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Pimm ML, Haarer BK, Nobles AD, Haney LM, Marcin AG, Alcaide Eligio M, Henty-Ridilla JL. Coordination of actin plus-end dynamics by IQGAP1, formin, and capping protein. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202305065. [PMID: 38787349 PMCID: PMC11117073 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202305065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell processes require precise regulation of actin polymerization that is mediated by plus-end regulatory proteins. Detailed mechanisms that explain plus-end dynamics involve regulators with opposing roles, including factors that enhance assembly, e.g., the formin mDia1, and others that stop growth (capping protein, CP). We explore IQGAP1's roles in regulating actin filament plus-ends and the consequences of perturbing its activity in cells. We confirm that IQGAP1 pauses elongation and interacts with plus ends through two residues (C756 and C781). We directly visualize the dynamic interplay between IQGAP1 and mDia1, revealing that IQGAP1 displaces the formin to influence actin assembly. Using four-color TIRF, we show that IQGAP1's displacement activity extends to formin-CP "decision complexes," promoting end-binding protein turnover at plus-ends. Loss of IQGAP1 or its plus-end activities disrupts morphology and migration, emphasizing its essential role. These results reveal a new role for IQGAP1 in promoting protein turnover on filament ends and provide new insights into how plus-end actin assembly is regulated in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L. Pimm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Brian K. Haarer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alexander D. Nobles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Laura M. Haney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra G. Marcin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Marcela Alcaide Eligio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jessica L. Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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2
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Mitrotti A, Giliberti M, Di Leo V, di Bari I, Pontrelli P, Gesualdo L. Hidden genetics behind glomerular scars: an opportunity to understand the heterogeneity of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis? Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:1685-1707. [PMID: 37728640 PMCID: PMC11026212 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a complex disease which describes different kinds of kidney defects, not exclusively linked with podocyte defects. Since nephrin mutation was first described in association with early-onset nephrotic syndrome (NS), many advancements have been made in understanding genetic patterns associated with FSGS. New genetic causes of FSGS have been discovered, displaying unexpected genotypes, and recognizing possible site of damage. Many recent large-scale sequencing analyses on patients affected by idiopathic chronic kidney disease (CKD), kidney failure (KF) of unknown origin, or classified as FSGS, have revealed collagen alpha IV genes, as one of the most frequent sites of pathogenic mutations. Also, recent interest in complex and systemic lysosomal storage diseases, such as Fabry disease, has highlighted GLA mutations as possible causes of FSGS. Tubulointerstitial disease, recently classified by KDIGO based on genetic subtypes, when associated with UMOD variants, may phenotypically gain FSGS features, as well as ciliopathy genes or others, otherwise leading to completely different phenotypes, but found carrying pathogenic variants with associated FSGS phenotype. Thus, glomerulosclerosis may conceal different heterogeneous conditions. When a kidney biopsy is performed, the principal objective is to provide an accurate diagnosis. The broad spectrum of phenotypic expression and genetic complexity is demonstrating that a combined path of management needs to be applied. Genetic investigation should not be reserved only to selected cases, but rather part of medical management, integrating with clinical and renal pathology records. FSGS heterogeneity should be interpreted as an interesting opportunity to discover new pathways of CKD, requiring prompt genotype-phenotype correlation. In this review, we aim to highlight how FSGS represents a peculiar kidney condition, demanding multidisciplinary management, and in which genetic analysis may solve some otherwise unrevealed idiopathic cases. Unfortunately there is not a uniform correlation between specific mutations and FSGS morphological classes, as the same variants may be identified in familial cases or sporadic FSGS/NS or manifest a variable spectrum of the same disease. These non-specific features make diagnosis challenging. The complexity of FSGS genotypes requires new directions. Old morphological classification does not provide much information about the responsible cause of disease and misdiagnoses may expose patients to immunosuppressive therapy side effects, mistaken genetic counseling, and misguided kidney transplant programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Mitrotti
- Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
| | - Marica Giliberti
- Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Leo
- Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ighli di Bari
- Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Pontrelli
- Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Coscia SM, Moore AS, Thompson CP, Tirrito CF, Ostap EM, Holzbaur ELF. An interphase actin wave promotes mitochondrial content mixing and organelle homeostasis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3793. [PMID: 38714822 PMCID: PMC11076292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Across the cell cycle, mitochondrial dynamics are regulated by a cycling wave of actin polymerization/depolymerization. In metaphase, this wave induces actin comet tails on mitochondria that propel these organelles to drive spatial mixing, resulting in their equitable inheritance by daughter cells. In contrast, during interphase the cycling actin wave promotes localized mitochondrial fission. Here, we identify the F-actin nucleator/elongator FMNL1 as a positive regulator of the wave. FMNL1-depleted cells exhibit decreased mitochondrial polarization, decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and increased production of reactive oxygen species. Accompanying these changes is a loss of hetero-fusion of wave-fragmented mitochondria. Thus, we propose that the interphase actin wave maintains mitochondrial homeostasis by promoting mitochondrial content mixing. Finally, we investigate the mechanistic basis for the observation that the wave drives mitochondrial motility in metaphase but mitochondrial fission in interphase. Our data indicate that when the force of actin polymerization is resisted by mitochondrial tethering to microtubules, as in interphase, fission results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Coscia
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew S Moore
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Cameron P Thompson
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christian F Tirrito
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Liu PJ, Sayeeda K, Zhuang C, Krendel M. Roles of myosin 1e and the actin cytoskeleton in kidney functions and familial kidney disease. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38708443 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian kidneys are responsible for removing metabolic waste and maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis via selective filtration. One of the proteins closely linked to selective renal filtration is myosin 1e (Myo1e), an actin-dependent molecular motor found in the specialized kidney epithelial cells involved in the assembly and maintenance of the renal filter. Point mutations in the gene encoding Myo1e, MYO1E, have been linked to familial kidney disease, and Myo1e knockout in mice leads to the disruption of selective filtration. In this review, we discuss the role of the actin cytoskeleton in renal filtration, the known and hypothesized functions of Myo1e, and the possible explanations for the impact of MYO1E mutations on renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ju Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Kazi Sayeeda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Cindy Zhuang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Mira Krendel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Wang SX, Streit A. Shared features in ear and kidney development - implications for oto-renal syndromes. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050447. [PMID: 38353121 PMCID: PMC10886756 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between ear and kidney anomalies has long been recognized. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In the last two decades, embryonic development of the inner ear and kidney has been studied extensively. Here, we describe the developmental pathways shared between both organs with particular emphasis on the genes that regulate signalling cross talk and the specification of progenitor cells and specialised cell types. We relate this to the clinical features of oto-renal syndromes and explore links to developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlet Xiaoyan Wang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Streit
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Ding Y, Lv Z, Cao W, Shi W, He Q, Gao K. Phosphorylation of INF2 by AMPK promotes mitochondrial fission and oncogenic function in endometrial cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:65. [PMID: 38233384 PMCID: PMC10794193 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles capable of altering their sizes and shapes to maintain metabolic balance through coordinated fission and fusion processes. In various cancer types, mitochondrial hyperfragmentation has been frequently observed, contributing to the progression of cancer toward metastasis. Inverted formin 2 (INF2), which resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), has been found to accelerate actin polymerization and drive mitochondrial fission. In this study, we demonstrate that INF2 expression is significantly upregulated in endometrial cancer (EC) and is associated with a poor prognosis in EC patients. INF2 promotes anchorage-dependent and independent EC cell growth in part by facilitating mitochondrial fission. Furthermore, in conditions of energy stress, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylates INF2 at Ser1077, leading to increased localization of INF2 to the ER and enhanced recruitment of the dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) to mitochondria. This AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of INF2 at Ser1077 facilitates mitochondrial division and promotes EC cell growth. Pathological examination using immunohistochemical analyses revealed a positive correlation between AMPK activity and phosphorylated INF2 (Ser1077) in EC specimens. Collectively, our findings uncover novel molecular mechanisms involving the AMPK-INF2 axis, which regulates mitochondrial dynamics and malignant cell growth in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zeheng Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenxin Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenming Shi
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Qizhi He
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Kun Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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7
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Lin Z, Liu L, Li X, Huang S, Zhao H, Zeng S, Yang H, Xie Y, Zhang R. Phenotype-driven reanalysis reveals five novel pathogenic variants in 40 exome-negative families with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. J Neurol 2024; 271:497-503. [PMID: 37776383 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11991-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify genetic causes in 40 whole exome sequencing (WES)-negative Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) families and provide a summary of the clinical and genetic features of the diagnosed patients. METHODS The clinical information and sequencing data of 40 WES-negative families out of 131 CMT families were collected, and phenotype-driven reanalysis was conducted using the Exomiser software. RESULTS The molecular diagnosis was regained in 4 families, increasing the overall diagnosis rate by 3.0%. One family with adolescent-onset pure CMT1 was diagnosed [POLR3B: c.2810G>A (p.R937Q)] due to the novel genotype-phenotype association. One infantile-onset, severe CMT1 family with deep sensory disturbance was diagnosed by screening the BAM file and harbored c.1174C>T (p.R392*) and 875_927delinsCTGCCCACTCTGCCCACTCTGCCCACTCTG (p.V292Afs53) of PRX. Two families were diagnosed due to characteristic phenotypes, including an infantile-onset ICMT family with renal dysfunction harboring c.213_233delinsGAGGAGCA (p.S72Rfs34) of INF2 and an adolescent-onset CMT2 family with optic atrophy harboring c.560C>T (p.P187L) and c.616A>G (p.K206E) of SLC25A46. According to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines, the variants of POLR3B and SLC25A46 were classified as likely pathogenic, and the variants of INF2 and PRX were pathogenic. All these variants were first reported worldwide except for p.R392* of PRX. CONCLUSIONS We identified five novel pathogenic variants in POLR3B, PRX, INF2, and SLC25A46, which broaden their phenotypic and genotypic spectrums. Regular phenotype-driven reanalysis is a powerful strategy for increasing the diagnostic yield of WES-negative CMT patients, and long-term follow-up and screening BAM files for contiguous deletion and missense variants are both essential for reanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Shunxiang Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Huadong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Sen Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Honglan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yongzhi Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruxu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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Shah V, Singh JK, Srivastava SK, Konnur A, Gang S, Pandey SN. INF2 and ROBO2 gene mutation in an Indian family with end stage renal failure and follow-up of renal transplantation. Nephrology (Carlton) 2024; 29:48-54. [PMID: 37772439 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate genetic diagnosis of end-stage renal disease patients with a family history of renal dysfunction is very essential. It not only helps in proper prognosis, but becomes crucial in designating donor for live related renal transplant. We here present a case of family with deleterious mutations in INF2 and ROBO2 and its importance of genetic testing before preparing for kidney transplantation. CASE PRESENTATION We report the case of a 29-year-female with end-stage renal disease and rapidly progressive renal failure. Mutational analysis revealed an Autosomal Dominant inheritance pattern and mutation in exon 4 of the INF2 gene (p. Thr215Ser) and exon 26 of the ROBO2 gene (p. Arg1371Cys). Her mother was diagnosed for CKD stage 4 with creatinine level of 4.3 mg/dL. Genetic variants (INF2 and ROBO2) identified in proband were tested in her sisters and mother. Her elder sister was positive for both heterozygous variants (INF2 and ROBO2). Her mother was positive for mutation in INF2 gene, and her donor elder sister did not showed mutation in INF2 gene and had mutation in ROBO2 gene without any clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION This case report emphasize that familial genetic screening has allowed us in allocating the donor selection in family where family member had history of genetic defect of Chronic Kidney Disease. Information of the causative renal disorder is extremely valuable for risk-assessment and planning of kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandit Shah
