1
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Hindricks G, Tscholl V, Dagres N, Attanasio P, Huemer M. [Development of catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias with special consideration of contributions from German engineers and electrophysiologists]. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2024; 35:110-117. [PMID: 38416159 PMCID: PMC10923970 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-024-01009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The development and clinical implementation of catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia is one of the outstanding achievements of modern cardiovascular treatment. Over a period of less than 40 years, a curative and safe treatment strategy for almost all forms of atrial arrhythmias has been developed and implemented. German electrophysiologists and engineers have made a significant contribution to this truly outstanding success story in modern medicine. Their contributions should be appropriately acknowledged because without them, the development of ablation technology and its worldwide dissemination would not have been possible. Both the technological contributions and the medical-electrophysiological contributions were at the absolute forefront of worldwide developments and have made a significant contribution to the fact that today more than 500,000 patients with symptomatic and/or threatening cardiac arrhythmias can be successfully treated every year by use of catheter ablation. We would like to thank them all for their achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hindricks
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, DE, Deutschland.
| | - Verena Tscholl
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, DE, Deutschland
| | - Nikolaos Dagres
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, DE, Deutschland
| | - Philipp Attanasio
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, DE, Deutschland
| | - Martin Huemer
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, DE, Deutschland
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2
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Janse MJ. A Tale of 2 Arrhythmias: The Early History of the Arrhythmias Involving the AV Node. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2023; 9:2412-2415. [PMID: 37737776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel J Janse
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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3
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Benitah JP, Perrier R, Mercadier JJ, Pereira L, Gómez AM. RyR2 and Calcium Release in Heart Failure. Front Physiol 2021; 12:734210. [PMID: 34690808 PMCID: PMC8533677 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.734210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart Failure (HF) is defined as the inability of the heart to efficiently pump out enough blood to maintain the body's needs, first at exercise and then also at rest. Alterations in Ca2+ handling contributes to the diminished contraction and relaxation of the failing heart. While most Ca2+ handling protein expression and/or function has been shown to be altered in many models of experimental HF, in this review, we focus in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channel, the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2). Various modifications of this channel inducing alterations in its function have been reported. The first was the fact that RyR2 is less responsive to activation by Ca2+ entry through the L-Type calcium channel, which is the functional result of an ultrastructural remodeling of the ventricular cardiomyocyte, with fewer and disorganized transverse (T) tubules. HF is associated with an elevated sympathetic tone and in an oxidant environment. In this line, enhanced RyR2 phosphorylation and oxidation have been shown in human and experimental HF. After several controversies, it is now generally accepted that phosphorylation of RyR2 at the Calmodulin Kinase II site (S2814) is involved in both the depressed contractile function and the enhanced arrhythmic susceptibility of the failing heart. Diminished expression of the FK506 binding protein, FKBP12.6, may also contribute. While these alterations have been mostly studied in the left ventricle of HF with reduced ejection fraction, recent studies are looking at HF with preserved ejection fraction. Moreover, alterations in the RyR2 in HF may also contribute to supraventricular defects associated with HF such as sinus node dysfunction and atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana M. Gómez
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology—UMR-S 1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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4
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Habibi M, Berger RD, Calkins H. Radiofrequency ablation: technological trends, challenges, and opportunities. Europace 2021; 23:511-519. [PMID: 33253390 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
More than three decades have passed since utilization of radiofrequency (RF) ablation in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Although several limitations and challenges still exist, with improvements in catheter designs and delivery of energy the way we do RF ablation now is much safer and more efficient. This review article aims to give an overview on historical advances on RF ablation and challenges in performing safe and efficient ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Habibi
- Division of Cardiology, Section for Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Johns Hopkins University, 1800 Orleans Street, Sheikh Zayed Tower 7125R, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ronald D Berger
- Division of Cardiology, Section for Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Johns Hopkins University, 1800 Orleans Street, Sheikh Zayed Tower 7125R, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hugh Calkins
- Division of Cardiology, Section for Cardiac Electrophysiology, The Johns Hopkins University, 1800 Orleans Street, Sheikh Zayed Tower 7125R, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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5
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Di Biase L, Diaz JC, Zhang XD, Romero J. Pulsed field catheter ablation in atrial fibrillation. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021; 32:378-387. [PMID: 34329732 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Catheter ablation (CA) has become the mainstay therapy for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), with pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) the most frequently used treatment strategy. Although several energy sources have been tested (including radiofrequency, cryothermal and laser), these are not devoid of safety issues and in many instances effectiveness is dependent on operator experience. Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a novel energy source by which high-voltage electric pulses are used to create pores in the cellular membrane (i.e., electroporation), leading to cellular death. The amount of energy required to produce irreversible electroporation is highly tissue dependent. In consequence, a tailored protocol in which specific targeting of the atrial myocardium is achieved while sparing adjacent tissues is theoretically feasible, increasing the safety of the procedure. While large scale clinical trials are lacking, current clinical evidence has demonstrated significant efficacy in achieving durable PVI without ablation related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Di Biase
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx 10467, NY, United States.
