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Qiao YJ, Shang JH, Wang D, Zhu HT, Yang CR, Zhang YJ. Research of Panax spp. in Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2018; 8:245-263. [PMID: 29980943 PMCID: PMC6102176 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-018-0176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Panax, a genus of the Araliaceae family, is an important herbal group in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Nine species and three varieties are included in the genus of Panax, in which nearly all species have been used for medicinal purposes. Among them, Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Panax quinquefolius L. are the most representative and valuable herbs world-wide, with a long history of cultivation. As the main bioactive chemical constituents, saponins with different aglycones are the major components in various Panax spp., and their pharmacological activities are mainly reflected in the effects on blood system, cardio- and cerebro-vascular systems, nervous system, metabolism, and immune regulation. Researchers of Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), have put many efforts into conducting the investigations on Panax species. Herein, we reviewed the research progress on Panax spp. in KIB, CAS, over the past few decades, from the aspects of history and origin, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Huan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Ren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, People's Republic of China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Kim DH. Gut microbiota-mediated pharmacokinetics of ginseng saponins. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:255-263. [PMID: 29983606 PMCID: PMC6026358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally administered ginsengs come in contact with the gut microbiota, and their hydrophilic constituents, such as ginsenosides, are metabolized to hydrophobic compounds by gastric juice and gut microbiota: protopanxadiol-type ginsenosides are mainly transformed into compound K and ginsenoside Rh2; protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides to ginsenoside Rh1 and protopanaxatriol, and ocotillol-type ginsenosides to ocotillol. Although this metabolizing activity varies between individuals, the metabolism of ginsenosides to compound K by gut microbiota in individuals treated with ginseng is proportional to the area under the blood concentration curve for compound K in their blood samples. These metabolites such as compound K exhibit potent pharmacological effects, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiallergic, and neuroprotective effects compared with the parent ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rb2, and Re. Therefore, to monitor the potent pharmacological effects of ginseng, a novel probiotic fermentation technology has been developed to produce absorbable and bioactive metabolites. Based on these findings, it is concluded that gut microbiota play an important role in the pharmacological action of orally administered ginseng, and probiotics that can replace gut microbiota can be used in the development of beneficial and bioactive ginsengs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wang JR, Yamasaki Y, Tanaka T, Kouno I, Jiang ZH. Dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the flowers of Panax notoginseng. Molecules 2009; 14:2087-94. [PMID: 19556938 PMCID: PMC6254266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14062087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new dammarane-type triterpene saponins named floranotoginsenosides A (1), B (2), C (3) and D (4), together with five known triterpene saponins, were isolated from the flowers of Panax notoginseng. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Rong Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuko Yamasaki
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Isao Kouno
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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Dan M, Su M, Gao X, Zhao T, Zhao A, Xie G, Qiu Y, Zhou M, Liu Z, Jia W. Metabolite profiling of Panax notoginseng using UPLC-ESI-MS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2237-2244. [PMID: 18550132 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 11/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The metabolite profiling of different parts of Panax notoginseng was carried out using rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS) and multivariate statistical analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the UPLC-ESI-MS data showed a clear separation of compositions among the flower buds, roots and rhizomes of P. notoginseng. The saponins accounting for such variations were identified through the corresponding loadings weights and were further verified by accurate mass, tandem mass and retention times of available standard saponins using UPLC quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-QtofMS). Finally, the influential factors of different metabolic phenotypes of P. notoginseng was elucidated. The currently proposed UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analytical method coupled with multivariate statistical analysis can be further utilized to evaluate chemical components obtained from different parts of the plant and/or the plant of different geographical locations, thereby classifying the medicinal plant resources and potentially elucidating the mechanism of inherent phytochemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Dan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Wang CZ, McEntee E, Wicks S, Wu JA, Yuan CS. Phytochemical and analytical studies of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen. J Nat Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-005-0027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yoshikawa M, Morikawa T, Kashima Y, Ninomiya K, Matsuda H. Structures of new dammarane-type Triterpene Saponins from the flower buds of Panax notoginseng and hepatoprotective effects of principal Ginseng Saponins. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2003; 66:922-7. [PMID: 12880307 DOI: 10.1021/np030015l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The saponin fraction from the flower buds of Panax notoginseng exhibited protective effect on liver injury induced by d-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide. From the saponin fraction with hepatoprotective effect, five new dammarane-type triterpene saponins, notoginsenosides-O (1), -P (2), -Q (3), -S (4), and -T (5), were isolated together with nine known protopanaxadiol oligoglycosides. The structures of the new saponins were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. The principal dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the roots and flower buds of Panax notoginseng were found to show potent hepatoprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yoshikawa
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan.
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Yoshikawa M, Morikawa T, Yashiro K, Murakami T, Matsuda H. Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XIX. Notoginseng (3): immunological adjuvant activity of notoginsenosides and related saponins: structures of notoginsenosides-L, -M, and -N from the roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:1452-6. [PMID: 11724237 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New dammarane-type triterpene saponins, notoginsenosides-L, -M, and -N, were isolated from the glycosidic fraction of the dried roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Immunological adjuvant activities of the principal notoginsenosides and related dammarane-type triterpene saponins were examined and notoginsenosides-D, -G, -H, and -K were found to increase the serum IgG level in mice sensitized with ovalbumin.
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