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Short-Term High-Intensity Circuit Training Does Not Modify Resting Heart Rate Variability in Adults during the COVID-19 Confinement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127367. [PMID: 35742615 PMCID: PMC9224508 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objective: The quarantine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic increased sedentary behavior, psychological stress, and sleep disturbances in the population favoring the installation of alterations in the cardiovascular system. In this sense, physical exercise has widely been suggested as an efficient treatment to improve health. The current study determined the impact of short-term high-intensity circuit training (HICT) on resting heart rate variability (HRV) in adults. Methods: Nine healthy participants (age: 31.9 ± 4.4 yr.) performed 36 HICT sessions (3 times per day; 3 days per week) and four participants (age: 29.5 ± 1.7 yr.) were assigned to a control group. The HICT consisted of 12 min of whole-body exercises performed during a workout. Twenty-four hours before and after the exercise program, HRV parameters were recorded. Results: The heart rate exercise during the last session trended to be lower when compared with the first HICT session (p = 0.07, d = 0.39, 95% CI = −13.50, 0.72). The interval training did not modify the HRV time (Mean NN, SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50) and frequency (LF, HF, LF/HF ratio, total power) domain parameters. Conclusion: Thirty-six HICT sessions did not provide enough stimuli to modify the resting HRV in adults during social isolation elicited by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the data suggested that exercise protocol did not induce cardio-vagal adaptations.
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Sims ST, Ware L, Capodilupo ER. Patterns of endogenous and exogenous ovarian hormone modulation on recovery metrics across the menstrual cycle. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001047. [PMID: 34367655 PMCID: PMC8291316 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As the number of female athletes competing rises globally, training methodologies should reflect sex differences across critical metrics of adaptation to training. Surrogate markers of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) used for monitoring training load are heart rate variability (HRV) and resting heart rate (RHR). The aim was to investigate ovarian hormone effects on standard recovery metrics (HRV, RHR, respiratory rate (RR) and sleep duration) across a large population of female athletes. Methods A retrospective study analysed 362 852 days of data representing 13 535 menstrual cycles (MC) from 4594 respondents (natural MC n=3870, BC n=455, progestin-only n=269) for relationships and/or differences between endogenous and exogenous ovarian hormones on ANS. Results HRV and return to baseline (recovery) decreased as resting HR and RR increased (p<0.001) from the early follicular to the late luteal phase of the MC. Patterning was paradoxical across phases for users of combined hormonal contraception (BC) as compared with the patterning of the MC. HRV and recovery start elevated and drop off quickly during the withdrawal bleed, rising through the active pill weeks (p<0.001). Progestin-only users had similar patterning as the MC. The relationship between normalised recovery and previous day strain is modulated by birth control type. BC exhibited steeper declines in recovery with additional strain-normalised recovery decreases by an additional 0.0055±0.00135 (p<0.001) per unit of strain; with no significant difference between MC and progestin-only (p=0.19). Conclusion The patterning of ANS modulation from ovarian hormones is significantly different between naturally cycling women and those on BC, with the patterning dependent on the type of contraception used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy T Sims
- SPRINZ, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Mount Maunganui, Waikato, New Zealand
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Sadeghi M, Sasangohar F, McDonald AD. Toward a Taxonomy for Analyzing the Heart Rate as a Physiological Indicator of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Systematic Review and Development of a Framework. JMIR Ment Health 2020; 7:e16654. [PMID: 32706710 PMCID: PMC7407264 DOI: 10.2196/16654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent psychiatric condition that is associated with symptoms such as hyperarousal and overreactions. Treatments for PTSD are limited to medications and in-session therapies. Assessing the way the heart responds to PTSD has shown promise in detecting and understanding the onset of symptoms. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to extract statistical and mathematical approaches that researchers can use to analyze heart rate (HR) data to understand PTSD. METHODS A scoping literature review was conducted to extract HR models. A total of 5 databases including Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline) OVID, Medline EBSCO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) EBSCO, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase) Ovid, and Google Scholar were searched. Non-English language studies, as well as studies that did not analyze human data, were excluded. A total of 54 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review. RESULTS We identified 4 categories of models: descriptive time-independent output, descriptive and time-dependent output, predictive and time-independent output, and predictive and time-dependent output. Descriptive and time-independent output models include analysis of variance and first-order exponential; the descriptive time-dependent output model includes a classical time series analysis and mixed regression. Predictive time-independent output models include machine learning methods and analysis of the HR-based fluctuation-dissipation method. Finally, predictive time-dependent output models include the time-variant method and nonlinear dynamic modeling. CONCLUSIONS All of the identified modeling categories have relevance in PTSD, although the modeling selection is dependent on the specific goals of the study. Descriptive models are well-founded for the inference of PTSD. However, there is a need for additional studies in this area that explore a broader set of predictive models and other factors (eg, activity level) that have not been analyzed with descriptive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoosh Sadeghi
