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Velazquez MA, Idriss A, Chavatte-Palmer P, Fleming TP. The mammalian preimplantation embryo: Its role in the environmental programming of postnatal health and performance. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 256:107321. [PMID: 37647800 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
During formation of the preimplantation embryo several cellular and molecular milestones take place, making the few cells forming the early embryo vulnerable to environmental stressors than can impair epigenetic reprogramming and controls of gene expression. Although these molecular alterations can result in embryonic death, a significant developmental plasticity is present in the preimplantation embryo that promotes full-term pregnancy. Prenatal epigenetic modifications are inherited during mitosis and can perpetuate specific phenotypes during early postnatal development and adulthood. As such, the preimplantation phase is a developmental window where developmental programming can take place in response to the embryonic microenvironment present in vivo or in vitro. In this review, the relevance of the preimplantation embryo as a developmental stage where offspring health and performance can be programmed is discussed, with emphasis on malnutrition and assisted reproductive technologies; two major environmental insults with important implications for livestock production and human reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Velazquez
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Abdullah Idriss
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Pathology and laboratory medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 40047, MBC J-10, Jeddah 21499, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Tom P Fleming
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Sangalli JR, Sampaio RV, De Bem THC, Smith LC, Meirelles FV. Cattle Cloning by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2647:225-244. [PMID: 37041338 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3064-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Cloning by somatic cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) is a powerful technology capable of reprograming terminally differentiated cells to totipotency for generating whole animals or pluripotent stem cells for use in cell therapy, drug screening, and other biotechnological applications. However, the broad usage of SCNT remains limited due to its high cost and low efficiency in obtaining live and healthy offspring. In this chapter, we first briefly discuss the epigenetic constraints responsible for the low efficiency of SCNT and current attempts to overcome them. We then describe our bovine SCNT protocol for delivering live cloned calves and addressing basic questions about nuclear reprogramming. Other research groups can benefit from our basic protocol and build up on it to improve SCNT in the future. Strategies to correct or mitigate epigenetic errors (e.g., correcting imprinting loci, overexpression of demethylases, chromatin-modifying drugs) can integrate the protocol described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Rodrigues Sangalli
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Vilar Sampaio
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fértilité, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Tiago Henrique Camara De Bem
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Lawrence Charles Smith
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fértilité, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Flávio Vieira Meirelles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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3
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ECM proteins involved in cell migration and vessel formation compromise bovine cloned placentation. Theriogenology 2022; 188:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yasuoka MM, Monteiro BM, Fantinato-Neto P, Paiano RB, Fantoni DT, Otsuki DA, Birgel Junior EH. Transient Pulmonary Artery Hypertension in Holstein Neonate Calves. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122277. [PMID: 33287159 PMCID: PMC7761634 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary At birth, calves are challenged to maintain their vital functions that were previously supported by the placenta of cows. Failures in the neonatal adaptation process can occur during this and can cause the death of neonates. The present study aimed at the invasive hemodynamic evaluation of calves during the first 30 days of life to elucidate the changes in calves during this stage of life. In conclusion, the results of this research show a transient pulmonary arterial hypertension during the process of adapting to extrauterine life. Abstract The neonatal period is a challenging phase for calves, and during this phase constant adaptations are required. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the invasive hemodynamics with the Swan-Ganz catheter in neonate calves to understand adaptive changes during the first 30 days of life. A prospective and observational study was conducted with 10 Holstein calves. Assessments of the right atrial pressure (RAP), right ventricular pressure (RVP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary capillary pressure (PW), cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and blood gas levels were performed. The analyses of PAP, PVR, PW, HR, sO2, and arterial blood gases differed (p < 0.05) between the evaluated periods. Our results indicated transient pulmonary artery hypertension during the process of extrauterine adaptation during the first 30 days of life. This hypertension must be considered as physiological and consequent to the neonatal adaptation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Marie Yasuoka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635900, Brazil; (P.F.-N.); (E.H.B.J.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.Y.); (R.B.P.)
| | - Bruno Moura Monteiro
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508270, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Fantinato-Neto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635900, Brazil; (P.F.-N.); (E.H.B.J.)
| | - Renan Braga Paiano
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508270, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (M.M.Y.); (R.B.P.)
| | - Denise Tabacchi Fantoni
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo University, São Paulo 05508270, Brazil;
| | - Denise Aya Otsuki
- LIM-08, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246000, Brazil;
| | - Eduardo Harry Birgel Junior
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635900, Brazil; (P.F.-N.); (E.H.B.J.)