| | - Juan Carlos Diaz
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx 10467, NY, United States
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx 10467, NY, United States
| | - Jorge Romero
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx 10467, NY, United States
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6
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Foo FS, Stiles MK, Clare GC, Lever N, Hooks D, Heaven D, Boddington D. Recent trends in cardiac electrophysiology and catheter ablation in New Zealand. Intern Med J 2021; 50:1247-1252. [PMID: 32043731 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catheter ablation has rapidly become an integral part of the management of many arrhythmias. AIMS To provide a history of clinical cardiac electrophysiology (EP) in New Zealand (NZ) and analysis of recent trends in EP procedures and catheter ablations across NZ, which has not previously been reported. METHODS EP case type and volume were obtained from the EP databases from each of the four public and four private EP centres in NZ from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018. Procedure rates were expressed as per million population. RESULTS A total of 7695 EP cases was performed, including 5929 (77%) in the public sector. Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation was the most common procedure at 29%. EP procedure rates increased by 21% (to 353 per million in 2018), predominantly due to AF ablation rates increasing by 46%. Ventricular tachycardia ablation rates increased by 41% but only comprised 8% of procedures. There was a striking difference in the growth of EP procedure rates in the public compared to the private sector (4% vs 106%), as well as considerable differences in EP procedure and AF ablation rates across the public EP centres. NZ had lower ablation rates compared to countries with similar healthcare expenditure. CONCLUSION There has been a substantial increase in EP procedure and AF ablation rates in NZ and international trends suggest this growth will continue. However, there is considerable variation in procedure rates and growth trends between EP centres, highlighting inequities in access within the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Shawn Foo
- Department of Cardiology, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Cardiology, North Shore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin K Stiles
- Department of Cardiology, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey C Clare
- Department of Cardiology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nigel Lever
- Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Darren Hooks
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Cardiology, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David Heaven
- Department of Cardiology, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dean Boddington
- Department of Cardiology, Tauranga Hospital, Tauranga, New Zealand
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7
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Toniolo M. Para-Hisian Atrial Tachycardia and Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia: After 25 Years The Same History? Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 116:127-128. [PMID: 33566976 PMCID: PMC8159513 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20201149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Toniolo
- Divisão de Cardiologia, Hospital Universitário "S. Maria della Misericordia", Udine - Itália
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8
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Catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia: Humans versus machines? Rev Port Cardiol 2019; 38:193-194. [PMID: 30992175 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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9
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Creta A, Providência R. Catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia: Humans versus machines? REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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10
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Outcome of slow pathway modulation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia with 50 versus 30 watts-more power, more effect? J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2018; 52:157-161. [PMID: 29556909 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-018-0360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Slow pathway modulation is the treatment of choice in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). No comparative data on ablation strategies exist. Therefore, we sought to compare two common ablation approaches. METHODS We analyzed prospective ablation databases of two high-volume tertiary centers (> 1000 ablations/year) using either 30 or 50 W for slow pathway modulation from 2012 to 2013. We analyzed procedural characteristics as well as short- and long-term outcomes. Mean follow-up was 36 ± 9 months. RESULTS Six hundred thirty-four patients (50 W center: n = 342, 30 W center: n = 292) were ablated. Slow pathway modulation was successful in 99% in both groups (p = ns). Periprocedural AV block occurred in nine patients (2.6%) in the 50 W and five patients (1.7%) in the 30 W group (p = 0.59), respectively. We documented no permanent higher-degree AV block. The number of RF lesions and seconds of RF delivery was significantly less in the 50 W group (p = 0.04 for number of lesions; p < 0.001 for seconds). AVNRT recurrence was similar (p = 0.23). In males, significantly fewer recurrences accrued in the 50 W group (p = 0.04), while in females less transient AV blocks occurred during the procedure with 30 W (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS The 30 and 50 W target power approaches for slow pathway modulation are highly effective and safe. Significantly, fewer RF duration was necessary to modulate the slow pathway with higher power output (50 W). Our subgroup analysis suggests that males and females might benefit most from different modulation approaches.
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11
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Sherwin ED, Berul CI. Where to Throw That Shoe? Catheter Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia in Congenital Heart Disease. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2017; 10:CIRCEP.117.005525. [PMID: 28687672 DOI: 10.1161/circep.117.005525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Sherwin
- From the Children's National Health System & George Washington University, School of Medicine
| | - Charles I Berul
- From the Children's National Health System & George Washington University, School of Medicine.
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12
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Drago F, Battipaglia I, Russo MS, Remoli R, Pazzano V, Grifoni G, Allegretti G, Silvetti MS. Voltage gradient mapping and electrophysiologically guided cryoablation in children with AVNRT. Europace 2017; 20:665-672. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eux021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Drago
- Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias/Syncope Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Irma Battipaglia
- Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias/Syncope Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Salvatore Russo
- Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias/Syncope Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Romolo Remoli
- Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias/Syncope Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pazzano
- Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias/Syncope Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Gino Grifoni
- Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias/Syncope Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Stefano Silvetti
- Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias/Syncope Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
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13
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Comparison of cryoablation with 3D mapping versus conventional mapping for the treatment of atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia and right-sided paraseptal accessory pathways. Cardiol Young 2016; 26:931-40. [PMID: 26365515 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951115001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aim Transcatheter cryoablation is a well-established technique for the treatment of atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia and atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia in children. Fluoroscopy or three-dimensional mapping systems can be used to perform the ablation procedure. The aim of this study was to compare the success rate of cryoablation procedures for the treatment of right septal accessory pathways and atrioventricular nodal re-entry circuits in children using conventional or three-dimensional mapping and to evaluate whether three-dimensional mapping was associated with reduced patient radiation dose compared with traditional mapping. METHODS In 2013, 81 children underwent transcatheter cryoablation at our institution, using conventional mapping in 41 children - 32 atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia and nine atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia - and three-dimensional mapping in 40 children - 24 atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia and 16 atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia. RESULTS Using conventional mapping, the overall success rate was 78.1 and 66.7% in patients with atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia or atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia, respectively. Using three-dimensional mapping, the overall success rate was 91.6 and 75%, respectively (p=ns). The use of three-dimensional mapping was associated with a reduction in cumulative air kerma and cumulative air kerma-area product of 76.4 and 67.3%, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The use of three-dimensional mapping compared with the conventional fluoroscopy-guided method for cryoablation of right septal accessory pathways and atrioventricular nodal re-entry circuits in children was associated with a significant reduction in patient radiation dose without an increase in success rate.
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14
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Sawan N, Eitel C, Thiele H, Tilz R. [Ablation of supraventricular tachycardias : Complications and emergencies]. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2016; 27:143-50. [PMID: 27206630 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-016-0422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Catheter ablation is an established treatment of supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) with high success rates of > 95 %. Complication rates range from 3 to 5 %, with serious complications occurring in about 0.8 %. There are general complications caused either by the vascular access or the catheters (e. g. hematomas, hemo-pneumothorax, embolism, thrombosis and aspiration) und specific ablation related complications (e. g. AV block during ablation of the slow pathway). The complication risk is elevated in elderly and multimorbid patients. Furthermore, the experience of the treating physician and the respective team plays an essential role. The purpose of this article is to give an overview on incidences, causes and management as well as prevention strategies of complications associated with catheter ablation of SVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sawan
- Medizinische Klinik II (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Intensivmedizin) - Universitäres Herzzentrum Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - C Eitel
- Medizinische Klinik II (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Intensivmedizin) - Universitäres Herzzentrum Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - H Thiele
- Medizinische Klinik II (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Intensivmedizin) - Universitäres Herzzentrum Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - R Tilz
- Medizinische Klinik II (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Intensivmedizin) - Universitäres Herzzentrum Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Deutschland.
