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Shi QQ, Tang JJ, Gao JM. Picrotoxane sesquiterpenoids: chemistry, chemo- and bio-syntheses and biological activities. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2096-2131. [PMID: 36106498 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to December 2021Picrotoxane sesquiterpenoids are a special category of natural products known to have a picrotoxane skeleton and are characterised by a highly oxidised cis-hydrindene core, lactone rings, and epoxide functionalities. Ever since the first picrotoxane was isolated from Menispermum cocculus in the early 19th century, these compounds have long attracted the attention of natural product chemists, synthetic chemists, and pharmacologists for their particular structures and powerful biological activities. This review extensively summarizes a total of 132 naturally occurring picrotoxane sesquiterpenoids, taking into account their distributions, structural classifications, chemical and bio-synthetic researches, and bioactivities. It provides a comprehensive and in-depth perspective for further investigation on picrotoxane sesquiterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Qiang Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiang-Jiang Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Yan S, Wang K, Al Naggar Y, Vander Heyden Y, Zhao L, Wu L, Xue X. Natural plant toxins in honey: An ignored threat to human health. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127682. [PMID: 34839979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Consumers often believe that "natural food" is harmless, however naturally occurring toxins in food represent a health risk to humans. Honey as a natural, nutritious sweetener, is one of the most commonly consumed foods throughout the world. However, food safety concerns for honey arise when honeybees collect nectar from poisonous plants such as Rhododendron sp., Coriaria arborea, and Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Such honey contains natural plant toxins. Humans may develop intoxication symptoms after consuming toxic honey; in some cases, it can be fatal. As a result, toxic honey poses an often-ignored threat to public health. Typical plant toxins such as grayanotoxins, triptolides, tutin and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, have been identified in toxic honey. Although different toxic honeys elicit similar symptoms, such as vomiting, nausea, and dizziness, the mechanism of toxicity may be different. Thus, it is necessary to determine the exact toxicity mechanism of different toxins to further develop effective antidotes and cures. Another important challenge is preventing toxic honey from entering the food chain. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has a wide range of applications in the detection of different toxins due to its accuracy and simplicity. More methods, however, are urgently needed to detect multiple plant-derived toxins in honey and its derivatives. Developing uniform international standards for toxin detection during quarantine using advanced techniques is critical for preventing human consumption of toxic honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yan
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Yahya Al Naggar
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle, Germany; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Liming Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Innovation Research Team of Risk Assessment for Bee Products Quality and Safety of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Montoro P, D’Urso G, Kowalczyk A, Tuberoso CIG. LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS Based Metabolomics in Evaluation of Bitter Taste of Arbutus unedo Honey. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092765. [PMID: 34066670 PMCID: PMC8125850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Strawberry tree honey is a high-value honey from the Mediterranean area and it is characterised by a typical bitter taste. To possibly identify the secondary metabolites responsible for the bitter taste, the honey was fractionated on a C18 column and the individual fractions were subjected to sensory analysis and then analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry in negative ion mode, using a mass spectrometer with an electrospray source coupled to a hybrid high resolution mass analyser (LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS). A chemometric model obtained by preliminary principal component analysis (PCA) of LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS data allowed the identification of the fractions that caused the perception of bitterness. Subsequently, a partial least squares (PLS) regression model was built. The studies carried out with multivariate analysis showed that unedone (2-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-4,4,8-trimethyl-1-oxaspiro [2.5] oct-7-en-6-one) can be considered responsible for the bitter taste of strawberry tree honey. Confirmation of the bitter taste of unedone was obtained by sensory evaluation of a pure standard, allowing it to be added to the list of natural compounds responsible for giving the sensation of bitterness to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Montoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (P.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Gilda D’Urso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (P.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Adam Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Wrocław Medical University, ul. Borowska, 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-675-8644
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Yang M, Chen LJ, Zhang Y, Chen YG. Two new picrotoxane-type sesquiterpenoid lactones from Dendrobium williamsonii. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:129-133. [PMID: 29069925 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1394294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two new picrotoxane-type sesquiterpenoid lactones, dendrowillins A (1) and B (2), together with five known sesquiterpenoids, (-)-picrotin (3), α-dihydropicrotoxinin (4), dendronobilin B (5), amoenin (6), and (-)-10β,13,14-trihydroxyalloaromadendrane (7), were isolated from the whole plants of Dendrobium williamsonii. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Yunnan Normal University , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- b School of Pharmacy & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products , Kunming Medical University , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Yan Zhang