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Costa Gerger RPD, Souza Ribeiro ED, Zago FC, Aguiar LHD, Rodriguez-Villamil P, Ongaratto FL, Ambrósio CE, Miglino MA, Rodrigues JL, Forell F, Bertolini LR, Bertolini M. Effects of fusion-activation interval and embryo aggregation on in vitro and in vivo development of bovine cloned embryos. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:91-98. [PMID: 30597478 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear reprogramming in somatic cell cloning is one of the key factors for proper development, with variations in the protocol appearing to improve cloning efficiency. This study aimed to determine the effects of two fusion-activation intervals and the aggregation of bovine cloned embryos on subsequent in vitro and in vivo development. Zygotes produced by handmade cloning were exposed to two fusion-activation intervals (2 h or 4 h), and then cultured in microwells either individually (1 × 100%) or after aggregation of two structures (2 × 100%). Zona-intact oocytes and zona-free oocytes and hemi-oocytes were used as parthenote controls under the same fusion-activation intervals. Day-7 cloned blastocysts were transferred to synchronous recipients. Cleavage (Day 2), blastocyst (Day 7) and pregnancy (Day 30) rates were compared by the χ2 test (P < .05). Extending fusion-activation interval from 2 to 4 h reduced cleavage (91.0 vs. 74.4%) but not blastocyst (34.8 vs. 42.0%) rates. On a microwell basis, cloned embryo aggregation (2 × 100%) increased cleavage (91.5% vs. 74.4%) and blastocyst (46.0% vs. 31.3%) rates compared to controls (1 × 100%), but did not improve the overall embryo production efficiency on Day 7 (23.0% vs. 31.3%), on a per reconstructed embryo basis, respectively. Treatments had no effects on in vitro developmental kinetics, embryo quality, and in vivo development. In summary, the fusion-activation interval and/or the aggregation of cloned bovine embryos did not affect cloning efficiency based on the in vitro development to the blastocyst stage and on pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Pereira da Costa Gerger
- Center of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luís Henrique de Aguiar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Rodriguez-Villamil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ledur Ongaratto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Luiz Rodrigues
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Forell
- Center of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Bertolini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Mehta P, Kaushik R, Singh KP, Sharma A, Singh MK, Chauhan MS, Palta P, Singla SK, Manik RS. Establishment, Growth, Proliferation, and Gene Expression of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Transgenic Fetal Fibroblasts Containing Human Insulin Gene, and Production of Embryos by Handmade Cloning Using These Cells. Cell Reprogram 2018; 20:135-143. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2017.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Parul Mehta
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ramakant Kaushik
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Karn Pratap Singh
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Manmohan Singh Chauhan
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Prabhat Palta
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Singla
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Radhey Sham Manik
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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7
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Cardiac adaptations in SCNT newborn cloned calves during the first month of life assessed by echocardiography. Theriogenology 2017; 103:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Gerger RPC, Zago FC, Ribeiro ES, Gaudencio Neto S, Martins LT, Aguiar LH, Rodrigues VHV, Furlan FH, Ortigari I, Sainz RD, Ferrell CL, Miglino MA, Ambrósio CE, Rodrigues JL, Rossetto R, Forell F, Bertolini LR, Bertolini M. Morphometric developmental pattern of bovine handmade cloned concepti in late pregnancy. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:950-967. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloning procedures often interfere with conceptus growth and life ex utero, in a set of symptoms known as abnormal offspring syndrome (AOS). The aim of the present study was to compare the developmental pattern of in vivo-derived (IVD), IVF-derived and handmade cloning-derived (NT-HMC) Day 225 bovine concepti using established procedures. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on Day 30 following blastocyst transfer on Day 7. Conceptus morphometry was assessed by ultrasonography on Day 51, and on Day 225 pregnant cows were killed for morphological examination of concepti. Pregnancy outcome was similar between groups, with greater pregnancy losses in the first trimester (70.6%) and smaller fetuses on Day 51 in the NT-HMC group than in the IVD (14.3%) and IVF (20.0%) groups. However, NT-HMC-derived concepti were twofold larger on Day 225 of gestation than controls. A higher frequency (63.5%) of placentomes larger than the largest in the IVD group was observed in the NT-HMC group, which may be relevant to placental function. Conceptus traits in the IVF group were similar to the IVD controls, with only slight changes in placentome types. Morphological changes in cloned concepti likely affected placental function and metabolism, disrupting the placental constraining mechanism on fetal growth in mid- to late pregnancy.
