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Charsley JM, Farrell C, Rutkauskas M, Schunemann PG, Reid DT. Mid-infrared optical coherence tomography with a stabilized OP-GaP optical parametric oscillator. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2882-2885. [PMID: 38824283 DOI: 10.1364/ol.520734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate mid-infrared time-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with an orientation-patterned GaP optical parametric oscillator. Instantaneous broadband mid-infrared spectra provide reduced scattering for OCT applications including cultural heritage, quality assurance, and security. B-scan calibrations performed across the wavelength tuning range show depth resolutions of 67 µm at 5.1 µm and 88 µm at 10.5 µm. Volumetric imaging inside a plastic bank card is demonstrated at 5.1 µm, with a 1 Hz A-scan rate that indicates the potential of stable broadband OPO sources to contribute to mid-infrared OCT.
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2
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Fang J, Huang K, Wu E, Yan M, Zeng H. Mid-infrared single-photon 3D imaging. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:144. [PMID: 37296123 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active mid-infrared (MIR) imagers capable of retrieving three-dimensional (3D) structure and reflectivity information are highly attractive in a wide range of biomedical and industrial applications. However, infrared 3D imaging at low-light levels is still challenging due to the deficiency of sensitive and fast MIR sensors. Here we propose and implement a MIR time-of-flight imaging system that operates at single-photon sensitivity and femtosecond timing resolution. Specifically, back-scattered infrared photons from a scene are optically gated by delay-controlled ultrashort pump pulses through nonlinear frequency upconversion. The upconverted images with time stamps are then recorded by a silicon camera to facilitate the 3D reconstruction with high lateral and depth resolutions. Moreover, an effective numerical denoiser based on spatiotemporal correlation allows us to reveal the object profile and reflectivity under photon-starving conditions with a detected flux below 0.05 photons/pixel/second. The presented MIR 3D imager features high detection sensitivity, precise timing resolution, and wide-field operation, which may open new possibilities in life and material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - E Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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3
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Peterson JC, Guyot-Sionnest P. Room-Temperature 15% Efficient Mid-Infrared HgTe Colloidal Quantum Dot Photodiodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19163-19169. [PMID: 37022942 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared HgTe colloidal quantum dot photovoltaic devices previously achieved background-limited infrared photodetection at cryogenic temperatures but also decreased from 20 to 1% efficiency from 150 to 300 K. The reduced quantum efficiency was tentatively attributed to the carrier diffusion length being much shorter than the device thickness of ∼400 nm at room temperature. Here, the carrier diffusion length is measured and is found to peak at 215 nm at 200 K and decrease only to 180 nm at 295 K. It is therefore not the cause of the much larger reduced quantum efficiency. Instead, it is shown that the efficiency drops due to the series resistance. With the device size reduced to 50 by 50 μm, the room-temperature quantum efficiency reaches 10 and 15% for HgTe colloidal quantum dot devices with 2400 cm-1 (4.2 μm) and 2675 cm-1 (3.7 μm) cutoff, respectively. These small-area devices achieve background-limited photodetection at 150 K and a detectivity above 109 Jones at room temperature with a cutoff at 2675 cm-1 (3.7 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Peterson
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60627, United States
| | - Philippe Guyot-Sionnest
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60627, United States
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4
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Revin DG, Matcher SJ. Fast-sweeping continuous wave quantum cascade laser operating in an external cavity with polygon mirror. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:21843-21853. [PMID: 36224896 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a continuous wave room temperature quantum cascade laser operating in an external cavity in the Littrow configuration with a 10-facet polygon mirror rotating at 24,000 RPM. The quantum cascade laser emission is swept across ∼1520 - 1625 cm-1 wavenumber range in less than ∼45 µs with a sweep repetition rate of 4 kHz. The measured maximum output power at the laser gain maximum, 15°C and 0.86 A driving current is ∼90 mW; the estimated average output power across the 45 µs wavenumber sweep is ∼50 mW. Through its sweep, the laser emits on the sequential Fabry-Perot longitudinal modes of the laser chip cavity with the mode separation of ∼0.5 cm-1. The linewidth of the emitting modes is less than ∼0.05 cm-1. Spectral measurements of the infrared absorption features of a 10 µm thick layer of acetophenone and water vapor in the air have demonstrated the capability of obtaining spectral data in less than 45 µs.
