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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liao P, Wang K, Huang Z, Liu J, Chen Q, Jiang J, Wu K. Detection and Manipulation of Charge States for Double-Decker DyPc 2 Molecules on Ultrathin CuO Films. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2991-2997. [PMID: 29485853 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Charge states of lanthanide double-decker phthalocyanines complexes significantly influence their geometrical structures and magnetic properties. In this study, the charge states of single DyPc2 molecules on an ultrathin CuO film were detected by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy in magnetic fields. Four types of adsorptions of DyPc2 molecules on CuO were experimentally observed. Without applying voltages, two of them were positively charged with the other two at the neutral state. By controlling the sample bias, two types of neutral molecules can be switched to the positively and negatively charged states, respectively. This manipulation was not realized for the DyPc2 cations. A way to precisely detect the molecular charge states with and without current is beneficial for the development of molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Peilin Liao
- School of Materials Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Beijing University of Science and Technology , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Zhichao Huang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , Beijing University of Science and Technology , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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2
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Oberhofer H, Reuter K, Blumberger J. Charge Transport in Molecular Materials: An Assessment of Computational Methods. Chem Rev 2017. [PMID: 28644623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The booming field of molecular electronics has fostered a surge of computational research on electronic properties of organic molecular solids. In particular, with respect to a microscopic understanding of transport and loss mechanisms, theoretical studies assume an ever-increasing role. Owing to the tremendous diversity of organic molecular materials, a great number of computational methods have been put forward to suit every possible charge transport regime, material, and need for accuracy. With this review article we aim at providing a compendium of the available methods, their theoretical foundations, and their ranges of validity. We illustrate these through applications found in the literature. The focus is on methods available for organic molecular crystals, but mention is made wherever techniques are suitable for use in other related materials such as disordered or polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 2 a, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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3
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Dalidchik FI, Kovalevskii SA, Balashov EM. Resonance tunneling electron-vibrational spectroscopy of polyoxometalates. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:194308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4983486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. I. Dalidchik
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Kosygina 4, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - S. A. Kovalevskii
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Kosygina 4, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - E. M. Balashov
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Kosygina 4, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Kislitsyn DA, Mills JM, Kocevski V, Chiu SK, DeBenedetti WJI, Gervasi CF, Taber BN, Rosenfield AE, Eriksson O, Rusz J, Goforth AM, Nazin GV. Communication: Visualization and spectroscopy of defects induced by dehydrogenation in individual silicon nanocrystals. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:241102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4954833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Kislitsyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Jon M. Mills
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Vancho Kocevski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sheng-Kuei Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
| | | | - Christian F. Gervasi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Benjamen N. Taber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Ariel E. Rosenfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ján Rusz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea M. Goforth
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
| | - George V. Nazin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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5
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Zheng H, Weismann A, Berndt R. Tuning the electron transport at single donors in zinc oxide with a scanning tunnelling microscope. Nat Commun 2015; 5:2992. [PMID: 24390611 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In devices like the single-electron transistor the detailed transport properties of a nanostructure can be measured by tuning its energy levels with a gate voltage. The scanning tunnelling microscope in contrast usually lacks such a gate electrode. Here we demonstrate tuning of the levels of a donor in a scanning tunnelling microscope without a third electrode. The potential and the position of the tip are used to locally control band bending. Conductance maps in this parameter space reveal Coulomb diamonds known from three-terminal data from single-electron transistors and provide information on charging transitions, binding energies and vibrational excitations. The analogy to single-electron transistor data suggests a new way of extracting these key quantities without making any assumptions about the unknown shape of the scanning tunnelling microscope tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Weismann
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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6
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Kislitsyn DA, Gervasi CF, Allen T, Palomaki PKB, Hackley JD, Maruyama R, Nazin GV. Spatial Mapping of Sub-Bandgap States Induced by Local Nonstoichiometry in Individual Lead Sulfide Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3701-3707. [PMID: 26278739 DOI: 10.1021/jz5019465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The properties of photovoltaic devices based on colloidal nanocrystals are strongly affected by localized sub-bandgap states associated with surface imperfections. A correlation between their properties and the atomic-scale structure of chemical imperfections responsible for their appearance must be established to understand the nature of such surface states. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy is used to visualize the manifold of electronic states in annealed ligand-free lead sulfide nanocrystals supported on the Au(111) surface. Delocalized quantum-confined states and localized sub-bandgap states are identified, for the first time, via spatial mapping. Maps of the sub-bandgap states show localization on nonstoichiometric adatoms self-assembled on the nanocrystal surfaces. The present model study sheds light onto the mechanisms of surface state formation that, in a modified form, may be relevant to the more general case of ligand-passivated nanocrystals, where under-coordinated surface atoms exist due to the steric hindrance between passivating ligands attached to the nanocrystal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Kislitsyn
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Christian F Gervasi
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Thomas Allen
- ‡VoxtelNano, a division of Voxtel, Inc., CAMCOR/Lorry Lokey Laboratories, 1241 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1241, United States
| | - Peter K B Palomaki
- ‡VoxtelNano, a division of Voxtel, Inc., CAMCOR/Lorry Lokey Laboratories, 1241 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1241, United States
| | - Jason D Hackley
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Ryuichiro Maruyama
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - George V Nazin
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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7