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15
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Alihanoglu YI, Yildiz BS, Kilic DI, Evrengul H, Kose S. Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of typical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in the elderly - changing of slow pathway location with aging. Circ J 2015; 79:1031-6. [PMID: 25739340 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-14-1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of elderly patients with typical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), and to assess the acute safety and efficacy of slow-pathway radiofrequency (RF) ablation in this specific group of patients. METHODS AND RESULTS The present study retrospectively included a total of 1,290 patients receiving successful slow-pathway RF ablation for typical slow-fast AVNRT. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group I included 1,148 patients aged <65 years and group II included 142 patients aged >65 years. The required total procedure duration and total fluoroscopy exposure time were significantly higher in group II vs. group I (P=0.005 and P=0.0001, respectively). The number of RF pulses needed for a successful procedural end-point was significantly higher in group II than in group I (4.4 vs. 7.2, P=0.005). While the ratio of the anterior location near to the His-bundle region was significantly higher in group II, the ratio of posterior and midseptal locations were significantly higher in group I (P=0.0001). The overall procedure success rates were similar. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in respect of the complications rates. CONCLUSIONS This experience demonstrates that RF catheter ablation, targeting the slow pathway, could be considered as first-line therapy for typical AVNRT patients older than 65 years as well as younger patients, as it is very safe and effective in the acute period of treatment.
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Horie K, Otomo K, Mori S, Kikuchi Y, Meguro T. Uncommon presentation of drug-refractory pacemaker-mediated common atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and a simple solution by reprogramming. Intern Med 2015; 54:1063-6. [PMID: 25948348 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An 81-year-old woman who had undergone dual chamber pacemaker implantation for sick sinus syndrome was referred to our hospital with drug-refractory common atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardia. Ventricular pacing (Vp) following premature atrial contraction (PAC) with a long AV interval induced ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction, which allowed the tachycardia to be initiated. The sensed AV interval was shortened to 80 ms, allowing Vp during the refractory period of VA conduction. Postventricular atrial refractory period was shortened to 180 ms to sense PACs with short coupling interval. After reprogramming, the suppression of the tachycardia by blocking VA conduction following Vp was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Horie
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Japan
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17
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Brembilla-Perrot B, Sellal JM, Olivier A, Manenti V, Beurrier D, de Chillou C, Villemin T, Girerd N. Recurrences of symptoms after AV node re-entrant tachycardia ablation: a clinical arrhythmia risk score to assess putative underlying cause. Int J Cardiol 2014; 179:292-6. [PMID: 25464467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH To identify clinical factors associated with the probability for each arrhythmic mechanism causing recurring symptoms after atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) ablation. Slow pathway radiofrequency ablation is used to treat AVNRT. After ablation, recurrence of symptoms due to AVNRT or other arrhythmias can occur. RESULTS We studied 835 patients successfully treated with AVNRT ablation. Variables associated with each specific arrhythmia underlying symptom recurrence were studied by logistic regression. During a mean follow-up of 2.2 ± 2 years, 136 (16%) patients had a recurrence of symptoms. Following invasive and non-invasive studies, symptoms were mostly attributed to sinus tachycardia, recurrence of AVNRT and atrial arrhythmias (respectively 4.7%, 5.2% and 6.1%). Older age and history of atrial fibrillation were associated with a markedly increased risk of symptom recurrence due to atrial arrhythmias (OR=15.58, 7.09-35.22, p<0.001) whereas younger age was associated with a higher risk of sinus tachycardia. A simple 3-item clinical score based on age categories and atrial fibrillation history efficiently predicted atrial arrhythmia (C-Index=0.82, 0.75-0.89) and sinus tachycardia (C-Index=0.83, 0.75-0.90). 8.3% of patients with scores=0 had atrial arrhythmias whereas 100% of patients with scores ≥4 had atrial arrhythmias. CONCLUSIONS While recurrence of symptoms after successful AVNRT ablation is relatively frequent (16%), true AVNRT recurrence accounts for only 1/3 of these recurrences. A simple clinical score based on age and history of atrial fibrillation enables efficient risk stratification for symptom recurrence attributable to atrial arrhythmias and inappropriate sinus tachycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Marc Sellal
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Brabois, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Arnaud Olivier
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Brabois, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Vladimir Manenti
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Brabois, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Daniel Beurrier
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Brabois, Vandoeuvre, France
| | | | - Thibaut Villemin
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Brabois, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Nicolas Girerd
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques 9501, Université de Lorraine, Institut Lorrain du cœur et des vaisseaux, CHU de Nancy, Nancy, France
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Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of the patients with relatively slow atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2014; 40:117-23. [PMID: 24793102 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-014-9901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to retrospectively investigate clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics of typical AVNRT with relatively slow tachycardia rates below the average value compared to faster ones, in patients without structural heart disease. METHODS The present study retrospectively included a total of 1,150 patients receiving successful slow-pathway radio frequency ablation for typical slow-fast AVNRT. Patients were divided into two groups according to their tachycardia cycle length: group I included 1,018 patients with tachycardia cycle length < 400 msn and group II included 132 patients with cycle length > 400 msn. Patients with another form of arrhythmia other than typical AVNRT, the existence of structural heart disease, preexisting prolonged PR interval, history of clinically documented AF, and reasons capable of causing AF were accepted as exclusion criterias. RESULTS The patients in group II were older than those in group 1 (p=0.039), and male ratio was significantly higher in group II compared to group I (p=0.02). Wenckebach cycle length and AV node antegrade effective refractory period values before the RF ablation were significantly higher in group II compared to group I (p=0.0001 and 0.01, respectively). Right atrium effective refractory period values in both pre- and post-ablation period were significantly higher in group I compared to group II (p=0.0001 and 0.004, respectively). The existence of atrial vulnerability before ablation was significantly higher in group II compared to group I (p=0.007); however, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of atrial vulnerability after the ablation. In addition, while the ratio of anterior location as an ablation site near the His-bundle region was significantly higher in group II, the ratio of posterior location was significantly higher in group I (p=0.0001 for both). CONCLUSION Our experience demonstrates that clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics of AVNRT patients with relatively slower tachycardia rates were quite different compared to the faster AVNRT cases.