- b School of Pharmacy & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products , Kunming Medical University , Kunming 650500 , China
| | - Ye-Gao Chen
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Yunnan Normal University , Kunming 650500 , China
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Watkins OC, Joyce NI, Gould N, Perry NB. Glycosides of the Neurotoxin Tutin in Toxic Honeys Are from Coriaria arborea Phloem Sap, Not Insect Metabolism. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1116-1120. [PMID: 29504746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Some honeys contain the neurotoxin tutin (1) plus hyenanchin (2), 2-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)tutin (3), and 2-[6'-(α-d-glucopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]tutin (4). These honeys are made by bees collecting honeydew from passionvine hoppers feeding on the sap of tutu plants ( Coriaria spp.). We report a LC-MS study showing that all these picrotoxanes are of plant, not insect, origin. Hyenanchin was barely detectable and the diglucoside was not detectable in C. arborea leaves, but tutu phloem sap contained all four compounds at concentrations up to the highest found in honeydew. It is proposed that the diglucoside may function as a transport form of tutin, analogous to sucrose transport in phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Watkins
- Department of Chemistry , University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Nigel I Joyce
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited , Private Bag 4704, Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Nick Gould
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited , RD 2, Te Puke , New Zealand
| | - Nigel B Perry
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin , New Zealand
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Nhu D, Larsen L, Perry NB, Larsen DS, Hawkins BC. Sweet Poisons: Synthetic Strategies towards Tutin Glycosides. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The polycyclic, polyoxygenated picrotoxane tutin was subjected to various glycosylation reaction conditions in an effort to synthesise β-linked tutin glycosides, recently found in toxic honeys. Cationic palladium-mediated glycosylation of tutin was successful; however, the α-linked tutin tetrabenzyl glucoside was obtained as the major product (5 : 1, α : β). Hydrogenolysis of the benzyl ether protecting groups resulted in concomitant tutin double-bond migration. Epoxide opening and rearrangement were observed upon acetylation of the tutin glucoside.
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Larsen L, Joyce NI, Sansom CE, Cooney JM, Jensen DJ, Perry NB. Sweet Poisons: Honeys Contaminated with Glycosides of the Neurotoxin Tutin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1363-9. [PMID: 25993882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Poisonings due to consumption of honeys containing plant toxins have been reported widely. One cause is the neurotoxin tutin, an oxygenated sesquiterpene picrotoxane, traced back to honeybees (Apis mellifera) collecting honeydew produced by passionvine hoppers (Scolypopa australis) feeding on sap of the poisonous shrub tutu (Coriaria spp.). However, a pharmacokinetic study suggested that unidentified conjugates of tutin were also present in such honeys. We now report the discovery, using ion trap LC-MS, of two tutin glycosides and their purification and structure determination as 2-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)tutin (4) and 2-[6'-(α-d-glucopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]tutin (5). These compounds were used to develop a quantitative triple quadrupole LC-MS method for honey analysis, which showed the presence of tutin (3.6 ± 0.1 μg/g honey), hyenanchin (19.3 ± 0.5), tutin glycoside (4) (4.9 ± 0.4), and tutin diglycoside (5) (4.9 ± 0.1) in one toxic honey. The ratios of 4 and 5 to tutin varied widely in other tutin-containing honeys. The glycosidation of tutin may represent detoxification by one or both of the insects involved in the food chain from plant to honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Larsen
- †The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nigel I Joyce
- ‡The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E Sansom
- †The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Janine M Cooney
- §The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Dwayne J Jensen
- §The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Nigel B Perry
- †The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Human pharmacokinetic study of tutin in honey; a plant-derived neurotoxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:234-41. [PMID: 25084484 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 150 years a number of people in New Zealand have been incapacitated, hospitalised, or died from eating honey contaminated with tutin, a plant-derived neurotoxin. A feature of the most recent poisoning incident in 2008 was the large variability in the onset time of clinical signs and symptoms of toxicity (0.5-17 h). To investigate the basis of this variability a pharmacokinetic study was undertaken in which 6 healthy males received a single oral dose of tutin-containing honey giving a tutin dose of 1.8 μg/kg body weight. The serum concentration-time curve for all volunteers exhibited two discrete peaks with the second and higher level occurring at approximately 15 h post-dose. Two subjects reported mild, transient headache at a time post-dose corresponding to maximum tutin concentrations. There were no other signs or symptoms typical of tutin intoxication such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness or seizures. Pharmacokinetic analysis using a two-site absorption model resulted in a good fit to the observed concentration data. A novel analytical method subsequently revealed the presence of glycoside conjugates of tutin in addition to unconjugated tutin in honey. These pharmacokinetic data will be important to better define a safe maximum tutin concentration in honey.