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Kislitsyn DA, Hackley JD, Nazin GV. Vibrational Excitation in Electron Transport through Carbon Nanotube Quantum Dots. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3138-3143. [PMID: 26276325 DOI: 10.1021/jz5015967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron transport in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is extremely sensitive to environmental effects. SWCNTs experiencing an inhomogeneous environment are effectively subjected to a disorder potential, which can lead to localized electronic states. An important element of the physical picture of such states localized on the nanometer-scale is the existence of a local vibronic mainfold resulting from the localization-enhanced electron-vibrational coupling. In this Letter, scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) is used to study the quantum-confined electronic states in SWCNTs deposited on the Au(111) surface. STS spectra show the vibrational overtones identified as D-band Kekulé vibrational modes and K-point transverse out-of plane phonons. The presence of these vibrational modes in the STS spectra suggests rippling distortion and dimerization of carbon atoms on the SWCNT surface. The present study thus, for the first time, experimentally connects the properties of well-defined localized electronic states to the properties of their associated vibronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Kislitsyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Jason D Hackley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - George V Nazin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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8
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Hauptmann N, Hamann C, Tang H, Berndt R. Switching and charging of a ruthenium dye on Ag(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:10326-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51023a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Ham U, Ho W. Spin splitting unconstrained by electron pairing: the spin-vibronic states. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:106803. [PMID: 22463439 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.106803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Spin splitting of individual vibronic states was observed in a single molecule where all the electrons are paired, as well as a molecule with one extra electron injected. This observation was made possible by the use of a scanning tunneling microscope capable of reaching ∼800 mK in a magnetic field up to 9 T and the sharpness of the vibronic states, ∼1 meV. These conditions also led to the resolution of spectral diffusion caused by minute fluctuations at the probing location of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ungdon Ham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
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10
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Simon GH, Heyde M, Freund HJ. Imaging and manipulation of adatoms on an alumina surface by noncontact atomic force microscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:084007. [PMID: 22310328 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/8/084007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) has been performed on an aluminum oxide film grown on NiAl(110) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) at low temperature (5 K). Results reproduce the topography of the structural model, unlike scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) images. Equipped with this extraordinary contrast the network of extended defects, which stems from domain boundaries intersecting the film surface, can be analysed in atomic detail. The knowledge of occurring surface structures opens up the opportunity to determine adsorption sites of individual adsorbates on the alumina film. The level of difficulty for such imaging depends on the imaging characteristics of the substrate and the interaction which can be maintained above the adsorbate. Positions of single adsorbed gold atoms within the unit cell have been determined despite their easy removal at slightly higher interaction strength. Preliminary manipulation experiments indicate a pick-up process for the vanishing of the gold adatoms from the film surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Simon
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Department of Chemical Physics, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Zimbovskaya NA, Kuklja MM. Vibration-induced inelastic effects in the electron transport through multisite molecular bridges. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:114703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3231604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Ogawa N, Mikaelian G, Ho W. Spatial variations in submolecular vibronic spectroscopy on a thin insulating film. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:166103. [PMID: 17501434 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.166103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy on single naphthalocyanine molecules adsorbed on an ultrathin aluminum oxide film exhibits electron-vibronic coupling that varies with the position of tunneling over the molecule. The spectra at different positions are composed of several series of equally spaced peaks, which are interpreted as progression of progressions of molecular vibrational modes. The spatial variations correlate with the molecular orbital structure, revealing spatially dependent electron-vibronic coupling and selective vibrational excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ogawa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
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13
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Liljeroth P, Jdira L, Overgaag K, Grandidier B, Speller S, Vanmaekelbergh D. Can scanning tunnelling spectroscopy measure the density of states of semiconductor quantum dots? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:3845-50. [DOI: 10.1039/b605436f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Nazin GV, Qiu XH, Ho W. Charging and interaction of individual impurities in a monolayer organic crystal. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:166103. [PMID: 16241819 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.166103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We use a scanning tunneling microscope to study the charging of Ag-doping centers in a monolayer of C(60) molecules supported on a thin Al(2)O(3) film grown on the NiAl(110) surface. Differential conductance spectroscopy shows that charging affects the conduction through C(60) molecules located around the doping centers. This effect is used to observe the electrostatic interaction of a pair of centers. Charging of one doping center affects the energy levels of the other, an analogue of the field-effect action.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Nazin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 92697-4575, USA
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15
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Nazin GV, Wu SW, Ho W. Tunneling rates in electron transport through double-barrier molecular junctions in a scanning tunneling microscope. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:8832-7. [PMID: 15956189 PMCID: PMC1157031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501171102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The scanning tunneling microscope enables atomic-scale measurements of electron transport through individual molecules. Copper phthalocyanine and magnesium porphine molecules adsorbed on a thin oxide film grown on the NiAl(110) surface were probed. The single-molecule junctions contained two tunneling barriers, vacuum gap, and oxide film. Differential conductance spectroscopy shows that electron transport occurs via vibronic states of the molecules. The intensity of spectral peaks corresponding to the individual vibronic states depends on the relative electron tunneling rates through the two barriers of the junction, as found by varying the vacuum gap tunneling rate by changing the height of the scanning tunneling microscope tip above the molecule. A simple, sequential tunneling model explains the observed trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Nazin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
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