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Abstract
Phosphonates, often used as isosteric replacements for phosphates, can provide important interactions with an enzyme. Due to their high charge at physiological pH, however, permeation into cells can be a challenge. Protecting phosphonates as prodrugs has shown promise in drug delivery. Thus, a variety of structures and cleavage/activation mechanisms exist, enabling release of the active compound. This review describes the structural diversity of these pro-moieties, relevant cleavage mechanisms and recent advances in the design of phosphonate prodrugs.
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2
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Banerjee A, Yamamoto H. Direct N-O bond formation via oxidation of amines with benzoyl peroxide. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2124-2129. [PMID: 30881636 PMCID: PMC6383333 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04996c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a general and efficient method for direct N-O bond formation without undesirable C-N bond (amide) formation starting from commercially available amines and benzoyl peroxide. The oxidation of 1,2-diamines to furnish bis-(benzoyloxy)-1,2-diamines is reported for the first time. We found that a significant amount of water (BPO : water = 3 : 1) in combination with Cs2CO3 is necessary to achieve high selectivity and yield. The reaction conditions are applicable to a wide range of 1,2-diamine and 1,2-disubstituted-1,2-diamine substrates. Additionally this method is highly applicable to primary and secondary amines. Further, the present method can access chiral bis-hydroxamic acids and bis-hydroxyl amines in just two steps from 1,2-diamines. The reaction conditions are simple, mild and inert atmosphere free. The synthetic potential of this methodology is further demonstrated in the short synthesis of a chiral BHA ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Banerjee
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center , Chubu University , 1200, Matsumoto-cho , Kasugai , Aichi 487-8501 , Japan . ;
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center , Chubu University , 1200, Matsumoto-cho , Kasugai , Aichi 487-8501 , Japan . ;
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3
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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4
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Kunfermann A, Lienau C, Illarionov B, Held J, Gräwert T, Behrendt CT, Werner P, Hähn S, Eisenreich W, Riederer U, Mordmüller B, Bacher A, Fischer M, Groll M, Kurz T. IspC as Target for Antiinfective Drug Discovery: Synthesis, Enantiomeric Separation, and Structural Biology of Fosmidomycin Thia Isosters. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8151-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4012559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kunfermann
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Lienau
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Hamburg
School of Food Science, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee
117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Held
- Institut
für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen Germany
| | - Tobias Gräwert
- Hamburg
School of Food Science, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee
117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph T. Behrendt
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Werner
- Hamburg
School of Food Science, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee
117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Hähn
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Ulrich Riederer
- Institut
für Pharmazie, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse
45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institut
für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen Germany
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Hamburg
School of Food Science, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee
117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg
School of Food Science, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee
117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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5
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Brücher K, Illarionov B, Held J, Tschan S, Kunfermann A, Pein MK, Bacher A, Gräwert T, Maes L, Mordmüller B, Fischer M, Kurz T. α-Substituted β-oxa isosteres of fosmidomycin: synthesis and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6566-75. [PMID: 22731758 DOI: 10.1021/jm300652f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Specific inhibition of enzymes of the non-mevalonate pathway is a promising strategy for the development of novel antiplasmodial drugs. α-Aryl-substituted β-oxa isosteres of fosmidomycin with a reverse orientation of the hydroxamic acid group were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against recombinant 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (IspC) of Plasmodium falciparum and for their in vitro antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strains of P. falciparum . The most active derivative inhibits IspC protein of P. falciparum (PfIspC) with an IC(50) value of 12 nM and shows potent in vitro antiplasmodial activity. In addition, lipophilic ester prodrugs demonstrated improved P. falciparum growth inhibition in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Brücher
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Uh E, Jackson ER, Jose GS, Maddox M, Lee RE, Lee RE, Boshoff HI, Dowd CS. Antibacterial and antitubercular activity of fosmidomycin, FR900098, and their lipophilic analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6973-6. [PMID: 22024034 PMCID: PMC3215086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The nonmevalonate pathway (NMP) of isoprene biosynthesis is an exciting new route toward novel antibiotic development. Inhibitors against several enzymes in this pathway are currently under examination. A significant liability of many of these agents is poor cell penetration. To overcome and improve our understanding of this problem, we have synthesized a series of lipophilic, prodrug analogs of fosmidomycin and FR900098, inhibitors of the NMP enzyme Dxr. Several of these compounds show improved antibacterial activity against a panel of organisms relative to the parent compound, including activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Our results show that this strategy can be an effective way for improving whole cell activity of NMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Uh
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
| | - Emily R. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
| | - Géraldine San Jose
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
| | - Marcus Maddox
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Robin E. Lee
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Helena I. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cynthia S. Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
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7
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Behrendt CT, Kunfermann A, Illarionova V, Matheeussen A, Pein MK, Gräwert T, Kaiser J, Bacher A, Eisenreich W, Illarionov B, Fischer M, Maes L, Groll M, Kurz T. Reverse Fosmidomycin Derivatives against the Antimalarial Drug Target IspC (Dxr). J Med Chem 2011; 54:6796-802. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200694q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph T. Behrendt
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Kunfermann
- Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Victoria Illarionova
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - An Matheeussen
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Miriam K. Pein
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Gräwert
- Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Kaiser
- Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Michael Groll
- Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Zinglé C, Kuntz L, Tritsch D, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Rohmer M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis via the methylerythritol phosphate pathway: structural variations around phosphonate anchor and spacer of fosmidomycin, a potent inhibitor of deoxyxylulose phosphate reductoisomerase. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3203-7. [PMID: 20429517 DOI: 10.1021/jo9024732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fosmidomycin and its analogue FR-900098 are potent inhibitors of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reducto-isomerase (DXR), the second enzyme of the MEP pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. This paper describes the synthesis of analogues of the two reverse phosphonohydroxamic acids 3 and 4, in which the length of the carbon spacer is modified, the N-methyl group of 3 is replaced by an ethyl group, and the phosphate group is replaced by potential isosteric moieties, i.e., sulfonate or carboxylate functionalities. The potential of the synthesized analogues to inhibit the E. coli DXR was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Zinglé
- Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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9
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Behrendt CT, Kunfermann A, Illarionova V, Matheeussen A, Gräwert T, Groll M, Rohdich F, Bacher A, Eisenreich W, Fischer M, Maes L, Kurz T. Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of Highly Active Reverse Analogues of the Antimalarial Drug Candidate Fosmidomycin. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1673-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Devreux V, Wiesner J, Jomaa H, Van der Eycken J, Van Calenbergh S. Synthesis and evaluation of alpha,beta-unsaturated alpha-aryl-substituted fosmidomycin analogues as DXR inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4920-3. [PMID: 17583502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fosmidomycin, which acts through inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) in the non-mevalonate pathway, represents a valuable recent addition to the armamentarium against uncomplicated malaria. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of E- and Z-alpha,beta-unsaturated alpha-aryl-substituted analogues of FR900098, a fosmidomycin congener, utilizing a Stille or a Suzuki coupling to introduce the aryl group. In contrast with our expectations based on the promising activity earlier observed for several alpha-substituted fosmidomycin analogues, all synthesized analogues exhibited much lower binding affinity for DXR than fosmidomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Devreux
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
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