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Farzan Sasangohar
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anthony D McDonald
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Physical activity is associated with cardiac autonomic function in adolescent men. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222121. [PMID: 31491028 PMCID: PMC6730886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has been shown to be associated with autonomic regulation of the heart measured with heart rate variability (HRV). Only a limited amount of studies have examined this relationship among adolescents, and the effects of increasing PA on HRV is not well established. The aim of this study was to investigate how overall self-reported PA associates with HRV in a large population of adolescent men. Methods The study was part of the Finnish MOPO study consisting of 3629 young men (mean age 18, SD 1 years) enrolled for military call-ups in 2009–2013. Overall PA, including both the intensity and frequency of habitual exercise, was assessed by a questionnaire and the respondents categorized into four groups of PA (low, moderate, high and top). Short-term HRV, physical performance and body composition were measured. Results HRV, as indicated by mean ln rMSSD, increased according the PA categories as follows: low (3.65 ms (SD 0.7), p<0.001 vs. other groups), moderate (3.78 ms (0.6) p<0.001), high (3.85 ms (0.6) p<0.001) and top activity (3.93 ms (0.6) p<0.001) According to the multivariable linear regression analysis, a significant positive relationship (β = 0.129, p<0.05) was observed between self-reported PA and ln rMSSD independent of body mass index, waist circumference and fat percentage. Conclusions Physical activity was positively associated with cardiac autonomic regulation, in adolescent men. A linear increase in HRV according to PA was observed, suggesting that even slight increments in PA might be beneficial for cardiac autonomic regulation The results emphasize the importance of physical activity in improving cardiac health in young people.
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Nakayama N, Miyachi M, Tamakoshi K, Negi K, Watanabe K, Hirai M. Increased Activity in Patients with Cardiovascular Risk Factors Increases Heart Rate Variability. West J Nurs Res 2019; 42:431-436. [PMID: 31328670 DOI: 10.1177/0193945919864700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of increased physical activity on high-frequency (HF) heart rate variability (HRV) during the first hour after sleep onset in patients with hypertension and/or stable angina pectoris. Physical activity and HF were measured using activity monitors and 24-hour Holter monitors at baseline and 6 months later. The physical activity increased in 28 patients (increase group) and decreased in 20 patients (decrease group) after 6 months. In this study, after 6 months, compared to the decreased physical activity group, the increased physical activity group showed a significant increase in the HF index during the first hour after sleep onset. Therefore, the increase in the HF index may have been due to the increase in physical activity. An increase in physical activity suggests that the quality of sleep early in the sleep cycle may be improved, which may affect the patient's prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Nakayama
- Department of Nursing, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Koji Tamakoshi
- Department of Nursing, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | - Makoto Hirai
- Department of Nursing, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Laborde S, Hosang T, Mosley E, Dosseville F. Influence of a 30-Day Slow-Paced Breathing Intervention Compared to Social Media Use on Subjective Sleep Quality and Cardiac Vagal Activity. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020193. [PMID: 30736268 PMCID: PMC6406675 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breathing techniques are part of traditional relaxation methods; however, their influence on psychophysiological variables related to sleep is still unclear. Consequently, the aim of this paper was to investigate the influence of a 30-day slow-paced breathing intervention compared to social media use on subjective sleep quality and cardiac vagal activity (CVA, operationalized via high-frequency heart rate variability). Healthy participants (n = 64, 33 male, 31 female, M = 22.11, SD = 3.12) were randomly allocated to an experimental or control group. In the experimental group, they had to perform slow-paced breathing for 15 min each evening across a 30-day period. This was administered through a smartphone application. The control group used social media (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp) for the same duration. The night before and after the intervention, their CVA was assessed via a light portable Electrocardiogram (ECG) device, and they had to fill out the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. Results showed that in comparison to the use of social media, the slow-paced breathing technique improved subjective sleep quality and increased overnight CVA, while a tendency was observed for morning awakening CVA. Slow-paced breathing appears a promising cost-effective technique to improve subjective sleep quality and cardiovascular function during sleep in young healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Psychology, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
- Université de Caen Normandie-UFR STAPS, EA 4260 Caen, France.