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5
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Sarma R, Xu J, de Ceglia D, Carletti L, Campione S, Klem J, Sinclair MB, Belkin MA, Brener I. An All-Dielectric Polaritonic Metasurface with a Giant Nonlinear Optical Response. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:896-903. [PMID: 35043628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the efficiency of second-harmonic generation using all-dielectric metasurfaces to date has mostly focused on electromagnetic engineering of optical modes in the meta-atom. Further advances in nonlinear conversion efficiencies can be gained by engineering the material nonlinearities at the nanoscale, however this cannot be achieved using conventional materials. Semiconductor heterostructures that support resonant nonlinearities using quantum engineered intersubband transitions can provide this new degree of freedom. By simultaneously optimizing the heterostructures and meta-atoms, we experimentally realize an all-dielectric polaritonic metasurface with a maximum second-harmonic generation power conversion factor of 0.5 mW/W2 and power conversion efficiencies of 0.015% at nominal pump intensities of 11 kW/cm2. These conversion efficiencies are higher than the record values reported to date in all-dielectric nonlinear metasurfaces but with 3 orders of magnitude lower pump power. Our results therefore open a new direction for designing efficient nonlinear all-dielectric metasurfaces for new classical and quantum light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raktim Sarma
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Jiaming Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Domenico de Ceglia
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua 35122, Italy
| | - Luca Carletti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua 35122, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering and INO-CNR, University of Brescia, Brescia 25121, Italy
| | - Salvatore Campione
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - John Klem
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Michael B Sinclair
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Mikhail A Belkin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universitat Munchen, Garching 85748, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Igal Brener
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
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6
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Israelsen NM, Rodrigo PJ, Petersen CR, Woyessa G, Hansen RE, Tidemand-Lichtenberg P, Pedersen C, Bang O. High-resolution mid-infrared optical coherence tomography with kHz line rate. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4558-4561. [PMID: 34525046 DOI: 10.1364/ol.432765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on mid-infrared optical coherence tomography (OCT) at 4 µm based on collinear sum-frequency upconversion and promote the A-scan scan rate to 3 kHz. We demonstrate the increased imaging speed for two spectral realizations, one providing an axial resolution of 8.6 µm, and one providing a record axial resolution of 5.8 µm. Image performance is evaluated by sub-surface micro-mapping of a plastic glove and real-time monitoring of CO2 in parallel with OCT imaging.
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7
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POTMA ERICO, KNEZ DAVID, CHEN YONG, DAVYDOVA YULIA, DURKIN AMANDA, FAST ALEXANDER, BALU MIHAELA, NORTON-BAKER BRENNA, MARTIN RACHELW, BALDACCHINI TOMMASO, FISHMAN DMITRYA. Rapid chemically selective 3D imaging in the mid-infrared. OPTICA 2021; 8:995-1002. [PMID: 35233439 PMCID: PMC8884451 DOI: 10.1364/optica.426199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The emerging technique of mid-infrared optical coherence tomography (MIR-OCT) takes advantage of the reduced scattering of MIR light in various materials and devices, enabling tomographic imaging at deeper penetration depths. Because of challenges in MIR detection technology, the image acquisition time is, however, significantly longer than for tomographic imaging methods in the visible/near-infrared. Here we demonstrate an alternative approach to MIR tomography with high-speed imaging capabilities. Through femtosecond nondegenerate two-photon absorption of MIR light in a conventional Si-based CCD camera, we achieve wide-field, high-definition tomographic imaging with chemical selectivity of structured materials and biological samples in mere seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- ERIC O. POTMA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, California 92697, USA
- e-mail:
| | - DAVID KNEZ
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - YONG CHEN
- Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - YULIA DAVYDOVA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - AMANDA DURKIN
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - ALEXANDER FAST
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - MIHAELA BALU
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - BRENNA NORTON-BAKER
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - RACHEL W. MARTIN
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - TOMMASO BALDACCHINI
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Current address: Edwards Life Sciences, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - DMITRY A. FISHMAN
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, California 92697, USA
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8
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Sedov DD, Kozin VK, Iorsh IV. Chiral Waveguide Optomechanics: First Order Quantum Phase Transitions with Z_{3} Symmetry Breaking. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:263606. [PMID: 33449725 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.263606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a direct mapping between the quantum optomechanical problem of the atoms harmonically trapped in the vicinity of a chiral waveguide and a generalized quantum Rabi model, and we discuss the analogy between the self-organization of atomic chains in photonic structures and Dicke-like quantum phase transitions in the ultrastrong coupling regime. We extend the class of the superradiant phase transitions for the systems possessing Z_{3} rather than parity Z_{2} symmetry and demonstrate the emergence of the multicomponent Schrödinger-cat ground states in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Sedov
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - V K Kozin
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - I V Iorsh
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
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9
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Ali Rezvani S, Ogawa K, Fuji T. Highly coherent multi-octave polarization-maintained supercontinuum generation solely based on ZBLAN fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29918-29926. [PMID: 33114880 DOI: 10.1364/oe.404527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a highly stable polarization-maintained supercontinuum (SC) using a setup solely based on ZBLAN (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF) fibers. The pumping source consists of a femtosecond master oscillator fiber amplifier based on thulium-doped ZBLAN fibers. It provides multi-watts of output power with the center wavelength of 1920 nm at 1 MHz repetition rate. The SC generated by pumping an elliptical core passive single-mode ZBLAN fiber spans from 350 nm to 4.5 µm and exhibits high stability. We characterized the SC pulse using sum-frequency cross-correlation frequency resolved optical gating.
