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Na YJ, Lee HS, Kim CH, Shin JY. Dynamics of accelerated excimer formation of coumarin dyes anchored on semiconductor films. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Küllmer M, Endres P, Götz S, Winter A, Schubert US, Turchanin A. Solution-Based Self-Assembly and Stability of Ruthenium(II) Tris-bipyridyl Monolayers on Gold. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:60544-60552. [PMID: 34878243 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes are commonly applied as photosensitizers in the fields of artificial photosynthesis and light harvesting. Their immobilization on gold surfaces is also of interest for sensing and biological applications. Here, we report the self-assembly of [Ru(dmbpy)2(dcbpy)](PF6)2 complexes on gold substrates from solution (dmbpy: 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine; dcbpy: 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid). Applying X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we demonstrate the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of the Ru(II) complexes upon loss of counterions with carboxylate groups oriented toward the gold surface. We investigate the stability of the formed SAMs toward the substitution in solvents with competing aliphatic and aromatic thiols such as 4'-nitro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-thiol, [1,1'-biphenyl]-4-thiol, and 1-hexadecanethiol. We show that the exchange reactions may lead to both complete replacement of the Ru(II) complexes and controlled formation of mixed SAMs. Moreover, we demonstrate that thiol-based SAMs can also be replaced completely from gold via their immersion into solutions of [Ru(dmbpy)2(dcbpy)](PF6)2, indicating a relatively high stability for the Ru(II) complex SAMs. Our findings open up a variety of opportunities for applications of carboxylate-based SAMs on gold in nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Küllmer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Patrick Endres
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Götz
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Decavoli C, Boldrini CL, Trifiletti V, Luong S, Fenwick O, Manfredi N, Abbotto A. Dye-catalyst dyads for photoelectrochemical water oxidation based on metal-free sensitizers. RSC Adv 2021; 11:5311-5319. [PMID: 35423072 PMCID: PMC8694650 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10971a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells (DS-PECs) have been emerging as promising devices for efficient solar-induced water splitting. In DS-PECs, dyes and catalysts for water oxidation and/or reduction are typically two separate components, thus limiting charge transfer efficiency. A small number of organometallic dyes have been integrated with a catalyst to form an integrated dye–catalyst dyad for photoanodes, but until now no dyads based on metal-free organic dyes have been reported for photoanodes. We herein report the first example of dyad-sensitized photoanodes in DS-PEC water splitting based on metal-free organic dyes and a Ru catalyst. The di-branched donor–π–acceptor dyes carry a donor carbazole moiety which has been functionalized with two different terminal pyridyl ligands in order to coordinate a benchmark Ru complex as a water oxidation catalyst, affording water oxidation dyads. The two dyads have been fully characterized in their optical and electrochemical properties, and XPS has been used to confirm the presence of the catalyst bonded to the dye anchored to the semiconductor anode. The two dyads have been investigated in DS-PEC, showing an excellent faradaic efficiency (88% average across all cells, with a best cell efficiency of 95%), thus triggering new perspectives for the design of efficient molecular dyads based on metal-free dyes for DS-PEC water splitting. Dye–catalyst dyads based on metal-free dyes were prepared for dye-sensitized photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting, showing a top ranked faradaic efficiency for O2 generation up to 95%.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Decavoli
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM Unit, Solar Energy Research Center MIB-SOLAR, University of Milano - Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 I-20125 Milano Italy
| | - Chiara L Boldrini
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM Unit, Solar Energy Research Center MIB-SOLAR, University of Milano - Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 I-20125 Milano Italy
| | - Vanira Trifiletti
- School of Engineering and Materials Science (SEMS), Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Sally Luong
- School of Engineering and Materials Science (SEMS), Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Oliver Fenwick
- School of Engineering and Materials Science (SEMS), Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Norberto Manfredi
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM Unit, Solar Energy Research Center MIB-SOLAR, University of Milano - Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 I-20125 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandro Abbotto
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM Unit, Solar Energy Research Center MIB-SOLAR, University of Milano - Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 I-20125 Milano Italy
