and hsCRP (P < 0.05) responses to the trial were attenuated with MC (vs. PLA). No other blood markers were significantly different between MC and PLA groups. The results of the study suggest that Montmorency cherry concentrate can be an efficacious functional food for accelerating recovery and reducing exercise-induced inflammation following strenuous cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G. Bell
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Ian H. Walshe
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Gareth W. Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Emma J. Stevenson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Davison GW, De Vito G, Hughes C, Burke G, McEneny J, Brown D, McClean C, Fogarty M. Mitochondrial DNA Damage Following Isolated Muscle Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000494083.43826.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Howatson G, Walshe IH, Davison GW, Bell PG. Montmorency Cherries Reduce Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Responses to Repeated Days High-Intensity Stochastic Cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000494338.12986.4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McClean CM, McGovern R, Shafat A, Lynch L, McEneny J, Davison GW. The effects of Chronic Lycopene Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Glucose Homeostasis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000495691.50602.3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Russell D, Álvarez Gallardo IC, Hughes CM, Davison GW, Sañudo Corrales B, McVeigh JG. 231. The Effectiveness of Exercise in the Management of Fatigue and Sleep Dysfunction in Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu116.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) involves short exposures to air temperatures below −100°C. WBC is increasingly accessible to athletes, and is purported to enhance recovery after exercise and facilitate rehabilitation postinjury. Our objective was to review the efficacy and effectiveness of WBC using empirical evidence from controlled trials. We found ten relevant reports; the majority were based on small numbers of active athletes aged less than 35 years. Although WBC produces a large temperature gradient for tissue cooling, the relatively poor thermal conductivity of air prevents significant subcutaneous and core body cooling. There is weak evidence from controlled studies that WBC enhances antioxidant capacity and parasympathetic reactivation, and alters inflammatory pathways relevant to sports recovery. A series of small randomized studies found WBC offers improvements in subjective recovery and muscle soreness following metabolic or mechanical overload, but little benefit towards functional recovery. There is evidence from one study only that WBC may assist rehabilitation for adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. There were no adverse events associated with WBC; however, studies did not seem to undertake active surveillance of predefined adverse events. Until further research is available, athletes should remain cognizant that less expensive modes of cryotherapy, such as local ice-pack application or cold-water immersion, offer comparable physiological and clinical effects to WBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Bleakley
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland
| | - François Bieuzen
- Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland
| | - Joseph T Costello
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Bell PG, Walshe IH, Davison GW, Stevenson E, Howatson G. Montmorency cherries reduce the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses to repeated days high-intensity stochastic cycling. Nutrients 2014; 6:829-43. [PMID: 24566440 PMCID: PMC3942735 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation examined the impact of Montmorency tart cherry concentrate (MC) on physiological indices of oxidative stress, inflammation and muscle damage across 3 days simulated road cycle racing. Trained cyclists (n = 16) were divided into equal groups and consumed 30 mL of MC or placebo (PLA), twice per day for seven consecutive days. A simulated, high-intensity, stochastic road cycling trial, lasting 109 min, was completed on days 5, 6 and 7. Oxidative stress and inflammation were measured from blood samples collected at baseline and immediately pre- and post-trial on days 5, 6 and 7. Analyses for lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-β), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and creatine kinase (CK) were conducted. LOOH (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.05) and hsCRP (p < 0.05) responses to trials were lower in the MC group versus PLA. No group or interaction effects were found for the other markers. The attenuated oxidative and inflammatory responses suggest MC may be efficacious in combating post-exercise oxidative and inflammatory cascades that can contribute to cellular disruption. Additionally, we demonstrate direct application for MC in repeated days cycling and conceivably other sporting scenario's where back-to-back performances are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G Bell
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Ian H Walshe
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Emma Stevenson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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Bleakley C, McDonough S, Gardner E, Baxter GD, Hopkins JT, Davison GW. Cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2012:CD008262. [PMID: 22336838 PMCID: PMC6492480 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008262.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many strategies are in use with the intention of preventing or minimising delayed onset muscle soreness and fatigue after exercise. Cold-water immersion, in water temperatures of less than 15°C, is currently one of the most popular interventional strategies used after exercise. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of cold-water immersion in the management of muscle soreness after exercise. SEARCH METHODS In February 2010, we searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library (2010, Issue 1), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), British Nursing Index and archive (BNI), and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). We also searched the reference lists of articles, handsearched journals and conference proceedings and contacted experts.In November 2011, we updated the searches of CENTRAL (2011, Issue 4), MEDLINE (up to November Week 3 2011), EMBASE (to 2011 Week 46) and CINAHL (to 28 November 2011) to check for more recent publications. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing the effect of using cold-water immersion after exercise with: passive intervention (rest/no intervention), contrast immersion, warm-water immersion, active recovery, compression, or a different duration/dosage of cold-water immersion. Primary outcomes were pain (muscle soreness) or tenderness (pain on palpation), and subjective recovery (return to previous activities without signs or symptoms). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three authors independently evaluated study quality and extracted data. Some of the data were obtained following author correspondence or extracted from graphs in the trial reports. Where possible, data were pooled using the fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS Seventeen small trials were included, involving a total of 366 participants. Study quality was low. The temperature, duration and frequency of cold-water immersion varied between the different trials as did the exercises and settings. The majority of studies failed to report active surveillance of pre-defined adverse events.Fourteen studies compared cold-water immersion with passive intervention. Pooled results for muscle soreness showed statistically significant effects in favour of cold-water immersion after exercise at 24 hour (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.55, 95% CI -0.84 to -0.27; 10 trials), 48 hour (SMD -0.66, 95% CI -0.97 to -0.35; 8 trials), 72 hour (SMD -0.93; 95% CI -1.36 to -0.51; 4 trials) and 96 hour (SMD -0.58; 95% CI -1.00 to -0.16; 5 trials) follow-ups. These results were heterogeneous. Exploratory subgroup analyses showed that studies using cross-over designs or running based exercises showed significantly larger effects in favour of cold-water immersion. Pooled results from two studies found cold-water immersion groups had significantly lower ratings of fatigue (MD -1.70; 95% CI -2.49 to -0.90; 10 units scale, best to worst), and potentially improved ratings of physical recovery (MD 0.97; 95% CI -0.10 to 2.05; 10 units scale, worst to best) immediately after the end of cold-water immersion.Five studies compared cold-water with contrast immersion. Pooled data for pain showed no evidence of differences between the two groups at four follow-up times (immediately, 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment). Similar findings for pooled analyses at 24, 48 and 72 hour follow-ups applied to the four studies comparing cold-water with warm-water immersion. Single trials only compared cold-water immersion with respectively active recovery, compression and a second dose of cold-water immersion at 24 hours. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was some evidence that cold-water immersion reduces delayed onset muscle soreness after exercise compared with passive interventions involving rest or no intervention. There was insufficient evidence to conclude on other outcomes or for other comparisons. The majority of trials did not undertake active surveillance of pre-defined adverse events. High quality, well reported research in this area is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bleakley
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK.
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Davison GW, Ashton T, McEneny J, Young IS, Davies B, Bailey DM. Critical difference applied to exercise-induced oxidative stress: the dilemma of distinguishing biological from statistical change. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:377-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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McNeilly AM, Davison GW, Murphy MH, Nadeem N, Trinick T, Duly E, Novials A, McEneny J. Effect of α-lipoic acid and exercise training on cardiovascular disease risk in obesity with impaired glucose tolerance. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:217. [PMID: 22107734 PMCID: PMC3268114 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are more susceptible than healthy individuals to oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease. This randomised controlled investigation was designed to test the hypothesis that α-lipoic acid supplementation and exercise training may elicit favourable clinical changes in obese subjects with IGT. All data were collected from 24 obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) IGT patients. Following participant randomisation into two groups, fasting venous blood samples were obtained at baseline, and before and following intervention. The first group consisted of 12 participants who completed a 12 week control phase followed by 12 weeks of chronic exercise at 65% HRmax for 30 minutes a day, 5 days per week, while ingesting 1 gram per day of α-lipoic acid for 12 weeks. The second group consisted of 12 participants who completed the same 12 week control phase, but this was followed by 12 weeks of 1 gram per day of α-lipoic acid supplementation only (no exercise). The main findings show a comparatively greater rate of low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in the group consisting of α-lipoic acid only (p < 0.05 vs. pre intervention), although total oxidant status was lower post intervention (p < 0.05 vs. baseline) in this group. However, exercise and α-lipoic acid in combination attenuates LDL oxidation. Furthermore, in the α-lipoic acid supplement plus exercise training group, total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased (p < 0.05 vs. baseline and pre intervention). Body fat percentage and waist and hip circumference decreased following exercise training (p < 0.05 vs. post intervention). There were no selective treatment differences for a range of other clinical outcomes including glycaemic regulation (p > 0.05). These findings report that α-lipoic acid ingestion may increase the atherogenicity of LDL when ingested in isolation of exercise, suggesting that in IGT the use of this antioxidant treatment does not ameliorate metabolic disturbances, but instead may detrimentally contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and development of CVD. However, when α-lipoic acid is combined with exercise, this atherogenic effect is abolished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M McNeilly