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10
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Adamu AI, Habib MS, Petersen CR, Lopez JEA, Zhou B, Schülzgen A, Bache M, Amezcua-Correa R, Bang O, Markos C. Deep-UV to Mid-IR Supercontinuum Generation driven by Mid-IR Ultrashort Pulses in a Gas-filled Hollow-core Fiber. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4446. [PMID: 30872762 PMCID: PMC6418117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercontinuum (SC) generation based on ultrashort pulse compression constitutes one of the most promising technologies towards ultra-wide bandwidth, high-brightness, and spatially coherent light sources for applications such as spectroscopy and microscopy. Here, multi-octave SC generation in a gas-filled hollow-core antiresonant fiber (HC-ARF) is reported spanning from 200 nm in the deep ultraviolet (DUV) to 4000 nm in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) having an output energy of 5 μJ. This was obtained by pumping at the center wavelength of the first anti-resonant transmission window (2460 nm) with ~100 fs pulses and an injected pulse energy of ~8 μJ. The mechanism behind the extreme spectral broadening relies upon intense soliton-plasma nonlinear dynamics which leads to efficient soliton self-compression and phase-matched dispersive wave (DW) emission in the DUV region. The strongest DW is observed at 275 nm which corresponds to the calculated phase-matching wavelength of the pump. Furthermore, the effect of changing the pump pulse energy and gas pressure on the nonlinear dynamics and their direct impact on SC generation was investigated. This work represents another step towards gas-filled fiber-based coherent sources, which is set to have a major impact on applications spanning from DUV to mid-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar I Adamu
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., DK, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Md Selim Habib
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, FL, 32816, Orlando, USA
| | | | - J Enrique Antonio Lopez
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, FL, 32816, Orlando, USA
| | - Binbin Zhou
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., DK, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Axel Schülzgen
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, FL, 32816, Orlando, USA
| | - Morten Bache
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., DK, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Amezcua-Correa
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, FL, 32816, Orlando, USA
| | - Ole Bang
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., DK, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christos Markos
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs., DK, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
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11
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Surface Emitting, Tunable, Mid-Infrared Laser with High Output Power and Stable Output Beam. Sci Rep 2019; 9:549. [PMID: 30679665 PMCID: PMC6345867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A reflective outcoupler is demonstrated which can allow for stable surface emission from a quantum cascade laser and has potential for cost-effective wafer-scale manufacturing. This outcoupler is integrated with an amplified, electrically tunable laser architecture to demonstrate high power surface emission at a wavelength near 4.9 μm. Single mode peak power up to 6.7 W is demonstrated with >6 W available over a 90 cm−1 (215 nm) spectral range. A high quality output beam is realized with a simple, single-layer, anti-reflective coating. The beam shape and profile are shown to be independent of wavelength.