- Department of Pathology, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Nadiad, India
| | - Jaikee Kumar Singh
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Srivastava
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Abhijit Konnur
- Department of Nephrology, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Nadiad, India
| | - Sishir Gang
- Department of Nephrology, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Nadiad, India
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Ueda H, Tran QTH, Tran LNT, Higasa K, Ikeda Y, Kondo N, Hashiyada M, Sato C, Sato Y, Ashida A, Nishio S, Iwata Y, Iida H, Matsuoka D, Hidaka Y, Fukui K, Itami S, Kawashita N, Sugimoto K, Nozu K, Hattori M, Tsukaguchi H. Characterization of cytoskeletal and structural effects of INF2 variants causing glomerulopathy and neuropathy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12003. [PMID: 37491439 PMCID: PMC10368640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a common glomerular injury leading to end-stage renal disease. Monogenic FSGS is primarily ascribed to decreased podocyte integrity. Variants between residues 184 and 245 of INF2, an actin assembly factor, produce the monogenic FSGS phenotype. Meanwhile, variants between residues 57 and 184 cause a dual-faceted disease involving peripheral neurons and podocytes (Charcot-Marie-Tooth CMT/FSGS). To understand the molecular basis for INF2 disorders, we compared structural and cytoskeletal effects of INF2 variants classified into two subgroups: One (G73D, V108D) causes the CMT/FSGS phenotype, and the other (T161N, N202S) produces monogenic FSGS. Molecular dynamics analysis revealed that all INF2 variants show distinct flexibility compared to the wild-type INF2 and could affect stability of an intramolecular interaction between their N- and C-terminal segments. Immunocytochemistry of cells expressing INF2 variants showed fewer actin stress fibers, and disorganization of cytoplasmic microtubule arrays. Notably, CMT/FSGS variants caused more prominent changes in mitochondrial distribution and fragmentation than FSGS variants and these changes correlated with the severity of cytoskeletal disruption. Our results indicate that CMT/FSGS variants are associated with more severe global cellular defects caused by disrupted cytoskeleton-organelle interactions than are FSGS variants. Further study is needed to clarify tissue-specific pathways and/or cellular functions implicated in FSGS and CMT phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ueda
- Division of Nephrology, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan
| | - Quynh Thuy Huong Tran
- Division of Nephrology, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan
| | - Linh Nguyen Truc Tran
- Division of Nephrology, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan
| | - Koichiro Higasa
- Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kondo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Masaki Hashiyada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Chika Sato
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sato
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Ashida
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Saori Nishio
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Iwata
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan
- Toyama Transplantation Promotion Foundation, Toyama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsuoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hidaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Suzu Itami
- Major in Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Norihito Kawashita
- Department of Energy and Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Kandai Nozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Motoshi Hattori
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsukaguchi
- Division of Nephrology, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan.
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10
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Vincenti F, Angeletti A, Ghiggeri GM. State of the art in childhood nephrotic syndrome: concrete discoveries and unmet needs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1167741. [PMID: 37503337 PMCID: PMC10368981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a clinical entity characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and peripheral edema. NS affects about 2-7 per 100,000 children aged below 18 years old yearly and is classified, based on the response to drugs, into steroid sensitive (SSNS), steroid dependent, (SDNS), multidrug dependent (MDNS), and multidrug resistant (MRNS). Forms of NS that are more difficult to treat are associated with a worse outcome with respect to renal function. In particular, MRNS commonly progresses to end stage renal failure requiring renal transplantation, with recurrence of the original disease in half of the cases. Histological presentations of NS may vary from minimal glomerular lesions (MCD) to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and, of relevance, the histological patterns do not correlate with the response to treatments. Moreover, around half of MRNS cases are secondary to causative pathogenic variants in genes involved in maintaining the glomerular structure. The pathogenesis of NS is still poorly understood and therapeutic approaches are mostly based on clinical experience. Understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms of NS is one of the 'unmet needs' in nephrology and represents a significant challenge for the scientific community. The scope of the present review includes exploring relevant findings, identifying unmet needs, and reviewing therapeutic developments that characterize NS in the last decades. The main aim is to provide a basis for new perspectives and mechanistic studies in NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Vincenti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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11
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Vöing K, Michgehl U, Mertens ND, Picciotto C, Maywald ML, Goretzko J, Waimann S, Gilhaus K, Rogg M, Schell C, Klingauf J, Tsytsyura Y, Hansen U, van Marck V, Edinger AL, Vollenbröker B, Rescher U, Braun DA, George B, Weide T, Pavenstädt H. Disruption of the Rab7-Dependent Final Common Pathway of Endosomal and Autophagic Processing Results in a Severe Podocytopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1191-1206. [PMID: 37022133 PMCID: PMC10356157 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Endocytosis, recycling, and degradation of proteins are essential functions of mammalian cells, especially for terminally differentiated cells with limited regeneration rates and complex morphology, such as podocytes. To improve our understanding on how disturbances of these trafficking pathways are linked to podocyte depletion and slit diaphragm (SD) injury, the authors explored the role of the small GTPase Rab7, which is linked to endosomal, lysosomal, and autophagic pathways, using as model systems mice and Drosophila with podocyte-specific or nephrocyte-specific loss of Rab7, and a human podocyte cell line depleted for Rab7. Their findings point to maturation and fusion events during endolysosomal and autophagic maturation as key processes for podocyte homeostasis and function and identify altered lysosomal pH values as a putative novel mechanism for podocytopathies. BACKGROUND Endocytosis, recycling, and degradation of proteins are essential functions of mammalian cells, especially for terminally differentiated cells with limited regeneration rates, such as podocytes. How disturbances within these trafficking pathways may act as factors in proteinuric glomerular diseases is poorly understood. METHODS To explore how disturbances in trafficking pathways may act as factors in proteinuric glomerular diseases, we focused on Rab7, a highly conserved GTPase that controls the homeostasis of late endolysosomal and autophagic processes. We generated mouse and Drosophila in vivo models lacking Rab7 exclusively in podocytes or nephrocytes, and performed histologic and ultrastructural analyses. To further investigate Rab7 function on lysosomal and autophagic structures, we used immortalized human cell lines depleted for Rab7. RESULTS Depletion of Rab7 in mice, Drosophila , and immortalized human cell lines resulted in an accumulation of diverse vesicular structures resembling multivesicular bodies, autophagosomes, and autoendolysosomes. Mice lacking Rab7 developed a severe and lethal renal phenotype with early-onset proteinuria and global or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, accompanied by an altered distribution of slit diaphragm proteins. Remarkably, structures resembling multivesicular bodies began forming within 2 weeks after birth, prior to the glomerular injuries. In Drosophila nephrocytes, Rab7 knockdown resulted in the accumulation of vesicles and reduced slit diaphragms. In vitro , Rab7 knockout led to similar enlarged vesicles and altered lysosomal pH values, accompanied by an accumulation of lysosomal marker proteins. CONCLUSIONS Disruption within the final common pathway of endocytic and autophagic processes may be a novel and insufficiently understood mechanism regulating podocyte health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Vöing
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Ulf Michgehl
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Nils David Mertens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Cara Picciotto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Mee-Ling Maywald
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Jonas Goretzko
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sofie Waimann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Kevin Gilhaus
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Manuel Rogg
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Yaroslav Tsytsyura
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Veerle van Marck
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster Muenster, Germany
| | - Aimee L. Edinger
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Beate Vollenbröker
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Daniela Anne Braun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Britta George
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Thomas Weide
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Medical Clinic D, Munster, Germany
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12
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Boyer O, Mollet G, Dorval G. [Neurological disorders and hereditary podocytopathies: Some fascinating pathophysiological overlaps]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:246-252. [PMID: 36943121 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of hereditary steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) have identified more than 60 genes involved in the development of single-gene, isolated or syndromic forms of hereditary podocytoapthies. Sometimes, syndromic SRNS is associated with neurological disorders. Over the past decades, various studies have established links between the podocyte, an epithelial glomerular cell involved in the renal filtration barrier, and neuronal cells, both morphologically (slit diaphragm and synapse) and functionally (signaling platforms). Variants of genes encoding proteins expressed in different compartments of the podocyte and neurons are responsible for phenotypes associating renal lesions with proteinuria to central and/or peripheral neurological disorders. In this review, we aim to focus on genetic syndromes associating proteinuria and neurological disease and to present the latest advances in the description of these neuro-renal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Boyer
- Service de néphrologie pédiatrique, AP-HP, Centre de référence de maladies rénales rares de l'enfant et de l'adulte (MARHEA), hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, France - Université Paris Cité, institut Imagine, laboratoire des maladies rénales héréditaires, Inserm UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Mollet
- Université Paris Cité, institut Imagine, laboratoire des maladies rénales héréditaires, Inserm UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Dorval
