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Probe electrode study of cathodically polarized PtIr-YSZ interfaces. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-04179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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2
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Zhu J, Lee JW, Lee H, Xie L, Pan X, De Souza RA, Eom CB, Nonnenmann SS. Probing vacancy behavior across complex oxide heterointerfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau8467. [PMID: 30801011 PMCID: PMC6386560 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau8467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen vacancies ( V O • • ) play a critical role as defects in complex oxides in establishing functionality in systems including memristors, all-oxide electronics, and electrochemical cells that comprise metal-insulator-metal or complex oxide heterostructure configurations. Improving oxide-oxide interfaces necessitates a direct, spatial understanding of vacancy distributions that define electrochemically active regions. We show vacancies deplete over micrometer-level distances in Nb-doped SrTiO3 (Nb:SrTiO3) substrates due to deposition and post-annealing processes. We convert the surface potential across a strontium titanate/yttria-stabilized zirconia (STO/YSZ) heterostructured film to spatial (<100 nm) vacancy profiles within STO using (T = 500°C) in situ scanning probes and semiconductor analysis. Oxygen scavenging occurring during pulsed laser deposition reduces Nb:STO substantially, which partially reoxidizes in an oxygen-rich environment upon cooling. These results (i) introduce the means to spatially resolve quantitative vacancy distributions across oxide films and (ii) indicate the mechanisms by which oxide thin films enhance and then deplete vacancies within the underlying substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jung-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hyungwoo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Roger A. De Souza
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Chang-Beom Eom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Stephen S. Nonnenmann
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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3
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Ditscherlein L, Peuker UA. Note: Production of stable colloidal probes for high-temperature atomic force microscopy applications. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:046107. [PMID: 28456225 DOI: 10.1063/1.4981531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For the application of colloidal probe atomic force microscopy at high temperatures (>500 K), stable colloidal probe cantilevers are essential. In this study, two new methods for gluing alumina particles onto temperature stable cantilevers are presented and compared with an existing method for borosilicate particles at elevated temperatures as well as with cp-cantilevers prepared with epoxy resin at room temperature. The durability of the fixing of the particle is quantified with a test method applying high shear forces. The force is calculated with a mechanical model considering both the bending as well as the torsion on the colloidal probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ditscherlein
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Mineral Processing, Agricolastraße 1, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - U A Peuker
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Mineral Processing, Agricolastraße 1, Freiberg 09599, Germany
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4
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Hansen KV, Norrman K, Jacobsen T. High temperature conductance mapping for correlation of electrical properties with micron-sized chemical and microstructural features. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 170:69-76. [PMID: 27552435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High temperature AC conductance mapping is a scanning probe technique for resolving local electrical properties in microscopic areas. It is especially suited for detecting poorly conducting phases and for ionically conducting materials such as those used in solid oxide electrochemical cells. Secondary silicate phases formed at the edge of lanthanum strontium manganite microelectrodes are used as an example for correlation of chemical, microstructural and electrical properties with a spatial resolution of 1-2µm to demonstrate the technique. The measurements are performed in situ in a controlled atmosphere high temperature scanning probe microscope at 650°C in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Vels Hansen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Kion Norrman
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Torben Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Nonnenmann SS. A hot tip: imaging phenomena using in situ multi-stimulus probes at high temperatures. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3164-3180. [PMID: 26795921 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08172f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Accurate high temperature characterization of materials remains a critical challenge to the continued advancement of various important energy, nuclear, electronic, and aerospace applications. Future experimental studies must assist these communities to progress past empiricism and derive deliberate, predictable designs of material classes functioning within active, extreme environments. Successful realization of systems ranging from fuel cells and batteries to electromechanical nanogenerators and turbines requires a dynamic understanding of the excitation, surface-mediated, and charge transfer phenomena which occur at heterophase interfaces (i.e. vapor-solid, liquid-solid, solid-solid) and impact overall performance. Advancing these frontiers therefore necessitates in situ (operando) characterization methods capable of resolving, both spatially and functionally, the coherence between these complex, collective excitations, and their respective response dynamics, through studies within the operating regime. This review highlights recent developments in scanning probe microscopy in performing in situ imaging at high elevated temperatures. The influence of and evolution from vacuum-based electron and tunneling microscopy are briefly summarized and discussed. The scope includes the use of high temperature imaging to directly observe critical phase transition, electronic, and electrochemical behavior under dynamic temperature settings, thus providing key physical parameters. Finally, both challenges and directions in combined instrumentation are proposed and discussed towards the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Nonnenmann
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 219 Engineering Laboratory I, 160 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003-2210, USA.
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Ji Y, Hui F, Shi Y, Han T, Song X, Pan C, Lanza M. Note: Fabrication of a fast-response and user-friendly environmental chamber for atomic force microscopes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:106105. [PMID: 26521002 DOI: 10.1063/1.4932965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The atomic force microscope is one of the most widespread tools in science, but many suppliers do not provide a competitive solution to make experiments in controlled atmospheres. Here, we provide a solution to this problem by fabricating a fast-response and user-friendly environmental chamber. We corroborate the correct functioning of the chamber by studying the formation of local anodic oxidation on a silicon sample (biased under opposite polarities), an effect that can be suppressed by measuring in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. The usefulness of this chamber goes beyond the example here presented, and it could be used in many other fields of science, including physics, mechanics, microelectronics, nanotechnology, medicine, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Ji
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fei Hui
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaoxue Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengbin Pan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mario Lanza
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
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Norrman K, Hansen KV, Jacobsen T. Dynamic behavior of impurities and native components in model LSM microelectrodes on YSZ. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18042b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy conversion materials exhibit complex dynamic behavior when subjected to elevated temperatures and polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kion Norrman
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-4000 Roskilde
- Denmark
| | - Karin Vels Hansen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-4000 Roskilde
- Denmark
| | - Torben Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- Lyngby
- Denmark
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Hwu ET, Nazaretski E, Chu YS, Chen HH, Chen YS, Xu W, Hwu Y. Design and characterization of a compact nano-positioning system for a portable transmission x-ray microscope. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:123702. [PMID: 24387436 DOI: 10.1063/1.4838635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and constructed a compact nano-positioning system for a Portable Transmission X-ray Microscope (PTXM). We introduce a concept of PTXM and adopt modular approach which implements identical nano-motion platforms to perform manipulation of PTXM components. Modular design provides higher stiffness of the system and allows for reduction of relative thermal drifts between individual constituents of the PTXM apparatus, ensuring a high degree of stability for nanoscale x-ray imaging. We have measured relative thermal drifts between two identical modules to be as low as 15 nm/h, sufficient to perform nanoscale imaging by TXM. Spatial resolution achieved by developed linear piezo stages was measured to be 3 nm with repeatability of 20 nm over 1 mm travel range.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Te Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Evgeny Nazaretski
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Yong S Chu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Huang-Han Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Weihe Xu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Yeukuang Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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