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9
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Vascularization and VEGF expression altered in bovine yolk sacs from IVF and NT technologies. Theriogenology 2016; 87:290-297. [PMID: 27729111 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive technologies are widely used in cattle, although many are associated with high-embryonic mortality, especially during early gestation, when the yolk sac undergoes macroscopic changes in structure. We hypothesized that vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are affected, thereby affecting embryonic and placental differentiation. To test this, we studied yolk sac development and gene expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor system (VEGF-A, VEGFR-1/Flt-1, VEGFR-2/KDR). Samples from Days 25 to 40/41 of pregnancy from control cattle (n = 8) and from pregnancies established with IVF, (n = 7) or somatic cell nuclear transfer/clones (n = 5) were examined by histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Yolk sacs in IVF- and nuclear transfer-derived pregnancies were immature. Development of villi was sparse in IVF yolk sacs, whereas vascularization was barely formed in clones and was associated, in part, with thin or interrupted endothelium. Transcript levels of the genes characterized exceed minimum detection limits for all groups, except in the mentioned clone with interrupted endothelium. Levels of mRNA for VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 were significantly higher in IVF yolk sacs. Clones had substantial individual variation in gene expression (both upregulation and downregulation). Our data confirmed the broad range in expression of VEGF genes. Furthermore, overexpression in IVF yolk sacs may compensate for an immature yolk sac structure, whereas in clones, patchy expression may cause structural alterations of blood vessels. In conclusion, we inferred that disturbances of yolk sac vasculature contributed to increased early embryonic mortality of bovine pregnancies established with reproductive technologies.
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10
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Martins LT, Neto SG, Tavares KCS, Calderón CEM, Aguiar LH, Lazzarotto CR, Ongaratto FL, Rodrigues VHV, Carneiro IDS, Rossetto R, Almeida AP, Fernandes CCL, Rondina D, Dias ACO, Chies JM, Polejaeva IA, Rodrigues JL, Forell F, Bertolini LR, Bertolini M. Developmental Outcome and Related Abnormalities in Goats: Comparison Between Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer- and In Vivo-Derived Concepti During Pregnancy Through Term. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:264-79. [PMID: 27362734 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2015.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is characterized by low efficiency and the occurrence of developmental abnormalities, which are rather poorly studied phenomena in goats. This study aimed at comparing overall SCNT efficiency in goats by using in vitro-matured (IVM) or in vivo-matured oocytes and fibroblast donor cells (mock transfected, transgenic, or wild type), also characterizing symptoms of the Abnormal Offspring Syndrome (AOS) in development, comparing results with pregnancies produced by artificial insemination (AI) and in vivo-derived (IVD) embryos. The SCNT group had lower pregnancy rate (18.3%, 11/60), total number of concepti (20.0%, 12/60), term births (3.3%, 2/60), and live births (1.7%, 1/60) than both the IVD (77.8%, 7/9; 155.5%, 14/9; 122.2%, 11/9; 88.8%, 8/9) and the AI (71.4%, 10/14; 121.4%, 17/14; 100%, 14/14; 78.5%, 11/14) groups, respectively (p < 0.05). No SCNT pregnancies reached term using IVM oocytes, but in vivo-matured oocytes resulted in two term transgenic cloned kids. The proportion fetal membrane (FM) weight/birth weight reflected an increase in FM size and cotyledonary enlargement in clones, for disproportionally bigger newborns in relation to cotyledonary numbers. Overall, goat cloning showed losses and abnormality patterns similar to the AOS in cloned cattle and sheep, which have not been previously well recognized in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Felipe Ledur Ongaratto
- 1 University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR) , Fortaleza, Brazil .,2 Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Rossetto
- 1 University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR) , Fortaleza, Brazil .,3 Ceará State University (UECE) , Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Anderson Pinto Almeida
- 1 University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR) , Fortaleza, Brazil .,3 Ceará State University (UECE) , Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Irina A Polejaeva
- 5 Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University , Logan, Utah, USA
| | | | - Fabiana Forell
- 6 Santa Catarina State University (UDESC) , Lages, Brazil
| | - Luciana Relly Bertolini
- 1 University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR) , Fortaleza, Brazil .,7 Pontificial Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bertolini
- 1 University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR) , Fortaleza, Brazil .,2 Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil
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11
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Yu M, Muteti C, Ogugo M, Ritchie WA, Raper J, Kemp S. Cloning of the African indigenous cattle breed Kenyan Boran. Anim Genet 2016; 47:510-1. [PMID: 27109292 PMCID: PMC5074306 DOI: 10.1111/age.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Yu
- International Livestock Research Institute, The Joint Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health of the University of Edinburgh, International Livestock Research Institute and Scotland's Rural College, Nairobi, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya
| | - Charity Muteti
- International Livestock Research Institute, The Joint Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health of the University of Edinburgh, International Livestock Research Institute and Scotland's Rural College, Nairobi, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya
| | - Moses Ogugo
- International Livestock Research Institute, The Joint Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health of the University of Edinburgh, International Livestock Research Institute and Scotland's Rural College, Nairobi, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya
| | | | - Jayne Raper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Stephen Kemp
- International Livestock Research Institute, The Joint Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health of the University of Edinburgh, International Livestock Research Institute and Scotland's Rural College, Nairobi, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya
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12
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Respiratory Support for Pharmacologically Induced Hypoxia in Neonatal Calves. Vet Med Int 2016; 2016:2129362. [PMID: 26998379 PMCID: PMC4779535 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2129362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Practical methods to provide respiratory support to bovine neonates in a field setting are poorly characterised. This study evaluated the response of healthy neonatal calves with pharmacologically induced respiratory suppression to nasal oxygen insufflation and to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) delivered via an off-the-shelf device. Ten calves were randomised to receive either nasal oxygen insufflation (Group 1, n = 5) or CPAP (Group 2, n = 5) as a first treatment after induction of respiratory depression by intravenous administration of xylazine, fentanyl, and diazepam. Calves received the alternate treatment after 10 minutes of breathing ambient air. Arterial blood gas samples were obtained prior to sedation, following sedation, following the first and second treatment, and after breathing ambient air before and after the second treatment. Oxygen insufflation significantly increased arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) but was also associated with significant hypercapnia. When used as the first treatment, CPAP was associated with significantly decreased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide but did not increase PaO2. These results suggest that the use of CPAP may represent a practical method for correction of hypercapnia associated with inadequate ventilation in a field setting, and further research is required to characterise the use of CPAP with increased inspired oxygen concentrations.