| | - Thomas Hosang
- Department of Psychology, Helmut Schmidt University, 22043 Hambourg, Germany.
- University of the Federal Armed Forces Hambourg, 22043 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Emma Mosley
- Solent University Southampton, Southampton SO14 0YN, UK.
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Tonello L, Oliveira-Silva I, Medeiros AR, Donato ANA, Schuch FB, Donath L, Boullosa D. Prediction of Depression Scores From Aerobic Fitness, Body Fatness, Physical Activity, and Vagal Indices in Non-exercising, Female Workers. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:192. [PMID: 31031652 PMCID: PMC6473624 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Depression is associated with a decreased cardiorespiratory fitness, and physical activity [PA] levels, higher rates of obesity, and dysfunction in autonomic control of heart rate [HR]. However, these parameters were mostly recorded with indirect methods. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the relationships between depression scores and objective measures of body fatness, autonomic indices (i.e. HRV and HRR), cardiorespiratory fitness and PA levels; and subsequently to present the best predictive models of depression scores for this population, based on these variables. Methods: Thirty-five non-exercising women (26-43 years; maximal oxygen consumption [VO2max] ~ 17.4-38.3 mL/kg/min) volunteered for participation in this study. All participants responded to the Beck Depression Inventory [DBI] and were evaluated for body mass index [BMI], percentage of body fat, sum of skinfolds, and VO2max. Subsequently, over four consecutive days, an orthostatic test and a submaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer were performed to record HRV and HRR, respectively. In addition, incidental PA was recorded during 5 consecutive days using accelerometers. Results: depression scores were related to VO2max (r = -0.446, p = 0.007) and the sum of skinfolds (r = 0.434, p = 0.009). Several stepwise multiple linear regression models were performed and only VO2max was revealed as an independent predictor of the Beck scores (ß = -0.446, R 2 = 0.199, p = 0.007). Conclusion: The present study revealed that VO2max and the sum of skinfolds were moderately related to depression scores, while VO2max was the only independent predictor of depression scores in female workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Tonello
- Educação Física, Universidade de Gurupi, Gurupi, Brazil.,Escola de Saúde e Medicina, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Felipe Barreto Schuch
- Mestrado em Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade La Salle Canoas, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Sport and Excercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Liao CD, Tsauo JY, Hsiao DJ, Liou TH, Huang SW, Lin LF. Association of physical capacity with heart rate variability based on a short-duration measurement of resting pulse rate in older adults with obesity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189150. [PMID: 29267296 PMCID: PMC5739389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity can limit physical capacity and lower physical activity levels in elderly people. Low physical activity levels may be mediated by autonomic dysfunction with decreased heart rate variability (HRV). However, the relationship between autonomic dysfunction and low physical capability remains unclear. This cross-sectional study investigated the association of low physical capability with HRV in older adults with obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 231 old man and 210 old women with a mean (range) age of 65.5 (51-78) and 62.9 (52-76) years, respectively. Physical capability was measured using mobility tasks, including functional reach, single-leg stance (SLS), gait speed (GS), timed up and go, and timed chair rise (TCR), and the scores on these tasks were merged and transformed into a global physical capability score (GPCS). HRV was measured using a 7-min resting pulse-based technique, and the time- and frequency-domain indices of HRV were obtained including standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences at rest (rMSSD), and high-frequency (HF) power. All HRV indices were natural log (ln) transformed for analysis. Participants were divided into high, moderate, and low physical-capability groups according to their physical performance. Multivariate analysis of covariance was performed to test differences in HRV indices among physical-capability groups with participants' characteristics serving as covariates. A stepwise regression model was established to identify the determinants of HRV indices. We used hierarchical regression analysis to identify the association of the GPCS with HRV indices. RESULTS In both men and women, the low physical-capability group exhibited significantly increased heart rate (P <0.05) and decreased HRV in terms of a decreased ln[SDNN] (P <0.001), ln[rMSSD] (P <0.05) and ln[HF] (P <0.05), compared with the high physical-capability group. GS positively predicted ln[SDNN], whereas SLS, GS, and TCR were determinants of ln[HF], regardless of gender. The GPCS in older men and women independently accounted for 29.9% (P <0.001) and 23.7% (P <0.001), respectively, in variance in ln[SDNN]. CONCLUSIONS A low physical-capability level is an independent determinant of decreased HRV in older adults with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-De Liao