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Aguirre-Araque JS, Gonçalves JM, Nakamura M, Rossini PO, Angnes L, Araki K, Toma HE. GO composite encompassing a tetraruthenated cobalt porphyrin-Ni coordination polymer and its behavior as isoniazid BIA sensor. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Borgwardt M, Wilke M, Kampen T, Mähl S, Xiao M, Spiccia L, Lange KM, Kiyan IY, Aziz EF. Charge Transfer Dynamics at Dye-Sensitized ZnO and TiO2 Interfaces Studied by Ultrafast XUV Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24422. [PMID: 27073060 PMCID: PMC4829909 DOI: 10.1038/srep24422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interfacial charge transfer from photoexcited ruthenium-based N3 dye molecules into ZnO thin films received controversial interpretations. To identify the physical origin for the delayed electron transfer in ZnO compared to TiO2, we probe directly the electronic structure at both dye-semiconductor interfaces by applying ultrafast XUV photoemission spectroscopy. In the range of pump-probe time delays between 0.5 to 1.0 ps, the transient signal of the intermediate states was compared, revealing a distinct difference in their electron binding energies of 0.4 eV. This finding strongly indicates the nature of the charge injection at the ZnO interface associated with the formation of an interfacial electron-cation complex. It further highlights that the energetic alignment between the dye donor and semiconductor acceptor states appears to be of minor importance for the injection kinetics and that the injection efficiency is dominated by the electronic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Borgwardt
- Joint Laboratory for Ultrafast Dynamics in Solutions and at Interfaces (JULiq), Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wilke
- Joint Laboratory for Ultrafast Dynamics in Solutions and at Interfaces (JULiq), Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kampen
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastrasse 5, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Mähl
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastrasse 5, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manda Xiao
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Leone Spiccia
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathrin M. Lange
- Institute of Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor Yu. Kiyan
- Joint Laboratory for Ultrafast Dynamics in Solutions and at Interfaces (JULiq), Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emad F. Aziz
- Joint Laboratory for Ultrafast Dynamics in Solutions and at Interfaces (JULiq), Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Choi WS, Choi IT, You BS, Yang JW, Ju MJ, Kim HK. Dye-Sensitized Tandem Solar Cells with Extremely High Open-Circuit Voltage Using Co(II)/Co(III) Electrolyte. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Honda M, Yanagida M, Han L, Miyano K. Investigation of the influence of coadsorbent dye upon the interfacial structure of dye-sensitized solar cells. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:174709. [PMID: 25381539 DOI: 10.1063/1.4900640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interface between Ru(tcterpy)(NCS)3TBA2 [black dye (BD); tcterpy = 4,4',4″-tricarboxy-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, NCS = thiocyanato, TBA = tetrabutylammonium cation] and nanocrystalline TiO2, as found in dye-sensitized solar cells, is investigated by soft-X-ray synchrotron radiation and compared with the adsorption structure of cis-Ru(Hdcbpy)2(NCS)2TBA2 (N719; dcbpy = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) on TiO2 to elucidate the relationship between the adsorption mode of BD and the photocurrent with and without coadsorbed indoline dye D131. The depth profile is characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and S K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure using synchrotron radiation. Both datasets indicate that one of the isothiocyanate groups of BD interacts with TiO2 via its S atom when the dye is adsorbed from a single-component solution. In contrast, the interaction is slightly suppressed when D131 is coadsorbed, indicated by the fact that the presence of D131 changes the adsorption mode of BD. Based upon these results, the number of BD dye molecules interacting with the substrate is shown to decrease by 10% when D131 is coadsorbed, and the dissociation is shown to be related to the short-circuit photocurrent in the 600-800 nm region. The design of a procedure to promote the preferential adsorption of D131 therefore leads to an improvement of the short-circuit current and conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Honda
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - M Yanagida
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - L Han
- Photovoltaic Materials Unit, NIMS, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - K Miyano
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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8
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Garino C, Borfecchia E, Gobetto R, van Bokhoven JA, Lamberti C. Determination of the electronic and structural configuration of coordination compounds by synchrotron-radiation techniques. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Shavorskiy A, Neppl S, Slaughter DS, Cryan JP, Siefermann KR, Weise F, Lin MF, Bacellar C, Ziemkiewicz MP, Zegkinoglou I, Fraund MW, Khurmi C, Hertlein MP, Wright TW, Huse N, Schoenlein RW, Tyliszczak T, Coslovich G, Robinson J, Kaindl RA, Rude BS, Ölsner A, Mähl S, Bluhm H, Gessner O. Sub-nanosecond time-resolved ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy setup for pulsed and constant wave X-ray light sources. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:093102. [PMID: 25273702 DOI: 10.1063/1.4894208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An apparatus for sub-nanosecond time-resolved ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies with pulsed and constant wave X-ray light sources is presented. A differentially pumped hemispherical electron analyzer is equipped with a delay-line detector that simultaneously records the position and arrival time of every single electron at the exit aperture of the hemisphere with ~0.1 mm spatial resolution and ~150 ps temporal accuracy. The kinetic energies of the photoelectrons are encoded in the hit positions along the dispersive axis of the two-dimensional detector. Pump-probe time-delays are provided by the electron arrival times relative to the pump pulse timing. An average time-resolution of (780 ± 20) ps (FWHM) is demonstrated for a hemisphere pass energy E(p) = 150 eV and an electron kinetic energy range KE = 503-508 eV. The time-resolution of the setup is limited by the electron time-of-flight (TOF) spread related to the electron trajectory distribution within the analyzer hemisphere and within the electrostatic lens system that images the interaction volume onto the hemisphere entrance slit. The TOF spread for electrons with KE = 430 eV varies between ~9 ns at a pass energy of 50 eV and ~1 ns at pass energies between 200 eV and 400 eV. The correlation between the retarding ratio and the TOF spread is evaluated by means of both analytical descriptions of the electron trajectories within the analyzer hemisphere and computer simulations of the entire trajectories including the electrostatic lens system. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the by far dominant contribution to the TOF spread is acquired within the hemisphere. However, both experiment and computer simulations show that the lens system indirectly affects the time resolution of the setup to a significant extent by inducing a strong dependence of the angular spread of electron trajectories entering the hemisphere on the retarding ratio. The scaling of the angular spread with the retarding ratio can be well approximated by applying Liouville's theorem of constant emittance to the electron trajectories inside the lens system. The performance of the setup is demonstrated by characterizing the laser fluence-dependent transient surface photovoltage response of a laser-excited Si(100) sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shavorskiy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stefan Neppl
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel S Slaughter
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - James P Cryan
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Katrin R Siefermann
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Fabian Weise
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Camila Bacellar
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael P Ziemkiewicz
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ioannis Zegkinoglou
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Matthew W Fraund
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Champak Khurmi
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marcus P Hertlein
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Travis W Wright
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nils Huse
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert W Schoenlein
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Giacomo Coslovich
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joseph Robinson
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert A Kaindl
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bruce S Rude
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Sven Mähl
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Oliver Gessner
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Johansson EMJ, Lindblad R, Siegbahn H, Hagfeldt A, Rensmo H. Atomic and Electronic Structures of Interfaces in Dye-Sensitized, Nanostructured Solar Cells. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:1006-17. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Kley CS, Dette C, Rinke G, Patrick CE, Cechal J, Jung SJ, Baur M, Dürr M, Rauschenbach S, Giustino F, Stepanow S, Kern K. Atomic-scale observation of multiconformational binding and energy level alignment of ruthenium-based photosensitizers on TiO2 anatase. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:563-9. [PMID: 24471471 DOI: 10.1021/nl403717d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells constitute a promising approach to sustainable and low-cost solar energy conversion. Their overall efficiency crucially depends on the effective coupling of the photosensitizers to the photoelectrode and the details of the dye's energy levels at the interface. Despite great efforts, the specific binding of prototypical ruthenium-based dyes to TiO2, their potential supramolecular interaction, and the interrelation between adsorption geometry and electron injection efficiency lack experimental evidence. Here we demonstrate multiconformational adsorption and energy level alignment of single N3 dyes on TiO2 anatase (101) revealed by scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy. The distinctly bound molecules show significant variations of their excited state levels associated with different driving forces for photoelectron injection. These findings emphasize the critical role of the interfacial coupling and suggest that further designs of dye-sensitized solar cells should target a higher selectivity in the dye-substrate binding conformations in order to ensure efficient electron injection from all photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Kley
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Johnson PS, Cook PL, Zegkinoglou I, García-Lastra JM, Rubio A, Ruther RE, Hamers RJ, Himpsel FJ. Electronic structure of Fe- vs. Ru-based dye molecules. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:044709. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4788617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Liao KC, Anwar H, Hill IG, Vertelov GK, Schwartz J. Comparative interface metrics for metal-free monolayer-based dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:6735-6746. [PMID: 23143856 DOI: 10.1021/am301907z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The first quantitative comparison between self-assembled monolayers of homologous carboxylate- and phosphonate-terminated organic dyes that are of use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is reported. (Cyanovinyl)phosphonate-terminated oligothiophenes and (cyanovinyl)carboxylate-terminated oligothiophenes were synthesized on TiO(2) thin film electrodes. Structurally analogous organics were compared for the effect of the anchoring groups on photochemical properties in solution as measured by UV/vis spectroscopy and for reactivity with the electrode surface. Monolayers were grown on the TiO(2) electrodes either by "tethering by aggregation and growth" (T-BAG) or by solution dipping. Surface roughness and homogeneity, elemental composition, and thickness of the monolayers were evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ellipsometry. Molecular loadings for each monolayer on TiO(2) were quantified by quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM), and the stability of bonding between each class of dyes and the TiO(2) was evaluated by measuring desorption, also by QCM; the carboxylates underwent significant dissociation in aqueous media but the phosphonates did not. DSSCs were prepared from each congener and from simple oligothiophene phosphonates to determine the effect of the cyanovinyl group on device behavior; all DSSCs were studied under irradiation from a AM 1.5G solar light source; the effect of cyanovinyl group termination was comparable to that of adding a thiophene moiety, and the DSSC using a self-assembled monolayer of (sexithiophene)phosphonate (6TP) had total power conversion efficiency (η) of ca. 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Ching Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Patrick CE, Giustino F. Quantitative analysis of valence photoemission spectra and quasiparticle excitations at chromophore-semiconductor interfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:116801. [PMID: 23005661 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.116801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Investigating quasiparticle excitations of molecules on surfaces through photoemission spectroscopy forms a major part of nanotechnology research. Resolving spectral features at these interfaces requires a comprehensive theory of electron removal and addition processes in molecules and solids which captures the complex interplay of image charges, thermal effects, and configurational disorder. Here, we develop such a theory and calculate the quasiparticle energy-level alignment and the valence photoemission spectrum for the prototype biomimetic solar cell interface between anatase TiO(2) and the N3 chromophore. By directly matching our calculated photoemission spectrum to experimental data, we clarify the atomistic origin of the chromophore peak at low binding energy. This case study sets a new standard in the interpretation of photoemission spectroscopy at complex chromophore-semiconductor interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Patrick
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
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Kuo YY, Li TH, Yao JN, Lin CY, Chien CH. Hydrothermal crystallization and modification of surface hydroxyl groups of anodized TiO2 nanotube-arrays for more efficient photoenergy conversion. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Koo JH, Cho JJ, Yang JH, Yoo PJ, Oh KW, Park JH. Surface Modification of Zinc Oxide Nanorods with Zn-Porphyrin via Metal-Ligand Coordination for Photovoltaic Applications. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.2.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Martsinovich N, Ambrosio F, Troisi A. Adsorption and electron injection of the N3 metal–organic dye on the TiO2 rutile (110) surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:16668-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42350b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shaikh J, Pawar R, Devan R, Ma Y, Salvi P, Kolekar S, Patil P. Synthesis and characterization of Ru doped CuO thin films for supercapacitor based on Bronsted acidic ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Chemisorption of a thiol-functionalized ruthenium dye on zinc oxide nanoparticles: Implications for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhu XJ, Holliday BJ. Electropolymerization of a Ruthenium(II) Bis(pyrazolyl)pyridine Complex to Form a Novel Ru-Containing Conducting Metallopolymer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:904-9. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Hahlin M, Johansson EMJ, Plogmaker S, Odelius M, Hagberg DP, Sun L, Siegbahn H, Rensmo H. Electronic and molecular structures of organic dye/TiO2 interfaces for solar cell applications: a core level photoelectron spectroscopy study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:1507-17. [DOI: 10.1039/b913548k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Marinado T, Hagberg DP, Hedlund M, Edvinsson T, Johansson EMJ, Boschloo G, Rensmo H, Brinck T, Sun L, Hagfeldt A. Rhodaninedyes for dye-sensitized solar cells : spectroscopy, energy levels and photovoltaic performance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:133-41. [DOI: 10.1039/b812154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Johansson E, Odelius M, Gorgoi M, Karis O, Ovsyannikov R, Schäfers F, Svensson S, Siegbahn H, Rensmo H. Valence electronic structure of ruthenium based complexes probed by photoelectron spectroscopy at high kinetic energy (HIKE) and modeled by DFT calculations. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Myllyperkiö P, Benkő G, Korppi-Tommola J, Yartsev AP, Sundström V. A study of electron transfer in Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2and SnO2films induced by red-wing excitation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:996-1002. [DOI: 10.1039/b713515g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Park H, Bae E, Lee JJ, Park J, Choi W. Effect of the anchoring group in Ru-bipyridyl sensitizers on the photoelectrochemical behavior of dye-sensitized TiO2 electrodes: carboxylate versus phosphonate linkages. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:8740-9. [PMID: 16640430 DOI: 10.1021/jp060397e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the number of anchoring groups (carboxylate vs phosphonate) in Ru-bipyridyl complexes on their binding to TiO(2) surface and the photoelectrochemical performance of the sensitized TiO(2) electrodes were systematically investigated. Six derivatives of Ru-bipyridyl complexes having di-, tetra-, or hexacarboxylate (C2, C4, and C6) and di-, tetra-, or hexaphosphonate (P2, P4, and P6) as the anchoring group were synthesized. The properties and efficiencies of C- and P-complexes as a sensitizer depended on the number of anchoring groups in very different ways. Although C4 exhibited the lowest visible light absorption, C4-TiO(2) electrode showed the best cell performance and stability among C-TiO(2) electrodes. However, P6, which has the highest visible light absorption, was more efficient than P2 and P4 as a sensitizer of TiO(2). The surface binding (strength and stability) of C-complexes on TiO(2) is highly influenced by the number of carboxylate groups and is the most decisive factor in controlling the sensitization efficiency. A phosphonate anchor, however, can provide a stronger chemical linkage to TiO(2) surface, and the overall sensitization performance was less influenced by the adsorption capability of P-complexes. The apparent effect of the anchoring group number on the P-complex sensitization seems to be mainly related with the visible light absorption efficiency of each P-complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoong Park
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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26
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Johansson EMJ, Hedlund M, Odelius M, Siegbahn H, Rensmo H. Frontier electronic structures of Ru(tcterpy)(NCS)3 and Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2: A photoelectron spectroscopy study. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:244303. [PMID: 17614545 DOI: 10.1063/1.2738066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontier electronic structures of Ru(tcterpy)(NCS)3 [black dye (BD)] and Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)(2) (N719) have been investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy (RPES). N1s XAS has been used to probe the nitrogen contribution in the unoccupied density of states, and PES, together with RPES over the N1s edge, has been used to delineate the character of the occupied density of states. The experimental findings of the frontier electron structure are compared to calculations of the partial density of states for the nitrogens in the different ligands (NCS and terpyridine/bipyridine) and for Ru4d. The result indicates large similarities between the two complexes. Specifically, the valence level spectra show two well separated structures at low binding energy. The experimental results indicate that the outermost structure in the valence region largely has a Ru4d character but with a substantial character also from the NCS ligand. Interestingly, the second lowest structure also has a significant Ru4d character mixed into the structure otherwise dominated by NCS. Comparing the two complexes the BD valence structures lowest in binding energy contains a large contribution from the NCS ligands but almost no contribution from the terpyridine ligands, while for N719 also some contribution from the bipyridine ligands is mixed into the energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M J Johansson
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 530, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Bandeira MCE, Crayston JA, Franco CV, Glidle A. Electrochemical deposition of poly(trans-[RuCl2(4-vinylpyridine)4]) and its reductive desorption: cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:1003-12. [PMID: 17301891 DOI: 10.1039/b613242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electropolymerization of trans-[RuCl(2)(vpy)(4)](vpy = 4-vinylpyridine) on Au or Pt electrodes was studied by cyclic voltammetry and the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique. Cyclic voltammetry of the monomer in DMSO on Au shows reductions at -2.0 and -2.2 V. Potential cycling over the first wave leads to polymer formation; however, scanning over the second wave leads to desorption of the polymer. These observations were confirmed by EQCM measurements which also revealed a high polymerization efficiency. Electrolysis, EQCM and XPS measurements showed that desorption was associated with substitution of chloride ligands by DMSO when the polymer was in a highly reduced state. The film also showed reversible mass changes due to the oxidation and accompanying ingress of charge-balancing anions and solvent into the film. Measurements on the dried films revealed that large quantities of solvent are trapped in the film during the electropolymerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin C E Bandeira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade-Depto. de Química-CFM, Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
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28
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Olson CL. Influence of Cation on Charge Recombination in Dye-Sensitized TiO2 Electrodes. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:9619-26. [PMID: 16686510 DOI: 10.1021/jp057383d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of a dye cation recombining with an electron in TiO(2), in the presence of Li(+), Ca(2+), and TBA(+) cations, was studied with laser-induced transient absorption measurements. The active cations, Li(+) and Ca(2+), shorten the dye cation lifetime on sensitized TiO(2) but not ZnO electrodes. By combining the absorbance measurements of the dye cation with simultaneous measurements of the current transient, the contribution of the recombination reaction to the current is identified. Furthermore, classical porous electrode theory is used to quantify the behavior of the heterogeneous electrode, and in doing so, the processes contributing to photoinduced current are identified as Helmholtz layer charging, porous electrode charging, recombination reactions, and surface diffusion of the active cations. The rate of charge recombination is proportional to the concentration of initially deposited active cations. The effect of water on the recombination rate and the current is also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Olson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom.