- Université Paris Cité, institut Imagine, laboratoire des maladies rénales héréditaires, Inserm UMR1163, Paris, France - Service de génétique moléculaire, AP-HP, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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13
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Park JH, Kwon HM, Nam DE, Kim HJ, Nam SH, Kim SB, Choi BO, Chung KW. INF2 mutations in patients with a broad phenotypic spectrum of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2023; 28:108-118. [PMID: 36637069 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in INF2 are associated with the complex symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). To date, more than 100 and 30 genes have been reported to cause these disorders, respectively. This study aimed to identify INF2 mutations in Korean patients with CMT. This study was conducted with 743 Korean families with CMT who were negative for PMP22 duplication. In addition, a family with FSGS was included in this study. INF2 mutations were screened using whole exome sequencing (WES) and filtering processes. As the results, four pathogenic INF2 mutations were identified in families with different clinical phenotypes: p.L78P and p.L132P in families with symptoms of both CMT and FSGS; p.C104Y in a family with CMT; and p.R218Q in a family with FSGS. Moreover, different CMT types were observed in families with CMT symptoms: CMT1 in two families and Int-CMT in another family. Hearing loss was observed in two families with CMT1. Pathogenicity was predicted by in silico analyses, and considerable conformational changes were predicted in the mutant proteins. Two mutations (p.L78P and p.C104Y) were unreported, and three families showed de novo mutations that were putatively occurred from fathers. This study suggests that patients with INF2 mutations show a broad phenotypic spectrum: CMT1, CMT1 + FSGS, CMTDIE + FSGS, and FSGS. Therefore, the genotype-phenotype correlation may be more complex than previously recognized. We believe that this study expands the clinical spectrum of patients with INF2 mutations and will be helpful in the molecular diagnosis of CMT and FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Hye Mi Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da Eun Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Cell & Gene Theraphy Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Beom Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Cell & Gene Theraphy Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
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14
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Genetic nephrotic syndrome associated with disturbed function of glomerular slit membrane and podocyte cytoskeleton in children. Clin Exp Nephrol 2023; 27:101-109. [PMID: 36482266 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-022-02305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic nephrotic syndrome is caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins necessary for the stability and functionality of the glomerular filtration barrier. To date, more than 70 genes associated with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome have been identified. We review the clinical and molecular aspects of genetic nephrotic syndrome with a particular focus on genes associated with slit membrane and podocyte cytoskeleton defects. Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing are widely used in the identification of novel gene variants and help us gain a better understanding of the disease. Despite these findings, therapy is mainly supportive and focused on the reduction of proteinuria and management of chronic kidney disease with an unfavorable outcome for a significant proportion of cases. Positive therapeutic effects of immunosuppressive drugs have been reported in some patients; however, their long-time administration cannot be generally recommended. CONCLUSION Personalized treatment based on understanding the distinct disease pathogenesis is needed. With this, it will be possible to avoid harmful immunosuppressive therapy and improve outcomes and quality of life for pediatric patients suffering from genetic nephrotic syndrome.
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15
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Pero ME, Chowdhury F, Bartolini F. Role of tubulin post-translational modifications in peripheral neuropathy. Exp Neurol 2023; 360:114274. [PMID: 36379274 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common disorder that results from nerve damage in the periphery. The degeneration of sensory axon terminals leads to changes or loss of sensory functions, often manifesting as debilitating pain, weakness, numbness, tingling, and disability. The pathogenesis of most peripheral neuropathies remains to be fully elucidated. Cumulative evidence from both early and recent studies indicates that tubulin damage may provide a common underlying mechanism of axonal injury in various peripheral neuropathies. In particular, tubulin post-translational modifications have been recently implicated in both toxic and inherited forms of peripheral neuropathy through regulation of axonal transport and mitochondria dynamics. This knowledge forms a new area of investigation with the potential for developing therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay peripheral neuropathy by restoring tubulin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Farihah Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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16
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Chi H, Gan C, Jiang Y, Chen D, Qiu J, Yang Q, Chen Y, Wang M, Yang H, Jiang W, Li Q. The compound heterozygous mutations of c.607G>a and c.657delC in the FAH gene are associated with renal damage with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1). Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 11:e2090. [PMID: 36369907 PMCID: PMC9834193 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is a rare inherited metabolic disease characterized by severe liver and renal dysfunction. Early identification in affected children is critical for improved treatment options and prognosis. METHODS In this study, we identified novel compound heterozygous mutations (NM_000137: c.657delC (p.K220Rfs*12) and c.607G>A (p.A203T)) in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) gene in a family. We also characterized the clinical phenotype of the proband and verified the pathogenic effects of the mutations. Furthermore, we explored the pathogenic mechanism of renal injury through renal biopsy pathology and cell-based in vitro assays. Our study aims to verify the association between novel fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) variants and HT1, confirm the pathogenic effects of the mutations and explore the pathogenic mechanism of renal injury. RESULTS We showed these FAH mutations were inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and resulted in abnormal FAH protein expression and dysfunction, leading to fumarylacetoacetate (FAA) accumulation. The proband also showed apparent renal injury, including glomerular filtration barrier dysfunction and abnormal tubular protein reabsorption. CONCLUSIONS These observations may provide deeper insights on disease pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic approaches for HT1 from a genetic perspective. Similarly, we hope to provide valuable information for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chi
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Chun Gan
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Yaru Jiang
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Dan Chen
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Jiawen Qiu
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Mo Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Haiping Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Qiu Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
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17
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Labat-de-Hoz L, Comas L, Rubio-Ramos A, Casares-Arias J, Fernández-Martín L, Pantoja-Uceda D, Martín MT, Kremer L, Jiménez MA, Correas I, Alonso MA. Structure and function of the N-terminal extension of the formin INF2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:571. [PMID: 36306014 PMCID: PMC9616786 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In INF2—a formin linked to inherited renal and neurological disease in humans—the DID is preceded by a short N-terminal extension of unknown structure and function. INF2 activation is achieved by Ca2+-dependent association of calmodulin (CaM). Here, we show that the N-terminal extension of INF2 is organized into two α-helices, the first of which is necessary to maintain the perinuclear F-actin ring and normal cytosolic F-actin content. Biochemical assays indicated that this helix interacts directly with CaM and contains the sole CaM-binding site (CaMBS) detected in INF2. The residues W11, L14 and L18 of INF2, arranged as a 1-4-8 motif, were identified as the most important residues for the binding, W11 being the most critical of the three. This motif is conserved in vertebrate INF2 and in the human population. NMR and biochemical analyses revealed that CaM interacts directly through its C-terminal lobe with the INF2 CaMBS. Unlike control cells, INF2 KO cells lacked the perinuclear F-actin ring, had little cytosolic F-actin content, did not respond to increased Ca2+ concentrations by making more F-actin, and maintained the transcriptional cofactor MRTF predominantly in the cytoplasm. Whereas expression of intact INF2 restored all these defects, INF2 with inactivated CaMBS did not. Our study reveals the structure of the N-terminal extension, its interaction with Ca2+/CaM, and its function in INF2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Labat-de-Hoz
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CBM) Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Comas
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Armando Rubio-Ramos
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CBM) Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Casares-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CBM) Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CBM) Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Pantoja-Uceda
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Martín
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Angeles Jiménez
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Correas
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CBM) Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CBM) Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Sambharia M, Rastogi P, Thomas CP. Monogenic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: A conceptual framework for identification and management of a heterogeneous disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:377-398. [PMID: 35894442 PMCID: PMC9796580 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is not a disease, rather a pattern of histological injury occurring from a variety of causes. The exact pathogenesis has yet to be fully elucidated but is likely varied based on the type of injury and the primary target of that injury. However, the approach to treatment is often based on the degree of podocyte foot process effacement and clinical presentation without sufficient attention paid to etiology. In this regard, there are many monogenic causes of FSGS with variable presentation from nephrotic syndrome with histological features of primary podocytopathy to more modest degrees of proteinuria with limited evidence of podocyte foot process injury. It is likely that genetic causes are largely underdiagnosed, as the role and the timing of genetic testing in FSGS is not established and genetic counseling, testing options, and interpretation of genotype in the context of phenotype may be outside the scope of practice for both nephrologists and geneticists. Yet most clinicians believe that a genetic diagnosis can lead to targeted therapy, limit the use of high-dose corticosteroids as a therapeutic trial, and allow the prediction of the natural history and risk for recurrence in the transplanted kidney. In this manuscript, we emphasize that genetic FSGS is not monolithic in its presentation, opine on the importance of genetic testing and provide an algorithmic approach to deployment of genetic testing in a timely fashion when faced with a patient with FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sambharia
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Prerna Rastogi
- Department of PathologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Christie P. Thomas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA,Department of PediatricsUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA,The Iowa Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA,Medical ServiceVeterans Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIowaUSA
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19
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Neurons: The Interplay between Cytoskeleton, Ion Channels/Transporters and Mitochondria. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162499. [PMID: 36010576 PMCID: PMC9406945 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are permanent cells whose key feature is information transmission via chemical and electrical signals. Therefore, a finely tuned homeostasis is necessary to maintain function and preserve neuronal lifelong survival. The cytoskeleton, and in particular microtubules, are far from being inert actors in the maintenance of this complex cellular equilibrium, and they participate in the mobilization of molecular cargos and organelles, thus influencing neuronal migration, neuritis growth and synaptic transmission. Notably, alterations of cytoskeletal dynamics have been linked to alterations of neuronal excitability. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of the neuronal cytoskeleton and provide insights into alterations of this component leading to human diseases, addressing how these might affect excitability/synaptic activity, as well as neuronal functioning. We also provide an overview of the microscopic approaches to visualize and assess the cytoskeleton, with a specific focus on mitochondrial trafficking.