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Yih Tsauo
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dun-Jen Hsiao
- College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Hon Liou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fong Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Gerontology Health Management, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Lu WC, Tzeng NS, Kao YC, Yeh CB, Kuo TBJ, Chang CC, Chang HA. Correlation between health-related quality of life in the physical domain and heart rate variability in asymptomatic adults. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2016; 14:149. [PMID: 27765048 PMCID: PMC5073888 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-016-0555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reduced health-related quality of life in the physical domain (HRQOLphysical) has been reported to increase risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still unclear. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) that connects the body and mind is a biologically plausible candidate to investigate this mechanism. The aim of our study is to examine whether the HRQOLphysical independently contributes to heart rate variability (HRV), which reflects ANS activity. Methods We recruited 329 physically and mentally healthy adults. All participants completed Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory and World Health Organization Questionnaire on Quality of Life: Short Form-Taiwanese version (WHOQOL-BREF). They were divided into groups of individuals having high or low scores of HRQOLphysical as discriminated by the quartile value of WHOQOL-BREF. We obtained the time and frequency-domain indices of HRV, namely variance (total HRV), the low-frequency power (LF; 0.05–0.15 Hz), which may reflect baroreflex function, the high-frequency power (HF; 0.15–0.40 Hz), which reflects cardiac parasympathetic activity, and the LF/HF ratio. Results There was an independent contribution of HRQOLphysical to explaining the variance in HRV after excluding potential confounding factors (gender, age, physical activity, alcohol use, depression and anxiety). Compared with the participants with high levels of HRQOLphysical, those with low levels of HRQOLphysical displayed significant reductions in variance and LF. Conclusions This study highlights the independent role of low HRQOLphysical in contributing to the reduced HRV in healthy adults and points to a potential underlying mechanism for HRQOLphysical to confer increased risks for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chun Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Road, Sec. 2, Nei-Hu District, 114, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nian-Sheng Tzeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Road, Sec. 2, Nei-Hu District, 114, Taipei, Taiwan.,Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Kao
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Bin Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Road, Sec. 2, Nei-Hu District, 114, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Terry B J Kuo
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chia Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Road, Sec. 2, Nei-Hu District, 114, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-An Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Road, Sec. 2, Nei-Hu District, 114, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Trinh T, Scheuer SE, Thompson-Butel AG, Shiner CT, McNulty PA. Cardiovascular fitness is improved post-stroke with upper-limb Wii-based Movement Therapy but not dose-matched constraint therapy. Top Stroke Rehabil 2016; 23:208-16. [DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2016.1138672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Tonello L, Reichert FF, Oliveira-Silva I, Del Rosso S, Leicht AS, Boullosa DA. Correlates of Heart Rate Measures with Incidental Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Overweight Female Workers. Front Physiol 2016; 6:405. [PMID: 26779034 PMCID: PMC4704056 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that physical activity (PA) levels and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) impact on the autonomic control of heart rate (HR). However, previous studies evaluating PA levels did not discriminate between incidental PA and regular exercise. We hypothesized that incidental PA “per se” would influence cardiac autonomic indices as assessed via HR variability (HRV) and HR recovery (HRR) in non-exercisers. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between objective PA levels, CRF, and cardiac autonomic indices in adult, regular non-exercising female workers. After familiarization with procedures and evaluation of body composition, 21 women completed a submaximal cycling test and evaluation of HRR on four different days. Resting (2-min seated and standing) and ambulatory (4-h) HRV were also recorded. Levels of PA were assessed by accelerometry over five consecutive days (i.e., Wednesday to Sunday). Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) was measured as an index of CRF. As reliability was low to moderate for most HR measures, relationships between these and PA and CRF were examined using the 4-day average measures. Significant correlations were identified between post-exercise HRR in the first min with various PA indices (daily moderate PA, daily vigorous PA, and the sum of vigorous and very vigorous daily PA). Additionally, VO2max was significantly correlated to HRV but not to HRR. The current results indicated that CRF was influential in enhancing HRV while incidental or non-exercise based PA was associated with greater autonomic reactivation in adult overweight women. Therefore, both CRF and non-exercise based PA contribute significant but diverse effects on cardiac health. The use of 4-day averages instead of single measures for evaluation of autonomic control of HR may provide a better indication of regular cardiac autonomic function that remains to be refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Tonello
