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Hayes N, Fogarty M, Sadofsky L, Jones HS. Physiologically-obtainable polyphenol exposures modulate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species signaling in the C2C12 model of skeletal muscle ageing. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 941:175511. [PMID: 36646202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Age-related frailty is a significant health and social care burden, with limited treatment options. There is a lack of suitable cell culture model for screening large numbers of test compounds to identify those which promote healthy skeletal muscle function. This paper describes the characterization of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) signalling changes in young and aged myoblasts and myotubes using C2C12 cells, and the application of aged cultures to assess the effect of dietary polyphenols on RONS signalling. Aged myoblasts and myotubes showed significantly increased reactive oxygen species (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively), nitric oxide (p < 0.05 for myoblasts and myotubes), and lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05 for myoblasts and myotubes). Nine polyphenols were assessed in aged myoblasts and myotubes using concentrations and incubation times consistent with known pharmacokinetic parameters for these compounds. Although several polyphenols were seen to reduce single markers of RONS signalling, only kaempferol and resveratrol significantly reduced multiple markers in both cell models. Modulation of enzymatic antioxidant activities was assessed as a possible mechanism of action, although superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly reduced in aged (versus young) myotubes (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 respectively), no effect of polyphenol treatment on these enzyme activities were observed. Overall, this research has shown the utility of the C2C12 model (myoblasts and myotubes) for screening compounds in aged muscle, and that resveratrol and kaempferol (using pharmacokinetically-informed exposures) can modulate RONS signalling in skeletal muscle cells after an acute exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hayes
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | | | - Laura Sadofsky
- Centre for Atherothrombotic and Metabolic Research, Hull York Medical School, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Huw Simon Jones
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
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2
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Mitra B, Fogarty M, Cameron PA, Smith K, Bernard S, Burke M, Mercier E, Beck B. Cardiovascular and liver disease among pre-hospital trauma deaths: A review of autopsy findings. Trauma 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1460408620954087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Pre-existing disease is a common contributor to mortality and morbidity after injury and resuscitation of injured patients are often altered in hospital based on comorbidities. However, this is uncommon in the pre-hospital phase of care where patients are managed according to clinical practice guidelines. This study aimed to quantify the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and liver disease among trauma patients attended by pre-hospital clinicians but who died prior to reaching hospital and assess associations with age. Methods This was a retrospective review of pre-hospital trauma deaths in the state of Victoria, Australia between 01 Jan 2008 and 31 Dec 2014. The inclusion criteria were (a) patients attended by pre-hospital clinicians, (b) deceased before arrival to hospital, (c) evidence of recent trauma and (d) underwent a full autopsy. Cardiovascular and liver disease status were extracted from autopsy reports. Results There were 1043 patients included in this study. Most patients were male (77.1%). Intentional self-harm was significantly more common in patients aged ≥65 years (17.4%). CVD was prevalent in 495 (47.5%; 95%CI: 44.4–50.5) cases with myocardial fibrosis the most common abnormality detected. All sub-groups of CVD demonstrated a significant association with increasing age, except right ventricular hypertrophy. Liver disease was present in 235 (22.5%; 95%CI: 20.1-25.2) patients and most common among patients aged 35–64 years. Discussion CVD was prevalent in almost half of all injured patients included in this study while liver disease was present in about a fifth. The prevalence of CVD was associated with increasing age, while liver disease was more common among middle-aged patients. This high prevalence in our population indicates that pre-existing cardiovascular and liver disease be considered when tailoring pre-hospital life-saving interventions for injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswadev Mitra
- Emergency & Trauma Centre, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Fogarty
- Emergency & Trauma Centre, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter A Cameron
- Emergency & Trauma Centre, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Smith
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Community Emergency Health and Paramedic Practice, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Research and Evaluation, Ambulance Victoria, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve Bernard