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DRAGO FABRIZIO, PLACIDI SILVIA, RIGHI DANIELA, DI MAMBRO CORRADO, RUSSO MARIOSALVATORE, SILVETTI MASSIMOSTEFANO, PALMIERI ROSALINDA, PROSPERI MONICA. Cryoablation of AVNRT in Children and Adolescents: Early Intervention Leads to a Better Outcome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2014; 25:398-403. [DOI: 10.1111/jce.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- FABRIZIO DRAGO
- Pediatric Arrhythmia Complex Unit and Syncope Unit; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Palidoro-Fiumicino Rome Italy
| | - SILVIA PLACIDI
- Pediatric Arrhythmia Complex Unit and Syncope Unit; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Palidoro-Fiumicino Rome Italy
| | - DANIELA RIGHI
- Pediatric Arrhythmia Complex Unit and Syncope Unit; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Palidoro-Fiumicino Rome Italy
| | - CORRADO DI MAMBRO
- Pediatric Arrhythmia Complex Unit and Syncope Unit; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Palidoro-Fiumicino Rome Italy
| | - MARIO SALVATORE RUSSO
- Pediatric Arrhythmia Complex Unit and Syncope Unit; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Palidoro-Fiumicino Rome Italy
| | - MASSIMO STEFANO SILVETTI
- Pediatric Arrhythmia Complex Unit and Syncope Unit; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Palidoro-Fiumicino Rome Italy
| | - ROSALINDA PALMIERI
- Pediatric Arrhythmia Complex Unit and Syncope Unit; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Palidoro-Fiumicino Rome Italy
| | - MONICA PROSPERI
- Pediatric Arrhythmia Complex Unit and Syncope Unit; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Palidoro-Fiumicino Rome Italy
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20
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Voltage mapping for slow-pathway visualization and ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia in pediatric and young adult patients. Pediatr Cardiol 2014; 35:103-7. [PMID: 23872907 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-013-0748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Voltage guidance for the ablation of the slow pathway in atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is a dramatic shift from the traditional anatomy-guided approach within the triangle of Koch. The use of voltage gradient mapping has been evaluated in adults as an aid to identification of the slow pathway guiding placement of ablation applications. This study aimed to evaluate this technique of voltage-guided ablation of AVNRT in pediatric and young adult patients, who have a smaller, more compact triangle of Koch. A retrospective cohort study evaluated patients 20 years of age or younger with AVNRT who underwent voltage mapping. Using NavX, three-dimensional voltage maps of the right atrium were created during sinus rhythm, focusing primarily on the triangle of Koch. The voltage map gradients were adjusted to uncover a "voltage bridge" of lower voltage signals. This bridge was used as a surrogate of the slow pathway to guide cryoablation at this site. Of the 31 patients who underwent voltage mapping, three were excluded from the study due to inadequate mapping. All the patients experienced procedural success. In 86 % of the patients, there was an adequate voltage bridge to allow guided ablation. The successful ablation site was within the first three lesions for 60 % of the patients. Two patients experienced recurrence during a median follow-up period of 14 months. It appears that voltage-guided ablation of a voltage bridge in AVNRT can be used effectively and safely in the pediatric population.
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Von Bergen NH, Law IH. AV nodal reentrant tachycardia in children: Current approaches to management. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
The treatment of cardiac arrhythmias has been revolutionized by the ability to definitively treat many patients with radiofrequency catheter ablation, rather than requiring lifelong medication. This review covers the history of how this has developed and the methods used currently and explores what the future holds for this rapidly evolving branch of Cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Joseph
- Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Crosato M, Vaccari D, Calzolari V, Neri G, Olivari Z, Mantovan R. Catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in patients with a prolonged PR interval at sinus rhythm. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2012; 13:325-9. [PMID: 22343259 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283511f75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Radiofrequency transcatheter ablation is an effective and safe treatment for atrioventricular node reentry tachycardia. Slow pathway ablation is considered the ablative technique of choice, but when atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia is associated with a prolonged PR interval at sinus rhythm, a higher risk of delayed atrioventricular (AV) block has been reported. Studies on the subject are few, enrolling low numbers of patients with variable selection criteria and producing different results. Hence, optimal ablation strategy remains controversial. The aim of this study is to review the available knowledge on the topic. Experience from our centers is also briefly reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Crosato
- Cardiovascular Department, Treviso Hospital 'Ca' Foncello', Treviso, Italy
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Piot O, Anselme F, Bovéda S, Chauvin M, Daubert JC, Defaye P, Deharo JC, Gras D, Hermida JS, Kacet S, Klug D, Leenhardt A, le Heuzey JY, Mabo P, Pisapia A, Sadoul N, Salvador-Mazenq M, Cazeau S. Guidelines issued by the French Society of Cardiology concerning the competence, performance and environment required in the practice of diagnostic and interventional cardiac electrophysiology. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 104:586-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Long-term follow-up after catheter ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: a comparison of cryothermal and radiofrequency energy in a large series of patients. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2010; 30:55-61. [PMID: 21153914 PMCID: PMC3034882 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-010-9530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is highly successful but carries a risk for inadvertent atrioventricular block. Cryoablation (cryo) has the potential to assess the safety of a site before the energy is applied. Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of cryothermal ablation in a large series of patients and compare it to RF. Methods All consecutive routinely performed AVNRT ablations from our centre between 1999 and 2007 were retrospectively analysed. Results In total, 274 patients were elegible: 150 cryoablations and 124 RF. Overall procedural success was 96% (262/274), and equal in both groups, but nine patients were crossed to another arm. Mean fluoroscopy time was longer in the group treated with RF (27 ± 22 min vs. cryo 19 ± 15 min; p = 0.002). Mean procedure time was not different (RF 138 ± 71 min vs. cryo 146 ± 60 min). A permanent pacemaker was necessary in two RF patients. The questionnaire revealed a high incidence of late arrhythmia related symptoms (48%), similar in both groups, with improved perceived quality of life. The number of redo procedures for AVNRT over 4.3 ± 2.5-years follow-up was not statistically different (11% after cryo and 5% after RF). Conclusions Our data confirm that cryo and RF ablation with 4-mm tip catheters for AVNRT are equally effective, even after long-term follow-up.