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Sasahara A, Pang CL, Onishi H. STM Observation of a Ruthenium Dye Adsorbed on a TiO2(110) Surface. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:4751-5. [PMID: 16526711 DOI: 10.1021/jp0562882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Individual Ru(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)2(NCS)2 molecules, commonly known as N3, adsorbed on a TiO2 surface were visualized with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) operated in ultrahigh vacuum. A TiO2(110)-(1 x 1) crystal was taken out from the vacuum vessel and immersed into an acetonitrile solution of N3. A monolayer of pivalate ((CH3)3CCOO-) ions was used to protect the (1 x 1) surface from contamination during the wetting process of the N3 adsorption. The N3 molecules adsorbed on the flat terraces protruded by 0.65 nm from the pivalate monolayer. The image height difference of the admolecules could be understood with the assumption that the N3 molecules anchor to the TiO2 surface via two carboxyl groups. The number density of the N3 molecules on the steps was higher than that on the terraces. The poorly coordinated Ti atoms exposed at the step edges form preferential sites where the carboxyl groups can approach, due to a lower steric obstacle or because the structure of the adsorbed N3 molecules suffers less distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sasahara
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Moslemzadeh N, Beamson G, Haines SR, Tsakiropoulos P, Watts JF, Weightman P. High-energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with new monochromatised Cu Kα1 X-rays; characteristics, capabilities and limitations. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Johansson EMJ, Hedlund M, Siegbahn H, Rensmo H. Electronic and Molecular Surface Structure of Ru(tcterpy)(NCS)3 and Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2 Adsorbed from Solution onto Nanostructured TiO2: A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:22256-63. [PMID: 16853898 DOI: 10.1021/jp0525282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The element specificity of photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) has been used to compare the electronic and molecular structure of the dyes Ru(tcterpy)(NCS)3 (BD) and Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2 adsorbed from solution onto nanostructured TiO2. Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2 was investigated in its acid (N3) and in its 2-fold deprotonated form (N719) having tetrabutylammonium (TBA+) as counterions. A comparison of the O1s spectra for the dyes indicates that the interactions through the carboxylate groups with the TiO2 surface are very similar for the dyes. However, we observe that some of the dye molecules also interact through the NCS groups when adsorbed at the TiO2 surface. Comparing the N719 and the N3 molecule, the fraction of NCS groups interacting through the sulfur atoms is smaller for N719 than for N3. We also note that the counterion TBA+ is coadsorbed with the N719 and BD molecules although the amount was smaller than expected from the molecular formulas. Comparing the valence levels for the dyes adsorbed on TiO2, the position of the highest occupied electronic energy level is similar for N3 and N719, while that for BD is lower by 0.25 eV relative to that of the other complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M J Johansson
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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33
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Abstract
Electron transfer across the molecule-semiconductor interface is a fundamental process that is relevant to many applications of nanoparticles, such as dye-sensitized solar cells and molecular electronics. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding electron transfer dynamics from molecular adsorbates to semiconductor nanoparticles. Photoexcitation of molecular adsorbates to their excited states is followed by electron injection into semiconductor nanoparticles. The products of electron injection (oxidized adsorbate and electrons in semiconductor) are monitored by their electronic and vibrational spectra, allowing direct measurement of injection rate. The dependence of injection rate on the properties of semiconductor nanoparticle, molecular adsorbate, intervening bridging and anchoring group, and interfacial environment are discussed and compared with Marcus theory of interfacial electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Mahrov B, Boschloo G, Hagfeldt A, Siegbahn H, Rensmo H. Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies of Ru(dcbpyH2)2(NCS)2/CuI and Ru(dcbpyH2)2(NCS)2/CuSCN Interfaces for Solar Cell Applications. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037905u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boriss Mahrov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 579, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerrit Boschloo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 579, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 579, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Siegbahn
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 579, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 579, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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35
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Karlsson PG, Bolik S, Richter JH, Mahrov B, Johansson EMJ, Blomquist J, Uvdal P, Rensmo H, Siegbahn H, Sandell A. Interfacial properties of the nanostructured dye-sensitized solid heterojunction TiO2/RuL2(NCS)2/CuI. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:11224-32. [PMID: 15268152 DOI: 10.1063/1.1739399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interfaces of the nanostructured dye-sensitized solid heterojunction TiO(2)/Ru-dye/CuI have been studied using photoelectron spectroscopy of core and valence levels, x-ray absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. A nanostructured anatase TiO(2) film sensitized with RuL(2)(NCS)(2) [cis-bis(4,4(')-dicarboxy-2,2(')-bipyridine)-bis(isothio-cyanato)-ruthenium(II)] was prepared in a controlled way using a novel combined in-situ and ex-situ (Ar atmosphere) method. Onto this film CuI was deposited in-situ. The formation of the dye-CuI interface and the changes brought upon the dye-TiO(2) interface could be monitored in a stepwise fashion. A direct interaction between the dye NCS groups and the CuI is evident in the core level photoelectron spectra. Concerning the energy matching of the valence electronic levels, the photoelectron spectra indicate that the dye HOMO overlaps in energy with the Cu 3d-I 5p hydrid states. The CuI grow in the form of particles, which at the initial stages displace the dye molecules causing dye-TiO(2) bond breaking. Consequently, the very efficient charge injection channel provided by the dye-TiO(2) carboxylic bonding is directly affected for a substantial part of the dye molecules. This may be of importance for the functional properties of such a heterojunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Karlsson