- Departamento de Educação Física, Centro Universitário UnirG Gurupi, Brazil
| | - Felipe F Reichert
- Escola Superior de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Iransé Oliveira-Silva
- Departamento de Educação Física, UniEVANGÉLICA-Centro Universitário de AnápolisAnápolis, Brazil; Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Católica de BrasíliaÁguas Claras, Brazil
| | - Sebastián Del Rosso
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília Águas Claras, Brazil
| | - Anthony S Leicht
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel A Boullosa
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília Águas Claras, Brazil
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Charlot K, Moeckesch B, Jumet S, Romana M, Waltz X, Divialle-Doumdo L, Hardy-Dessources MD, Petras M, Tressières B, Pichon A, Tarer V, Hue O, Etienne-Julan M, Antoine-Jonville S, Connes P. Physical activity level is not a determinant of autonomic nervous system activity and clinical severity in children/adolescents with sickle cell anemia: A pilot study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1962-7. [PMID: 25989908 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity has been suggested to modulate the clinical severity of sickle cell anemia (SCA) by increasing the risk for vaso-occlusive events. Regular physical activity (PA) is known to improve ANS activity and health status in several cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Whether regular PA improves the health status of SCA patients remains unknown. PROCEDURE Twenty-two patients with SCA and 15 healthy (AA) children/adolescents participated to the study. Heart rate variability was measured in supine position and after a tilt-test to quantify the ANS activity. PA energy expenditure (PAEE) was assessed with questionnaire. RESULTS 1) PAEE was lower in SCA compared to AA (190 ± 152 vs. 432 ± 277 kcal · d(-1), respectively, P < 0.01), 2) overall ANS activity was lower in SCA compared to AA, 3) parasympathetic withdrawal was observed in SCA with aging, 4) ANS reactivity was slightly impaired in SCA compared to AA (reduction in HFnu: -38 ± 27 vs. -58 ± 14%, respectively, P < 0.05), 5) ANS indices, PAEE, and rates of clinical events were not correlated. CONCLUSION Both the level of PA and ANS activity are reduced in SCA compared to AA children/adolescents, particularly in those older than 15 years. Neither PAEE, nor ANS activity seem to influence the clinical severity of children/adolescents with SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyne Charlot
- UMR Inserm U1134, French West Indies and Guiana University, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Laboratory ACTES (EA 3596), Department of Physiology, French West Indies and Guiana University, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (LABEX GR-Ex) PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Berenike Moeckesch
- UMR Inserm U1134, French West Indies and Guiana University, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Laboratory ACTES (EA 3596), Department of Physiology, French West Indies and Guiana University, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (LABEX GR-Ex) PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Jumet
- Laboratory ACTES (EA 3596), Department of Physiology, French West Indies and Guiana University, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Marc Romana
- UMR Inserm U1134, French West Indies and Guiana University, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (LABEX GR-Ex) PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Waltz
- UMR Inserm U1134, French West Indies and Guiana University, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Laboratory ACTES (EA 3596), Department of Physiology, French West Indies and Guiana University, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (LABEX GR-Ex) PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Lydia Divialle-Doumdo
- Sickle Cell Center, Academic Hospital of Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Hardy-Dessources
- UMR Inserm U1134, French West Indies and Guiana University, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (LABEX GR-Ex) PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Marie Petras
- Sickle Cell Center, Academic Hospital of Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Benoît Tressières
- Centre Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane 1424 Inserm, Academic Hospital of Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Aurélien Pichon
- Laboratory MOVE, EA6314, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Vanessa Tarer