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Vassilikos VP, Vogas V, Giannakoulas G, Mantziari L, Lekka I, Dimitrakopoulos K, Paraskevaidis S, Konias S, Maglaveras N, Chouvarda I, Styliadis H, Styliadis IH. The Use of Transtelephonic Loop Recorders for the Assessment of Symptoms and Arrhythmia Recurrence After Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation. Telemed J E Health 2010; 16:792-8. [DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2010.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios P. Vassilikos
- First Cardiology Department, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilios Vogas
- First Cardiology Department, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Giannakoulas
- First Cardiology Department, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lilian Mantziari
- First Cardiology Department, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Lekka
- Lab of Medical Informatics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Stelios Paraskevaidis
- First Cardiology Department, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sokratis Konias
- Lab of Medical Informatics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Maglaveras
- Lab of Medical Informatics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Chouvarda
- Lab of Medical Informatics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Haralambos Styliadis
- Lab of Medical Informatics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis H. Styliadis
- First Cardiology Department, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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DRAGO FABRIZIO, RUSSO MARIOS, SILVETTI MASSIMOS, DE SANTIS ANTONELLA, IODICE FRANCESCA, NASO ONOFRIO MARIATERESA. Cryoablation of Typical Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia in Children: Six Years’ Experience and Follow-Up in a Single Center. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2010; 33:475-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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VIJGEN JOHAN, ECTOR HUGO, GEEST HILAIREDE. Underlying Heart Rhythm after Catheter Ablation of the Atrioventricular Conduction System. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.1990.tb01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kuck KH, Ernst S, Dorwarth U, Hoffmann E, Pitschner H, Tebbenjohanns J, Kottkamp H. [Guidelines for catheter ablation]. Clin Res Cardiol 2008; 96:833-49. [PMID: 17955158 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-007-0590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Kuck
- AK St. Georg, II. Med. Abteilung (Kardiologie), Lohmühlenstr. 5, 20099, Hamburg, Germany.
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Vijayaraman P, Alaeddini J, Storm R, Oren J, Wood MA, Ellenbogen KA. Slow Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Arrhythmias: Clinical Recognition, Electrophysiological Characteristics, and Response to Radiofrequency Ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007; 18:950-3. [PMID: 17666062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a common form of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Rarely, patients may present with an unusual form of atrioventricular nodal reentrant arrhythmia (AVNRA) with a cycle length greater than 600 ms. We describe the clinical presentation, electrophysiology characteristics, and response to radiofrequency ablation in a group of patients with AVNRA. METHODS AND RESULTS Six patients with slow documented sustained supraventricular arrhythmias at rates <100 bpm underwent electrophysiology study. Baseline clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics were: mean age 77 +/- 5 years; left ventricular ejection fraction 51 +/- 10%; hypertension 66%; diabetes mellitus 33%; coronary artery disease 33%; sinus cycle length 874 +/- 110 ms; PR 261 +/- 54 ms; atrial to His (AH) 181 +/- 49 ms. AVNRA was diagnosed based on previously described criteria for AVNRT. Mean tachycardia cycle length (TCL) during AVNRA was 668 +/- 74 ms. The AH and His to atrial (HA) intervals during the AVNRA was 434 +/- 50 and 234 +/- 81 ms, respectively. Two patients had slow-fast AVNRA while the others had slow-slow AVNRA. Most common symptoms reported during AVNRA were shortness of breath, fullness in the throat, chest tightness, dizziness, near-syncope, and syncope. Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of the slow pathway was performed successfully in five of six patients. Post-ablation AV nodal Wenckebach occurred at 666 +/- 49 ms compared with 521 +/- 91 ms at baseline. CONCLUSION AVNRA may occur at rates less than 100 bpm in the elderly and may be misdiagnosed as junctional rhythm. Slow AVNRA can cause significant symptoms. Slow pathway ablation can be successfully performed in AVNRA.
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Abstract
This article reviews progress in the understanding of AV junctional reentrant tachycardia and accessory pathway-mediated tachycardia in the twentieth century and in the early part of the twenty-first century. Emphasis is placed on the contributions of John Uther and the department he founded at Westmead Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A McGuire
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown NSW, Australia.
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Tanaka Y, Yamabe H, Morihisa K, Uemura T, Kawano H, Nagayoshi Y, Kojima S, Ogawa H. Incidence and Mechanism of Dislocated Fast Pathway in Various Forms of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia. Circ J 2007; 71:1099-106. [PMID: 17587718 DOI: 10.1253/circj.71.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence and mechanism of the dislocated antegrade fast pathway (A-FP) were examined in various forms of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). METHODS AND RESULTS To localize the A-FP, 5 atrial sites comprising the inferior coronary sinus ostium (CSOS), apex of the triangle of Koch (A-TOK), and 3 equidistant sites on the atrioventricular junction extending from A-TOK to CSOS (site S, M, and I) were pace mapped at 100 beats/min in 71 patients with slow-fast (n=49), fast-slow (n=7) and slow-intermediate (n=15) forms of AVNRT. The site with the shortest interval between the stimulus and His potential recorded at the A-TOK (shortest St-H) was defined as the A-FP site. The A-FP was located at A-TOK in 31 patients (nondislocated group), and inferior to A-TOK in 40 patients (site S in 26, M in 13, and I in one patient; dislocated group). There was no significant difference in the location of the A-FP among the 3 forms of AVNRT. Although the shortest St-H did not differ between groups, the St-H at A-TOK in the dislocated group was significantly longer than that in the nondislocated group. Additionally, the His potential preceding that of the A-TOK was observed more frequently inferior to the A-TOK in the dislocated group than in the nondislocated group, suggesting that the A-FP dislocation was accompanied by displacement of the His bundle. CONCLUSIONS Dislocated A-FP was frequently and uniformly observed among various forms of AVNRT, and is probably caused by inferior displacement of the entire atrioventricular node - His bundle apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Surgical Options for the Treatment of Arrhythmias. Cardiovasc Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3358-5.50028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Luis Merino J. Ablación de la taquicardia intranodal: cuando la fisiología cuenta en la era de la anatomía. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(07)74978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Though patients with AV nodal reentry are now routinely cured by catheter ablation, the basic mechanism of this disorder is still under debate. The putative mechanism of AV node reentry was first discovered by the elegant work of Gordon Moe. He demonstrated the existence of dual pathways and echo beats in rabbits. Building on these seminal observations, the mechanism of AVNRT has burgeoned to include the possibility of left atrial input into the node. The first curative nonpharmacologic procedures involved surgical dissection around the AV node and the procedure was rapidly supplanted by catheter ablation procedures. The initial ablative procedure targeted the fast pathway, but later observations showed that ablation of the slow pathway was more effective and safer. Cure of AV nodal reentry which is the most common cause of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia became possible through the cooperative efforts of anatomists, physiologists, surgeons, and clinical electrophysiologists.