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Research and Evaluation, Ambulance Victoria, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Burke
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Mercier
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Axis, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Familiale et Médecine d’Urgence, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur les soins et les services de première ligne de Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Ben Beck
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Sinha L, Fogarty M, Zhou W, Giudice A, Brankov JG, Tichauer KM. Design and characterization of a dead-time regime enhanced early photon projection imaging system. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:043707. [PMID: 29716355 PMCID: PMC6910604 DOI: 10.1063/1.5003620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Scattering of visible and near-infrared light in biological tissue reduces spatial resolution for imaging of tissues thicker than 100 μm. In this study, an optical projection imaging system is presented and characterized that exploits the dead-time characteristics typical of photon counting modules based on single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). With this system, it is possible to attenuate the detection of more scattered late-arriving photons, such that detection of less scattered early-arriving photons can be enhanced with increased light intensity, without being impeded by the maximum count rate of the SPADs. The system has the potential to provide transmittance-based anatomical information or fluorescence-based functional information (with slight modification in the instrumentation) of biological samples with improved resolution in the mesoscopic domain (0.1-2 cm). The system design, calibration, stability, and performance were evaluated using simulation and experimental phantom studies. The proposed system allows for the detection of very-rare early-photons at a higher frequency and with a better signal-to-noise ratio. The experimental results demonstrated over a 3.4-fold improvement in the spatial resolution using early photon detection vs. conventional detection, and a 1000-fold improvement in imaging time using enhanced early detection vs. conventional early photon detection in a 4-mm thick phantom with a tissue-equivalent absorption coefficient of μa = 0.05 mm-1 and a reduced scattering coefficient of μs' = 5 mm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sinha
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | - M Fogarty
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | - W Zhou
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | - A Giudice
- MPD Micro-Photon-Devices, Via Stradivari 4, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - J G Brankov
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | - K M Tichauer
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
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4
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McEneny J, Henry S, Fogarty M, Ko A, Ingle L, Young I, Cleland J. Inflammation and peroxidation of HDL are increased in subjects with chronic heart failure. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Davison GW, De Vito G, Hughes C, Burke G, McEneny J, Brown D, McClean C, Fogarty M. Mitochondrial DNA Damage Following Isolated Muscle Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000494083.43826.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Henry SL, Fogarty M, Ko A, Ingle L, Cleland JG, McEneny J. Abstract 259: Inflammation and Preoxidation Are Increased in High-Density Lipoproteins From Chronic Heart Failure Subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.34.suppl_1.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a global term for the physiological state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the needs of the body and lungs. While oxidative stress, defined as an excess production of reactive oxygen species relative to antioxidant defence, has been shown to play an important role in the pathophysiology of CHF. However, although high density lipoproteins (HDL) have important cardioprotective properties, inflammation and oxidative stress can induce dramatic changes, which negate their antiatherogenic properties. Thus, such impairment to HDL may provide an important link between inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of CHF.
This pilot study investigated the antiatherogenic properties of HDL in CHF.
Ten control subjects (BNP<100 nM) were matched for age and gender with 22 CHF subjects (BNP>100 nM). HDL
2
and HDL
3
were isolated from serum by rapid ultracentrifugation. SAA was measured by an ELISA procedure, paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity, hydroperoxide (HPO) and conjugated diene (CD) concentration were measured by spectrophotometric assays.
Results:
Compared to the control subjects, BNP was higher in the CHF subjects [50 (11) vs. 2439 (900) nM; p=0.015] and in HDL
2
and HDL
3
, SAA-related inflammation was increased, while the activity of the antioxidant enzyme PON-1 was decreased and CDs, one of the markers of lipid peroxidation, were increased (see table).