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13
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Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Zhao X. Epigenetic marks: regulators of livestock phenotypes and conceivable sources of missing variation in livestock improvement programs. Front Genet 2015; 6:302. [PMID: 26442116 PMCID: PMC4585011 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement in animal productivity has been achieved over the years through careful breeding and selection programs. Today, variations in the genome are gaining increasing importance in livestock improvement strategies. Genomic information alone, however, explains only a part of the phenotypic variance in traits. It is likely that a portion of the unaccounted variance is embedded in the epigenome. The epigenome encompasses epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation, histone tail modifications, chromatin remodeling, and other molecules that can transmit epigenetic information such as non-coding RNA species. Epigenetic factors respond to external or internal environmental cues such as nutrition, pathogens, and climate, and have the ability to change gene expression leading to emergence of specific phenotypes. Accumulating evidence shows that epigenetic marks influence gene expression and phenotypic outcome in livestock species. This review examines available evidence of the influence of epigenetic marks on livestock (cattle, sheep, goat, and pig) traits and discusses the potential for consideration of epigenetic markers in livestock improvement programs. However, epigenetic research activities on farm animal species are currently limited partly due to lack of recognition, funding and a global network of researchers. Therefore, considerable less attention has been given to epigenetic research in livestock species in comparison to extensive work in humans and model organisms. Elucidating therefore the epigenetic determinants of animal diseases and complex traits may represent one of the principal challenges to use epigenetic markers for further improvement of animal productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline M. Ibeagha-Awemu
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaSherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-De-BellevueQC, Canada
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14
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Smith LC, Therrien J, Filion F, Bressan F, Meirelles FV. Epigenetic consequences of artificial reproductive technologies to the bovine imprinted genes SNRPN, H19/IGF2, and IGF2R. Front Genet 2015; 6:58. [PMID: 25763013 PMCID: PMC4340261 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal breeders have made widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies to accelerate genetic improvement programs aimed at obtaining more, better and cheaper food products. Selection approaches have traditionally focused on Mendel’s laws of inheritance using parental phenotypic characteristics and quantitative genetics approaches to choose the best parents for the next generation, regardless of their gender. However, apart from contributing DNA sequence variants, male and female gametes carry parental-specific epigenetic marks that play key roles during pre- and post-natal development and growth of the offspring. We herein review the epigenetic anomalies that are associated with artificial reproductive technologies in current use in animal breeding programs. For instance, we demonstrate that bovine embryos and fetuses derived by in vitro culture and somatic cell nuclear transfer show epigenetic anomalies in the differentially methylated regions controlling the expression of some imprinted genes. Although these genomic imprinting errors are undetected in the somatic tissues after birth, further research is warranted to examine potential germ cell transmission of epimutations and the potential risks of reproducing cattle using artificial reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C Smith
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal , Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jacinthe Therrien
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal , Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - France Filion
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal , Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Fabiana Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga , Brazil
| | - Flávio V Meirelles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga , Brazil
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15
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Vascular alterations underlie developmental problems manifested in cloned cattle before or after birth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0106663. [PMID: 25584533 PMCID: PMC4293144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although assisted reproductive techniques are commonly applied in humans and animals, they are frequently associated with major developmental deficits and reduced viability. To explore abnormalities associated with cloning or nuclear transfer (NT) as the most invasive of these methods, we used a bovine model to characterize abnormalities. Detailed necropsy examinations were done on 13 calves that died soon after birth; in addition, we included data from embryos and fetuses (produced by NT) that terminated prematurely. Bovine clones that survived until the neonatal period differed quantitatively and qualitatively from in-vivo-derived cattle. Although alterations affected a variety of organs (e.g. heart, lung and liver), there was a clear association with abberant vascular developmental during the early intrauterine phase. Therefore, we concluded that vascular problems were key alterations induced by cloning (presumably via epigenetic modifications).