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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37
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Schnadt J, Henningsson A, Andersson MP, Karlsson PG, Uvdal P, Siegbahn H, Brühwiler PA, Sandell A. Adsorption and Charge-Transfer Study of Bi-isonicotinic Acid on In Situ-Grown Anatase TiO2 Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0344491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schnadt
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, University of Lund, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, and EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Anders Henningsson
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, University of Lund, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, and EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martin P. Andersson
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, University of Lund, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, and EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Patrik G. Karlsson
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, University of Lund, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, and EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Per Uvdal
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, University of Lund, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, and EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hans Siegbahn
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, University of Lund, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, and EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Paul A. Brühwiler
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, University of Lund, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, and EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Anders Sandell
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, University of Lund, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, and EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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38
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Benkö G, Kallioinen J, Myllyperkiö P, Trif F, Korppi-Tommola JEI, Yartsev AP, Sundström V. Interligand Electron Transfer Determines Triplet Excited State Electron Injection in RuN3−Sensitized TiO2 Films. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036778z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Benkö
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE−22100, Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jani Kallioinen
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE−22100, Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pasi Myllyperkiö
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE−22100, Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Florentina Trif
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE−22100, Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jouko E. I. Korppi-Tommola
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE−22100, Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arkady P. Yartsev
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE−22100, Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Villy Sundström
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE−22100, Lund, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Schnadt J, O’Shea JN, Patthey L, Kjeldgaard L, Åhlund J, Nilson K, Schiessling J, Krempaský J, Shi M, Karis O, Glover C, Siegbahn H, Mårtensson N, Brühwiler PA. Excited-state charge transfer dynamics in systems of aromatic adsorbates on TiO2 studied with resonant core techniques. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1586692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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40
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Villegas JM, Stoyanov SR, Rillema DP. Synthesis and photochemistry of Ru(II) complexes containing phenanthroline-based ligands with fused pyrrole rings. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:6688-94. [PMID: 12470063 DOI: 10.1021/ic020436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of 1,10-phenanthrolinopyrrole ethyl ester leads to the acid derivative which is unstable at room-temperature releasing CO(2) and forming 1,10-phenanthrolinopyrrole (php). The ligand reacts with ruthenium(II) to form a series of complexes of the general formula [Ru(php)(n)(bpy)(3-n)](2+), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and n = 1-3. The photochemical properties reveal that the complexes have longer-lived excited states than the standard complex, [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+). Their emission lifetimes range from 9.04 micros (n = 1) to 35.5 micros (n = 3) at 77 K compared to 7.57 micros for the standard. Similarly, at room-temperature, emission lifetimes range from 1.20 micros (n = 1) to 1.70 micros (n = 3) relative to the standard (0.56 micros). The emission quantum yields also have higher values than the standard [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) under similar conditions. The temperature-dependent studies for the complexes establish the distribution among the radiative, nonradiative, and (3)MLCT to (3)d-d decay channels and are in agreement with the energy gap law.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Villegas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 N Fairmount, Wichita, Kansas 67260-0051, USA
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41