Conclusion:
This pilot study has shown that HDL displayed a proatherogenic phenotype in CHF subjects, which we suggest may be biologically relevant in the pathophysiology of CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Fogarty
- Dept of Sport, Univ of Hull, Kingston-upon-Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Ko
- Cntr for Public Health, Queen's Univ Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Ingle
- Dept of Sport, Univ of Hull, Kingston-upon-Hull, United Kingdom
| | - John G Cleland
- Dept of Cardiology, Univ of Hull, Kingston-upon-Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Jane McEneny
- Cntr for Public Health, Queen's Univ Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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McClean CM, Clegg M, Shafat A, Murphy MH, Trinick T, Duly E, McLaughlin J, Fogarty M, Davison GW. The Impact of Acute Moderate Intensity Exercise on Arterial Regional Stiffness, Lipid Peroxidation, and Antioxidant Status in Healthy Males. Res Sports Med 2011; 19:1-13. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2011.534963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conor M. McClean
- a Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute , University of Ulster , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Miriam Clegg
- b Functional Food Centre, Oxford Brookes University
| | - Amir Shafat
- c Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - Marie H. Murphy
- a Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute , University of Ulster , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Tom Trinick
- d Ulster Hospital , Dundonald, Northern Ireland
| | - Ellie Duly
- d Ulster Hospital , Dundonald, Northern Ireland
| | - James McLaughlin
- e Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials Research Institute , University of Ulster , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Mark Fogarty
- a Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute , University of Ulster , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Gareth W. Davison
- a Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute , University of Ulster , Belfast, Northern Ireland
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8
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Link J, O'Reilly J, Fogarty M, Dow D, Vitaliano J, Legault C, Overholtz W, Green J, Palka D, Guida V, Brodziak J, Methratta E, Stockhausen WT. Energy flow on Georges Bank revisited: the energy modeling and analysis exercise (EMAX) in historical contexts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2960/j.v39.m582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Clegg M, McClean C, Davison WG, Murphy HM, Trinick T, Duly E, McLaughlin J, Fogarty M, Shafat A. Exercise and postprandial lipaemia: effects on peripheral vascular function, oxidative stress and gastrointestinal transit. Lipids Health Dis 2007; 6:30. [PMID: 17973988 PMCID: PMC2235862 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-6-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial lipaemia may lead to an increase in oxidative stress, inducing endothelial dysfunction. Exercise can slow gastric emptying rates, moderating postprandial lipaemia. The purpose of this study was to determine if moderate exercise, prior to fat ingestion, influences gastrointestinal transit, lipaemia, oxidative stress and arterial wall function. Eight apparently healthy males (age 23.6 ± 2.8 yrs; height 181.4 ± 8.1 cm; weight 83.4 ± 16.2 kg; all data mean ± SD) participated in the randomised, crossover design, where (i) subjects ingested a high-fat meal alone (control), and (ii) ingested a high-fat meal, preceded by 1 h of moderate exercise. Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) was examined at baseline, post-exercise, and in the postprandial period. Gastric emptying was measured using the 13C-octanoic acid breath test. Measures of venous blood were obtained prior to and following exercise and at 2, 4 and 6 hours post-ingestion. PWV increased (6.5 ± 1.9 m/sec) at 2 (8.9 ± 1.7 m/sec) and 4 hrs (9.0 ± 1.6 m/sec) post-ingestion in the control group (time × group interaction, P < 0.05). PWV was increased at 2 hrs post-ingestion in the control compared to the exercise trial; 8.9 ± 1.7 vs. 6.2 ± 1.5 m/sec (time × group interaction, P < 0.05). Lipid hydroperoxides increased over time (pooled exercise and control data, P < 0.05). Serum triacylglycerols were elevated postprandially (pooled exercise and control data, P < 0.05). There were no changes in gastric emptying, cholesterol, or C-reactive protein levels. These data suggest that acute exercise prior to the consumption of a high-fat meal has the potential to reduce vascular impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Clegg
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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10
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Clegg M, McClean C, Davison GW, Murphy MH, Trinick T, Duly E, McLaughlin J, Fogarty M, Shafat A. Acute Exercise Does Not Change Gastric Emptying And Post-Prandial Lipemia In Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000274820.27256.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Mc Clean CM, Clegg M, Murphy MH, Trinick TR, Duly EB, Burke GA, Fogarty M, Davison GW. The Effects of Acute Exercise on Pulse Wave Velocity and Postprandial Lipaemia in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000274125.39228.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Garry B, Fogarty M, Curran T, O'Doherty J. Effect of cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation in pig diets on odour and ammonia emissions. Livest Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Fogarty M, Richardson W, Kessaris N. [P226]: Fate mapping the telencephalon: Tracing the origins of GABAergic interneurons. Int J Dev Neurosci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.09.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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14