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12
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Israelsen NM, Petersen CR, Barh A, Jain D, Jensen M, Hannesschläger G, Tidemand-Lichtenberg P, Pedersen C, Podoleanu A, Bang O. Real-time high-resolution mid-infrared optical coherence tomography. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:11. [PMID: 30675345 PMCID: PMC6342823 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential for improving the penetration depth of optical coherence tomography systems by using light sources with longer wavelengths has been known since the inception of the technique in the early 1990s. Nevertheless, the development of mid-infrared optical coherence tomography has long been challenged by the maturity and fidelity of optical components in this spectral region, resulting in slow acquisition, low sensitivity, and poor axial resolution. In this work, a mid-infrared spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system operating at a central wavelength of 4 µm and an axial resolution of 8.6 µm is demonstrated. The system produces two-dimensional cross-sectional images in real time enabled by a high-brightness 0.9- to 4.7-µm mid-infrared supercontinuum source with a pulse repetition rate of 1 MHz for illumination and broadband upconversion of more than 1-µm bandwidth from 3.58-4.63 µm to 820-865 nm, where a standard 800-nm spectrometer can be used for fast detection. The images produced by the mid-infrared system are compared with those delivered by a state-of-the-art ultra-high-resolution near-infrared optical coherence tomography system operating at 1.3 μm, and the potential applications and samples suited for this technology are discussed. In doing so, the first practical mid-infrared optical coherence tomography system is demonstrated, with immediate applications in real-time non-destructive testing for the inspection of defects and thickness measurements in samples that exhibit strong scattering at shorter wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels M. Israelsen
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
- NORBLIS IVS, Virumgade 35 D, Virum, 2830 Denmark
| | - Christian R. Petersen
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
- NORBLIS IVS, Virumgade 35 D, Virum, 2830 Denmark
| | - Ajanta Barh
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Deepak Jain
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Jensen
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther Hannesschläger
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing (RECENDT), Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Peter Tidemand-Lichtenberg
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
- NLIR ApS, Hirsemarken 1, Farum, 3520 Denmark
| | - Christian Pedersen
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
- NLIR ApS, Hirsemarken 1, Farum, 3520 Denmark
| | - Adrian Podoleanu
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH UK
| | - Ole Bang
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
- NORBLIS IVS, Virumgade 35 D, Virum, 2830 Denmark
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13
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Zorin I, Su R, Prylepa A, Kilgus J, Brandstetter M, Heise B. Mid-infrared Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography with a pyroelectric linear array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:33428-33439. [PMID: 30645495 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.033428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical technology in the mid-infrared wavelength range is currently a rapidly developing field initiated by the availability of novel high-power and spatially coherent sources. Non-destructive testing techniques based on these sources are very promising for industrial and medical applications. However, there are still many engineering problems due to the technical challenges and high prices of the optical elements suitable for the mid-infrared region. In this paper, we report the development and performances of the first mid-infrared Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography based on a supercontinuum source and low-cost pyroelectric detector. The system is designed to operate in the spectral region around 4 μm. Experimental results are demonstrated for detections of embedded microstructures in ceramic materials and subsurface oil paint layers.
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14
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Controlling and modelling the wetting properties of III-V semiconductor surfaces using re-entrant nanostructures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3544. [PMID: 29476160 PMCID: PMC5824885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic semiconductors such as III-V materials are very important in our everyday life as they are used for manufacturing optoelectronic and microelectronic components with important applications span from energy harvesting to telecommunications. In some applications, these components are required to operate in harsh environments. In these cases, having waterproofing capability is essential. Here we demonstrate design and control of the wettability of indium phosphide based multilayer material (InP/InGaAs/InP) using re-entrant structures fabricated by a fast electron beam lithography technique. This patterning technique enabled us to fabricate highly uniform nanostructure arrays with at least one order of magnitude shorter patterning times compared to conventional electron beam lithography methods. We reduced the surface contact fraction significantly such that the water droplets may be completely removed from our nanostructured surface. We predicted the wettability of our patterned surface by modelling the adhesion energies between the water droplet and both the patterned surface and the dispensing needle. This is very useful for the development of coating-free waterproof optoelectronic and microelectronic components where the coating may hinder the performance of such devices and cause problems with semiconductor fabrication compatibility.
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15
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Schwaighofer A, Brandstetter M, Lendl B. Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) in biomedical spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5903-5924. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00403f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent applications of QCLs in mid-IR spectroscopy of clinically relevant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schwaighofer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics
- Vienna University of Technology
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics
- Vienna University of Technology
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
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16
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Klimczak M, Siwicki B, Zhou B, Bache M, Pysz D, Bang O, Buczyński R. Coherent supercontinuum bandwidth limitations under femtosecond pumping at 2 µm in all-solid soft glass photonic crystal fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:29406-29416. [PMID: 28059327 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.029406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two all-solid glass photonic crystal fibers with all-normal dispersion profiles are evaluated for coherent supercontinuum generation under pumping in the 2.0 μm range. In-house boron-silicate and commercial lead-silicate glasses were used to fabricate fibers optimized for either flat dispersion, albeit with lower nonlinearity, or with larger dispersion profile curvature but with much higher nonlinearity. Recorded spectra at the redshifted edge reached 2500-2800 nm depending on fiber type. Possible factors behind these differences are discussed with numerical simulations. The fiber enabling the broadest spectrum is suggested as an efficient first stage of an all-normal dispersion cascade for coherent supercontinuum generation exceeding 3000 nm.