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Abstract
A historical overview is given on the techniques to record the electrical activity of the heart, some anatomical aspects relevant for the understanding of arrhythmias, general mechanisms of arrhythmias, mechanisms of some specific arrhythmias and nonpharmacological forms of therapy. The unravelling of arrhythmia mechanisms depends, of course, on the ability to record the electrical activity of the heart. It is therefore no surprise that following the construction of the string galvanometer by Einthoven in 1901, which allowed high-fidelity recording of the body surface electrocardiogram, the study of arrhythmias developed in an explosive way. Still, papers from McWilliam (1887), Garrey (1914) and Mines (1913, 1914) in which neither mechanical nor electrical activity was recorded provided crucial insights into re-entry as a mechanism for atrial and ventricular fibrillation, atrioventricular nodal re-entry and atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia in hearts with an accessory atrioventricular connection. The components of the electrocardiogram, and of extracellular electrograms directly recorded from the heart, could only be well understood by comparing such registrations with recordings of transmembrane potentials. The first intracellular potentials were recorded with microelectrodes in 1949 by Coraboeuf and Weidmann. It is remarkable that the interpretation of extracellular electrograms was still controversial in the 1950s, and it was not until 1962 that Dower showed that the transmembrane action potential upstroke coincided with the steep negative deflection in the electrogram. For many decades, mapping of the spread of activation during an arrhythmia was performed with a "roving" electrode that was subsequently placed on different sites on the cardiac surface with a simultaneous recording of another signal as time reference. This method could only provide reliable information if the arrhythmia was strictly regular. When multiplexing systems became available in the late 1970s, and optical mapping in the 1980s, simultaneous registrations could be made from many sites. The analysis of atrial and ventricular fibrillation then became much more precise. The old question whether an arrhythmia is due to a focal or a re-entrant mechanism could be answered, and for atrial fibrillation, for instance, the answer is that both mechanisms may be operative. The road from understanding the mechanism of an arrhythmia to its successful therapy has been long: the studies of Mines in 1913 and 1914, microelectrode studies in animal preparations in the 1960s and 1970s, experimental and clinical demonstrations of initiation and termination of tachycardias by premature stimuli in the 1960s and 1970s, successful surgery in the 1980s, the development of external and implantable defibrillators in the 1960s and 1980s, and finally catheter ablation at the end of the previous century, with success rates that approach 99% for supraventricular tachycardias.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Janse
- The Experimental and Molecular Cardiology Group, Academic Medical Center, M 051, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ector J, De Buck S, Adams J, Dymarkowski S, Bogaert J, Maes F, Heidbüchel H. Cardiac three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and fluoroscopy merging: a new approach for electroanatomic mapping to assist catheter ablation. Circulation 2005; 112:3769-76. [PMID: 16330683 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.565002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern nonfluoroscopic mapping systems construct 3D electroanatomic maps by tracking intracardiac catheters. They require specialized catheters and/or dedicated hardware. We developed a new method for electroanatomic mapping by merging detailed 3D models of the endocardial cavities with fluoroscopic images without the need for specialized hardware. This developmental work focused on the right atrium because of the difficulties in visualizing its anatomic landmarks in 3D with current approaches. METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiac MRI images were acquired in 39 patients referred for radiofrequency catheter ablation using balanced steady state free-precession sequences. We optimized acquisition and developed software for construction of detailed 3D models, after contouring of endocardial cavities with cross-checking of different imaging planes. 3D models were then merged with biplane fluoroscopic images by methods for image calibration and registration implemented in a custom software application. The feasibility and accuracy of this merging process were determined in heart-cast experiments and electroanatomic mapping in patients. Right atrial dimensions and relevant anatomic landmarks could be identified and measured in all 3D models. Cephalocaudal, posteroanterior, and lateroseptal diameters were, respectively, 65+/-11, 54+/-11, and 57+/-9 mm; posterior isthmus length was 26+/-6 mm; Eustachian valve height was 5+/-5 mm; and coronary sinus ostium height and width were 16+/-3 and 12+/-3 mm, respectively (n=39). The average alignment error was 0.2+/-0.3 mm in heart casts (n=40) and 1.9 to 2.5 mm in patient experiments (n=9), ie, acceptable for clinical use. In 11 patients, reliable catheter positioning and projection of activation times resulted in 3D electroanatomic maps with an unprecedented level of anatomic detail, which assisted ablation. CONCLUSIONS This new approach allows activation visualization in a highly detailed 3D anatomic environment without the need for a specialized nonfluoroscopic mapping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Ector
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Reid MC, Billette J, Khalife K, Tadros R. Role of Compact Node and Posterior Extension in Direction-Dependent Changes in Atrioventricular Nodal Function in Rabbit. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14:1342-50. [PMID: 14678111 DOI: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2003.03382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AV nodal conduction properties differ in the anterograde versus the retrograde direction. The underlying substrate remains unclear. We propose that direction-dependent changes in AV nodal function are the net result of those occurring in the slow and fast pathways. METHODS AND RESULTS Anterograde and retrograde AV nodal properties were determined with a premature protocol before and after posterior extension (slow pathway) ablation, and before and after upper compact node (fast pathway) ablation. Each ablation was performed in a different group of six rabbit heart preparations. In control, nodal minimum conduction time (NCTmin) and effective refractory period (ERPN) typically were longer, and maximum conduction time (NCTmax) was shorter in the retrograde compared to the anterograde direction. Posterior extension ablation prolonged anterograde ERPN from 91 +/- 10 ms to 141 +/- 15 ms (P < 0.01) and shortened NCTmax from 150 +/- 13 ms to 82 +/- 7 ms (P < 0.01) but did not affect retrograde conduction. Thus, the posterior extension normally contributes to the anterograde but not retrograde recovery curve. Compact node ablation prolonged anterograde conduction (NCTmin increased from 57 +/- 2 ms to 73 +/- 7 ms, P < 0.01) but did not alter ERPN and NCTmax. This ablation abolished retrograde conduction in two preparations and resulted in retrograde slow pathway conduction in four, the latter being interrupted by posterior extension ablation. Thus, the compact node accounts for the baseline of the recovery curve in both directions. Ablation of the compact node results in anterograde slow pathway conduction over the entire cycle length range and may result in retrograde slow pathway conduction. CONCLUSION Direction-dependent properties of the AV node arise from those of the compact node-based fast pathway and posterior extension-based slow pathway. Normal AV node has bidirectional dual pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Claude Reid