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, BT37 OQB, UK
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Markey O, McClean CM, Medlow P, Davison GW, Trinick TR, Duly E, Shafat A. Effect of cinnamon on gastric emptying, arterial stiffness, postprandial lipemia, glycemia, and appetite responses to high-fat breakfast. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:78. [PMID: 21899741 PMCID: PMC3180260 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cinnamon has been shown to delay gastric emptying of a high-carbohydrate meal and reduce postprandial glycemia in healthy adults. However, it is dietary fat which is implicated in the etiology and is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to determine the effect of 3 g cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) on GE, postprandial lipemic and glycemic responses, oxidative stress, arterial stiffness, as well as appetite sensations and subsequent food intake following a high-fat meal. Methods A single-blind randomized crossover study assessed nine healthy, young subjects. GE rate of a high-fat meal supplemented with 3 g cinnamon or placebo was determined using the 13C octanoic acid breath test. Breath, blood samples and subjective appetite ratings were collected in the fasted and during the 360 min postprandial period, followed by an ad libitum buffet meal. Gastric emptying and 1-day fatty acid intake relationships were also examined. Results Cinnamon did not change gastric emptying parameters, postprandial triacylglycerol or glucose concentrations, oxidative stress, arterial function or appetite (p < 0.05). Strong relationships were evident (p < 0.05) between GE Thalf and 1-day palmitoleic acid (r = -0.78), eiconsenoic acid (r = -0.84) and total omega-3 intake (r = -0.72). The ingestion of 3 g cinnamon had no effect on GE, arterial stiffness and oxidative stress following a HF meal. Conclusions 3 g cinnamon did not alter the postprandial response to a high-fat test meal. We find no evidence to support the use of 3 g cinnamon supplementation for the prevention or treatment of metabolic disease. Dietary fatty acid intake requires consideration in future gastrointestinal studies. Trial registration Trial registration number: at http://www.clinicaltrial.gov: NCT01350284
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Markey
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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47
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Murphy MH, Breslin G, Trinick T, McClean C, Moore W, Duly E, Davison GW. The biochemical, physiological and psychological consequences of a "1,000 miles in 1,000 hours" walking challenge. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:781-8. [PMID: 21603997 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The combined effects of 42 days of chronic sleep disruption and repeated hourly bouts of physical exertion have not been described. This case study reports the physiological and psychological demands placed on one individual who walked 1 mile in each consecutive hour for a period of 1,000 h (42 days), covering a total distance of 1,000 miles. The participant walked at a mean speed of 1.75 m/s completing each mile in approximately 15 min. Over the course of the challenge, the individual lost 1.6 kg in body weight. Markers of skeletal muscle damage, increased gradually whilst free testosterone levels decreased over the course of the challenge. Stress hormones increased whilst inflammatory markers (CRP) initially rose but then returned towards baseline over the course of the study. Cognitive motor performance measured via reaction time was maintained throughout the 42 days. The participant also displayed mood states typical of an elite athlete at baseline and throughout the challenge. Participation in this novel '1,000 mile 1,000 h' walking challenge evoked considerable physiological stress in a fit, healthy middle-aged participant but did not markedly alter cognitive performance or mood over the 42-day period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Murphy
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Belfast, BT37 OQB, UK.
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48
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McClean CM, Clegg M, Shafat A, Murphy MH, Trinick T, Duly E, McLaughlin J, Fogarty M, Davison GW. The Impact of Acute Moderate Intensity Exercise on Arterial Regional Stiffness, Lipid Peroxidation, and Antioxidant Status in Healthy Males. Res Sports Med 2011; 19:1-13. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2011.534963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conor M. McClean
- a Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute , University of Ulster , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Miriam Clegg
- b Functional Food Centre, Oxford Brookes University
| | - Amir Shafat
- c Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - Marie H. Murphy
- a Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute , University of Ulster , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Tom Trinick
- d Ulster Hospital , Dundonald, Northern Ireland
| | - Ellie Duly
- d Ulster Hospital , Dundonald, Northern Ireland
| | - James McLaughlin
- e Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials Research Institute , University of Ulster , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Mark Fogarty
- a Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute , University of Ulster , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Gareth W. Davison
- a Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute , University of Ulster , Belfast, Northern Ireland
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49