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20
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Kim S, Coukos R, Gao F, Krainc D. Dysregulation of organelle membrane contact sites in neurological diseases. Neuron 2022; 110:2386-2408. [PMID: 35561676 PMCID: PMC9357093 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The defining evolutionary feature of eukaryotic cells is the emergence of membrane-bound organelles. Compartmentalization allows each organelle to maintain a spatially, physically, and chemically distinct environment, which greatly bolsters individual organelle function. However, the activities of each organelle must be balanced and are interdependent for cellular homeostasis. Therefore, properly regulated interactions between organelles, either physically or functionally, remain critical for overall cellular health and behavior. In particular, neuronal homeostasis depends heavily on the proper regulation of organelle function and cross talk, and deficits in these functions are frequently associated with diseases. In this review, we examine the emerging role of organelle contacts in neurological diseases and discuss how the disruption of contacts contributes to disease pathogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation and regulation of organelle contacts will broaden our knowledge of their role in health and disease, laying the groundwork for the development of new therapies targeting interorganelle cross talk and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Robert Coukos
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Fanding Gao
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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21
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Ye Q, Lan B, Liu H, Persson PB, Lai EY, Mao J. A critical role of the podocyte cytoskeleton in the pathogenesis of glomerular proteinuria and autoimmune podocytopathies. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13850. [PMID: 35716094 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective glomerular filtration relies on the membrane separating the glomerular arterioles from the Bowman space. As a major component of the glomerular filtration barrier, podocytes form foot processes by the actin cytoskeleton, which dynamically adjusts in response to environmental changes to maintain filtration barrier integrity. The slit diaphragms bridge the filtration slits between neighboring foot processes and act as signaling hubs interacting with the actin cytoskeleton. Focal adhesions relay signals to regulate actin dynamics while allowing podocyte adherence to the basement membrane. Mutations in actin regulatory and signaling proteins may disrupt the actin cytoskeleton, resulting in foot process retraction, effacement, and proteinuria. Large-scale gene expression profiling platforms, transgenic animal models, and other in vivo gene delivery methods now enhance our understanding of the interactions among podocyte focal adhesions, slit diaphragms, and actin dynamics. In addition, our team found that at least 66% of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) children have podocyte autoantibodies, which was defined as a new disease subgroup-, autoimmune podocytopathies. This review outlines the pathophysiological mechanisms of podocyte cytoskeleton protein interactions in proteinuria and glomerular podocytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Lan
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pontus B Persson
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Translational Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - En Yin Lai
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Translational Physiology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
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22
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GDAP1 loss of function inhibits the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by altering the actin cytoskeleton. Commun Biol 2022; 5:541. [PMID: 35662277 PMCID: PMC9166793 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease 4A is an autosomal-recessive polyneuropathy caused by mutations of ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1), a putative glutathione transferase, which affects mitochondrial shape and alters cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Here, we identify the underlying mechanism. We found that patient-derived motoneurons and GDAP1 knockdown SH-SY5Y cells display two phenotypes: more tubular mitochondria and a metabolism characterized by glutamine dependence and fewer cytosolic lipid droplets. GDAP1 interacts with the actin-depolymerizing protein Cofilin-1 and beta-tubulin in a redox-dependent manner, suggesting a role for actin signaling. Consistently, GDAP1 loss causes less F-actin close to mitochondria, which restricts mitochondrial localization of the fission factor dynamin-related protein 1, instigating tubularity. GDAP1 silencing also disrupts mitochondria-ER contact sites. These changes result in lower mitochondrial Ca2+ levels and inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, explaining the metabolic changes upon GDAP1 loss of function. Together, our findings reconcile GDAP1-associated phenotypes and implicate disrupted actin signaling in CMT4A pathophysiology. GDAP1 mutations effect Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 4A by inhibiting the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and restricting mitochondrial localization of dynamin-related protein 1 through alterations of the actin cytoskeleton.
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23
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Chiereghin C, Robusto M, Massa V, Castorina P, Ambrosetti U, Asselta R, Soldà G. Role of Cytoskeletal Diaphanous-Related Formins in Hearing Loss. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111726. [PMID: 35681420 PMCID: PMC9179844 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing relies on the proper functioning of auditory hair cells and on actin-based cytoskeletal structures. Diaphanous-related formins (DRFs) are evolutionarily conserved cytoskeletal proteins that regulate the nucleation of linear unbranched actin filaments. They play key roles during metazoan development, and they seem particularly pivotal for the correct physiology of the reproductive and auditory systems. Indeed, in Drosophila melanogaster, a single diaphanous (dia) gene is present, and mutants show sterility and impaired response to sound. Vertebrates, instead, have three orthologs of the diaphanous gene: DIAPH1, DIAPH2, and DIAPH3. In humans, defects in DIAPH1 and DIAPH3 have been associated with different types of hearing loss. In particular, heterozygous mutations in DIAPH1 are responsible for autosomal dominant deafness with or without thrombocytopenia (DFNA1, MIM #124900), whereas regulatory mutations inducing the overexpression of DIAPH3 cause autosomal dominant auditory neuropathy 1 (AUNA1, MIM #609129). Here, we provide an overview of the expression and function of DRFs in normal hearing and deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Chiereghin
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Michela Robusto
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy;
| | - Valentina Massa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Di Rudinì 8, 20146 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Umberto Ambrosetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, UO Audiologia, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (R.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Soldà
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (R.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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24
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Kage F, Vicente-Manzanares M, McEwan BC, Kettenbach AN, Higgs HN. Myosin II proteins are required for organization of calcium-induced actin networks upstream of mitochondrial division. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar63. [PMID: 35427150 PMCID: PMC9561854 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-01-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formin INF2 polymerizes a calcium-activated cytoplasmic network of actin filaments, which we refer to as calcium-induced actin polymerization (CIA). CIA plays important roles in multiple cellular processes, including mitochondrial dynamics and vesicle transport. Here, we show that nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) is activated within 60 s of calcium stimulation and rapidly recruited to the CIA network. Knockout of any individual NMII in U2OS cells affects the organization of the CIA network, as well as three downstream effects: endoplasmic-reticulum-to-mitochondrial calcium transfer, mitochondrial Drp1 recruitment, and mitochondrial division. Interestingly, while NMIIC is the least abundant NMII in U2OS cells (>200-fold less than NMIIA and >10-fold less than NMIIB), its knockout is equally deleterious to CIA. On the basis of these results, we propose that myosin II filaments containing all three NMII heavy chains exert organizational and contractile roles in the CIA network. In addition, NMIIA knockout causes a significant decrease in myosin regulatory light chain levels, which might have additional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Kage
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Centro de Investigacion del Cancer/Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Centro Mixto Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Brennan C. McEwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Arminja N. Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Henry N. Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
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25
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Taşdelen E, Calame DG, Akay G, Mitani T, Fatih JM, Herman I, Du H, Coban-Akdemir Z, Marafi D, Jhangiani SN, Posey JE, Gibbs RA, Altıparmak T, Kutlay NY, Lupski JR, Pehlivan D. Novel RETREG1 (FAM134B) founder allele is linked to HSAN2B and renal disease in a Turkish family. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2153-2161. [PMID: 35332675 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 2B (HSAN2B) is a rare autosomal recessive peripheral neuropathy caused by biallelic variants in RETREG1 (formerly FAM134B). HSAN2B is characterized by sensory impairment resulting in skin ulcerations, amputations, and osteomyelitis as well as variable weakness, spasticity, and autonomic dysfunction. Here, we report four affected individuals with recurrent osteomyelitis, ulceration, and amputation of hands and feet, sensory neuropathy, hyperhidrosis, urinary incontinence, and renal failure from a family without any known shared parental ancestry. Due to the history of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and microcytic anemia, a diagnosis of Majeed syndrome was considered; however, sequencing of LPIN2 was negative. Family-based exome sequencing (ES) revealed a novel homozygous ultrarare RETREG1 variant NM_001034850.2:c.321G>A;p.Trp107Ter. Electrophysiological studies of the proband demonstrated axonal sensorimotor neuropathy predominantly in the lower extremities. Consistent with the lack of shared ancestry, the coefficient of inbreeding calculated from ES data was low (F = 0.002), but absence of heterozygosity (AOH) analysis demonstrated a 7.2 Mb AOH block surrounding the variant consistent with a founder allele. Two of the four affected individuals had unexplained renal failure which has not been reported in HSAN2B cases to date. Therefore, this report describes a novel RETREG1 founder allele and suggests renal failure may be an unrecognized feature of the RETREG1-disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elifcan Taşdelen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanliurfa Education and Research Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.,Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Daniel G Calame