- Département de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Canada
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Ooie T, Tsuchiya T, Ashikaga K, Honda T, Takahashi N. Anterograde slow pathway is not the same as retrograde slow pathway conducted in the reverse direction in patients with uncommon atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14:722-7. [PMID: 12930252 DOI: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2003.02345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to examine the location of anterograde and retrograde slow pathways in 16 patients with uncommon atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), including the fast-slow form in 10, slow-slow form in 5, and both fast-slow and slow-slow forms in 1. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients were divided into two groups according to the approach used for slow pathway ablation in the initial radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA): one approach used earliest atrial activation during tachycardia (ES group, n = 9), and the other used a slow potential during sinus rhythm (SP group, n = 7). When the initial RFCA failed to eliminate slow pathway conduction in the ES group, an additional RFCA guided by a slow potential was performed. The ratio of lengths from the His-bundle region to the RFCA site and coronary sinus ostium (Abl/His-CS ratio) and the ratio of amplitudes of atrial and ventricular potentials at the RFCA site (A/V ratio) were compared between the two groups. In the initial RFCA, retrograde slow pathway conduction was eliminated without impairment of anterograde slow pathway conduction in 8 (89%) patients from the ES group, and bidirectional slow pathway conduction was eliminated in 6 (86%) patients from the SP group. Residual anterograde slow pathway conduction that was preserved after the initial RFCA in 8 of 9 patients was eliminated by an additional slow potential-guided RFCA. Both the Abl/His-CS ratio (0.86 +/- 0.07 vs 0.73 +/- 0.11, P = 0.01) and A/V ratio (0.80 +/- 0.31 vs. 0.14 +/- 0.01, P < 0.001) were higher in the ES group than the SP group. The ratios for the residual anterograde slow pathway ablation in the ES group were similar to those in the SP group. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the retrograde slow pathway runs more on the atrial side of the tricuspid valve annulus at the level of the coronary sinus ostium compared with the anterograde slow pathway, although both pathways run parallel or are fused in portions more proximal to the His bundle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Ooie
- Cardiovascular Center, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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Brembilla-Perrot B, Houriez P, Beurrier D, Claudon O, Burger G, Vançon AC, Mock L. Influence of age on the electrophysiological mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias. Int J Cardiol 2001; 78:293-8. [PMID: 11376833 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(01)00392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of age on the mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). Previous studies have shown age and sex differences between certain arrhythmias and especially changes in electrophysiological characteristics of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Four hundred and eighty five patients aged 9-86 years, with PSVT and without Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in sinus rhythm, were studied. The esophageal or intracardiac electrophysiological study used a standardized atrial pacing protocol. Paroxysmal junctional tachycardia was induced in 475 patients. The mechanism of tachycardia was not influenced by age and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) was found as the main cause of PSVT in all ranges of age. Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) using a concealed accessory pathway (AP) had a similar incidence from youth to elderly. The ratio male/female (M/F) and the inducibility of other arrhythmias (atrial flutter/fibrillation) (AF/AFl) were also found to be similar in all ranges of age. The age of the patients did not influence the mechanism of the tachycardia. Most of PVST were related to a AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. Concealed accessory pathway was identified with a similar incidence in young and old patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brembilla-Perrot
- Department of Cardiology, CHU of Brabois, 54500, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
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Saoudi N. Atrial fibrillation and the subatrial location of the atrioventricular nodal reentrant circuit: adding a new piece to an old puzzle. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000; 11:816-8. [PMID: 10921800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2000.tb00054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Khalife K, Billette J, Medkour D, Martel K, Tremblay M, Wang J, Lin LJ. Role of the compact node and its posterior extension in normal atrioventricular nodal conduction, refractory, and dual pathway properties. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999; 10:1439-51. [PMID: 10571364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The functional origin of AV nodal conduction, refractory, and dual pathway properties remains debated. The hypothesis that normal conduction and refractory properties of the compact node and its posterior nodal extension (PNE) play a critical role in the slow and the fast pathway, respectively, is tested with ablation lesions targeting these structures. METHODS AND RESULTS A premature atrial stimulation protocol was performed before and after PNE ablation in six isolated rabbit heart preparations. Discrete (approximately 300 microm) histologically controlled PNE lesions amputated the AV nodal recovery curve from its left steep portion reflecting slow pathway conduction and prevented reentry without affecting the right smooth fast pathway portion of the curve. The ablation shortened A2H2max from 159 +/- 16 ms to 123 +/- 11 msec (P < 0.01) and prolonged the effective refractory period from 104 +/- 6 msec to 119 +/- 11 msec (P < 0.01) without affecting A2H2min (55 +/- 9 msec vs 55 +/- 8 msec; P = NS) and functional refractory period (174 +/- 7 msec vs 175 +/- 6 msec; P = NS). These results did not vary with the input reference used. In six other preparations, lesions applied to the compact node after PNE ablation shifted the fast pathway portion of the recovery curve to longer conduction times and prolonged the functional refractory period, suggesting a compact node involvement in the fast pathway. CONCLUSION The normal AV nodal conduction and refractory properties reflect the net result of the interaction between a slow and a fast pathway, which primarily arise from the asymmetric properties of the PNE and compact node, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Khalife
- Département de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Canada
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Roden DM. An overview of contemporary approaches to antiarrhythmic therapy. JAPANESE CIRCULATION JOURNAL 1999; 63:655-8. [PMID: 10496478 DOI: 10.1253/jcj.63.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the evolution in the approach to the therapy of cardiac arrhythmias that has occurred during the past 2 decades. The major changes have been driven by advances in understanding arrhythmia mechanisms, in bioengineering, and in clinical trials. It seems likely that progress in understanding the cellular and molecular basis of arrhythmias and their response to drug therapy may allow further identification of patient subsets in which specific therapies are indicated or contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Roden
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA.