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Downer E, Boland B, Fogarty M, Campbell V. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces the apoptotic pathway in cultured cortical neurones via activation of the CB1 receptor. Neuroreport 2001; 12:3973-8. [PMID: 11742222 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200112210-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive component of marijuana, exerts a variety of effects on the CNS, including impaired cognitive function and neurobehavioural deficits. The mechanisms underlying these neuronal responses to tetrahydrocannabinol are unclear but may involve alterations in neuronal viability. Tetrahydrocannabinol has been shown to influence neuronal survival but the role of the cannabinoid receptors in the regulation of neuronal viability has not been fully clarified. In this study we demonstrate that tetrahydrocannabinol promotes the release of cytochrome c, activates caspase-3, promotes cleavage of the DNA repair enzyme poly-ADP ribose polymerase and induces DNA fragmentation in cultured cortical neurones. These effects of tetrahydrocannabinol were completely abrogated by the CB(1) receptor antagonist AM-251. The findings of this study demonstrate that tetrahydrocannabinol induces apoptosis in cortical neurones in a manner involving the CB1 subtype of cannabinoid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Downer
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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15
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Wassmer E, Fogarty M, Page A, Johnson K, Quin E, Seri S, Whitehouse W. Melatonin as a sedation substitute for diagnostic procedures: MRI and EEG. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001; 43:136. [PMID: 11221904 DOI: 10.1017/s0012162201210251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer Disease (AD) often need long-term care, which is poorly covered by private or governmental health insurance. Private long-term care (LTC) insurance is increasingly being marketed to provide some financial support for long term care. LTC insurance does cover AD, but the insurers will not sell policies to people who have already been diagnosed with AD. As a result, LTC insurance might be particularly attractive to individuals who are at heightened risk for developing AD. This makes the issues surrounding predictive genetic testing for AD and the use of test results in determining insurance premiums and eligibility of great concern to patients, clinicians, insurers, ethicists, and patient advocate groups. The paper examines the complexities of these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fogarty
- Plan A, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA.
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17
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Fogarty M. Australia and its orthopaedic association. Int Orthop 1999; 23:4-11. [PMID: 10192011 PMCID: PMC3619772 DOI: 10.1007/s002640050294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Fogarty
- Cabrini Medical Centre, Malvern, VIC, Australia
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18
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Purcell MK, Kornfield I, Fogarty M, Parker A. Interdecadal heterogeneity in mitochondrial DNA of Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) from Georges Bank. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 1996; 5:185-92. [PMID: 8817925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic haddock of Georges Bank are characterized by large fluctuations in population size and a recent collapse of the commercial fishery. DNA extracted from dried scales of Georges Bank haddock, archived by the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), reveals significant heterogeneity in frequencies of four mitochondrial DNA control region haplotypes between 1975 and 1985 cohorts. Several processes may be responsible for this temporal variation, the most attractive hypothesis being that haddock from other geographic regions episodically contribute to the Georges Bank gene pool. Thus, the population of haddock spawning on Georges Bank may not be genetically discrete and, with respect to Atlantic haddock, Georges Bank may not be viewed as a closed system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Purcell
- Department of Zoology, University of Maine, Orono 04469-5751, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to develop a descriptive profile of heavy users of services in the South Australian Mental Health Services. METHODS Case notes for 50 heavy users were reviewed to obtain demographic and diagnostic information and data on service use over a three-year period. To supplement and verify this information, 35 of the patients were given structured interviews. RESULTS The mean age of the 50 patients was 34.9 years, and there was a slight predominance of females. Most patients had never married and had been unemployed for a long time. All had a low income. The mean number of years of education was ten. The group was seriously disabled by psychiatric illness. The most common diagnosis was schizophrenia, followed by schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Comorbid axis I disorder and personality disorder or physical illness was common. Drug and alcohol abuse often complicated patient management and patients' ability to live successfully in the community. The average annual cost per patient was $13,598 (Australian), largely from inpatient care. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to an emerging global profile of the heavy service user. Such a profile may help service systems identify patients in this subgroup and target management strategies to these often very disadvantaged and challenging patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kent