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He JB, Yan YM, Ma XJ, Lu Q, Li XS, Su J, Li Y, Liu GM, Cheng YX. Sesquiterpenoids and Diarylheptanoids from Nidus Vespae and Their Inhibitory Effects on Nitric Oxide Production. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:2270-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Edda Gössinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Consonni R, Cagliani LR. Nuclear magnetic resonance and chemometrics to assess geographical origin and quality of traditional food products. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2010; 59:87-165. [PMID: 20610175 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(10)59004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this globalization era, the opening of the markets has put at almost everybody's disposal a wide variety of foods, allowing everybody to taste food flavors and aromas from different nations. Notwithstanding this opportunity, countries try to preserve their markets by developing protection policies. A few countries have adopted different denominations to label their "typical food" products in order to give them additional value. Besides, the term "typical food" is widely thought of as something anchored to the local traditions, with geographical meaning and made with typical raw materials. Then a "typical food" starts to be considered "traditional" when it is made following specific and old recipes. As a matter of fact, these products acquire particular organoleptic characteristics that are not reproducible when produced in different places. In this review, NMR studies coupled to multivariate statistical analysis are presented with the aim of determining geographical origin and key quality characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Consonni
- Institute for the Study of Macromolecules, ISMAC, National Council of Research, Lab, NMR, Milan, Italy
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Consonni R, Cagliani LR. Geographical characterization of polyfloral and acacia honeys by nuclear magnetic resonance and chemometrics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:6873-6880. [PMID: 18627162 DOI: 10.1021/jf801332r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The importance of geographical origin determination is an increasing and pressing requirement for all foods. Honey is one of the largest studied foods due to its nutritional and medicinal properties in a correct diet. In this paper, a total of 41 honey samples (polyfloral and acacia) from different countries have been analyzed in terms of (1)H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical methods. Unsupervised principal component analysis resulted as an efficient tool in distinguishing (1)H NMR spectra of polyfloral and acacia honey samples and for geographical characterization of the latter ones. Hierarchical projection to latent structures discriminant analysis was successfully applied for the discrimination among polyfloral honey samples of different geographical origins. (13)C NMR spectroscopy was applied to honey samples with the aim to investigate possible sugar isoforms differentiation. Our preliminary data indicated a different isoforms ratio between betaFP and betaFF only for polyfloral Argentinean samples, while Hungarian samples showed resonance shifts for some carbons of alphaFF, betaFP, betaFF, and alphaGP isoforms for both varieties. These data confirmed the potentiality of (13)C spectroscopy in food characterization, especially in sugar-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Consonni
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Laboratory, NMR, CNR, v. Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Gao JM, Li ML, Cui J, Qin RH, Zhang YB, Guo XR, Zhang W. Semisynthesis and Antifeedant Activity of New Acylated Derivatives of Tutin, a Sesquiterpene Lactone from Coriaria sinica. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-07-11021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ceroni M, Séquin U. Determination of the Relative Configurations in the Side Chains of the Antibiotics Hedamycin and Pluramycin A; Synthesis and NMR. Data of Suitable Model Compounds. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19820650133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Perry NB, Aiyaz M, Kerr DS, Lake RJ, Leach MT. NOESY on neurotoxins: NMR and conformational assignments of picrotoxins. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2001; 12:69-72. [PMID: 11704965 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1565(200101/02)12:1<69::aid-pca563>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) gave full assignments of the 1H-NMR spectra of the picrotoxane neurotoxins tutin, hyenanchin, picrotoxinin and picrotin, as well as the solution conformations of these compounds, consistent with molecular modelling. Fully assigned 13C-NMR data are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Perry
- New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Sutherland MD. Analytical viewpoint. New Zealand toxic honey—the actual story. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1039/ap9922900112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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