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The synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids is limited by enzymatic decarboxylation of ethyl- and methylmalonyl-CoA. Biochem J 2019; 476:2427-2447. [PMID: 31416829 PMCID: PMC6717113 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most fatty acids (FAs) are straight chains and are synthesized by fatty acid synthase (FASN) using acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA units. Yet, FASN is known to be promiscuous as it may use methylmalonyl-CoA instead of malonyl-CoA and thereby introduce methyl-branches. We have recently found that the cytosolic enzyme ECHDC1 degrades ethylmalonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA, which presumably result from promiscuous reactions catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase on butyryl- and propionyl-CoA. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ECHDC1 is a metabolite repair enzyme that serves to prevent the formation of methyl- or ethyl-branched FAs by FASN. Using the purified enzyme, we found that FASN can incorporate not only methylmalonyl-CoA but also ethylmalonyl-CoA, producing methyl- or ethyl-branched FAs. Using a combination of gas-chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, we observed that inactivation of ECHDC1 in adipocytes led to an increase in several methyl-branched FAs (present in different lipid classes), while its overexpression reduced them below wild-type levels. In contrast, the formation of ethyl-branched FAs was observed almost exclusively in ECHDC1 knockout cells, indicating that ECHDC1 and the low activity of FASN toward ethylmalonyl-CoA efficiently prevent their formation. We conclude that ECHDC1 performs a typical metabolite repair function by destroying methyl- and ethylmalonyl-CoA. This reduces the formation of methyl-branched FAs and prevents the formation of ethyl-branched FAs by FASN. The identification of ECHDC1 as a key modulator of the abundance of methyl-branched FAs opens the way to investigate their function.
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Bigger SW, Ngeh LN, Dann P, Orbell JD. Towards a quantitative indicator of feather disruption following the cleansing of oiled birds. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 120:268-273. [PMID: 28526197 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A computer-based imaging method for determining feather microstructure coherency following a cleansing treatment, was developed, calibrated and trialled on Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhyhchos) feathers. The feathers were initially contaminated with a light crude oil and then cleansed by either detergent (Deacon 90) treatment or, alternatively, by magnetic particle technology (MPT) using iron powder. The imaging method provides a single quantitative parameter for the coherence of feather microstructure and the results confirm that MPT treatment imparts less disruption to the feather microstructure than detergent treatment. It is proposed that this imaging method can be developed and implemented for the assessment of feather disruption and possibly damage, either for the trialling of different treatment protocols, or as a tool during the rehabilitation process, along with other such indicators, to give a more comprehensive assessment of feather condition than is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Bigger
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia..
| | - Lawrence N Ngeh
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia
| | - Peter Dann
- Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, PO Box 97, Cowes, Phillip Island 3991, Australia
| | - John D Orbell
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia
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Yadav J, Sengupta S, Yadav NN, Narasimha Chary D, Al Ghamdi AA. Stereoselective synthesis of methyl branched chiral deoxypropionate units: a new route for synthesis of insect pheromone (−)-lardolure and (2R,4R,6R,8R) 2,4,6,8-tetramethylundecanoic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Biester EM, Hellenbrand J, Gruber J, Hamberg M, Frentzen M. Identification of avian wax synthases. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 13:4. [PMID: 22305293 PMCID: PMC3316144 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-13-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bird species show a high degree of variation in the composition of their preen gland waxes. For instance, galliform birds like chicken contain fatty acid esters of 2,3-alkanediols, while Anseriformes like goose or Strigiformes like barn owl contain wax monoesters in their preen gland secretions. The final biosynthetic step is catalyzed by wax synthases (WS) which have been identified in pro- and eukaryotic organisms. RESULTS Sequence similarities enabled us to identify six cDNAs encoding putative wax synthesizing proteins in chicken and two from barn owl and goose. Expression studies in yeast under in vivo and in vitro conditions showed that three proteins from chicken performed WS activity while a sequence from chicken, goose and barn owl encoded a bifunctional enzyme catalyzing both wax ester and triacylglycerol synthesis. Mono- and bifunctional WS were found to differ in their substrate specificities especially with regard to branched-chain alcohols and acyl-CoA thioesters. According to the expression patterns of their transcripts and the properties of the enzymes, avian WS proteins might not be confined to preen glands. CONCLUSIONS We provide direct evidence that avian preen glands possess both monofunctional and bifunctional WS proteins which have different expression patterns and WS activities with different substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Biester
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, (Worringer Weg 1), Aachen, (52074), Germany
| | - Janine Hellenbrand
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, (Worringer Weg 1), Aachen, (52074), Germany
