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Barzilai-Birenboim S, Nirel R, Arad-Cohen N, Avrahami G, Ben Harush M, Barg AA, Bielorai B, Elhasid R, Gilad G, Toren A, Weinreb S, Izraeli S, Elitzur S. Venous Thromboembolism and Its Risk Factors in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Israel: A Population-Based Study. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102759. [PMID: 32992771 PMCID: PMC7600511 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious complication of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy. The aim of this population-based study was to evaluate the rate, risk factors, and long-term sequelae of VTE in children treated for ALL. The cohort included 1191 children aged 1-19 years diagnosed with ALL between 2003-2018, prospectively enrolled in two consecutive protocols: ALL-IC BFM 2002 and AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009. VTEs occurred in 89 patients (7.5%). Long-term sequelae were uncommon. By univariate analysis, we identified four significant risk factors for VTEs: Severe hypertriglyceridemia (p = 0.005), inherited thrombophilia (p < 0.001), age >10 years (p = 0.015), and high-risk ALL group (p = 0.039). In addition, the incidence of VTE was significantly higher in patients enrolled in AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009 than in those enrolled in ALL-IC BFM 2002 (p = 0.001). Severe VTE occurred in 24 children (2%), all of whom had at least one risk factor. Elevated triglyceride levels at diagnosis did not predict hypertriglyceridemia during therapy. In a multivariate analysis of 388 children, severe hypertriglyceridemia and inherited thrombophilia were independent risk factors for VTE. Routine evaluation for these risk factors in children treated for ALL may help identify candidates for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Barzilai-Birenboim
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel; (G.A.); (G.G.); (S.I.); (S.E.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ronit Nirel
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel;
| | - Nira Arad-Cohen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Ruth Rappaport Children’s Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel;
| | - Galia Avrahami
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel; (G.A.); (G.G.); (S.I.); (S.E.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
| | - Miri Ben Harush
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Soroka Medical Center, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84990, Israel;
| | - Assaf Arie Barg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52620, Israel
| | - Bella Bielorai
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52620, Israel
| | - Ronit Elhasid
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Gil Gilad
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel; (G.A.); (G.G.); (S.I.); (S.E.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
| | - Amos Toren
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52620, Israel
| | - Sigal Weinreb
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel; (G.A.); (G.G.); (S.I.); (S.E.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
| | - Sarah Elitzur
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel; (G.A.); (G.G.); (S.I.); (S.E.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.A.B.); (B.B.); (R.E.); (A.T.)
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Athale UH, Mizrahi T, Laverdière C, Nayiager T, Delva YL, Foster G, Thabane L, David M, Leclerc JM, Chan AKC. Impact of baseline clinical and laboratory features on the risk of thrombosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A prospective evaluation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e26938. [PMID: 29334169 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have increased risk of thromboembolism (TE). However, the predictors of ALL-associated TE are as yet uncertain. OBJECTIVE This exploratory, prospective cohort study evaluated the effects of clinical (age, gender, ALL risk group) and laboratory variables (hematological parameters, ABO blood group, inherited and acquired prothrombotic defects [PDs]) at diagnosis on the development of symptomatic TE (sTE) in children (aged 1 to ≤18) treated on the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL 05-001 study. PROCEDURES Samples collected prior to the start of ALL therapy were evaluated for genetic and acquired PDs (proteins C and S, antithrombin, procoagulant factors VIII (FVIII:C), IX, XI and von Willebrand factor antigen levels, gene polymorphisms of factor V G1691A, prothrombin gene G20210A and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T, anticardiolipin antibodies, fasting lipoprotein(a), and homocysteine). RESULTS Of 131 enrolled patients (mean age [range] 6.4 [1-17] years) 70 were male patients and 20 patients (15%) developed sTE. Acquired or inherited PD had no impact on the risk of sTE. Multivariable analyses identified older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 1.26) and non-O blood group (OR 3.64, 95% CI: 1.06, 12.51) as independent predictors for development of sTE. Patients with circulating blasts had higher odds of developing sTE (OR 6.66; 95% CI: 0.82, 53.85). CONCLUSION Older age, non-O blood group, and presence of circulating blasts, but not PDs, predicted the risk of sTE during ALL therapy. We recommend evaluation of these novel risk factors in the development of ALL-associated TE. If confirmed, these easily accessible variables at diagnosis can help develop a risk-prediction model for ALL-associated TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma H Athale
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - T Mizrahi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Ste-Justine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - C Laverdière
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Ste-Justine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - T Nayiager
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Y-L Delva
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Ste-Justine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - G Foster
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's HealthCare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - L Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's HealthCare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M David
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Ste-Justine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - J-M Leclerc