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gulsen Akay
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake, Utah, USA
| | - Tadahiro Mitani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jawid M Fatih
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Isabella Herman
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - Haowei Du
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zeynep Coban-Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dana Marafi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Nüket Yürür Kutlay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanliurfa Education and Research Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - James R Lupski
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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26
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Mitochondria-lysosome contact site dynamics and misregulation in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:312-322. [PMID: 35249745 PMCID: PMC8930467 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurons rely heavily on properly regulated mitochondrial and lysosomal homeostasis, with multiple neurodegenerative diseases linked to dysfunction in these two organelles. Interestingly, mitochondria-lysosome membrane contact sites have been identified as a key pathway mediating their crosstalk in neurons. Recent studies have further elucidated the regulation of mitochondria-lysosome contact dynamics via distinct tethering/untethering protein machinery. Moreover, this pathway has been shown to have additional functions in regulating organelle network dynamics and metabolite transfer between lysosomes and mitochondria. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field of mitochondria-lysosome contact sites and their misregulation across multiple neurodegenerative disorders, which further underscore a potential role for this pathway in neuronal homeostasis and disease.
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27
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Rust MB, Marcello E. Disease association of cyclase-associated protein (CAP): Lessons from gene-targeted mice and human genetic studies. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151207. [PMID: 35150966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclase-associated protein (CAP) is an actin binding protein that has been initially described as partner of the adenylyl cyclase in yeast. In all vertebrates and some invertebrate species, two orthologs, named CAP1 and CAP2, have been described. CAP1 and CAP2 are characterized by a similar multidomain structure, but different expression patterns. Several molecular studies clarified the biological function of the different CAP domains, and they shed light onto the mechanisms underlying CAP-dependent regulation of actin treadmilling. However, CAPs are crucial elements not only for the regulation of actin dynamics, but also for signal transduction pathways. During recent years, human genetic studies and the analysis of gene-targeted mice provided important novel insights into the physiological roles of CAPs and their involvement in the pathogenesis of several diseases. In the present review, we summarize and discuss recent progress in our understanding of CAPs' physiological functions, focusing on heart, skeletal muscle and central nervous system as well as their involvement in the mechanisms controlling metabolism. Remarkably, loss of CAPs or impairment of CAPs-dependent pathways can contribute to the pathogenesis of different diseases. Overall, these studies unraveled CAPs complexity highlighting their capability to orchestrate structural and signaling pathways in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco B Rust
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35032 Marburg, Germany; DFG Research Training Group 'Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling', GRK 2213, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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28
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Boyer O, Mollet G, Dorval G. Neurological involvement in monogenic podocytopathies. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:3571-3583. [PMID: 33791874 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies of hereditary nephrotic syndrome (NS) have identified more than 50 genes that, if mutated, are responsible for monogenic forms of steroid-resistant NS (SRNS), either isolated or syndromic. Most of these genes encode proteins expressed in the podocyte with various functions such as transcription factors, mitochondrial proteins, or enzymes, but mainly structural proteins of the slit diaphragm (SD) as well as cytoskeletal binding and regulator proteins. Syndromic NS is sometimes associated with neurological features. Over recent decades, various studies have established links between the physiology of podocytes and neurons, both morphologically (slit diaphragm and synapse) and functionally (signaling platforms). Variants in genes expressed in different compartments of the podocyte and neurons are responsible for phenotypes associating kidney lesions with proteinuria (mainly Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) or Diffuse Mesangial Sclerosis (DMS)) and central and/or peripheral neurological disorders. The Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GAMOS, OMIM#251300) associates neurological defects, microcephaly, and proteinuria and is caused by variants in genes encoding proteins of various functions (microtubule cytoskeleton regulation (WDR73), regulation of protein synthesis via transfer RNAs (KEOPS and WDR4 complexes)). Pierson syndrome (OMIM#609049) associating congenital nephrotic syndrome and central neurological and ophthalmological anomalies is secondary to variants in LAMB2, involved in glomerular and ocular basement membranes. Finally, Charcot-Marie-Tooth-FSGS (OMIM#614455) combines peripheral sensory-motor neuropathy and proteinuria and arises from INF2 variants, resulting in cytoskeletal polymerization defects. This review focuses on genetic syndromes associating nephrotic range proteinuria and neurological involvement and provides the latest advances in the description of these neuro-renal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Boyer
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, AP-HP, Centre de Référence de maladies rénales rares de l'enfant et de l'adulte (MARHEA), Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France.
- Institut Imagine, Laboratoire des maladies rénales héréditaires, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Géraldine Mollet
- Institut Imagine, Laboratoire des maladies rénales héréditaires, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Dorval
- Institut Imagine, Laboratoire des maladies rénales héréditaires, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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29
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Zou W, Ji D, Zhang Z, Yang L, Cao Y. Players in Mitochondrial Dynamics and Female Reproduction. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:717328. [PMID: 34708072 PMCID: PMC8542886 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.717328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion) are essential physiological processes for mitochondrial metabolic function, mitochondrial redistribution, and mitochondrial quality control. Various proteins are involved in regulating mitochondrial dynamics. Aberrant expression of these proteins interferes with mitochondrial dynamics and induces a range of diseases. Multiple therapeutic approaches have been developed to treat the related diseases in recent years, but their curative effects are limited. Meanwhile, the role of mitochondrial dynamics in female reproductive function has attracted progressively more attention, including oocyte development and maturation, fertilization, and embryonic development. Here, we reviewed the significance of mitochondrial dynamics, proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, and disorders resulting from primary mitochondrial dynamic dysfunction. We summarized the latest therapeutic approaches of hereditary mitochondrial fusion-fission abnormalities and reviewed the recent advances in female reproductive mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dongmei Ji
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, China.,Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, China.,Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
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30
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Zhao Y, Zhang H, Wang H, Ye M, Jin X. Role of formin INF2 in human diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:735-746. [PMID: 34698992 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Formin proteins catalyze actin nucleation and microfilament polymerization. Inverted formin 2 (INF2) is an atypical diaphanous-related formin characterized by polymerization and depolymerization of actin. Accumulating evidence showed that INF2 is associated with kidney disease focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and cancers, such as colorectal and thyroid cancer where it functions as a tumor suppressor, glioblastoma, breast, prostate, and gastric cancer, via its oncogenic function. However, studies on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the different roles of INF2 in diverse cancers are limited. This review comprehensively describes the structure, biochemical features, and primary pathogenic mutations of INF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhao
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315048, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Haibiao Wang
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315048, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.