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Fogarty MC, Hughes CM, Burke G, Brown JC, Trinick TR, Duly E, Bailey DM, Davison GW. Exercise-induced lipid peroxidation: Implications for deoxyribonucleic acid damage and systemic free radical generation. Environ Mol Mutagen 2011; 52:35-42. [PMID: 20839226 DOI: 10.1002/em.20572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage is often associated with an increase in free radicals; however, there is a lack of evidence examining the two in parallel. This study tested the hypothesis that high-intensity exercise has the ability to produce free radicals that may be capable of causing DNA damage. Twelve apparently healthy male subjects (age: 23 ± 4 years; stature: 181 ± 8 cm; body mass: 80 ± 9 kg; and VO(2max) : 49 ± 5 ml/kg/min) performed three 5 min consecutive and incremental stages (40, 70, and 100% of VO(2max) ) of aerobic exercise with a 15-min period separating each stage. Blood was drawn after each bout of exercise for the determination of ex vivo free radicals, DNA damage, protein carbonyls, lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) concentration, and a range of lipid-soluble antioxidants. Lipid-derived oxygen-centered free radicals (hyperfine coupling constants a(Nitrogen) = 13.7 Gauss (G) and aβ(Hydrogen) = 1.8 G) increased as a result of acute moderate and high-intensity exercise (P < 0.05), while DNA damage was also increased (P < 0.05). Systemic changes were observed in LOOH and for lipid-soluble antioxidants throughout exercise (P < 0.05); however, there was no observed change in protein carbonyl concentration (P > 0.05). These findings identify lipid-derived free radical species as possible contributors to peripheral mononuclear cell DNA damage in the human exercising model. This damage occurs in the presence of lipid oxidation but in the absence of any change to protein carbonyl concentration. The significance of these findings may have relevance in terms of immune function, the aging process, and the pathology of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Fogarty
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, County Antrim, United Kingdom
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50
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McGreevy A, Millar L, Murphy B, Davison GW, Brown R, O'Donnell ME. The effect of sporting events on emergency department attendance rates in a district general hospital in Northern Ireland. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64:1563-1569. [PMID: 20846204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported a conflicting relationship between the effect of live and televised sporting events on attendance rates to emergency departments (ED). The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship of major sporting events on emergency department attendance rates and to determine the potential effects of such events on service provision. METHODS A retrospective analysis of ED attendances to a district general hospital (DGH) and subsequent admissions over a 24-h period following live and televised sporting activities was performed over a 5-year period. Data were compiled from the hospital's emergency record books including the number of attendances, patient demographics, clinical complaint and outcome. Review patients were excluded. Analysis of sporting events was compiled for live local, regional and national events as well as world-wide televised sporting broadcasts. RESULTS A total of 137,668 (80,445 men) patients attended from April 2002 to July 2007. Mean attendance rate per day was 80 patients (men = 47). Mean admission rate was 13.6 patients per day. Major sporting events during the study period included; Soccer: 4 FA Cup and 1 World Cup (WC) finals; Rugby: 47 Six Nations, 25 Six nations games involving Ireland, 1 WC final, 2 WC semi-finals, 2 WC quarter-finals and 4 WC games involving Ireland; and Gaelic Football [Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA)]: 5 All-Ireland finals, 11 semi-finals, 11 quarter-finals and 5 provincial finals. There was a significantly higher patient admission rate during the soccer FA Cup final, Rugby Six Nations and games involving Ireland and for GAA semi- and quarter-final games (p = 0.001-0.01). There was no difference identified in total attendance or non-admission rates for sporting events throughout the study period. Although there was no correlation identified between any of these sporting events and total emergency department attendances (r < 0.15, p > 0.07), multinomial logistic regression demonstrated that FA Cup final (p = 0.001), Rugby Six Nations (p = 0.019), Rugby WC games involving Ireland (p = 0.003), GAA All-Ireland semi- and quarter-finals (p = 0.016; p = 0.016) were predictors of patient admission rates. CONCLUSION This study suggests that live or televised sporting events do not significantly affect ED attendances to a DGH. However, some events appeared to be predictors of patient admission rates. Although it may be beneficial to consider the effect of sporting events on service stratification during these periods, the overall effect is probably minimal and should not create a major concern for future service provision despite the implementation of the European Working Time Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McGreevy
- Department of General Surgery, Daisy Hill Hospital, Newry, UKSport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute and University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UKFaculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - L Millar
- Department of General Surgery, Daisy Hill Hospital, Newry, UKSport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute and University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UKFaculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - B Murphy
- Department of General Surgery, Daisy Hill Hospital, Newry, UKSport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute and University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UKFaculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - G W Davison
- Department of General Surgery, Daisy Hill Hospital, Newry, UKSport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute and University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UKFaculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - R Brown
- Department of General Surgery, Daisy Hill Hospital, Newry, UKSport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute and University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UKFaculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - M E O'Donnell
- Department of General Surgery, Daisy Hill Hospital, Newry, UKSport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute and University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UKFaculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK
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