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17
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Pattanaik HS, Reichert M, Hagan DJ, Van Stryland EW. Three-dimensional IR imaging with uncooled GaN photodiodes using nondegenerate two-photon absorption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:1196-1205. [PMID: 26832502 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We utilize the recently demonstrated orders of magnitude enhancement of extremely nondegenerate two-photon absorption in direct-gap semiconductor photodiodes to perform scanned imaging of three-dimensional (3D) structures using IR femtosecond illumination pulses (1.6 µm and 4.93 µm) gated on the GaN detector by sub-gap, femtosecond pulses. While transverse resolution is limited by the usual imaging criteria, the longitudinal or depth resolution can be less than a wavelength, dependent on the pulsewidths in this nonlinear interaction within the detector element. The imaging system can accommodate a wide range of wavelengths in the mid-IR and near-IR without the need to modify the detection and imaging systems.
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Riedi S, Cappelli F, Blaser S, Baroni PY, Müller A, Faist J. Broadband superluminescence, 5.9 μm to 7.2 μm, of a quantum cascade gain device. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:7184-7189. [PMID: 25837063 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.007184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The broadband electroluminescence of a quantum cascade device based on a multi-color active region covering the wavelengths 5.9 μm - 7.2 μm was measured. Anti-reflection coatings were applied on both cleaved facets to remove the Fabry-Pérot cavity and prevent the device from lasing. This allows the latter to be studied either as a superluminescent diode or a single-pass amplifier in order to determine its suitability as a source for low speckle imaging applications. At 243 K, the amplified spontaneous emission has a peak power of 38 μW that agrees well with a simple model of spontaneous emission intensity. The light of a similar structure could be modulated up to 1 GHz, limited by the RC constant of the device. The peak gain was measured from high-resolution luminescence spectra and determined to be 6.3 cm⁻¹, corresponding to a single-pass gain of 1.89.
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Yu Y, Zhang B, Gai X, Zhai C, Qi S, Guo W, Yang Z, Wang R, Choi DY, Madden S, Luther-Davies B. 1.8-10 μm mid-infrared supercontinuum generated in a step-index chalcogenide fiber using low peak pump power. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:1081-4. [PMID: 25768187 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
By pumping an 11-cm-long step-index chalcogenide fiber with ∼330 fs pulses at 4.0 μm from an optical parametric amplifier, mid-infrared supercontinuum generation spanning from ∼1.8 to ∼10 μm within a dynamic range of ±15 dB has been demonstrated at a relatively low power threshold of ∼3000 W.
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Zheng MC, Aung NL, Basak A, Liu PQ, Wang X, Fan JY, Troccoli M, Gmachl CF. High power spiral cavity quantum cascade superluminescent emitter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:2713-2719. [PMID: 25836133 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.002713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantum Cascade devices with an emission wavelength centered around 5 μm have been shaped into compact, yet long (8 mm and 12 mm) spiral cavities to increase mid-infrared superluminescence (SL) power. Up to ~57 mW of SL power at 250 K is obtained with a Gaussian emission spectrum with a full width at half maximum of 56 cm(-1) and a coherence length of ~107 μm.
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Fan HT, Xu CH, Wang ZH, Wang G, Liu CJ, Liang JK, Chen XL, Wei ZY. Generation of broadband 17-μJ mid-infrared femtosecond pulses at 3.75 μm by silicon carbide crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:6249-6252. [PMID: 25361326 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.006249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we report the generation of 17-μJ mid-infrared (MIR) pulses with duration of 70 fs and bandwidth of 550 nm centered at 3.75 μm at 1-kHz repetition rate, by a two-stage femtosecond optical parametric amplifier utilizing 4H-silicon carbide crystal as the nonlinear medium. The crystal is selected as it processes orders of magnitude higher damage threshold than traditional MIR nonlinear crystals, and it supports extreme broad parametric bandwidth. With its distinguished features such as MIR central wavelength, ultra-broad bandwidth, self-stable carrier-envelope phase, and potential for energy scaling, this kind of MIR source holds promise for new approaches to extreme short isolated attosecond pulse generation as well as MIR spectroscopy applications.
