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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany,Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany,Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States,Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia,
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Tominaga Y, Takeda K. An electro-mechano-optical NMR probe for 1H– 13C double resonance in a superconducting magnet. Analyst 2022; 147:1847-1852. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A compact nanomembrane radiofrequency-to-light transducer brings the emerging Electro-Mechano-Optical (EMO) NMR technique into the realm of practical NMR in chemistry using a superconducting magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tominaga
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Takeda
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Meier B. Quantum-rotor-induced polarization. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2018; 56:610-618. [PMID: 29460384 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum-rotor-induced polarization is closely related to para-hydrogen-induced polarization. In both cases, the hyperpolarized spin order derives from rotational interaction and the Pauli principle by which the symmetry of the rotational ground state dictates the symmetry of the associated nuclear spin state. In quantum-rotor-induced polarization, there may be several spin states associated with the rotational ground state, and the hyperpolarization is typically generated by hetero-nuclear cross-relaxation. This review discusses preconditions for quantum-rotor-induced polarization for both the 1-dimensional methyl rotor and the asymmetric rotor H217 O@C60 , that is, a single water molecule encapsulated in fullerene C60 . Experimental results are presented for both rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Meier
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Alonso-Valdesueiro J, Elliott SJ, Bengs C, Meier B, Levitt MH. Testing signal enhancement mechanisms in the dissolution NMR of acetone. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 286:158-162. [PMID: 29253726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In cryogenic dissolution NMR experiments, a substance of interest is allowed to rest in a strong magnetic field at cryogenic temperature, before dissolving the substance in a warm solvent, transferring it to a high-resolution NMR spectrometer, and observing the solution-state NMR spectrum. In some cases, negative enhancements of the 13C NMR signals are observed, which have been attributed to quantum-rotor-induced polarization. We show that in the case of acetone (propan-2-one) the negative signal enhancements of the methyl 13C sites may be understood by invoking conventional cross-relaxation within the methyl groups. The 1H nuclei acquire a relative large net polarization through thermal equilibration in a magnetic field at low temperature, facilitated by the methyl rotation which acts as a relaxation sink; after dissolution, the 1H magnetization slowly returns to thermal equilibrium at high temperature, in part by cross-relaxation processes, which induce a transient negative polarization of nearby 13C nuclei. We provide evidence for this mechanism experimentally and theoretically by saturating the 1H magnetization using a radiofrequency field pulse sequence before dissolution and comparing the 13C magnetization evolution after dissolution with the results obtained from a conventional 1H-13C cross relaxation model of the CH3 moieties in acetone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart J Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Bengs
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Benno Meier
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
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5
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Zhang B, Abu-Khumra SMM, Aibout A, Horsewill AJ. Manipulating and probing the polarisation of a methyl tunnelling system by field-cycling NMR. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:064302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4975173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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6
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Mammoli D, Salvi N, Milani J, Buratto R, Bornet A, Sehgal AA, Canet E, Pelupessy P, Carnevale D, Jannin S, Bodenhausen G. Challenges in preparing, preserving and detecting para-water in bulk: overcoming proton exchange and other hurdles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:26819-27. [PMID: 26399171 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03350k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Para-water is an analogue of para-hydrogen, where the two proton spins are in a quantum state that is antisymmetric under permutation, also known as singlet state. The populations of the nuclear spin states in para-water are believed to have long lifetimes just like other Long-Lived States (LLSs). This hypothesis can be verified by measuring the relaxation of an excess or a deficiency of para-water, also known as a "Triplet-Singlet Imbalance" (TSI), i.e., a difference between the average population of the three triplet states T (that are symmetric under permutation) and the population of the singlet state S. In analogy with our recent findings on ethanol and fumarate, we propose to adapt the procedure for Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (D-DNP) to prepare such a TSI in frozen water at very low temperatures in the vicinity of 1.2 K. After rapid heating and dissolution using an aprotic solvent, the TSI should be largely preserved. To assess this hypothesis, we studied the lifetime of water as a molecular entity when diluted in various solvents. In neat liquid H2O, proton exchange rates have been characterized by spin-echo experiments on oxygen-17 in natural abundance, with and without proton decoupling. One-dimensional exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) has been used to study proton exchange rates in H2O, HDO and D2O mixtures diluted in various aprotic solvents. In the case of 50 mM H2O in dioxane-d8, the proton exchange lifetime is about 20 s. After dissolving, one can observe this TSI by monitoring intensities in oxygen-17 spectra of H2O (if necessary using isotopically enriched samples) where the AX2 system comprising a "spy" oxygen A and two protons X2 gives rise to binomial multiplets only if the TSI vanishes. Alternatively, fast chemical addition to a suitable substrate (such as an activated aldehyde or ketone) can provide AX2 systems where a carbon-13 acts as a spy nucleus. Proton signals that relax to equilibrium with two distinct time constants can be considered as a hallmark of a TSI. We optimized several experimental procedures designed to preserve and reveal dilute para-water in bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mammoli
- Institut des Sciences et Ingéniérie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Zhang B, Horsewill AJ. Methyl tunnelling sidebands in the low-field NMR spectrum of 3-pentanone: Driving A-E transitions using rf irradiation. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 258:33-39. [PMID: 26183303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using magnetic field-cycling at cryogenic temperatures, low-field dipole-dipole driven NMR spectra have been recorded on 3-pentanone (CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH3). The spectra are characterised by tunnelling sidebands arising from the quantum dynamics of the methyl (CH3) rotors. From the sideband frequencies, the CH3 tunnelling frequency is determined to be νt=3.05±0.01MHz. The tunnelling sidebands are characterised by A-E transitions in nuclear spin-symmetry, involving simultaneous changes in tunnelling and nuclear spin states. To gain further insight, a theoretical analysis of the spin Hamiltonian matrix has been used to calculate the sideband transition probabilities. These are subsequently used in a thermodynamic model to simulate the low-field NMR spectrum which is compared with experiment. The level-crossings encountered as part of the magnetic field-cycling NMR sequence are found to play an essential role in determining the tunnelling sideband intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Anthony J Horsewill
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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8
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Mammoli D, Vuichoud B, Bornet A, Milani J, Dumez JN, Jannin S, Bodenhausen G. Hyperpolarized para-ethanol. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:4048-52. [PMID: 25658134 DOI: 10.1021/jp512128c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We show that an imbalance between the populations of singlet (S) and triplet (T) states in pairs of magnetically equivalent spins can be generated by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. In partly deuterated ethanol (CD3(13)CH2OD), this T/S imbalance can be transferred by cross-relaxation to observable, enhanced signals of protons and coupled (13)C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mammoli
- Institut des Sciences et Ingéniérie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Icker M, Fricke P, Grell T, Hollenbach J, Auer H, Berger S. Experimental boundaries of the quantum rotor induced polarization (QRIP) in liquid state NMR. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2013; 51:815-820. [PMID: 24214240 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Haupt-effect is a rather seldom used hyperpolarization method. It is based on the interdependence between nuclear spin states and rotational states of nearly free rotating methyl groups having C3 symmetry. A sudden change in temperature from 4.2 K to room temperature by fast dissolution yields considerably enhanced (13)C and (1)H resonance signals. This phenomenon is now termed quantum rotor induced polarization. More than 40 substances have been studied by this approach in order to identify them as polarizable by the 'Haupt-effect in the liquid state'. Influencing factors have been analyzed systematically. It could be concluded that substances having a high tunneling frequency, which is due to a small and narrow potential barrier, are most likely to feature quantum rotor induced polarization-enhanced signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Icker
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Icker M, Fricke P, Berger S. Transfer of the Haupt-hyperpolarization to neighbor spins. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 223:148-150. [PMID: 22975243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The NMR hyperpolarization observed for freely rotating methyl groups by exerting a temperature jump from 4.2 K to 298 K can be transferred to spins which have a spin, spin coupling with the carbon of the methyl group. First, a spin echo sequence readjusts the primary up/down signals to an in-phase multiplet. This in-phase magnetization is then decoupled and transferred by a simple COSY step using one scan. The polarization factors at the neighbor spins are about 50 by comparing their signal-to-noise ratio with the signal strength after full relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Icker