- Glenside Hospital, South Australian Mental Health Services, Adelaide, Australia
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper reviews studies of patients who are heavy users of psychiatric services and identifies areas in which further research and evaluation are indicated. METHODS Extensive searches were conducted of the English language psychiatric and psychological literature before 1994. Important references from initially identified studies were followed up. More than 200 articles were reviewed, 72 of which are described in this review. The 72 papers were selected because they dealt with three questions: What is heavy service use? What patient characteristics contribute to it? What service delivery characteristics contribute to it? RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Criteria for identifying and defining heavy users of psychiatric services vary among studies. Few studies of heavy service users have attempted to examine use of all psychiatric services, both inpatient and community based. In most studies, 10 to 30 percent of patients are identified as heavy users, those who utilize between 50 and 80 percent of service resources. This group consists of a constantly changing cohort of patients who generally have psychotic illnesses as well as comorbid personality disorders and high levels of drug and alcohol misuse. Few studies have examined social issues such as isolation, homelessness, and social support, although these factors appear to contribute significantly to heavy service use. Few attempts have been made to define heavy-user groups in fiscal terms. More research on heavy users of psychiatric services is clearly needed to improve providers' ability to plan appropriately targeted mental health services for this disabled group of patients who use expensive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kent
- Glenside Hospital, South Australian Mental Health Service, Adelaide, Australia
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21
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Fogarty M. A difficult age? Nurs Times 1993; 89:18-9. [PMID: 8233864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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22
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Fogarty M. Garlic's potential role in reducing heart disease. Br J Clin Pract 1993; 47:64-5. [PMID: 8334063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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23
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Abstract
Candidial osteomyelitis is rare but becoming more common. The spinal column is most affected in adults and one such patient is presented. The condition should be suspected if bone infection has followed long intensive care, parenteral feeding with central venous cannulation, the use of many antibiotics in combination and/or concomitant severe eye infection. If diagnosed, correct treatment with antifungal agents is curative.
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Fottrell E, Spy T, Mearns G, MacLean I, Fogarty M. "Asset stripping" the declining mental hospital. Br Med J 1980; 280:89-90. [PMID: 7353135 PMCID: PMC1600191 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.280.6207.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A psychogeriatric day hospital was developed from a long-stay back ward of a large mental hospital whose population of patients had decreased by half. Women in the 70-80 age group with varying degrees of dementia benefited most from such facilities. In view of the current cut-back in Government spending one of the greatest assets in providing a comprehensive service for the elderly mentally infirm may well be found in the declining mental hospital.
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25
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Fine SR, Fogarty M, Goel Z, Grieco MH. Correlation of serum theophylline levels with inhibition of allergen and histamine-induced skin tests. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1980; 61:241-4. [PMID: 7351350 DOI: 10.1159/000232439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if clinically effective serum levels of theophylline have an inhibitory effect on intradermal tests for allergic hypersensitivity. Intradermal testing using the threshold-dilution technique was performed in 9 patients, 7 of whom were sensitive to 2 antigens. Testing was performed over a 6-hour period after theophylline administration and compared with the control results. Inhibition of the end-point was demonstrated with 12 of 16 antigens tested associated with serum theophylline levels ranging from 7 to 20 microgram/ml. Marked inhibition of the intradermal tests, that might have clinical significance, only occurred with 4 antigens.
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Fogarty M, Byrne PJ. The effect of pregnancy on normal and varicose veins. Br J Surg 1972; 59:304. [PMID: 5020754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Fogarty M. The action of progesterone on venous smooth muscle. Br J Surg 1971; 58:858. [PMID: 5124865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Fogarty M, Gill D, Hill P, Pettit J, Cannon PJ. Cardiovascular effects of pentazocine in rabbits. Br J Pharmacol 1970; 40:151P. [PMID: 4395082 PMCID: PMC1702661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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