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Martins-Júnior HA, Pinaffi FLV, Simas RC, Tarouco AK, Ferreira CR, Silva LA, Nogueira GP, Meirelles FV, Eberlin MN, Perecin F. Plasma steroid dynamics in late- and near-term naturally and artificially conceived bovine pregnancies as elucidated by multihormone high-resolution LC-MS/MS. Endocrinology 2014; 155:5011-23. [PMID: 25299569 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The plasma levels of corticosteroids and sex steroids during pregnancy are key indicators of mammalian placental function and the onset of parturition. Steroid hormones are believed to be disturbed in pregnancies produced using assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) due to placental dysfunction and the frequently observed lack of parturition signals. To elucidate the plasma steroid dynamics, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and used to determine the levels of corticosteroids (corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and cortisol) and their direct precursors (progesterone and 17α-OH-progesterone) as well as sex steroids (androstenedione, estrone, estrone sulfate, testosterone, and 17β-estradiol) in bovine plasma. The levels of these 10 steroids in recipient cows carrying naturally conceived (control), in vitro fertilized (IVF), or cloned (somatic cell nuclear transfer) conceptuses were compared during late-term pregnancy (30 days before parturition), during near-term pregnancy (1 day before parturition), and on the day of parturition (day 0). Significant differences were observed among the corticosteroid levels: higher levels of corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and cortisol were detected in cloned pregnancies at day 30; lower levels of corticosterone were observed in ART-derived pregnancies at days 1 and 0; and estrone and estradiol levels were higher in IVF pregnancies throughout the final development. These results suggested an upregulation of the P450C11 and P450C21 enzymes 30 days before parturition in somatic cell nuclear transfer pregnancies and an overactivation of the aromatase enzyme in IVF pregnancies. Taken together, the monitoring of multiple steroid hormones revealed that the pregnancies obtained using ART exhibited plasma steroid concentration dynamics compatible with the dysregulation of steroidogenic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio A Martins-Júnior
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (H.A.M.-J., R.C.S., C.R.F., M.N.E.), Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil 13083-970; AB SCIEX of Brazil (H.A.M.-J.), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 04719-002; Laboratory of Theriogenology Dr O. J. Ginther (F.L.V.P., L.A.S.), Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900; Laboratory of Molecular Morphophysiology and Development (A.K.T., F.V.M., F.P.), Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900; Department of Production and Animal Health (R.C.S., G.P.N.), School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil 16050-680; and State Foundation of Agricultural Research (A.K.T.), Research Center Iwar Beckman, Hulha Negra, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 96400-970
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Placental Evolution within the Supraordinal Clades of Eutheria with the Perspective of Alternative Animal Models for Human Placentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/639274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Here a survey of placental evolution is conducted. Placentation is a key factor for the evolution of placental mammals that had evolved an astonishing diversity. As a temporary organ that does not allow easy access, it is still not well understood. The lack of data also is a restriction for better understanding of placental development, structure, and function in the human. Animal models are essential, because experimental access to the human placenta is naturally restricted. However, there is not a single ideal model that is entirely similar to humans. It is particularly important to establish other models than the mouse, which is characterised by a short gestation period and poorly developed neonates that may provide insights only for early human pregnancy. In conclusion, current evolutionary studies have contributed essentially to providing a pool of experimental models for recent and future approaches that may also meet the requirements of a long gestation period and advanced developmental status of the newborn in the human. Suitability and limitations of taxa as alternative animal models are discussed. However, further investigations especially in wildlife taxa should be conducted in order to learn more about the full evolutionary plasticity of the placenta system.
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Hasler JF. Forty years of embryo transfer in cattle: a review focusing on the journal Theriogenology, the growth of the industry in North America, and personal reminisces. Theriogenology 2014; 81:152-69. [PMID: 24274419 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
After the first successful transfer of mammalian embryos in 1890, it was approximately 60 years before significant progress was reported in the basic technology of embryo transfer (ET) in cattle. Starting in the early 1970s, technology had progressed sufficiently to support the founding of commercial ET programs in several countries. Today, well-established and reliable techniques involving superovulation, embryo recovery and transfer, cryopreservation, and IVF are utilized worldwide in hundreds, if not thousands, of commercial businesses located in many countries. The mean number of embryos produced via superovulation has changed little in 40 years, but there have been improvements in synchrony and hormonal protocols. Cryopreservation of in vivo-derived embryos is a reliable procedure, but improvements are needed for biopsied and in vitro-derived embryos. High pregnancy rates are achieved when good quality embryos are transferred into suitable recipients and low pregnancy rates are often owing to problems in recipient management and not technology per se. In the future, unanticipated disease outbreaks and the ever-changing economics of cattle and milk prices will continue to influence the ET industry. The issue of abnormal pregnancies involving in vitro embryos has not been satisfactorily resolved and the involvement of abnormal epigenetics associate with this technology merits continued research. Last, genomic testing of bovine embryos is likely to be available in the foreseeable future. This may markedly decrease the number of embryos that are actually transferred and stimulate the evolution of more sophisticated ET businesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Hasler
- Bioniche Animal Health, Inc., Pullman, Washington, USA.