- Sickle Cell Center, Academic Hospital of Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Olivier Hue
- Laboratory ACTES (EA 3596), Department of Physiology, French West Indies and Guiana University, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Maryse Etienne-Julan
- Sickle Cell Center, Academic Hospital of Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Sophie Antoine-Jonville
- Laboratory ACTES (EA 3596), Department of Physiology, French West Indies and Guiana University, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Philippe Connes
- UMR Inserm U1134, French West Indies and Guiana University, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (LABEX GR-Ex) PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.,Laboratory CRIS EA647, Section Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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Heart rate variability reflects the natural history of physiological development in healthy children and is not associated with quality of life. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91036. [PMID: 24625571 PMCID: PMC3953202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Quality of life (QoL), being the sum expression of diverse influencing factors, is not easy to determine. A clinically relevant option would be to identify and measure quality of life on the basis of physiological parameters which correlate plausibly and statistically with psychometrically measured QoL. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) offers readily measurable physiological parameters which could be of use here. A correlation of HRV with both course of disease and QoL has been reported in patients with chronic illness. Various psychometric instruments have been developed for use in paediatric oncology. The aim of this study was to obtain data on HRV and QoL and their correlations, initially in healthy children. Methods Holter ECG and quality of life were examined in 160 children and adolescents (72 male) aged between 8 and 18 years. QoL was determined with the established questionnaire PEDQoL. Standard parameters of HRV from the frequency domain were calculated and correlated with QoL domains using Spearman (nonparametric) correlation analysis. Results Minor but significant associations were revealed only with regard to the PEDQoL domain “autonomy” on the one hand and heart rate and HRV (e.g. MRR, MRRn, MRRd, HRV_ULF, SDNN) parameters which evidently reflect distinct physiological functions on the other. Conclusions In healthy children and adolescents we have a first indication that there is a correlation between parameters of HRV and QoL. However, to a greater extent, HRV reflects associated physiological processes of the autonomic nervous system. A higher correlation is more likely to be found in chronically ill children.
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Buchheit M. Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome? Front Physiol 2014; 5:73. [PMID: 24578692 PMCID: PMC3936188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Measures of resting, exercise, and recovery heart rate are receiving increasing interest for monitoring fatigue, fitness and endurance performance responses, which has direct implications for adjusting training load (1) daily during specific training blocks and (2) throughout the competitive season. However, these measures are still not widely implemented to monitor athletes' responses to training load, probably because of apparent contradictory findings in the literature. In this review I contend that most of the contradictory findings are related to methodological inconsistencies and/or misinterpretation of the data rather than to limitations of heart rate measures to accurately inform on training status. I also provide evidence that measures derived from 5-min (almost daily) recordings of resting (indices capturing beat-to-beat changes in heart rate, reflecting cardiac parasympathetic activity) and submaximal exercise (30- to 60-s average) heart rate are likely the most useful monitoring tools. For appropriate interpretation at the individual level, changes in a given measure should be interpreted by taking into account the error of measurement and the smallest important change of the measure, as well as the training context (training phase, load, and intensity distribution). The decision to use a given measure should be based upon the level of information that is required by the athlete, the marker's sensitivity to changes in training status and the practical constrains required for the measurements. However, measures of heart rate cannot inform on all aspects of wellness, fatigue, and performance, so their use in combination with daily training logs, psychometric questionnaires and non-invasive, cost-effective performance tests such as a countermovement jump may offer a complete solution to monitor training status in athletes participating in aerobic-oriented sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Buchheit
- Sport Science Department, Myorobie AssociationMontvalezan, France