| | - Jens Gruber
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, (Worringer Weg 1), Aachen, (52074), Germany
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, (Scheeles Vag 2), Stockholm, (17176), Sweden
| | - Margrit Frentzen
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, (Worringer Weg 1), Aachen, (52074), Germany
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Hellenbrand J, Biester EM, Gruber J, Hamberg M, Frentzen M. Fatty acyl-CoA reductases of birds. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 12:64. [PMID: 22151413 PMCID: PMC3265415 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-12-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Birds clean and lubricate their feathers with waxes that are produced in the uropygial gland, a holocrine gland located on their back above the tail. The type and the composition of the secreted wax esters are dependent on the bird species, for instance the wax ester secretion of goose contains branched-chain fatty acids and unbranched fatty alcohols, whereas that of barn owl contains fatty acids and alcohols both of which are branched. Alcohol-forming fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FAR) catalyze the reduction of activated acyl groups to fatty alcohols that can be esterified with acyl-CoA thioesters forming wax esters. Results cDNA sequences encoding fatty acyl-CoA reductases were cloned from the uropygial glands of barn owl (Tyto alba), domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and domestic goose (Anser anser domesticus). Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that they encode membrane associated enzymes which catalyze a NADPH dependent reduction of acyl-CoA thioesters to fatty alcohols. By feeding studies of transgenic yeast cultures and in vitro enzyme assays with membrane fractions of transgenic yeast cells two groups of isozymes with different properties were identified, termed FAR1 and FAR2. The FAR1 group mainly synthesized 1-hexadecanol and accepted substrates in the range between 14 and 18 carbon atoms, whereas the FAR2 group preferred stearoyl-CoA and accepted substrates between 16 and 20 carbon atoms. Expression studies with tissues of domestic chicken indicated that FAR transcripts were not restricted to the uropygial gland. Conclusion The data of our study suggest that the identified and characterized avian FAR isozymes, FAR1 and FAR2, can be involved in wax ester biosynthesis and in other pathways like ether lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Hellenbrand
- Special Botany, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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NICOLAIDES N. SKIN LIPIDS. II. LIPID CLASS COMPOSITION OF SAMPLES FROM VARIOUS SPECIES AND ANATOMICAL SITES. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1996; 42:691-702. [PMID: 14341730 DOI: 10.1007/bf02540042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Morr M, Wray V, Fortkamp J, Schmid RD. (2R,4R,6R,8R)-2,4,6,8-Tetramethyldecan- und -undecansäure aus dem Bürzeldrüsenwachs der Hausgans,Anser a. f. domesticus: Isolierung, Synthese einiger Derivate sowie derrac-2,4,6,8-Tetramethyldecansäure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199219920179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mori K, Kuwahara S. Synthesis of the Methyl Ester of (2R,4R,6R,8R)-2,4,6,8-Tetramethylundecanoic Acid, an Acid Component of the Preen-Gland Wax of the Graylag Goose,Anser anser. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198719870377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Buckner JS, Kolattukudy PE, Rogers L. Synthesis of multimethyl-branched fatty acids by avian and mammalian fatty acid synthetase and its regulation by malonyl-CoA decarboxylase in the uropygial gland. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 186:152-63. [PMID: 629531 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Buckner JS, Kolattukudy PE. Lipid biosynthesis in sebaceous glands: regulation of the synthesis of n- and branched fatty acids by malonyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase. Biochemistry 1975; 14:1768-73. [PMID: 235966 DOI: 10.1021/bi00679a032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Crude cell-free extracts isolated from the uropygial glands of goose catalyzed the carboxylation of propionyl-CoA but not acetyl-CoA. However, a partially purified preparation catalyzed the carboxylation of both substrates and the characteristics of this carboxylase were similar to those reported for chicken liver carboxylase. The Km and Vmax for the carboxylation of either acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA were 1.5 times 10- minus-5 M and 0.8 mumol per min per mg, respectively. In the crude extracts an inhibitor of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity was detected. The inhibitor was partially purified and identified as a protein that catalyzed the rapid decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA. This enzyme was avidin-insenitive and highly specific for malonyl-CoA with very low rates of decarboxylation for methylmalonyl-CoA and malonic acid. Vmax and Km for malonyl-CoA decarboxylation, at the pH optimum of 9.5, were 12.5 mumol per min per mg and 8 times 10- minus-4 M, respectively. The relative activities of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase were about 4 mumol per min per gland and 70 mumoles per min per gland, respectively. Therefore acetyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA should be the major primer and elongating agent, respectively, present in the gland. The major fatty acid formed from these precursors by the fatty acid synthetase of the gland would be 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-decanoic acid which is known to be the major fatty acid of the gland (Buckner, J. S. and Kolattukudy, P. E. (1975), Biochemistry, following paper). Therefore it is concluded that the malonyl-CoA decarboxylase controls fatty acid synthesis in this gland.