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Weiblen RJ, Docherty A, Menyuk CR, Shaw LB, Sanghera JS, Aggarwal ID. Calculation of the expected output spectrum for a mid-infrared supercontinuum source based on As ₂ S₃ chalcogenide photonic crystal fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:22220-22231. [PMID: 25321598 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.022220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We computationally investigate supercontinuum generation in an As ₂ S₃ solid core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a hexagonal cladding of air holes. With a goal of obtaining a supercontinuum output spectrum that can predict what might be seen in an experiment, we investigate the spectral and statistical behavior of a mid-infrared supercontinuum source using a large ensemble average of 10⁶ realizations, in which the input pulse duration and energy vary. The output spectrum is sensitive to small changes (0.1%) in these pulse parameters. We show that the spectrum can be divided into three regions with distinct characteristics: a short-wavelength region with high correlation, a middle-wavelength region with minimal correlation, and a long-wavelength region where the behavior is dominated by a few rare large-bandwidth events. We show that statistically significant fluctuations exist in the experimentally expected output spectrum and that we can reproduce an excellent match to that spectrum with a converged shape and bandwidth using 5000 realizations.
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Gattass RR, Brandon Shaw L, Sanghera JS. Microchip laser mid-infrared supercontinuum laser source based on an As2Se3 fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:3418-3420. [PMID: 24978500 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on a proof of concept for a compact supercontinuum source for the mid-infrared wavelength range based on a microchip laser and nonlinear conversion inside a selenide-based optical fiber. The spectrum extends from 3.74 to 4.64 μm at -10 dB from the peak and 3.65 to 4.9 μm at -20 dB from the peak; emitting beyond the wavelength range that periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) starts to display a power penalty. Wavelength conversion occurs inside the core of a single-mode fiber, resulting in a high-brightness emission source. A maximum average power of 5 mW was demonstrated, but the architecture is scalable to higher average powers.
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Su R, Kirillin M, Ekberg P, Roos A, Sergeeva E, Mattsson L. Optical coherence tomography for quality assessment of embedded microchannels in alumina ceramic. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:4603-18. [PMID: 22418218 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.004603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale and cost-effective manufacturing of ceramic micro devices based on tape stacking requires the development of inspection systems to perform high-resolution in-process quality control of embedded manufactured cavities, metal structures and defects. With an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system operating at 1.3 μm and a dedicated automated line segmentation algorithm, layer thicknesses can be measured and laser-machined channels can be verified in alumina ceramics embedded at around 100 μm depth. Monte Carlo simulations are employed to analyze the abilities of OCT in imaging of the embedded channels. The light scattering parameters required as input data for simulations are evaluated from the integrating sphere measurements of collimated and diffuse transmittance spectra using a reconstruction algorithm based on refined diffusion approximation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Su
- Department of Production Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, 68 Brinellvägen, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
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Storteboom J, Lee CJ, Nieuwenhuis AF, Lindsay ID, Boller KJ. Incoherently pumped continuous wave optical parametric oscillator broadened by non-collinear phasematching. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:21786-21792. [PMID: 22109029 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.021786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source. The pump focusing conditions allow non-collinear phasematching, which resulted in a 230 nm (190 cm(-1)) spectral bandwidth. Calculations indicate that such phasematching schemes may be used to further broaden OPO spectral bandwidths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Storteboom
- Laser Physics and Nonlinear Optics Group, MESA+ Research Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Yu JY, Liao CS, Zhuo ZY, Huang CH, Chui HC, Chu SW. A diffraction-limited scanning system providing broad spectral range for laser scanning microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:113704. [PMID: 19947734 DOI: 10.1063/1.3254021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diversified research interests in scanning laser microscopy nowadays require broadband capability of the optical system. Although an all-mirror-based optical design with a suitable metallic coating is appropriate for broad-spectrum applications from ultraviolet to terahertz, most researchers prefer lens-based scanning systems despite the drawbacks of a limited spectral range, ghost reflection, and chromatic aberration. One of the main concerns is that the geometrical aberration induced by off-axis incidence on spherical mirrors significantly deteriorates image resolution. Here, we demonstrate a novel geometrical design of a spherical-mirror-based scanning system in which off-axis aberrations, both astigmatism and coma, are compensated to reach diffraction-limited performance. We have numerically simulated and experimentally verified that this scanning system meets the Marechal condition and provides high Strehl ratio within a 3 degrees x 3 degrees scanning area. Moreover, we demonstrate second-harmonic-generation imaging from starch with our new design. A greatly improved resolution compared to the conventional mirror-based system is confirmed. This scanning system will be ideal for high-resolution linear/nonlinear laser scanning microscopy, ophthalmoscopic applications, and precision fabrications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Yann Yu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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