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31
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Previtali SC. Peripheral Nerve Development and the Pathogenesis of Peripheral Neuropathy: the Sorting Point. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2156-2168. [PMID: 34244926 PMCID: PMC8804061 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve development requires a coordinated sequence of events and steps to be accomplished for the generation of functional peripheral nerves to convey sensory and motor signals. Any abnormality during development may result in pathological structure and function of the nerve, which evolves in peripheral neuropathy. In this review, we will briefly describe different steps of nerve development while we will mostly focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in radial sorting of axons, one of these nerve developmental steps. We will summarize current knowledge of molecular pathways so far reported in radial sorting and their possible interactions. Finally, we will describe how disruption of these pathways may result in human neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano C Previtali
- Neuromuscular Repair Unit, InSpe (Institute of Experimental Neurology) and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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32
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Abstract
Almost 25 years have passed since a mutation of a formin gene, DIAPH1, was identified as being responsible for a human inherited disorder: a form of sensorineural hearing loss. Since then, our knowledge of the links between formins and disease has deepened considerably. Mutations of DIAPH1 and six other formin genes (DAAM2, DIAPH2, DIAPH3, FMN2, INF2 and FHOD3) have been identified as the genetic cause of a variety of inherited human disorders, including intellectual disability, renal disease, peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia, primary ovarian insufficiency, hearing loss and cardiomyopathy. In addition, alterations in formin genes have been associated with a variety of pathological conditions, including developmental defects affecting the heart, nervous system and kidney, aging-related diseases, and cancer. This review summarizes the most recent discoveries about the involvement of formin alterations in monogenic disorders and other human pathological conditions, especially cancer, with which they have been associated. In vitro results and experiments in modified animal models are discussed. Finally, we outline the directions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A. Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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33
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Boyer O, Dorval G, Servais A. The genetics of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:1600-1602. [PMID: 32040156 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Boyer
- Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Centre de référence MARHEA, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France.,Inserm U1163, Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Dorval
- Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Centre de référence MARHEA, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France.,Inserm U1163, Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aude Servais
- Inserm U1163, Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Néphrologie et Transplantation, Centre de référence MARHEA, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
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34
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Das R, Bhattacharjee S, Letcher JM, Harris JM, Nanda S, Foldi I, Lottes EN, Bobo HM, Grantier BD, Mihály J, Ascoli GA, Cox DN. Formin 3 directs dendritic architecture via microtubule regulation and is required for somatosensory nociceptive behavior. Development 2021; 148:271101. [PMID: 34322714 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dendrite shape impacts functional connectivity and is mediated by organization and dynamics of cytoskeletal fibers. Identifying the molecular factors that regulate dendritic cytoskeletal architecture is therefore important in understanding the mechanistic links between cytoskeletal organization and neuronal function. We identified Formin 3 (Form3) as an essential regulator of cytoskeletal architecture in nociceptive sensory neurons in Drosophila larvae. Time course analyses reveal that Form3 is cell-autonomously required to promote dendritic arbor complexity. We show that form3 is required for the maintenance of a population of stable dendritic microtubules (MTs), and mutants exhibit defects in the localization of dendritic mitochondria, satellite Golgi, and the TRPA channel Painless. Form3 directly interacts with MTs via FH1-FH2 domains. Mutations in human inverted formin 2 (INF2; ortholog of form3) have been causally linked to Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. CMT sensory neuropathies lead to impaired peripheral sensitivity. Defects in form3 function in nociceptive neurons result in severe impairment of noxious heat-evoked behaviors. Expression of the INF2 FH1-FH2 domains partially recovers form3 defects in MTs and nocifensive behavior, suggesting conserved functions, thereby providing putative mechanistic insights into potential etiologies of CMT sensory neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Das
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Jamin M Letcher
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jenna M Harris
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sumit Nanda
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Istvan Foldi
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, MTA-SZBK NAP B Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Erin N Lottes
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hansley M Bobo
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - József Mihály
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics, MTA-SZBK NAP B Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Giorgio A Ascoli
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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35
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Rossmann MP, Dubois SM, Agarwal S, Zon LI. Mitochondrial function in development and disease. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:269120. [PMID: 34114603 PMCID: PMC8214736 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles with vital functions in almost all eukaryotic cells. Often described as the cellular ‘powerhouses’ due to their essential role in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria perform many other essential functions beyond energy production. As signaling organelles, mitochondria communicate with the nucleus and other organelles to help maintain cellular homeostasis, allow cellular adaptation to diverse stresses, and help steer cell fate decisions during development. Mitochondria have taken center stage in the research of normal and pathological processes, including normal tissue homeostasis and metabolism, neurodegeneration, immunity and infectious diseases. The central role that mitochondria assume within cells is evidenced by the broad impact of mitochondrial diseases, caused by defects in either mitochondrial or nuclear genes encoding for mitochondrial proteins, on different organ systems. In this Review, we will provide the reader with a foundation of the mitochondrial ‘hardware’, the mitochondrion itself, with its specific dynamics, quality control mechanisms and cross-organelle communication, including its roles as a driver of an innate immune response, all with a focus on development, disease and aging. We will further discuss how mitochondrial DNA is inherited, how its mutation affects cell and organismal fitness, and current therapeutic approaches for mitochondrial diseases in both model organisms and humans. Summary: Mitochondria have a plethora of functions beyond metabolism. This Review discusses the emerging and multifaceted roles of mitochondria in different model organisms and human disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies P Rossmann
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sonia M Dubois
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suneet Agarwal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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36
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Cretin E, Lopes P, Vimont E, Tatsuta T, Langer T, Gazi A, Sachse M, Yu‐Wai‐Man P, Reynier P, Wai T. High-throughput screening identifies suppressors of mitochondrial fragmentation in OPA1 fibroblasts. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13579. [PMID: 34014035 PMCID: PMC8185549 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in OPA1 cause autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) as well as DOA+, a phenotype characterized by more severe neurological deficits. OPA1 deficiency causes mitochondrial fragmentation and also disrupts cristae, respiration, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance, and cell viability. It has not yet been established whether phenotypic severity can be modulated by genetic modifiers of OPA1. We screened the entire known mitochondrial proteome (1,531 genes) to identify genes that control mitochondrial morphology using a first-in-kind imaging pipeline. We identified 145 known and novel candidate genes whose depletion promoted elongation or fragmentation of the mitochondrial network in control fibroblasts and 91 in DOA+ patient fibroblasts that prevented mitochondrial fragmentation, including phosphatidyl glycerophosphate synthase (PGS1). PGS1 depletion reduces CL content in mitochondria and rebalances mitochondrial dynamics in OPA1-deficient fibroblasts by inhibiting mitochondrial fission, which improves defective respiration, but does not rescue mtDNA depletion, cristae dysmorphology, or apoptotic sensitivity. Our data reveal that the multifaceted roles of OPA1 in mitochondria can be functionally uncoupled by modulating mitochondrial lipid metabolism, providing novel insights into the cellular relevance of mitochondrial fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Cretin
- Mitochondrial Biology GroupInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR 3691ParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Priscilla Lopes
- Mitochondrial Biology GroupInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR 3691ParisFrance
| | - Elodie Vimont
- Mitochondrial Biology GroupInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR 3691ParisFrance
| | | | - Thomas Langer
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Biology of AgeingCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD)University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Anastasia Gazi
- UTechS Ultrastructural Bio ImagingInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Martin Sachse
- UTechS Ultrastructural Bio ImagingInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Patrick Yu‐Wai‐Man
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cambridge Eye UnitAddenbrooke's HospitalCambridge University HospitalsCambridgeUK
- Moorfields Eye HospitalLondonUK
- UCL Institute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Pascal Reynier
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et biologie moléculaireCentre Hospitalier UniversitaireAngersFrance
- Unité Mixte de Recherche MITOVASCCNRS 6015INSERM U1083Université d'AngersAngersFrance
| | - Timothy Wai
- Mitochondrial Biology GroupInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR 3691ParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
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37
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Trefzer R, Elpeleg O, Gabrusskaya T, Stepensky P, Mor-Shaked H, Grosse R, Brandt DT. Characterization of a L136P mutation in Formin-like 2 (FMNL2) from a patient with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252428. [PMID: 34043722 PMCID: PMC8158924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaphanous related formins are highly conserved proteins regulated by Rho-GTPases that act as actin nucleation and assembly factors. Here we report the functional characterization of a non-inherited heterozygous FMNL2 p.L136P mutation carried by a patient who presented with severe very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We found that the FMNL2 L136P protein displayed subcellular mislocalization and deregulated protein autoinhibition indicating gain-of-function mechanism. Expression of FMNL2 L136P impaired cell spreading as well as filopodia formation. THP-1 macrophages expressing FMNL2 L136P revealed dysregulated podosome formation and a defect in matrix degradation. Our data indicate that the L136P mutation affects cellular actin dynamics in fibroblasts and immune cells such as macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Trefzer
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tatyana Gabrusskaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagar Mor-Shaked
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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38
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Cunha MFMD, Sevignani G, Pavanelli GM, Carvalho MD, Barreto FC. Rare inherited kidney diseases: an evolving field in Nephrology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 42:219-230. [PMID: 32227072 PMCID: PMC7427654 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2018-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There are more than 150 different rare genetic kidney diseases. They can be classified according to diagnostic findings as (i) disorders of growth and structure, (ii) glomerular diseases, (iii) tubular, and (iv) metabolic diseases. In recent years, there has been a shift of paradigm in this field. Molecular testing has become more accessible, our understanding of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of these diseases has evolved, and new therapeutic strategies have become more available. Therefore, the role of nephrologists has progressively shifted from a mere spectator to an active player, part of a multidisciplinary team in the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders. This article provides an overview of the recent advances in rare hereditary kidney disorders by discussing the genetic aspects, clinical manifestations, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches of some of these disorders, named familial focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, tuberous sclerosis complex, Fabry nephropathy, and MYH-9 related disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Faucz Munhoz da Cunha
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Pediatria, Serviço de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Serviço de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Sevignani
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Mauricio de Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Fellype Carvalho Barreto
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Serviço de Nefrologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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39
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Role of Rho GTPase Interacting Proteins in Subcellular Compartments of Podocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073656. [PMID: 33915776 PMCID: PMC8037304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The first step of urine formation is the selective filtration of the plasma into the urinary space at the kidney structure called the glomerulus. The filtration barrier of the glomerulus allows blood cells and large proteins such as albumin to be retained while eliminating the waste products of the body. The filtration barrier consists of three layers: fenestrated endothelial cells, glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes. Podocytes are specialized epithelial cells featured by numerous, actin-based projections called foot processes. Proteins on the foot process membrane are connected to the well-organized intracellular actin network. The Rho family of small GTPases (Rho GTPases) act as intracellular molecular switches. They tightly regulate actin dynamics and subsequent diverse cellular functions such as adhesion, migration, and spreading. Previous studies using podocyte-specific transgenic or knockout animal models have established that Rho GTPases are crucial for the podocyte health and barrier function. However, little attention has been paid regarding subcellular locations where distinct Rho GTPases contribute to specific functions. In the current review, we discuss cellular events involving the prototypical Rho GTPases (RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42) in podocytes, with particular focus on the subcellular compartments where the signaling events occur. We also provide our synthesized views of the current understanding and propose future research directions.