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Buckner JS, Kolattukudy PE. Lipid biosynthesis in the sebaceous glands: synthesis of multibranched fatty acids from methylmalonyl-coenzyme A in cell-free preparations from the uropygial gland of goose. Biochemistry 1975; 14:1774-82. [PMID: 235967 DOI: 10.1021/bi00679a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free extracts from the uropygial gland of goose catalyzed the incorporation of malonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA into n- and multi-branched fatty acids, respectively, with NADPH as the preferred reductant. Methylmalonyl-CoA was shown to be incorporated almost exclusively into the acyl portion of wax esters by the cell-free extract while malonyl-CoA was incorporated into polar lipids and both the acyl and alcohol portions of the wax. The optimal pH for the synthesis of both n- and multibranched acids was 6.0. Apparent Km and Vmax for malonyl-CoA were 2 times 10- minus-4 M and 250 nmol per min per mg, respectively, while the Km and Vmax for methylmalonyl-CoA were 7.7 times 10- minus-4 M and 0.8 nmol per min per mg, respectively with 105,000g supernatant; but partial purification resulted in a tenfold decrease in Km values. The partially purified synthetase preparation catalyzed the formation of n-C16 acid (80%) and n-C18 acid (20%) from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. With the same synthetase preparation and the appropriate primer methylmalonyl-CoA was converted into 2,4,6,8-tetramethyldecanoic acid and 2,4,6,8-tetramethylundecanoic acid which were identified by radio gas-liquid chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Experiments with an equimolecular mixture of acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA showed that the synthetase preferred acetyl-CoA as a primer. Since malonyl-CoA is known to be rapidly decarboxylated in the gland, acetyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA are expected to be the major primer and elongating agent, respectively, available in the gland and therefore 2,4,6,8-tetramethyldecanoic acid should be the major product. Combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry demonstrated that this acid was in fact the major acid of the gland.
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Zeman A, Jacob J. Massenspektrometrische Identifizierung von verzweigtkettigen Fettsäuren und Alkoholen aus Bürzellipiden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19730751202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gupta AKS. Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biochemistry of Methyl Branched Fatty Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19720741213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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NICOLAIDES N, RAY T. Skin lipids. III. Fatty chains in skin lipids. The use ofvernix caseosato differentiate between endogenous and exogenous components in human skin surface lipid. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1965; 42:702-7. [PMID: 14343880 DOI: 10.1007/bf02540043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Apandi M, Edwards HM. Studies on the Composition of the Secretions of the Uropygial Gland of Some Avian Species ,. Poult Sci 1964. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0431445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lederer E. [On the origin and function of methyl groups in various fatty acids, plant sterols and quinones of the vitamin K and ubiquinone group]. EXPERIENTIA 1964; 20:473-87. [PMID: 5323075 DOI: 10.1007/bf02154061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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NOBLE RE, STJERNHOLM RL, MERCIER D, LEDERER E. Incorporation of Propionic Acid into a Branched-chain Fatty Acid of the Preen Gland of the Goose. Nature 1963; 199:600-1. [PMID: 14072012 DOI: 10.1038/199600a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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