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Danieli A, Lusa L, Potočnik N, Meglič B, Grad A, Bajrović FF. Resting heart rate variability and heart rate recovery after submaximal exercise. Clin Auton Res 2014; 24:53-61. [PMID: 24509912 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-014-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aerobic training accelerates Heart Rate Recovery after exercise in healthy subjects and in patients with coronary disease. As shown by pharmacological autonomic blockade, HRR early after exercise is dependent primarily on parasympathetic reactivation. Thus, accelerated HRR early after exercise in endurance-trained athletes may be attributed to augmented parasympathetic reactivation. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the HRR early after submaximal exercise is related to the pre-exercise parasympathetic modulation. METHODS Thirty endurance-trained athletes (20 males, 50 ± 7 years) and thirty control subjects (20 males, 52 ± 6 years) performed a submaximal exercise on a cyclo-ergometer. Pre-exercise resting short-term heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in time and frequency-domains were correlated with HRR during the first 30 s, 1 and 2 min after cessation of exercise. RESULTS We found that HRR was statistically significantly faster in athletes than in controls at all examination time points (p < 0.05). HF, SDNN and RMSSD were statistically significantly higher in athletes than in controls (p < 0.05), but other resting HRV parameters were not statistically different between groups. After 30 s, 1 and 2 min of recovery, HRR correlation with total power, HF, HFnu and RMSSD was positive, while the correlation with LF/HF was negative for small and positive for larger values. The opposite was true for SDNN. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that HRR early after submaximal exercise is related to resting parasympathetic modulation in the middle-aged subjects. In addition, they suggested an optimal range of HRV for maximal HRR after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoša Danieli
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Zaloška 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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16
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Hausswirth C, Schaal K, Le Meur Y, Bieuzen F, Filliard JR, Volondat M, Louis J. Parasympathetic activity and blood catecholamine responses following a single partial-body cryostimulation and a whole-body cryostimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72658. [PMID: 23991134 PMCID: PMC3749989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a single whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) and a partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) (i.e., not exposing the head to cold) on indices of parasympathetic activity and blood catecholamines. Two groups of 15 participants were assigned either to a 3-min WBC or PBC session, while 10 participants constituted a control group (CON) not receiving any cryostimulation. Changes in thermal, physiological and subjective variables were recorded before and during the 20-min after each cryostimulation. According to a qualitative statistical analysis, an almost certain decrease in skin temperature was reported for all body regions immediately after the WBC (mean decrease±90% CL, -13.7±0.7°C) and PBC (-8.3±0.3°C), which persisted up to 20-min after the session. The tympanic temperature almost certainly decreased only after the WBC session (-0.32±0.04°C). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were very likely increased after the WBC session, whereas these changes were trivial in the other groups. In addition, heart rate almost certainly decreased after PBC (-10.9%) and WBC (-15.2%) sessions, in a likely greater proportion for WBC compared to PBC. Resting vagal-related heart rate variability indices (the root-mean square difference of successive normal R-R intervals, RMSSD, and high frequency band, HF) were very likely increased after PBC (RMSSD: +54.4%, HF: +138%) and WBC (RMSSD: +85.2%, HF: +632%) sessions without any marked difference between groups. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were likely to very likely increased after PBC (+57.4%) and WBC (+76.2%), respectively. Finally, cold and comfort sensations were almost certainly altered after WBC and PBC, sensation of discomfort being likely more pronounced after WBC than PBC. Both acute cryostimulation techniques effectively stimulated the autonomic nervous system (ANS), with a predominance of parasympathetic tone activation. The results of this study also suggest that a whole-body cold exposure induced a larger stimulation of the ANS compared to partial-body cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hausswirth
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Karine Schaal
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Sports Medicine Program, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Yann Le Meur
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - François Bieuzen
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Robert Filliard
- Medical department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Marielle Volondat