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Lin LJ, Billette J, Khalife K, Martel K, Wang J, Medkour D. Characteristics, circuit, mechanism, and ablation of reentry in the rabbit atrioventricular node. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999; 10:954-64. [PMID: 10413375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.1999.tb01266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The circuitry underlying AV nodal reentry remains debated. We developed a model of AV nodal reentry and assessed the role of nodal inputs, compact node, and its posterior nodal extension (PNE) in this phenomenon. METHODS AND RESULTS A fine scanning of short coupling interval range with an atrial premature beat consistently initiated slow-fast AV nodal reentrant beats that occurred 37+/-31 msec (mean+/-SD) after His-bundle activation in 11 of 16 consecutive rabbit heart preparations. The repeated testing (>40 times) of a chosen coupling interval within reentry window (6+/-9 msec, n = 11) yielded reentrant intervals that varied by 2+/-1 msec (mean SD for 40 beats+/-SD, n = 11). The breakthrough point of reentrant activation, as assessed from four perinodal sites, varied in different preparations from diffuse (4) to anterior (1), medial (3), or posterior (3); mean reentrant interval did not differ between perinodal sites. Antegrade perinodal activation pattern did not differ at reentrant versus nonreentrant coupling intervals and thus was not a primary determinant of reentry. A PNE ablation (n = 4) interrupted the slow pathway conduction and prevented reentry without affecting antegrade perinodal activation or fast pathway conduction. CONCLUSION A reproducible model of AV nodal reentrant beats was developed and used to study underlying circuitry. The AV nodal reentry involves unaltered antegrade perinodal activation, slow PNE conduction and retrograde broad invasion of perinodal tissues starting at a preparation-dependent breakthrough point. A PNE ablation abolishes the reentry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Lin
- Département de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Verdino RJ, Burke MC, Kall JG, Kopp DE, Lin AC, Nerney M, Wilber DJ. Retrograde fast pathway ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentry associated with markedly prolonged PR intervals. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83:455-8, A9-10. [PMID: 10072243 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Three patients with typical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and markedly prolonged PR intervals (>300 ms) without dual pathway physiology at baseline or during isoproterenol infusion underwent successful fast pathway ablation and remained asymptomatic without recurrent AVNRT, atrioventricular block, or symptomatic bradycardia for a mean of 19 months. In patients with recurrent AVNRT and markedly prolonged PR intervals, selective ablation of the retrograde fast pathway can eliminate AVNRT without further impairment of anterograde atrioventricular nodal function.
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Saoudi N, Anselme F, Poty H, Cribier A, Castellanos A. Entrainment of supraventricular tachycardias: a review. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 21:2105-25. [PMID: 9826864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Saoudi
- Service de Cardiologie, Hopital Charles Nicolle, Université de Rouen, France.
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Cooke PA, Wilber DJ. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia utilizing nonfluoroscopic electroanatomical mapping. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 21:1802-9. [PMID: 9744446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb00282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The advent of catheter ablation stimulated extensive research into anatomical localization of the pathways involved in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Conventional electrophysiological methods that attempt to correlate intracardiac electrograms with two-dimensional fluoroscopic anatomy are limited by the relative inaccuracy and poor reproducibility of this technique, and the requirement for high levels of radiation exposure. A new method of nonfluoroscopic electroanatomical mapping utilizes magnetic field sensing with a specialized catheter to construct three-dimensional electroanatomical endocardial maps of selected heart chambers with spatial resolution of < 1 mm. This system can be used in patients undergoing catheter ablation for AVNRT to create accurate maps of Koch's triangle and to guide application of radiofrequency energy. Initial experience in 14 patients suggests efficacy and safety comparable to conventional mapping and ablation techniques. Further evaluation may confirm the potential benefits of this system with respect to success rates, complications, procedure time, and radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Cooke
- University of Chicago Hospitals, Illinois 60637, USA
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Medkour D, Becker AE, Khalife K, Billette J. Anatomic and functional characteristics of a slow posterior AV nodal pathway: role in dual-pathway physiology and reentry. Circulation 1998; 98:164-74. [PMID: 9679723 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.98.2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The AV node is frequently the site of reentrant rhythms. These rhythms arise from a slow and a fast pathway for which the anatomic and functional substratum remain debated. This study proposes a new explanation for dual-pathway physiology in which the posterior nodal extension (PNE) provides the substratum for the slow pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS The anatomic and functional properties of the PNE were studied in 14 isolated rabbit heart preparations. A PNE was found in all studied preparations. It appeared as an elongated bundle of specialized tissues lying along the lower side of Koch's triangle between the coronary sinus ostium and compact node. No well-defined boundary separated the PNE, compact node, and lower nodal cell bundle. The electric properties of the PNE were characterized with a premature protocol and surface potential recordings from histologically controlled locations. The PNE showed cycle-length-dependent posteroanterior slow activation with a shorter refractory period (minimum local cycle length) than that of the compact node. During early premature beats resulting in block in transitional tissues, the markedly delayed PNE activation could propagate to maintain or resume nodal conduction and initiate reentrant beats. A shift to PNE conduction resulted in different patterns of discontinuity on conduction curves. Transmembrane action potentials recorded from PNE cells in 6 other preparations confirmed the slow nature of PNE potentials. CONCLUSIONS The PNE is a normal anatomic feature of the rabbit AV node. It constitutes a cycle-length-dependent slow pathway with a shorter refractory period than that of the compact node. Propagated PNE activation can account for a discontinuity in conduction curves, markedly delayed AV nodal responses, and reentry. Finally, the PNE provides a substratum for the slow pathway in dual-pathway physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Medkour
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
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Heidbüchel H, Ector H, Van de Werf F. Prospective evaluation of the length of the lower common pathway in the differential diagnosis of various forms of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 21:209-16. [PMID: 9474674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The conduction time over the lower common pathway (LCP) in AVNRT can be assessed by subtracting the H A-interval during tachycardia (HAt) from that during ventricular pacing at exactly the same cycle length (HAp) (delta HA = HAp-HAt). It has been suggested that H-A measurements may help in the differentiation of Slow/Fast from Slow/Slow AVNRT. This study evaluated prospectively in 61 consecutive patients with AVNRT (43 +/- 15 y; 46 women, all with antegrade conduction during AVNRT over the slow pathway) how often a reliable measurement of the length of the LCP could be made, and in how far the results were concordant with mapping criteria for the differentiation of Slow/Fast from Slow/Slow AVNRT. A new para-Hisian pacing technique (using only the His bundle catheter) was applied in all patients. Comparison of HAt and HAp was possible in 44 of the 61 patients (72%). In these 44 patients, HAp was longer than HAt in 12 patients, indicating the presence of a LCP. All patients with delta HA > or = 15 ms had earliest retrograde atrial activation in the posterior septum (Slow/Slow AVNRT; n = 6) or simultaneously in the anterior and posterior septum (n = 1). On the other hand, 31 of the 32 patients without evidence of a substantial LCP (delta HA < or = 0) had typical Slow/Fast AVNRT. Moreover, although it appears logical for Slow/Fast AVNRT to have a shorter HAt than Slow/Slow AVNRT, an HAp of > or = 70 ms was a better discriminator between the two forms of AVNRT than any HAt value. Therefore, delta HA > or = 15 ms (sens. > or = 86%; spec. > or = 97%) or HAp > or = 70 ms (sens. = 100%; spec. > or = 89%) were highly indicative for the Slow/Slow variant of AVNRT. Using a para-Hisian pacing technique, H-A measurements can be performed in 72% of AVNRT patients. They can be used as an important tool in the differentiation of Slow/Fast and Slow/Slow AVNRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Heidbüchel
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Belgium.
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