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Meirelles FV, Bressan FF, Smith LC, Perecin F, Chiaratti MR, Ferraz JBS. Cytoplasmatic inheritance, epigenetics and reprogramming DNA as tools in animal breeding. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sangalli JR, Chiaratti MR, De Bem THC, de Araújo RR, Bressan FF, Sampaio RV, Perecin F, Smith LC, King WA, Meirelles FV. Development to term of cloned cattle derived from donor cells treated with valproic acid. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101022. [PMID: 24959750 PMCID: PMC4069182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloning of mammals by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is still plagued by low efficiency. The epigenetic modifications established during cellular differentiation are a major factor determining this low efficiency as they act as epigenetic barriers restricting reprogramming of somatic nuclei. In this regard, most factors that promote chromatin decondensation, including histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), have been found to increase nuclear reprogramming efficiency, making their use common to improve SCNT rates. Herein we used valproic acid (VPA) in SCNT to test whether the treatment of nuclear donor cells with this HDACi improves pre- and post-implantation development of cloned cattle. We found that the treatment of fibroblasts with VPA increased histone acetylation without affecting DNA methylation. Moreover, the treatment with VPA resulted in increased expression of IGF2R and PPARGC1A, but not of POU5F1. However, when treated cells were used as nuclear donors no difference of histone acetylation was found after oocyte reconstruction compared to the use of untreated cells. Moreover, shortly after artificial activation the histone acetylation levels were decreased in the embryos produced with VPA-treated cells. With respect to developmental rates, the use of treated cells as donors resulted in no difference during pre- and post-implantation development. In total, five clones developed to term; three produced with untreated cells and two with VPA-treated cells. Among the calves from treated group, one stillborn calf was delivered at day 270 of gestation whereas the other one was delivered at term but died shortly after birth. Among the calves from the control group, one died seven days after birth whereas the other two are still alive and healthy. Altogether, these results show that in spite of the alterations in fibroblasts resulting from the treatment with VPA, their use as donor cells in SCNT did not improve pre- and post-implantation development of cloned cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Rodrigues Sangalli
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcos Roberto Chiaratti
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Tiago Henrique Camara De Bem
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reno Roldi de Araújo
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Vilar Sampaio
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felipe Perecin
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lawrence Charles Smith
- Centre de recherche em reproduction animale, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Willian Allan King
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Flávio Vieira Meirelles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hansen PJ. Current and future assisted reproductive technologies for mammalian farm animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 752:1-22. [PMID: 24170352 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8887-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction in domestic animals is under control by man and the technologies developed to facilitate that control have a major impact on the efficiency of food production. Reproduction is an energy-intensive process. In beef cattle, for example, over 50 % of the total feed consumption required to produce a unit of meat protein is consumed by the dam of the meat animal (Anim Prod 27:367-379, 1978). Sows are responsible for about 20 % of the total feed needed to produce animals for slaughter (Adv Pork Prod 19:223-237, 2008). Accordingly, energy input to produce food from animal sources is reduced by increasing number of offspring per unit time a breeding female is in the herd. Using beef cattle as an example again, life-cycle efficiency for production of weaned calves is positively related to early age at puberty and short calving intervals (J Anim Sci 57:852-866, 1983). Reproductive technologies also dictate the strategies that can be used to select animals genetically for traits that improve production. Of critical importance has been artificial insemination (AI) (Anim Reprod Sci 62:143-172, 2000; Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 38:411-441, 2007; Reprod Domest Anim 43:379-385, 2008; J Dairy Sci 92:5814-5833, 2009) and, as will be outlined in this chapter, emerging technologies offer additional opportunities for improvements in genetic selection. Given the