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40
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Sharma G, Pfeffer G, Shutt TE. Genetic Neuropathy Due to Impairments in Mitochondrial Dynamics. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:268. [PMID: 33810506 PMCID: PMC8066130 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles capable of fusing, dividing, and moving about the cell. These properties are especially important in neurons, which in addition to high energy demand, have unique morphological properties with long axons. Notably, mitochondrial dysfunction causes a variety of neurological disorders including peripheral neuropathy, which is linked to impaired mitochondrial dynamics. Nonetheless, exactly why peripheral neurons are especially sensitive to impaired mitochondrial dynamics remains somewhat enigmatic. Although the prevailing view is that longer peripheral nerves are more sensitive to the loss of mitochondrial motility, this explanation is insufficient. Here, we review pathogenic variants in proteins mediating mitochondrial fusion, fission and transport that cause peripheral neuropathy. In addition to highlighting other dynamic processes that are impacted in peripheral neuropathies, we focus on impaired mitochondrial quality control as a potential unifying theme for why mitochondrial dysfunction and impairments in mitochondrial dynamics in particular cause peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Sharma
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Gerald Pfeffer
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Child Health Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Timothy E. Shutt
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
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41
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Maresca A, Carelli V. Molecular Mechanisms behind Inherited Neurodegeneration of the Optic Nerve. Biomolecules 2021; 11:496. [PMID: 33806088 PMCID: PMC8064499 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited neurodegeneration of the optic nerve is a paradigm in neurology, as many forms of isolated or syndromic optic atrophy are encountered in clinical practice. The retinal ganglion cells originate the axons that form the optic nerve. They are particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction, as they present a peculiar cellular architecture, with axons that are not myelinated for a long intra-retinal segment, thus, very energy dependent. The genetic landscape of causative mutations and genes greatly enlarged in the last decade, pointing to common pathways. These mostly imply mitochondrial dysfunction, which leads to a similar outcome in terms of neurodegeneration. We here critically review these pathways, which include (1) complex I-related oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) dysfunction, (2) mitochondrial dynamics, and (3) endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial inter-organellar crosstalk. These major pathogenic mechanisms are in turn interconnected and represent the target for therapeutic strategies. Thus, their deep understanding is the basis to set and test new effective therapies, an urgent unmet need for these patients. New tools are now available to capture all interlinked mechanistic intricacies for the pathogenesis of optic nerve neurodegeneration, casting hope for innovative therapies to be rapidly transferred into the clinic and effectively cure inherited optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Maresca
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, 40139 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, 40139 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
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42
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Navaratnarajah T, Anand R, Reichert AS, Distelmaier F. The relevance of mitochondrial morphology for human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 134:105951. [PMID: 33610749 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, which undergo frequent structural and metabolic changes to fulfil cellular demands. To facilitate these processes several proteins are required to regulate mitochondrial shape and interorganellar communication. These proteins include the classical mitochondrial fusion (MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1) and fission proteins (DRP1, MFF, FIS1, etc.) as well as several other proteins that are directly or indirectly involved in these processes (e.g. YME1L, OMA1, INF2, GDAP1, MIC13, etc.). During the last two decades, inherited genetic defects in mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins have emerged as an important class of neurodegenerative human diseases with variable onset ranging from infancy to adulthood. So far, no causal treatment strategies are available for these disorders. In this review, we provide an overview about the current knowledge on mitochondrial dynamics under physiological conditions. Moreover, we describe human diseases, which are associated with genetic defects in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharsini Navaratnarajah
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ruchika Anand
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University-Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University-Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Felix Distelmaier
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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43
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Zhao W, Ma X, Zhang X, Luo D, Zhang J, Li M, Ye Z, Peng H. INF2 p.Arg214Cys mutation in a Chinese family with rapidly progressive renal failure and follow-up of renal transplantation: case report and literature review. BMC Nephrol 2021; 22:51. [PMID: 33541266 PMCID: PMC7863463 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heterozygous mutations in the inverted formin 2 (INF2) gene are related to secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), a rare secondary disease associated with rapidly progressive renal failure. Case presentation We report a patient with familial autosomal INF2 mutation manifesting nephritic syndromes and elevated serum creatinine levels. Mutational analysis revealed an autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance pattern and a mutation in exon 4 (p.Arg214Cys) of INF2 as the likely cause, which has not been previously described in an Asian family. The patient progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and received hemodialysis. His mother had undergone renal transplant 3 years earlier, and his grandmother had carried the p.Arg214Cys mutation for more than 80 years without any sign of renal dysfunction. Conclusions This is the first report to identify an association between a familial autosomal dominant INF2 p.Arg214Cys mutation and rapidly progressive renal disease in an Asian family. INF2 mutation analysis should not be restricted to individuals without family history of FSGS, rather it should also be performed on individuals for whom drug-based therapies are not effective. In this case, kidney transplant is an effective alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Ave #600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Division of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Ave #600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiaohao Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Ave #600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Ave #600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ming Li
- Division of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Ave #600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zengchun Ye
- Division of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Ave #600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Division of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Ave #600, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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44
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Sun H, Perez-Gill C, Schlöndorff JS, Subramanian B, Pollak MR. Dysregulated Dynein-Mediated Trafficking of Nephrin Causes INF2-related Podocytopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:307-322. [PMID: 33443052 PMCID: PMC8054882 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020081109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FSGS caused by mutations in INF2 is characterized by a podocytopathy with mistrafficked nephrin, an essential component of the slit diaphragm. Because INF2 is a formin-type actin nucleator, research has focused on its actin-regulating function, providing an important but incomplete insight into how these mutations lead to podocytopathy. A yeast two-hybridization screen identified the interaction between INF2 and the dynein transport complex, suggesting a newly recognized role of INF2 in regulating dynein-mediated vesicular trafficking in podocytes. METHODS Live cell and quantitative imaging, fluorescent and surface biotinylation-based trafficking assays in cultured podocytes, and a new puromycin aminoglycoside nephropathy model of INF2 transgenic mice were used to demonstrate altered dynein-mediated trafficking of nephrin in INF2 associated podocytopathy. RESULTS Pathogenic INF2 mutations disrupt an interaction of INF2 with dynein light chain 1, a key dynein component. The best-studied mutation, R218Q, diverts dynein-mediated postendocytic sorting of nephrin from recycling endosomes to lysosomes for degradation. Antagonizing dynein-mediated transport can rescue this effect. Augmented dynein-mediated trafficking and degradation of nephrin underlies puromycin aminoglycoside-induced podocytopathy and FSGS in vivo. CONCLUSIONS INF2 mutations enhance dynein-mediated trafficking of nephrin to proteolytic pathways, diminishing its recycling required for maintaining slit diaphragm integrity. The recognition that dysregulated dynein-mediated transport of nephrin in R218Q knockin podocytes opens an avenue for developing targeted therapy for INF2-mediated FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Renal Division, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chandra Perez-Gill
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Johannes S Schlöndorff
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Balajikarthick Subramanian
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin R. Pollak
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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45
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Schiavon CR, Shadel GS, Manor U. Impaired Mitochondrial Mobility in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624823. [PMID: 33598463 PMCID: PMC7882694 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a progressive, peripheral neuropathy and the most commonly inherited neurological disorder. Clinical manifestations of CMT mutations are typically limited to peripheral neurons, the longest cells in the body. Currently, mutations in at least 80 different genes are associated with CMT and new mutations are regularly being discovered. A large portion of the proteins mutated in axonal CMT have documented roles in mitochondrial mobility, suggesting that organelle trafficking defects may be a common underlying disease mechanism. This review will focus on the potential role of altered mitochondrial mobility in the pathogenesis of axonal CMT, highlighting the conceptional challenges and potential experimental and therapeutic opportunities presented by this "impaired mobility" model of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara R. Schiavon
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gerald S. Shadel
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Uri Manor
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
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46
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Panfoli I, Granata S, Candiano G, Verlato A, Lombardi G, Bruschi M, Zaza G. Analysis of urinary exosomes applications for rare kidney disorders. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 17:735-749. [PMID: 33395324 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1866993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Exosomes are nanovesicles that play important functions in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. They are powerful cell-to-cell communication tool thanks to the protein, mRNA, miRNA, and lipid cargoes they carry. They are also emerging as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker sources. Urinary exosomes carry information from all the cells of the urinary tract, downstream of the podocyte. Rare kidney diseases are a subset of an inherited diseases whose genetic diagnosis can be unclear, and presentation can vary due to genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Areas covered: In this review, we focus on a group of rare and often neglected kidney diseases, for which we have sufficient available literature data on urinary exosomes. The analysis of their content can help to comprehend pathological mechanisms and to identify biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets. Expert opinion: The foreseeable large-scale application of system biology approach to the profiling of exosomal proteins as a source of renal disease biomarkers will be also useful to stratify patients with rare kidney diseases whose penetrance, phenotypic presentation, and age of onset vary sensibly. This can ameliorate the clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy-DIFAR, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Granata