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Westermark K, Henningsson A, Rensmo H, Södergren S, Siegbahn H, Hagfeldt A. Determination of the electronic density of states at a nanostructured TiO2/Ru-dye/electrolyte interface by means of photoelectron spectroscopy. Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(02)00699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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43
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Westermark K, Rensmo H, Siegbahn H, Keis K, Hagfeldt A, Ojamäe L, Persson P. PES Studies of Ru(dcbpyH2)2(NCS)2 Adsorption on Nanostructured ZnO for Solar Cell Applications. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0142177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Westermark K, Rensmo H, Lees AC, Vos JG, Siegbahn H. Electron Spectroscopic Studies of Bis-(2,2‘-bipyridine)-(4,4‘-dicarboxy-2,2‘-bipyridine)-ruthenium(II) and Bis-(2,2‘-bipyridine)-(4,4‘-dicarboxy-2,2‘-bipyridine)-osmium(II) Adsorbed on Nanostructured TiO2 and ZnO Surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014218z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Westermark
- Department of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Department of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Anthea C. Lees
- Department of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Johannes G. Vos
- Department of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Hans Siegbahn
- Department of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland, and National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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45
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Schnadt J, Brühwiler PA, Patthey L, O'Shea JN, Södergren S, Odelius M, Ahuja R, Karis O, Bässler M, Persson P, Siegbahn H, Lunell S, Mårtensson N. Experimental evidence for sub-3-fs charge transfer from an aromatic adsorbate to a semiconductor. Nature 2002; 418:620-3. [PMID: 12167856 DOI: 10.1038/nature00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast timescale of electron transfer processes is crucial to their role in many biological systems and technological devices. In dye-sensitized solar cells, the electron transfer from photo-excited dye molecules to nanostructured semiconductor substrates needs to be sufficiently fast to compete effectively against loss processes and thus achieve high solar energy conversion efficiencies. Time-resolved laser techniques indicate an upper limit of 20 to 100 femtoseconds for the time needed to inject an electron from a dye into a semiconductor, which corresponds to the timescale on which competing processes such as charge redistribution and intramolecular thermalization of excited states occur. Here we use resonant photoemission spectroscopy, which has previously been used to monitor electron transfer in simple systems with an order-of-magnitude improvement in time resolution, to show that electron transfer from an aromatic adsorbate to a TiO(2) semiconductor surface can occur in less than 3 fs. These results directly confirm that electronic coupling of the aromatic molecule to its substrate is sufficiently strong to suppress competing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schnadt
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, Uppsala University, Box 532, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
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46
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Liu G, Jaegermann W, He J, Sundström V, Sun L. XPS and UPS Characterization of the TiO2/ZnPcGly Heterointerface: Alignment of Energy Levels. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014192b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Licheng Sun
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kallioinen J, Benkö G, Sundström V, Korppi-Tommola JEI, Yartsev AP. Electron Transfer from the Singlet and Triplet Excited States of Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2 into Nanocrystalline TiO2 Thin Films. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0143443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jani Kallioinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland, and Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gábor Benkö
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland, and Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland, and Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jouko E. I. Korppi-Tommola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland, and Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Arkady P. Yartsev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland, and Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Persson P, Bergström R, Ojamäe L, Lunell S. Quantum-chemical studies of metal oxides for photoelectrochemical applications. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(02)41054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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50
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Westermark K, Tingry S, Persson P, Rensmo H, Lunell S, Hagfeldt A, Siegbahn H. Triarylamine on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Studied in Its Reduced and Oxidized State by Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003924h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Westermark
- Department of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University College Gävle, S-801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Sophie Tingry
- Department of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University College Gävle, S-801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Department of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University College Gävle, S-801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Department of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University College Gävle, S-801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Sten Lunell
- Department of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University College Gävle, S-801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University College Gävle, S-801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Hans Siegbahn
- Department of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and University College Gävle, S-801 76 Gävle, Sweden
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