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Ste-Justine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - A K C Chan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Ojha RP, Gurney JG. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and overall survival in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a systematic review. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:67-73. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.792336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Sivaslioglu S, Gursel T, Kocak U, Kaya Z. The risk factors for thrombosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2013; 20:651-3. [PMID: 23364161 DOI: 10.1177/1076029612475022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to scrutinize the risk factors for thrombosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with the Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster 95 protocol. The study population was 82 children younger than 16 years of age. The children were followed up for 10 years until January 2007. Thrombosis occurred in 10 (12%) of 82 patients during the treatment course, mainly after the M protocol. The most common risk factor was factor V Leiden (FVL; 15.6%). This was followed by methyleneterahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; 9.3%), elevated lipoprotein (1.5%), and prothrombin (PT) 20210A (1.5%) in descending order. The risk of thrombosis was found to be significantly high in patients with FVL mutation (odds ratio = 7.1, 95% confidence interval = 1.6-30.5). The risk of thrombosis was not significant in patients with MTHFR and PT20210A mutation (P = .2). Age, catheter usage, FVL mutation, and prednisolone treatment are significant risk factors for thromboemboli occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selda Sivaslioglu
- Newborn Unit, Ankara Etlik Zübeyde Hanim Women's and Maternal Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turkiz Gursel
- The Pediatric Hematology Unit of the Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ulker Kocak
- The Pediatric Hematology Unit of the Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zuhre Kaya
- The Pediatric Hematology Unit of the Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Yang JJ, Mehta PA, Relling MV, Davies SM. Pharmacogenetic and Pharmacogenomic Considerations in the Biology and Treatment of Childhood Leukemia. CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13781-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bühler R, Mattle HP. Hematological diseases and stroke. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2009; 93:887-934. [PMID: 18804686 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(08)93045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bühler
- Department of Neurology, Iselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Stam J, Majoie CBLM, van Delden OM, van Lienden KP, Reekers JA. Endovascular thrombectomy and thrombolysis for severe cerebral sinus thrombosis: a prospective study. Stroke 2008; 39:1487-90. [PMID: 18340091 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.502658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Most patients with cerebral sinus thrombosis (CST) recover after treatment with heparin, but a subgroup has a poor prognosis. Those patients may benefit from endovascular thrombolysis. METHODS Prospective case series. Patients with sinus thrombosis were selected for thrombolysis if they had an altered mental status, coma, straight sinus thrombosis, or large space-occupying lesions. Urokinase was infused into the sinuses (bolus 120 to 600 x 10(3) U; then 100 x 10(3) U/h) via a jugular catheter, in 15 cases combined with mechanical thrombus disruption or removal. RESULTS We treated 20 patients (16 women), mean age 32 years. Twelve patients were comatose and 14 had hemorrhagic infarcts before thrombolysis. Twelve patients recovered (Rankin score 0 to 2), 2 survived with handicaps, and 6 died. Factors associated with a fatal outcome were leukemia (3/6 versus 0/14, P=0.02) and large hemorrhagic infarcts (4/6 versus 2/14, P=0.04). Seizures were less frequent in the fatal cases (P=0.05). Patients who died had a larger mean lesion surface than survivors (30.5 versus 13.6 cm(2); P=0.03), larger midline shift (5.2 versus 1.7 mm; P=0.02), and a more rapid course (2.7 versus 8.2 days; P=0.01). Five patients who died had large hemispheric infarcts and edema before thrombolysis, causing herniation. Five patients had increased cerebral hemorrhage (3 minor, 2 major) after thrombolysis. CONCLUSIONS Thrombolysis can be effective for severe sinus thrombosis, but patients may deteriorate because of increased cerebral hemorrhage. Patients with large infarcts and impending herniation did not benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stam
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Venous thrombosis is more frequent in patients treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) than other malignancies and has distinctive causes, clinical features and remedies. The reported incidence varies from 1% to 36%, depending on the chemotherapy protocol and whether the reported cases are symptomatic or detected on screening radiography. The risk is thought to arise from increased thrombin generation at diagnosis combined with reduced thrombin inhibitory capacity due to depletion of circulating anti-thrombin (AT) by asparaginase. A number of patient and treatment variables have been reported to influence the risk of thrombosis including hereditary thrombophilia, early insertion of central venous catheters and exposure to a combination of steroids and asparaginase during induction. Erwinia asparaginase is associated with a lower risk of thrombosis compared with Escherichia coli asparaginase. The majority of symptomatic thromboses are related to central venous catheters and involve the upper venous system. Central nervous system thrombosis involving the cerebral venous sinuses is a unique feature of asparaginase-related thrombosis and is reported to occur in 1-3% of patients. Conclusive evidence to support the use of anti-coagulant treatment or AT concentrates for primary prevention is lacking, as is evidence for the efficacy of AT concentrates in the management of established thrombosis. Preventative strategies are hampered by conflicting data on factors that would enable identification of those at highest risk of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette H Payne