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Icker M, Berger S. Unexpected multiplet patterns induced by the Haupt-effect. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 219:1-3. [PMID: 22595291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An NMR polarization up to a factor of 100 compared to the room temperature signal of a fully equilibrated sample and up/down multiplets are observed when 4-methyl-pyridine or toluene are taken rapidly from liquid helium temperatures to room temperature by dissolving in acetone-d6. These findings result from the inherent coupling between rotational and nuclear spin states in methyl groups which can act as quantum rotors. The temperature jump causes changes in rotational and spin energy level population due to symmetry rules that is known as the Haupt-effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Icker
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Despite its broad applicability NMR has always been limited by its inherently low sensitivity. Hyperpolarization methods have the potential to overcome this limitation and, in the case of ex situ dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), large enhancement factors have been achieved. Although many other polarization methods have been described in the past, including chemically and parahydrogen-induced polarization and optical pumping, DNP has recently been the most popular. Here we present an additional polarization mechanism arising from quantum rotor effects in methyl groups, which generates polarizations at temperatures < 1.5 K and interferes with DNP at such temperatures. The polarization generated by this mechanism is efficiently transferred via carbon bound protons. Although quantum rotor polarizations have been studied for a small range of molecules in great detail, we observe such effects for a much broader range of substances with very different polarization rates at temperatures < 1.5 K. Moreover, we report transfer of quantum rotor polarization across a chain of protons. The observed effect not only influences the polarization in low-temperature DNP experiments but also opens a new independent avenue to generate enhanced sensitivity for NMR.
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Reimer JA. Nuclear hyperpolarization in solids and the prospects for nuclear spintronics. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2010; 37:3-12. [PMID: 20413281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear hyperpolarization can be achieved in a number of ways. This article focuses on the use of coupling of nuclei to (nearly) pure quantum states, with particular emphasis on those states obtained by optical excitation in bulk semiconductors. I seek an answer to this question: "What is to prevent the design and analysis of nuclear spintronics devices that use the extremely long-lived hyperpolarized nuclear spin states, and their weak couplings to each other, to affect computation, memory, or informational technology schemes?" The answer, I argue, is in part because there remains a lack of fundamental understanding of how to generate and control nuclear polarization with schemes other than with rf coils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1642, USA.
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Kentgens APM, Bart J, van Bentum PJM, Brinkmann A, van Eck ERH, Gardeniers JGE, Janssen JWG, Knijn P, Vasa S, Verkuijlen MHW. High-resolution liquid- and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of nanoliter sample volumes using microcoil detectors. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:052202. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2833560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Ferrari M, Retournard A, Canet D. Nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR): dramatic sensitivity enhancement by large and fast temperature lowering. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2007; 188:275-8. [PMID: 17714965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We have observed that, when going rapidly from ambient temperature down to liquid nitrogen temperature, the nitrogen-14 NQR signal (for transitions involving the m=0 spin state, nitrogen-14 being a quadrupolar nucleus of spin I=1) is increased by a factor of ca. 10(2). While Boltzmann statistics cannot explain this enhancement, the strong temperature dependence of the quadrupolar interaction is very likely to be at the origin of this phenomenon. Indeed, the quadrupolar Hamiltonian becomes time dependent and is prone to induce transitions toward the spin state associated with m=0. Its binding and slow relaxing properties result in a durable increased population and consequently in an increased intensity of NQR lines originating from the state m=0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Ferrari
- Méthodologie RMN (UMR CNRS-UHP 7565), Nancy-Université, Université Henri Poincaré, BP 239, 54506-Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
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