central role of reproduction as a determinant of production efficiency and in genetic selection, improvements in reproductive technologies will be crucial to meeting the challenges created by the anticipated increases in world population (from seven billion people in 2011 to an anticipated nine billion by 2050; World population prospects: the 2010 revision, highlights and advance tables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.220, New York) and by difficulties in livestock production wrought by climate change (SAT eJournal 4:1-23, 2007).The purpose of this chapter will be to highlight current and emerging reproductive technologies that have the potential to improve efficiency of livestock production. The focus will be on technologies that manipulate male and female gametes as well as the stem cells from which they are derived and the preimplantation embryo. While technology is crucial to other interventions in the reproductive process like control of seasonal breeding, hormonal regulation of ovulation, estrous cyclicity and pregnancy establishment, feeding to optimize reproduction, minimizing environmental stress, and selection of genes controlling reproduction, these will not be considered here. Rather the reader is directed to other chapters in this volume as well as some reviews on other aspects of artificial manipulation of reproduction (Reprod Fertil Dev 24:258-266, 2011; Reprod Domest Anim 43:40-47, 2008; Reprod Domest Anim 43:122-128, 2008; Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 66:87-102, 2009; Comprehensive biotechnology, Amsterdam, pp 477-485; Dairy production medicine, Chichester, pp 153-163; Theriogenology 76:1619-1631, 2011; Theriogenology 76:1568-1582, 2011; Theriogenology 77:1-11, 2012). Given the large number of mammalian species used for production of products useful for man and the diversity in their biology and management, the review will not be comprehensive but instead will use results from species that are most illustrative of the opportunities generated by assisted reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 110910, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0910, USA,
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Pregnancy and Neonatal Care of SCNT Animals. PRINCIPLES OF CLONING 2014. [PMCID: PMC7149996 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386541-0.00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sturion TT, Sturion MAT, Sturion DJ, Lisboa JAN. Avaliação ultrassonográfica da involução das estruturas umbilicais extra e intracavitárias em bezerros sadios da raça Nelore concebidos naturalmente e produtos de fertilização in vitro. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000800013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar a involução das estruturas umbilicais em bezerros sadios da raça Nelore ao longo dos primeiros 35 dias de vida, e de comparar esse processo em bezerros concebidos por métodos naturais ou por fertilização in vitro (FIV). Quarenta bezerros foram distribuídos em dois grupos (n=20) de acordo com o método de concepção (natural ou FIV) e cada grupo foi composto por dez machos e dez fêmeas. A ultrassonografia (transdutor microconvexo de 7,5 MHz) foi empregada para examinar o conjunto das estruturas remanescentes do cordão umbilical que compõem o umbigo externo e as estruturas abdominais (veia umbilical, artéria umbilical esquerda e ducto alantóide), mensurando-se os seus diâmetros em locais definidos. Os exames foram realizados entre 24 e 36 horas de vida e aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias de idade. Testaram-se os efeitos do sexo, da idade e do método de concepção por meio da análise de variâncias de medidas repetidas. O exame ultrassonográfico provou-se adequado para a avaliação das estruturas umbilicais extra e intracavitárias permitindo a caracterização do processo fisiológico de involução das mesmas. No umbigo externo, as veias umbilicais foram observadas como imagem individualizada até os 14 dias de vida e um conjunto de estruturas em processo de atrofia era visualizado após essa idade. No abdômen, a veia e a artéria umbilicais foram visualizadas até os 35 dias de idade e o ducto alantóide somente durante a primeira semana de vida. Essas estruturas apresentaram-se com parede hiperecóica regular e contínua e lúmen homogeneamente anecóico. O diâmetro de todas as estruturas umbilicais estudadas se reduziu continuamente ao longo do primeiro mês de vida (p<0,05), sem efeito do sexo (p>0,05). Comparados aos bezerros concebidos por métodos naturais, os produtos de FIV nasceram com os vasos umbilicais e o ducto alantóide um pouco mais calibrosos (diâmetros 1 a 3 mm maiores). Distintamente dos valores mais elevados estabelecidos em estudos prévios para os bezerros de raças européias, pode-se admitir, por fim, que nos bezerros recém-nascidos sadios da raça Nelore a espessura das estruturas que compõem o umbigo externo não deve ultrapassar 2 cm, o diâmetro da veia e da artéria umbilicais pode chegar a 1 cm e o do ducto alantóide é próximo a 0,5 cm.