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) is a rare but increasingly recognized disease process in children. In the pediatric population, the etiologies of CSVT are multiple and the outcomes are variable. The current therapies for CSVT include anticoagulation, thrombolysis, hydration, surgery, and supportive care. Adult studies, pediatric case studies, and expert opinion form the basis for these treatment strategies. International cooperative efforts are currently being undertaken to collect data on pediatric stroke patients, including CSVT. These multicenter collaborations are needed to increase our understanding of the incidence, risk factors, treatment modalities, and outcomes of CSVT in pediatric populations.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stam
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mazzoleni S, Putti MC, Simioni P, Sainati L, Tormene D, Manara R, Carli M. Early cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia carrying the prothrombin G20210A variant: a case report and review of the literature. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2005; 16:43-9. [PMID: 15650545 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200501000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the case of a male child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who developed cerebral sinovenous thrombosis on day 6 of induction therapy with intrathecal methotrexate and methylprednisolone. A central venous catheter had been implanted the day before. The heterozygous prothrombin G20210A variant was found together with acquired activated protein C resistance and a reduced activated partial thromboplastin time. Clinical course and magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic resonance venography gradually improved over the following days after starting anticoagulant therapy (heparin and nadroparin). Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis is a serious disease in leukemic children, occurring in up to 6% of these patients. Data from the literature are in favor of anti-coagulant treatment, even though the efficacy and safety of thromboprophylaxis during chemotherapy in leukemic children with inherited thrombophilic conditions remain to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazzoleni
- Maternity and Children's Department, Division of Pediatrics, Camposampiero Hospital, Padua, Italy
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12
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Abstract
This concluding section of the series will evaluate the role of host environment in the development of thromboembolism (TE) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The available evidence suggests that TE in association with childhood ALL is a multifactorial entity resulting from the interaction of the disease, chemotherapy and its effects, and possible prothrombotic states inherent to the host. The few studies conducted so far in children with ALL have reported wide variability in the prevalence of prothrombotic defects and its impact on the risk of TE. The prevalence of prothrombotic defects varies in different ethnic population. Since different ALL therapy studies use different chemotherapeutic agents in various dosage and combination, it is important that every major study group assesses the risk of TE, including the prevalence of prothrombotic defects, within their therapy plan. This will help to identify the population at risk for TE and for thromboprophylaxis, if indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma H Athale
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, 3N27D, HSC, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5.
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13
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Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy. With the advent of aggressive multimodality therapy, ALL has become a curable disease for majority of pediatric patients. Thromboembolism (TE) is a well-recognized serious complication in association with ALL leading to significant morbidity. It can be potentially fatal in over 50% of the affected patients. Development of TE does interfere with the scheduled treatment plan for ALL and, thus, ultimate outcome from ALL. Recent evidence indicates that concomitant administration of asparaginase and steroids is likely to be associated with higher incidence of TE, especially in children with at least one prothrombotic risk factor. In addition, older children and patients with high risk ALL may be at higher risk for developing TE. However, the epidemiology and the exact pathogenesis of this entity have not yet been clearly defined. To reduce the incidence of TE and its impact on overall outcome as well as on the quality of life in children undergoing treatment for ALL, further studies to define the epidemiology of TE in relation to the biology of ALL and chemotherapy protocols are urgently needed. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current knowledge of TE in association with ALL in children, especially in relation with the treatment protocols and genetic background. This review will be published in three parts. The first part will review the available information regarding epidemiology of TE in children with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma H Athale
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, 3N27D, HSC, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, L8N3Z5, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Lynch JK, Nelson KB, Curry CJ, Grether JK. Cerebrovascular disorders in children with the factor V Leiden mutation. J Child Neurol 2001; 16:735-44. [PMID: 11669347 DOI: 10.1177/088307380101601006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since 1995, at least 128 children with a cerebrovascular disorder, cerebral palsy, or both and the factor V Leiden mutation have been reported. The majority of these strokes were in the first year of life, many of them in the perinatal period. Two thirds had an additional exogenous risk factor for thrombosis, and 42% had another recognized endogenous prothrombotic risk factor in combination with the mutation. We review the association of the factor V Leiden mutation and a cerebrovascular disorder in children younger than 16 years of age and describe the clinical features of 8 children with cerebral palsy and the Leiden mutation. This mutation should be considered in the evaluation of children with a stroke or its sequelae, including infants with perinatal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Lynch
- Neuroepidemiology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dreyfus
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Bicêtre, 78 rue du général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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