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona , Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Verlato
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona , Verona, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Lombardi
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona , Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona , Verona, Italy
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47
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Bayraktar S, Nehrig J, Menis E, Karli K, Janning A, Struk T, Halbritter J, Michgehl U, Krahn MP, Schuberth CE, Pavenstädt H, Wedlich-Söldner R. A Deregulated Stress Response Underlies Distinct INF2-Associated Disease Profiles. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 31:1296-1313. [PMID: 32444357 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019111174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monogenic diseases provide favorable opportunities to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of disease progression and improve medical diagnostics. However, the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors in disease etiologies makes it difficult to discern the mechanistic links between different alleles of a single locus and their associated pathophysiologies. Inverted formin 2 (INF2), an actin regulator, mediates a stress response-calcium mediated actin reset, or CaAR-that reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton of mammalian cells in response to calcium influx. It has been linked to the podocytic kidney disease focal segemental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), as well as to cases of the neurologic disorder Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease that are accompanied by nephropathy, mostly FSGS. METHODS We used a combination of quantitative live cell imaging and validation in primary patient cells and Drosophila nephrocytes to systematically characterize a large panel of >50 autosomal dominant INF2 mutants that have been reported to cause either FSGS alone or with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. RESULTS We found that INF2 mutations lead to deregulated activation of formin and a constitutive stress response in cultured cells, primary patient cells, and Drosophila nephrocytes. We were able to clearly distinguish between INF2 mutations that were linked exclusively to FSGS from those that caused a combination of FSGS and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Furthermore, we were able to identify distinct subsets of INF2 variants that exhibit varying degrees of activation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that CaAR can be used as a sensitive assay for INF2 function and for robust evaluation of diseased-linked variants of formin. More broadly, these findings indicate that cellular profiling of disease-associated mutations has potential to contribute substantially to sequence-based phenotype predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samet Bayraktar
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Julian Nehrig
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Menis
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kevser Karli
- Medical Cell Biology, Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Annette Janning
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thaddäus Struk
- Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Halbritter
- Division of Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Michgehl
- Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- Medical Cell Biology, Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian E Schuberth
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Roland Wedlich-Söldner
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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48
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Schneider R, Deutsch K, Hoeprich GJ, Marquez J, Hermle T, Braun DA, Seltzsam S, Kitzler TM, Mao Y, Buerger F, Majmundar AJ, Onuchic-Whitford AC, Kolvenbach CM, Schierbaum L, Schneider S, Halawi AA, Nakayama M, Mann N, Connaughton DM, Klämbt V, Wagner M, Riedhammer KM, Renders L, Katsura Y, Thumkeo D, Soliman NA, Mane S, Lifton RP, Shril S, Khokha MK, Hoefele J, Goode BL, Hildebrandt F. DAAM2 Variants Cause Nephrotic Syndrome via Actin Dysregulation. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:1113-1128. [PMID: 33232676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of >60 monogenic causes of nephrotic syndrome (NS) has revealed a central role for the actin regulators RhoA/Rac1/Cdc42 and their effectors, including the formin INF2. By whole-exome sequencing (WES), we here discovered bi-allelic variants in the formin DAAM2 in four unrelated families with steroid-resistant NS. We show that DAAM2 localizes to the cytoplasm in podocytes and in kidney sections. Further, the variants impair DAAM2-dependent actin remodeling processes: wild-type DAAM2 cDNA, but not cDNA representing missense variants found in individuals with NS, rescued reduced podocyte migration rate (PMR) and restored reduced filopodia formation in shRNA-induced DAAM2-knockdown podocytes. Filopodia restoration was also induced by the formin-activating molecule IMM-01. DAAM2 also co-localizes and co-immunoprecipitates with INF2, which is intriguing since variants in both formins cause NS. Using in vitro bulk and TIRF microscopy assays, we find that DAAM2 variants alter actin assembly activities of the formin. In a Xenopus daam2-CRISPR knockout model, we demonstrate actin dysregulation in vivo and glomerular maldevelopment that is rescued by WT-DAAM2 mRNA. We conclude that DAAM2 variants are a likely cause of monogenic human SRNS due to actin dysregulation in podocytes. Further, we provide evidence that DAAM2-associated SRNS may be amenable to treatment using actin regulating compounds.
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49
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Genetic mechanisms of peripheral nerve disease. Neurosci Lett 2020; 742:135357. [PMID: 33249104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathies of genetic etiology are a very diverse group of disorders manifesting either as non-syndromic inherited neuropathies without significant manifestations outside the peripheral nervous system, or as part of a systemic or syndromic genetic disorder. The former and most frequent group is collectively known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), with prevalence as high as 1:2,500 world-wide, and has proven to be genetically highly heterogeneous. More than 100 different genes have been identified so far to cause various CMT forms, following all possible inheritance patterns. CMT causative genes belong to several common functional pathways that are essential for the integrity of the peripheral nerve. Their discovery has provided insights into the normal biology of axons and myelinating cells, and has highlighted the molecular mechanisms including both loss of function and gain of function effects, leading to peripheral nerve degeneration. Demyelinating neuropathies result from dysfunction of genes primarily affecting myelinating Schwann cells, while axonal neuropathies are caused by genes affecting mostly neurons and their long axons. Furthermore, mutation in genes expressed outside the nervous system, as in the case of inherited amyloid neuropathies, may cause peripheral neuropathy resulting from accumulation of β-structured amyloid fibrils in peripheral nerves in addition to various organs. Increasing insights into the molecular-genetic mechanisms have revealed potential therapeutic targets. These will enable the development of novel therapeutics for genetic neuropathies that remain, in their majority, without effective treatment.
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50
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Mao Y, Schneider R, van der Ven PFM, Assent M, Lohanadan K, Klämbt V, Buerger F, Kitzler TM, Deutsch K, Nakayama M, Majmundar AJ, Mann N, Hermle T, Onuchic-Whitford AC, Zhou W, Margam NN, Duncan R, Marquez J, Khokha M, Fathy HM, Kari JA, El Desoky S, Eid LA, Awad HS, Al-Saffar M, Mane S, Lifton RP, Fürst DO, Shril S, Hildebrandt F. Recessive Mutations in SYNPO2 as a Candidate of Monogenic Nephrotic Syndrome. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 6:472-483. [PMID: 33615072 PMCID: PMC7879128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Most of the approximately 60 genes that if mutated cause steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) are highly expressed in the glomerular podocyte, rendering SRNS a “podocytopathy.” Methods We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 1200 nephrotic syndrome (NS) patients. Results We discovered homozygous truncating and homozygous missense mutation in SYNPO2 (synaptopodin-2) (p.Lys1124∗ and p.Ala1134Thr) in 2 patients with childhood-onset NS. We found SYNPO2 expression in both podocytes and mesangial cells; however, notably, immunofluorescence staining of adult human and rat kidney cryosections indicated that SYNPO2 is localized mainly in mesangial cells. Subcellular localization studies reveal that in these cells SYNPO2 partially co-localizes with α-actinin and filamin A−containing F-actin filaments. Upon transfection in mesangial cells or podocytes, EGFP-SYNPO2 co-localized with α-actinin-4, which gene is mutated in autosomal dominant SRNS in humans. SYNPO2 overexpression increases mesangial cell migration rate (MMR), whereas shRNA knockdown reduces MMR. Decreased MMR was rescued by transfection of wild-type mouse Synpo2 cDNA but only partially by cDNA representing mutations from the NS patients. The increased mesangial cell migration rate (MMR) by SYNPO2 overexpression was inhibited by ARP complex inhibitor CK666. SYNPO2 shRNA knockdown in podocytes decreased active Rac1, which was rescued by transfection of wild-type SYNPO2 cDNA but not by cDNA representing any of the 2 mutant variants. Conclusion We show that SYNPO2 variants may lead to Rac1-ARP3 dysregulation, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youying Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanhai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronen Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter F M van der Ven
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marvin Assent
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Keerthika Lohanadan
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Verena Klämbt
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florian Buerger
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas M Kitzler
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Konstantin Deutsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amar J Majmundar
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nina Mann
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tobias Hermle
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana C Onuchic-Whitford
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanhai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Roy Duncan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jonathan Marquez
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mustafa Khokha
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hanan M Fathy
- Department of Pediatrics, Alexandria Faculty of medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jameela A Kari
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif El Desoky
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Loai A Eid
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Dubai Kidney Center of Excellence, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hazem Subhi Awad
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Dubai Kidney Center of Excellence, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muna Al-Saffar
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Dieter O Fürst
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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