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Effects of long-term in vitro culturing of transgenic bovine donor fibroblasts on cell viability and in vitro developmental potential after nuclear transfer. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:250-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Smith LC, Suzuki J, Goff AK, Filion F, Therrien J, Murphy BD, Kohan-Ghadr HR, Lefebvre R, Brisville AC, Buczinski S, Fecteau G, Perecin F, Meirelles FV. Developmental and epigenetic anomalies in cloned cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 47 Suppl 4:107-14. [PMID: 22827358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many of the developmental anomalies observed in cloned animals are related to foetal and placental overgrowth, a phenomenon known as the 'large offspring syndrome' (LOS) in ruminants. It has been hypothesized that the epigenetic control of imprinted genes, that is, genes that are expressed in a parental-specific manner, is at the root of LOS. Our recent research has focused on understanding epigenetic alterations to imprinted genes that are associated with assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as early embryo in vitro culture (IVC) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in cattle. We have sought and identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in Bos indicus DNA useful for the analysis of parental-specific alleles and their respective transcripts in tissues from hybrid embryos derived by crossing Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle. By analysing differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of imprinted genes SNRPN, H19 and the IGF2R in cattle, we demonstrated that there is a generalized hypomethylation of the imprinted allele and the biallelic expression of embryos produced by SCNT when compared to the methylation patterns observed in vivo (artificially inseminated). Together, these results indicate that imprinting marks are erased during the reprogramming of the somatic cell nucleus during early development, indicating that such epigenetic anomalies may play a key role in mortality and morbidity of cloned animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Smith
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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Alberto MLV, Meirelles FV, Perecin F, Ambrósio CE, Favaron PO, Franciolli ALR, Mess AM, dos Santos JM, Rici REG, Bertolini M, Miglino MA. Development of bovine embryos derived from reproductive techniques. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 25:907-17. [DOI: 10.1071/rd12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproduction techniques have improved agricultural breeding in the bovine. However, important development steps may differ from the situation in vivo and there is a high mortality rate during the first trimester of gestation. To better understand these events, we investigated the development of embryos and fetal membranes following fixed-time AI (FTAI), IVF and nuclear transfer (NT). The onset of yolk-sac development was not normal in cloned embryos. Later steps differed from conditions in vivo in all three groups; the yolk-sac was yellowish and juxtaposed with the amniotic membrane. Vascularisation of the chorioallantoic membrane was relatively late and low in NT gestations, but normal in the others. The overall development of the embryos was normal, as indicated by morphology and regression analysis of growth rate. However, NT conceptuses were significantly smaller, with the livers in some embryos occupying the abdominal cavity and others exhibiting heart abnormalities. In conclusion, the yolk-sac and the cardiovascular system seem to be vulnerable to morphogenetic alterations. Future studies will focus on gene expression and early vascularisation processes to investigate whether these changes may be responsible for the high incidence of intrauterine mortality, especially in clones.
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Treatment of Nuclear-Donor Cells or Cloned Zygotes with Chromatin-Modifying Agents Increases Histone Acetylation But Does Not Improve Full-Term Development of Cloned Cattle. Cell Reprogram 2012; 14:235-47. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2011.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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De Bem TH, Chiaratti MR, Rochetti R, Bressan FF, Sangalli JR, Miranda MS, Pires PR, Schwartz KR, Sampaio RV, Fantinato-Neto P, Pimentel JR, Perecin F, Smith LC, Meirelles FV, Adona PR, Leal CL. Viable Calves Produced by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Using Meiotic-Blocked Oocytes. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:419-29. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2011.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago H.C. De Bem
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. Chiaratti
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Rochetti
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana F. Bressan
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano R. Sangalli
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moysés S. Miranda
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro R.L. Pires
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia R.L. Schwartz
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael V. Sampaio
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Fantinato-Neto
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R.V. Pimentel
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Perecin
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lawrence C. Smith
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centre de recherche en reproduction animale, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Flávio V. Meirelles
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. Adona
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade do Norte do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Cláudia L.V. Leal
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gene expression in placentation of farm animals: an overview of gene function during development. Theriogenology 2011; 76:589-97. [PMID: 21550103 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eutherian mammals share a common ancestor that evolved into two main placental types, i.e., hemotrophic (e.g., human and mouse) and histiotrophic (e.g., farm animals), which differ in invasiveness. Pregnancies initiated with assisted reproductive techniques (ART) in farm animals are at increased risk of failure; these losses were associated with placental defects, perhaps due to altered gene expression. Developmentally regulated genes in the placenta seem highly phylogenetically conserved, whereas those expressed later in pregnancy are more species-specific. To elucidate differences between hemotrophic and epitheliochorial placentae, gene expression data were compiled from microarray studies of bovine placental tissues at various stages of pregnancy. Moreover, an in silico subtractive library was constructed based on homology of bovine genes to the database of zebrafish - a nonplacental vertebrate. In addition, the list of placental preferentially expressed genes for the human and mouse were collected using bioinformatics tools (Tissue-specific Gene Expression and Regulation [TiGER] - for humans, and tissue-specific genes database (TiSGeD) - for mice and humans). Humans, mice, and cattle shared 93 genes expressed in their placentae. Most of these were related to immune function (based on analysis of gene ontology). Cattle and women shared expression of 23 genes, mostly related to hormonal activity, whereas mice and women shared 16 genes (primarily sexual differentiation and glycoprotein biology). Because the number of genes expressed by the placentae of both cattle and mice were similar (based on cluster analysis), we concluded that both cattle and mice were suitable models to study the biology of the human placenta.
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