- Medical department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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van Lien R, Goedhart A, Kupper N, Boomsma D, Willemsen G, de Geus EJ. Underestimation of cardiac vagal control in regular exercisers by 24-hour heart rate variability recordings. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 81:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Seifert G, Kanitz JL, Pretzer K, Henze G, Witt K, Reulecke S, Voss A. Improvement of heart rate variability by eurythmy therapy after a 6-week eurythmy therapy training. Integr Cancer Ther 2011; 11:111-9. [PMID: 21733984 DOI: 10.1177/1534735411413263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eurythmy therapy (EYT) is a mind-body therapy used in anthroposophic medicine. Recently, the authors were able to show that at comparable workloads, EYT stimulated heart rate variability (HRV) whereas conventional ergometer training attenuated HRV. Furthermore, a long-term improvement of quality of life (QoL) and stress coping strategies by EYT could be shown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of EYT training on HRV. DESIGN A total of 23 healthy women (mean age = 44.57 ± 8.04 years) performed 10 hours of EYT over a period of 6 weeks. Electrocardiograms were recorded before and after the EYT trial. HRV was quantified by the extent of high (HF), low (LF), very low (VLF), and ultra low frequency (ULF) oscillations of heart rate. RESULTS Autonomic regulation was significantly changed following the EYT training compared with baseline. Especially the proportion referring to the total power (P) of HF/P and LF/P increased, whereas ULF/P and (ULF+VLF)/P decreased after the training period. CONCLUSION EYT shifted the autonomic regulation proportionally referring to the total power mainly caused by changes of ULF and VLF components of HRV. The LF and HF spectral components were also decreased following EYT while their proportion in relation to the total variance of the power spectrum was increased. The proportional enhancement of the higher frequency and the decrease of the ULF and VLF components are probably an indicator of an improvement of autonomic regulation processes by more relaxed physical activity after the EYT training, thus supporting the plausibility of the improved QoL and better stress coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Seifert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Otto Heubner Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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Monitoring endurance running performance using cardiac parasympathetic function. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:1153-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Netz Y, Zach S, Taffe JR, Guthrie J, Dennerstein L. Habitual physical activity is a meaningful predictor of well-being in mid-life women: a longitudinal analysis. Climacteric 2009; 11:337-44. [DOI: 10.1080/13697130802239083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Seifert G, Driever PH, Pretzer K, Edelhäuser F, Bach S, Laue HBV, Längler A, Musial-Bright L, Henze G, Cysarz D. Effects of complementary eurythmy therapy on heart rate variability. Complement Ther Med 2008; 17:161-7. [PMID: 19398070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of mind-body oriented therapies in oncology has increased in recent years. Eurythmy therapy (EYT, Greek: eurythmy=harmonious rhythm) is a mind-body oriented therapy used in Anthroposophic Medicine. EYT can lead to long-term alleviation of chronic disease symptoms and improve patient quality of life. Yet, little is known about underlying physiological mechanisms. OBJECTIVE This study aims to compare the effects of EYT and conventional ergometer training (CET) on heart rate variability (HRV). DESIGN In a cross-over design, 20 healthy subjects performed two different EYT exercises and two sessions of CET. ECGs were recorded throughout these procedures. HRV was quantified by the extent of very low (VLF), low (LF) and high frequency (HF) oscillations of heart rate. RESULTS VLF and LF oscillations increased during one EYT exercises when compared to rest after EYT ('B exercise', VLF: 7.65 vs. 6.57 log ms(2); LF: 8.06 vs. 6.15 log ms(2)) whereas during the other EYT exercise only LF increased ('L exercise', LF: 7.19 vs. 6.25 log ms(2)). HF was not affected. During CET VLF, LF and HF decreased compared to rest (VLF: 5.4 log ms(2), LF: 4.5 log ms(2), HF: 3.2 log ms(2)). During rest after both EYT exercises LF/HF decreased when compared to rest after CET (0.4 and 0.5 vs. 1.4). CONCLUSION At comparable workloads, EYT stimulated HRV whereas CET attenuated HRV. The decrease of LF/HF during rest after EYT indicates an improved relaxation. These results suggest that patients may benefit from EYT in terms of HRV improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Seifert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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Sandercock GRH, Hardy-Shepherd D, Nunan D, Brodie D. The relationships between self-assessed habitual physical activity and non-invasive measures of cardiac autonomic modulation in young healthy volunteers. J Sports Sci 2008; 26:1171-7. [DOI: 10.1080/02640410802004930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dogru T, Kocak OM, Erberk-Ozen N, Basar M. Assessment of the autonomic nervous system is an appropriate biological marker for the well-being in erectile dysfunction*. Asian J Androl 2008; 10:643-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Buchheit M, Papelier Y, Laursen PB, Ahmaidi S. Noninvasive assessment of cardiac parasympathetic function: postexercise heart rate recovery or heart rate variability? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H8-10. [PMID: 17384128 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00335.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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